Period 5 Part 2 Questions

Chapters 14/15

Name: .
Chapter 14
What caused riots in New York City in the summer of 1863? Who were the leading participants in these
riots? What were their motivations? (pg. 454) - KC - 5.3.I.A
The riots in New York City in the summer of 1863 were primarily caused by discontent
with the Union draft laws. Leading participants in these riots were largely Irish
immigrants and the working-class population. Their motivations included resentment
towards the wealthy, who could pay for substitutes to avoid the draft, and fears that freed
African Americans would take their jobs.

How were women involved in the war effort? (pg. 456) - KC - 5.3.I.A
Women were involved in the war effort through various roles, including serving as
nurses, spies, and taking on increased responsibilities at home and in factories. They
also organized aid societies to support soldiers with supplies and medical care.

(pg. 456 - 462) - KC - 5.3.I.A

The Union The Confederacy

Financing: Financing:

Tariffs: The Union used tariffs to generate Bonds: The Confederacy issued bonds to raise
revenue. money.

Greenbacks: The Union issued paper currency not Inflation: The overproduction of currency led to
backed by gold or silver, known as greenbacks. significant inflation.

The National Banking Act: Established a system of Taxes: The Confederacy attempted to impose taxes
national banks and created a uniform national to raise revenue.
currency.
Printing Money: The Confederacy printed large
The Legal Tender Act: Allowed the government to amounts of money, which contributed to inflation.
issue paper money that had to be accepted for all
debts.

Resources: Resources:
Industrial infrastructure, greater population, Agricultural base, cotton exports, regional
railroads. knowledge.

How did the economic policies of the Republican controlled Congress redefine the character of the
federal government? (pg. 460) - KC - 5.3.I.A
 Period 5 Part 2 Questions
Chapters 14/15
The economic policies of the Republican-controlled Congress, such as the National
Banking Act and the Legal Tender Act, strengthened federal authority by establishing a
standardized national currency and banking system, thereby expanding federal
economic influence.

What factors, other than political pressure, brought about the Emancipation Proclamation? What did
the proclamation really accomplish? (pg. 463-464) - KC - 5.3.I.B

Answer: Details:

The Emancipation Proclamation
was influenced by factors such as
military necessity and the desire to
undermine the Confederate war
effort, alongside growing moral and
humanitarian concerns about
slavery.
Contraband: Escaped slaves who sought refuge with Union forces
were deemed "contraband of war," highlighting the strategic
advantage of emancipation in weakening the Confederacy.
Confiscation Act: Legislation that allowed Union forces to seize
Confederate property, including slaves, setting a legal precedent for
the Emancipation Proclamation.

Why were the Battles of Gettysburg and Vicksburg the biggest turning point in the Civil War? (pg. 464 -
466) - KC - 5.3.I.D
These battles were turning points because they halted Confederate advances into the
North (Gettysburg) and gave the Union control over the Mississippi River (Vicksburg),
splitting the Confederacy and crippling its logistical capabilities.

What role did African Americans play in support of the Union cause? (pg. 466) - KC - 5.3.I.B

African Americans supported the Union cause by serving in the military, with nearly
200,000 enlisting as soldiers and sailors. They also provided crucial labor, intelligence,
and support services.

How did the Emancipation Proclamation and Grant’s appointment as general in chief affect the course of the
war? (pg. 466-467) - KC - 5.3.I.B
The Emancipation Proclamation boosted Union moral and international support while
undermining the Confederacy’s labor force. Grant’s appointment brought more aggressive
and coordinated military strategies, leading to key victories.
 Period 5 Part 2 Questions
Chapters 14/15
What were the political results of Sherman's capture of Atlanta in 1864? What was the legacy of his
famous "March to the Sea?" (pgs. 468-470) - KC - 5.3.I.D
Answer: Details:

Sherman's capture of Atlanta Scorched-earth campaign: Sherman's tactics involved destroying

significantly boosted Northern
morale and contributed to Abraham
Lincoln's re-election in 1864. His
"March to the Sea" demonstrated
the effectiveness of total war and left
a lasting legacy of devastation in the
South.
infrastructure and resources to cripple the Confederate war effort
and morale.
The Election of 1864: The fall of Atlanta bolstered support for
Lincoln, leading to his decisive victory over George McClellan.
War Democrats: Supported the Union war effort and Lincoln's
policies, benefiting politically from Sherman's successes.

Peace Democrats: Opposed the war and called for immediate peace
with the Confederacy, weakened by the Union's military victories.

William Tecumseh Sherman: Union general whose aggressive

strategy and successful campaigns played a key role in the eventual
defeat of the Confederacy.

How was the Confederacy finally defeated? In what way did the Union forces destroy the South's will to
carry on the fight? (It might be good to read over some of the documents on pages 472-473 here also)
(pgs. 470-474) - KC - 5.3.I.D

The Confederacy was finally defeated through relentless Union offensives, economic
blockades, and the destruction of critical infrastructure. Union forces eroded Southern
morale by targeting civilian resources and demonstrating the futility of continued
resistance.

To what extent did Grant and Sherman’s military strategy and tactics cause the defeat of the
Confederacy? (pgs. 470-474) - KC - 5.3.I.D
Grant and Sherman’s strategies, emphasizing relentless pressure and total war, were
crucial. Grant’s focus on attrition and Sherman’s campaigns, including the March to the
Sea, dismantled Confederate capacity and will to fight.

Chapter 15
What was Lincoln’s plan for Reconstruction? (pg. 480) - KC - 5.3.II.C
Lincoln’s plan for Reconstruction, known as the Ten Percent Plan, aimed to reintegrate
Southern states quickly by allowing them to rejoin the Union once 10% of their voters
swore an oath of allegiance and accepted emancipation.
 Period 5 Part 2 Questions
Chapters 14/15

What plan did the Republican initially propose in response? What happened with that plan? (pg. 480) - KC
- 5.3.II.C
Republicans proposed the Wade-Davis Bill, requiring 50% of voters to take a loyalty oath
and stronger safeguards for emancipation. Lincoln pocket-vetoed the bill, leading to
tensions between him and Congress.

Describe Andrew Johnson's approach to Reconstruction. How was it shaped by his political background and
his personality? (pg. 481) - KC - 5.3.II.C

Answer: Details:

Andrew Johnson's approach to
Reconstruction was lenient
towards the South, influenced
by his Southern background and
belief in states' rights. His
policies allowed Southern states
to reestablish governments with
minimal federal intervention,
which often led to the enactment
of restrictive Black Codes.
The Black Codes: Laws passed by Southern states to restrict the rights
and freedoms of African Americans, effectively maintaining a system of
racial control and labor exploitation.
Alexander Stephens: The former Vice President of the Confederacy who
was elected to Congress under Johnson's lenient policies, symbolizing
the lack of substantial change in Southern leadership.

How did Congress respond to the Black Codes and other Southern state actions of 1865 and 1866? (pg.
481) - KC - 5.3.II.C
Answer: Details:

Congress responded to the
Black Codes and other Southern
state actions by enacting
legislation to protect the rights
of African Americans and
counteract Johnson's lenient
Reconstruction policies.
The Freedmen’s Bureau: An agency established to aid freed slaves and
poor whites in the South by providing food, housing, education, and
legal assistance.
The Civil Rights Act of 1866: Legislation that granted citizenship and
equal rights to all persons born in the United States, regardless of race,
and aimed to counteract the Black Codes.

The 14th Amendment: A constitutional amendment that guaranteed

equal protection under the law and was designed to protect the civil
rights of freed slaves against state infringement.
 Period 5 Part 2 Questions
Chapters 14/15
How was the 14th amendment ultimately ratified? (pg. 481) - KC - 5.3.II.B

The 14th Amendment was ratified by requiring Southern states to adopt it as a condition
for rejoining the Union. Congress used its power to enforce civil rights protections. This
ensured nationwide citizenship and equal protection.

What measures did the Radical Republicans take to keep President Johnson and the Supreme Court from
interfering with their plans? (pgs. 482-484) - KC - 5.3.II.C

Answer: Details:

The Radical Republicans took
several measures, including
winning the congressional
elections of 1866, passing the
Reconstruction Act of 1867, and
initiating the impeachment of
President Andrew Johnson, to
ensure their Reconstruction plans
could proceed without
interference.
The congressional elections of 1866: The Radical Republicans
secured a majority in Congress, allowing them to override President
Johnson's vetoes and pass significant legislation.
The Reconstruction Act of 1867: This act divided the South into
military districts and required states to ratify the 14th Amendment
and provide voting rights to black men to be readmitted to the
Union.
The impeachment of Andrew Johnson: Radical Republicans initiated
impeachment proceedings against Johnson, primarily for violating
the Tenure of Office Act, which aimed to limit his power and remove
him from office.

Describe the Election of 1868. (pg. 484-485) - KC - 5.3.II.C

The election saw Ulysses S. Grant running as the Republican candidate. Grant's victory
was influenced by African American votes and support for Reconstruction policies. It
reinforced the Republican agenda.
 Period 5 Part 2 Questions
Chapters 14/15

Why did the 15th amendment cause a rift between Women’s rights groups and abolitionists? (pg. 485-
486) - KC - 5.3.II.B

Answer: Details:

The 15th Amendment caused a
rift between women's rights
groups and abolitionists
because it granted voting rights
to African American men but
did not extend the same rights
to women, leading to
disagreements over prioritizing
suffrage based on race versus
gender.
The 15th amendment: This amendment prohibited denying the right to
vote based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude, but did not
include gender.
AWSA vs. the NWSA: The American Woman Suffrage Association (AWSA)
supported the 15th Amendment despite its limitations, while the National
Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA) opposed it, advocating for universal
suffrage including women.
Minor v. Happersett: A Supreme Court case in 1875 that ruled women did
not have a constitutional right to vote under the 14th Amendment,
highlighting the exclusion of women from the 15th Amendment's
protections and intensifying the rift.

What did freedmen demand after the Civil War? (pg. 490-491)- KC - 5.3.II.C

Freedmen demanded land, education, and legal rights to ensure economic independence
and protection from exploitation

How did the sharecropping system of labor assist Southern whites in reasserting control over black labor?
(pgs. 491-492) - KC - 5.3.II.C

Sharecropping tied freedmen to the land through debt and dependence on landowners,
effectively maintaining an economic system similar to slavery.
 Period 5 Part 2 Questions
Chapters 14/15

What policies did southern Reconstruction legislators pursue, and what needs of the postwar South did
they seek to serve? (pg. 493-495) - KC - 5.3.II.D

Answer: Details:

Southern Reconstruction Scalawags: Southern whites who supported Reconstruction and

legislatures pursue policies aimed at
rebuilding the Southern economy,
integrating freed slaves into society,
and expanding public services and
infrastructure. These policies
sought to address the immediate
needs of the postwar South,
including economic recovery, social
justice, and political reintegration.
Republican policies, often advocating for modernization and
economic development.
Carpetbaggers: Northern transplants to the South who participated in
Reconstruction governments, often focusing on reforms and
investments in infrastructure and education.
Convict leasing: A system where Southern states leased prisoners to
private businesses, often resulting in exploitative labor conditions,
aimed at addressing labor shortages and generating revenue.

Black Republican legislators: African American legislators who played

a significant role in Reconstruction governments, advocating for civil
rights, public education, and land reform to serve the needs of the
newly freed African American population.

Compare the results of African Americans’ community building with their struggles to obtain better
working conditions. What links do you see between these efforts? (pg. 495-496) - KC - 5.3.II.D

African Americans built schools, churches, and social organizations to strengthen

communities. Simultaneously, they fought for better working conditions and fair wages.
Both efforts were linked by the pursuit of autonomy and equality.

What were the main components of the Civil Rights Act of 1875. (pg. 496) - KC - 5.3.II.C

The Civil Rights Act of 1875 aimed to prohibit racial discrimination in public places. It
guaranteed African Americans equal access to transportation, accommodations, and jury
service. The act sought to enforce equal rights.
 Period 5 Part 2 Questions
Chapters 14/15

Why did Reconstruction begin to break down in the 1870s? (pg. 497 - 498) - KC - 5.3.II.C

Answer: Details:

Reconstruction began to break down The Panic of 1873: A financial crisis that triggered a severe
in the 1870s due to economic turmoil, economic depression, diverting attention and resources away from
political corruption, and waning Reconstruction efforts.
Northern interest in Southern affairs.
The Freedmen’s Savings and Trust Company: Its failure in 1874
devastated many African Americans' savings, undermining
economic progress for freedpeople.

Laissez-faire: An economic philosophy that limited government

intervention in the economy, leading to reduced federal support
for Reconstruction programs.

The Credit Mobilier scandal: A major political scandal involving

the Union Pacific Railroad and the Credit Mobilier construction
company, which eroded public trust in the government and
distracted from Reconstruction efforts.

How did ex-Confederates, freedpeople, Republicans, and classical liberals view the end of
Reconstruction? (pg. 497-498) - KC - 5.3.II.C

Answer: Details:

The end of Reconstruction was
viewed differently by various
groups: ex-Confederates welcomed
it, freedpeople saw it as a setback,
Republicans were divided, and
classical liberals criticized it for
government overreach.
Ex-Confederates: Generally welcomed the end of Reconstruction as it
allowed them to regain political power and restore white supremacy
through Jim Crow laws and other measures.
Freedpeople: Viewed the end of Reconstruction with dismay and fear,
as it led to the rollback of many rights and protections they had
gained, increasing violence and discrimination against them.

Republicans: Were divided; some saw the end as a pragmatic

acceptance of political realities, while others viewed it as a betrayal of
the party’s commitment to civil rights and equality.

Classical liberals: Criticized Reconstruction for its perceived

overreach and inefficiency, advocating for limited government and
focusing on economic issues over social reforms.
 Period 5 Part 2 Questions
Chapters 14/15
Why did the Redeemers resort to terror in their campaign to regain political control of the South? (pg.
498-500) - KC - 5.3.II.C AND E
Answer:
The Redeemers resorted to terror
to intimidate African Americans
and white Republicans,
undermining Reconstruction
efforts and restoring white
Democratic control.
How did the Supreme Court rulings undermine the efforts of those supporting Reconstruction? - KC -
5.3.II.C, D and E
Answer:
Supreme Court rulings in the
1870s weakened federal
protections for African
Americans and limited the
effectiveness of Reconstruction
laws
Details:
Nathan Bedford Forrest: A former Confederate general and early
leader of the Ku Klux Klan, which used terror and violence against
African Americans and their allies.
The Ku Klux Klan: A white supremacist group that employed
intimidation, violence, and murder to suppress black political
participation and support Democratic control.
The Enforcement Laws/the KKK Act: Federal laws aimed at curbing
Klan violence and protecting the civil rights of African Americans,
though enforcement was often weak.
Lynching: A form of terror used to enforce racial subordination and
punish those who challenged white supremacy.
Details:
The Slaughter-House Cases: A series of decisions that narrowly
interpreted the 14th Amendment, limiting its scope in protecting
individual rights against state actions.
U.S. v. Cruikshank: A ruling that stated the federal government could
not prosecute individuals for civil rights violations, leaving
enforcement to the states.
The Civil Rights Cases: A decision that declared the Civil Rights Act of
1875 unconstitutional, effectively allowing private discrimination.
 Period 5 Part 2 Questions
Chapters 14/15

Why was the presidential election of 1876 disputed? How was the controversy resolved by the
"Compromise of 1877?" (pgs. 500-501) - KC - 5.3.II.C

Answer:
The election of 1876 was disputed
due to contested electoral votes in
several states, leading to a political
impasse resolved by the
Compromise of 1877, which ended
Reconstruction.
Details:
Rutherford B. Hayes: The Republican candidate who was awarded
the presidency as part of the Compromise of 1877.
Samuel J. Tilden: The Democratic candidate who won the popular
vote but lost the presidency due to the compromise.

Compromise of 1877: An informal deal in which Democrats conceded

the presidency to Hayes in exchange for the withdrawal of federal
troops from the South, effectively ending Reconstruction.