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Fluid Mechanicschapter 9
Fluid Mechanicschapter 9
©McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 9
©McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
© Corbis RF
CV t dV
in
m m
out
To derive a differential
conservation equation, we
imagine shrinking a control
volume to infinitesimal size.
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Derivation Using the Divergence Theorem
The quickest and most straightforward way to derive the differential form of
conservation of mass is to apply the divergence theorem (Gauss’s theorem).
Divergence theorem: V
GdV ∮G ndA
A
0 dV ( V ) dV
CV t CV
CV t ( V ) dV 0
Continuity equation: ( V ) 0
t
This equation is the compressible form of the continuity
equation since we have not assumed incompressible
flow. It is valid at any point in the flow domain.
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Special Cases of the Continuity Equation
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Incompressible continuity equation: V 0
Incompressible continuity equation in Cartesian coordinates:
u w
0
x y z
Incompressible continuity equation in cylindrical coordinates:
1 (rur ) 1 (u ) (u z )
0
r r r z
Special Case 2:
Incompressible
Flow
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Shear thickening fluids
or dilatant fluids: The
more the fluid is sheared,
the more viscous it
becomes.
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Derivation of the Navier–Stokes Equation for
Incompressible, Isothermal Flow
Viscous stress tensor for an incompressible Newtonian fluid with constant properties:
ij 2 ij (9 - 55)
u u u w
2
x y x z x
xx xy xz
u w
ij yx yy yz 2
x y y z y
zx zy zz w u
w w
x z y z 2
z
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u u u w
2
x y x z x
P 0 0
u w
ij 0 P 0 2
x y y z y
0 0 P
w u
w w
x z y z 2
z
Du P 2u u w u w w
g x 2 2
Dt x x y x y z x z z x x z
Du P 2u u 2u w 2u
gx 2 2 2
Dt x x x x x y y x z z
P u w 2u 2u 2u
gx 2 2 2
x x x y z x y z
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Continuity and Navier–Stokes Equations in
Cylindrical Coordinates
1 (rur ) 1 (u ) (u z )
Incompressible continuity equation: 0 (9 - 62a)
r r r z
r -component of the incompressible Navier –Stokes equation:
u r ur u ur u2 u r
ur uz
t r r r z
(9 - 62b)
P 1 ur ur 1 ur 2 u ur
2 2
gr r 2 2 2 2
r r r r r r 2
r z
-component of the incompressible Navier –Stokes equation:
u u u u u u u
ur r u z
t r r r z
(9 - 62c)
1 P 1 u u 1 u 2 ur u
2 2
g r 2 2 2 2
r r r r r r 2
r z
z -component of the incompressible Navier –Stokes equation:
u z u u u u
ur z z u z z
t r r z
(9 - 62d)
P 1 u z 1 u z u z
2 2
gz r 2 2
z r r r r 2
z
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9–6 ■ DIFFERENTIAL ANALYSIS OF FLUID
FLOW PROBLEMS
There are two types of problems for which the differential equations
(continuity and Navier–Stokes) are useful:
1. Calculating the pressure field for a known velocity field
2. Calculating both the velocity and pressure fields for a flow of known
geometry and known boundary conditions
A general three-
dimensional but
incompressible flow field
with constant properties
requires four equations to
solve for four unknowns.
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Exact Solutions of the Continuity Boundary Conditions
and Navier–Stokes Equations No-slip boundary condition:
V fluid V wall