Blood and Immune System Notes

Functions of Blood
1. ______________________ dissolved gases, nutrients, hormones, and metabolic wastes
2. Regulates ________ and ion makeup of interstitial fluids
3. Restricts fluid loss at injury sites
4. _______________against toxins and pathogens
5. Stabilizes body ____________________

*The study of blood is known as _______________________.

Characteristics of Blood
• A liquid ________________ tissue
• Temperature is ___________________, a little above body temperature
• Blood is _____________ times more viscous than water due to plasma ______________ and cells.
• pH is slightly alkaline in a range of _____________________
• Average adults has _______________ liters (10 pints) of blood.

Parts of Blood
Formed Elements – 45%
Plasma – 55% *Formed elements are the _____________ in the blood.
1. Red Blood Cells (RBCs) (________________________)
• ________________ part of the blood
• __________ % blood volume
• Contains:
•
• Water (91%)
• Plasma proteins (7%)
2. White Blood cells (WBCs)
• Hormones, Nutrients, Gases (2%)
(__________________________)
• __________ % blood volume
3 Major Proteins in plasma
•
1. Albumins -
2. Globulins -
3. 3. Platelets (thrombocytes)
3. Fibrinogen -
• __________ % blood volume
•

Label the picture below

Erythrocytes/Red Blood Cells (RBC)
Draw a Red Blood Cell
• Make up _______________% of formed elements (_____________)
• Contain _____ pigmented protein called _____________________ (Hb)
• ___________________________ is the percentage of RBC’s in whole blood:

Structure of RBCs
• Unique biconcave shape provides advantages
•
•
• Mature RBC has no ________________ and very few organelles.

Hemoglobin (Hb)
• ___________________ on RBC that transports oxygen and carbon dioxide.
Label the hemoglobin
• Made of 4 subunits, each has an ____________ and a ____________:
• _____________ binds to ____________
• _____________ binds to the _______________ subunits
• Each Hb can carry any combination of _____ O2 and CO2 molecules.
Anemia
•
• Symptoms include: (due to low oxygen available to cell)
•
•
• Sickle cell anemia- results from a genetic mutation in the _______ that causes
the hemoglobin protein to change shape. Cells become sickle shaped and can clog blood vessels.
RBC Life Span and Circulation
• RBCs are exposed to stresses of friction and wear and tear as they:
•
•
• Life span is about ____________ days
• About 1% of all RBCs are replaced each day
• About 3 million new RBCs enter circulation per second
• Most RBCs are broken down in the _____________________________________________, while Hb components
are recycled by the ___________________.
• RBC formation is referred to as _________________________
• Occurs in _________________________________
1. ____________ oxygen stimulates kidneys to release __________________________________.
2. Erythropoietin stimulates stem cells in ______________________ to make immature RBCs called erythroblasts.
3. Erythroblasts enter bloodstream as mature RBCs and become _____________________________.

ABO Blood Types and Rh System

• Based on _____________________________ responses
• _____________________ are identifiable fragments on cells and viruses that can trigger an immune response
• __________________________ are globulin proteins in the plasma that attack foreign antigens.
• Your surface antigens are considered normal, not foreign, and will not trigger an immune response
• Presence or absence of ______________________ on membrane of RBC determines blood type

Label the picture below

Comparing Antigens and Antibodies
Blood Type A B AB O Rh
Antigen

Antibody

Difference Between AB antibodies vs Rh antibodies

Anti -A or Anti-B antibodies Rh antibodies in Rh negative person

Spontaneously develop during first six months of life Do not develop unless individual is exposed to Rh positive
blood
No exposure to foreign antigens needed Exposure can occur accidentally, during a transfusion or
during childbirth
Platelets
• Found in red bone marrow, lungs and spleen as fragments of larger cells called ________________________________.
• Contain granules of chemicals that initiate clotting process and aid in closing tears in blood vessels
• Make up <______ of formed elements in blood but __________________________________________ for injury repair.

3 Stages of Hemostasis
• Halts bleeding and prevents blood loss Label the picture to the left.

Blood Clotting Disorders

• Thrombus- is a __________________________ blood clot, thrombosis.
• Embolus- when a clot ________________________ in blood stream, embolism.

Leukocytes are White Blood Cells (WBCs)

• _______________than RBCs and involved in ___________________________________
• Make up <___% of formed elements in blood but increased production occurs when needed for immune system response.
• Cells include:
• Granulocytes (contain granules): Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
 • Agranulocytes (do not have granules): Lymphocytes and monocytes
WBC Circulation and Movement
• Four characteristics of WBCs
1. All are capable of ________________________________
2. All can migrate outside of bloodstream through __________________________
1. All are attracted to specific chemical stimuli, referred to as ______________________, guiding them to pathogens
2. Neutrophils, eosinophils, and monocytes are ______________________

Match the WBC with its correct description.

Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophils Monocytes Lymphocytes

• Rare, less than 1% of circulating WBCs • Make up 2–4% of circulating WBCs

• Somewhat smaller than neutrophils and eosinophils
• Contains an anticoagulant called heparin and
inflammatory compound called histamine
• Similar in size to neutrophils
• Are phagocytic, but also attack through exocytosis of
toxic compounds
• Numbers increase during parasitic infection or allergic
reactions

• Make up 50–70% of circulating WBCs

• Usually first WBC to arrive at injury
• Phagocytic, attacking and digesting bacteria
• Numbers increase during acute bacterial infections
The Differential WBC Count
• Counting the numbers of the five unique WBCs of a
stained blood smear is called a differential count
• Change in numbers or percentages can be used to
_______________________________.
• Slightly larger than typical RBC with nucleus taking up
most of cell
• About 20–40% of circulating WBCs
• Large numbers are migrating in and out of tissues and
lymphatic system.
• Some attack foreign cells infected by viruses (T cells),
others secrete antibodies into circulation (B cells)
• About twice the size of a RBC
• Usually 2–8% of circulating WBCs
• Migrate into tissues and become aggressive phagocytes
called macrophages
• Ingest infected cells

Immune System
Basics of Immunity
• Pathogens are disease-causing organisms
• Include __________________________________________________________________
• Immunity is the ability to __________________ infection and disease.

Innate Immunity Adaptive Immunity

Innate (Non-Specific) Defenses
• Present at birth
• Does not distinguish between self and non-self cells and
organisms.
• Include physical barriers, phagocytic cells, immunological
surveillance, interferons, complement, inflammation, and fever
• Provide body with nonspecific resistance
Physical Barriers
• Provide 1st barrier to block against pathogens entering the body.
• Includes skin and mucous membranes
• Keratin coating on outer layer of skin
• Hair
• Secretions from glands flush surface of skin
• Special enzymes, antibodies, and low pH in membrane
Phagocytes
• "First line of cellular defense" by removing cellular debris
• Move between tissues and respond to “alarm” chemicals
released by injured tissues.
• Includes Neutrophils, Eosinophils and Macrophages
• Leave bloodstream, enter infected tissue to phagocytize
(engulf and destroy) ingested cells.
Immunological Surveillance (Natural Killer Cells)
• Antigens are protein fragments on the cell membrane that identify
cells as "self" (belong to the body)
• Abnormal cells have "non-self" or foreign antigens
• Natural Killer (NK) cells recognize foreign antigens and kill them with toxic chemicals.
• Target tumor and virus infected cells
Interferons
• A cytokine (chemical) released by virus-infected cells.
• Normal cells respond to interferons by
• Producing anti-viral proteins to slow the spread of viral infections
• Attract macrophages and NK cells to destroy viral-infected cells.
The Complement System
• Involves 11 plasma complement proteins
• Support action of antibodies
• Functions in cascade-event mechanism to:
• Attract phagocytes
• Stimulate phagocytosis
• Destroy plasma membranes
• Promote inflammation
Inflammation
• Localized (limited to one area) response to injury
• Produces swelling, redness, heat, and pain
• Due to release of histamines and heparin
• Effects include:
• Temporary repair of damaged tissue
• Slowing the spread of pathogens away from injury
• Mobilizing defenses to promote regeneration
• Tissue destruction occurs before repair
• Called necrosis
• Pus is dead and dying cells accumulating at injury site; Abscess is pus enclosed in a tissue space
Fever
• Defined as body temperature >37.2°C (99°F)
• Pyrogens are
• Proteins that reset temperature center in hypothalamus
• Elevate body temperature to slow spread of infection
• Mild fever is beneficial, increasing metabolism
• High fever, >40°C (104°F), can cause CNS problems
Adaptive (Specific) Defenses
• Provided by coordinated activities of ______ and ______ _______________________made and stored in lymphatic system)
• Active Immunity
• Patient produces new B and T cells as a result of _________________________________ to a foreign antigen.
• Passive Immunity
• Patient receives ___________________________________________ from an external source.
Naturally-Acquired Active Immunity Naturally-Acquired Passive Immunity

Artificially-Acquired Active Immunity Artificially-Acquired Passive Immunity

Antibody-Mediated Immune Response (B cells and Antibodies)

• _______ cells create _______-shaped proteins called ______________________ that attack specific antigens.
• Antibody proteins bind to and clump up cells and viruses leaving them for phagocytes to attack. (_________________)
• Actions are referred to as antibody-mediated immunity.
• Antibody Action
• ______________________ are immunoglobulin proteins that have two small regions called combining sites.
• ___________________ are identifiable markers on the outside of foreign cells that activate an immune response.
• Antibody fit onto ____________ antigen combining sites to form an ______________________________________
• Antibody-antigen complexes cause _______________________ of pathogens, making it easier for
_____________________ cells to engulf and digest them.

Cell-Mediated Immune Response

• Result of _______ cells recognizing and attacking _______________________ pathogens inside the body.
• Attack is based on ______________ _________________ found on the outside of pathogen.
• T-Cell Activation
• __________________T cells reside in the _________________ during childhood until they are sensitized (assigned
to a specific pathogen).
• Once sensitized, _________________ T cells will move to the spleen, liver or lymph nodes and become either a
cytotoxic, helper, memory or suppressor T cell.

• __________________________ T cells secrete toxins into specific pathogens to initiate cell death. Also called Killer T cells.
• __________________________ T-cells help find and activate the correct Cytotoxic T-cells and help find and activate the
corresponding B-cells to make the correct antibodies.
• __________________________ T-cells tell the cytotoxic T cells to stop their attack on the pathogens and B-cells to stop
making antibodies.
• __________________________ T cells patrol the body looking for foreign antigens and other signs of invasion.
• Memory cells can rapidly convert back into cytotoxic and helper T cells to attack the same antigen it fi appears
again.
• Allows for faster immune response after first exposure.