ABOUT JOIFF

Message from JOIFF Chairman

J
OIFF, the International Organisation for
Industrial Emergency Services Management
is a not-for-profit organisation dedicated On behalf of the JOIFF Directors I extend a warm welcome to JOIFF existing and
to developing the knowledge, skills and
understanding of personnel who work in and/or new members, and readers of this edition of The Catalyst.
who are required to provide emergency response
to incidents In Industry, primarily High Hazard
Industry, with the aim of ensuring That risks in Firstly, I would like to congratulate all those who have recently gained JOIFF professional
Industry are mitigated and managed safely. qualifications. JOIFF is honoured to include those persons in the JOIFF Role of Honour in this
The 4 pillars of JOIFF aiming to support its
edition. I also extend a big “thank you” to our fellow professionals who are giving up their
Membership in preventing and/or mitigating time and subject-matter-expertise to the JOIFF Working Groups who are currently working
hazardous incidents in Industry are:
on the development of JOIFF Guidelines dealing with various subjects critical to Emergency
Shared Learning – improving risk awareness
amongst JOIFF Members; Servies Management.
Accredited Training – enhancing operational
preparedness in emergency response and crisis
management; We value the support of members who contribute to JOIFF’s primary task “Shared Learning”,
Technical Advisory Group – raising the quality ensuring the highest standards of the tasks of Emergency Services Management are made
of safety standards in the working environment of
High Hazard Industry and available to our members and others engaged in Emergency Services Management. This
Professional Affiliation – networking and support is critical to the success of maintaining JOIFF as a not-for-profit independent
access to professionals who have similar
challenges in their work through Conferences organisation.
and other events and the prestige of being a
member of a globally recognised organisation of
emergency response.
If you would like to get involved in this work, or have any questions around JOIFF professional
qualifications, JOIFF Working Groups or any of JOIFF’s activities, then please do reach out
Full Members of JOIFF are organisations which
to me.
are high hazard industries and/or have nominated
personnel as emergency responders/hazard
management team members who provide cover As I think you will agree, as you read through the Catalyst, these are exciting times for
to such organisations. Commercial Members of
JOIFF are organisations that provide goods and JOIFF as we welcome new members and training establishments into our JOIFF community.
services to organisations in the High Hazard We will all be aware that the World is an uncertain place to be just now, with ongoing
Industry.
geopolitical crisis, climate change and ecological weather-related disasters to name but a
JOIFF welcomes enquiries for Membership - few, notwithstanding the technical challenges that are in front and centre right now.
please contact the JOIFF Secretariat for more
information.
With all this in mind, I would like to stress the relevance of the 4 pillars of JOIFF - Shared
JOIFF CLG is registered in Ireland. Registration
number 362542. Address as secretariat.
Learning, Accredited Training, Technical Advice, and Professional Affiliation. These pillars
JOIFF is the registered Business Name of JOIFF can not only provide a clear focus as we live our day-to-day work activities; setting
CLG.
operational, tactical and strategic goals etc. but they also remind us that JOIFF is a growing
Worldwide community of fellow professionals and Support Agencies. You are not alone out
ABOUT THE CATALYST there, so please get involved in our journey.
The Catalyst is the Official magazine of JOIFF,
The International Organisation for Industrial
Emergency Services Management. The Catalyst
We are all stronger together and with your support and continued engagement,
is published Quarterly – in January, April, July & we can build an even stronger JOIFF community for the benefit of all - above all,
October each year. The JOIFF Catalyst magazine
knowledge is key in an uncertain world.
is distributed to all JOIFF members and member
organisations worldwide. The Catalyst magazine
is published by ENM Media on Behalf of JOIFF. Please, enjoy this edition of the Catalyst, and I repeat, if you would like to get involved or
Publisher & Advertising Sales: contribute to JOIFF in any way, then please reach out to us.
Paul Budgen
Tel: + 44 (0) 1305 831 768
Email: pbudgen@edicogroup.net
Kevin Deveson
Design & Production: MJOIFF, GIFireE
Christelle Sakr Chairman of JOIFF
Tel: +44 (0) 1305 831 768 Email: kevin@joiff.com
Email: christelle@edicogroup.net Please visit www.joiff.com
The Catalyst 3
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CONTENTS
ROLL OF HONOR
Post-nominal qualifications of a person provide recognition as a professional, demonstrating commitment to
professional standards, integrity, ethics and continuous professional development.
During Q 1, 2024, the following persons were awarded JOIFF post-nominal qualifications:

JOIFF DIPLOMA

Jithesh Satheesan • Dip.JOIFF

ADNOC
Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates

Jithesh joined the fire department in 2009 working for Cairn Energy onshore in India. He worked
there for 3 years and in 2012 he joined Reliance Industries as a firefighter and worked there for 2
years. In 2014 he moved to the firefighting team of Petronet LNG in the Kochi Terminal and in 2016,
he joined New Mangalore Seaport in Karnataka as a leading Firefighter where he was stationed for
2 years. In 2018 Jithesh left India to join Qatar Energy where he worked for 3 years. From Qatar
Energy, he was recruited to the United Arab Emirates where he joined ADNOC, where he is still in the
Firefighting Team.

On successfully completing the JOIFF Diploma, Jithesh said “I have leant a lot through my career,
gained oil and gas emergency procedures and I intend to extend my knowledge through learning and
experience”.

JOIFF LEADERSHIP 1
Emergency Response Team Leader

Renato C. Lopez • Dip.JOIFF, Tech.JOIFF, JOIFF.ERTL

Security Fire and Safety Officer, United Nations Peacekeeping Operations
MONUSCO - Security Section, Democratic Republic of the Congo

In 1996 Renato was appointed a firefighter at Subic Bay Metropolitan Authority, a former US Naval
Base in the Philippines and he worked in the Fire Service there for 5 years. In 2001, Renato was
hired as a Lead Firefighter in the Department of Emergency Crash and Rescue for the Peacekeeping
Mission of the United Nations Organization in East Timor where he served for 3 years. In 2004, he
joined the UN Peacekeeping Mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo as a firefighter/driver
operator in Kinshasa. In 2014 he worked in Camp Tajik, Iraq, as a firefighter and in 2015, the United
Nations Organization Stabilization Mission (MONUSCO) in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
selected him to work in the position of Security Fire and Safety Officer, the position he currently
holds. On 15th June 2021, Renato was awarded the Meritorious Service Award by the United Nations.
Department of Safety and Security, for performance above and beyond the call of duty.

Renato successfully completed the JOIFF Diploma in October 2022 and immediately started to study the JOIFF Technician which he successfully completed
in November 2023. He followed this by registering for the JOIFF Accredited Leadership 1 programme (Team Leader) which he successfully completed in
February 2024 and became the first person to be awarded the Post-nominal JOIFF.ERTL

6 The Catalyst
 GRADUATE OF JOIFF

Renato C. Lopez • Dip.JOIFF, Tech.JOIFF, JOIFF.ERTL, Grad.JOIFF

Security Fire and Safety Officer, United Nations Peacekeeping Operations
MONUSCO - Security Section, Democratic Republic of the Congo

In February 2024, having successfully completed both of the JOIFF Technician and Leadership 1
(Team Leader) programmes and for his work in MONUSCO in the Democratic Republic of the Congo,
the JOIFF Professional Qualifications Adjudication Panel presented Renato with the award Graduate
of JOIFF.

G R A D UAT E

PROFESSIONAL MEMBER OF JOIFF

Darren Roberts • M.JOIFF

Emergency Response & Security advisor/Incident Officer
LyondellBasell United Kingdom

Darren is an experienced Fire and Rescue/Security professional who has qualified to both British
and NFPA standards with a proven record and significant experience leading teams under extreme
pressure in military live conflict, International oil and gas operations, heavily regulated nuclear
Industry, upper tier COMAH, CAA aviation and Local Authority through emergency response and
emergency planning. He is currently studying an MsC in Emergency Preparedness with UCLAN.

For Darren’s significant professional attainment in Industrial Emergency Services Management

activities and competence through recognised training in a range of activities in Industrial Emergency
Services Management, the JOIFF Directors had pleasure in presenting Darren with the award of
Professional Member of JOIFF.

Kevan Whitehead • M.JOIFF

Managing Director, Unity Fire & Safety Services LLC,
Muscat, Sultanate of Oman

Kevan joined Greater Manchester Fire Service in 1978. He rose through the ranks, in operational, fire
safety, training and technical services roles, specialising in firefighting PPE and firefighting foam
including organising 5 International Conferences on the development of fluorine free fighting foams. He
was part of the development of Virtual Reality Incident Command Training for the UK Fire Services, he
provided training to Sri Lanka City of Colombo Fire Department and had a short secondment to BP LNG
Firefighting School at TEEX in the USA.of Professional Member of JOIFF.
He retired from Manchester Fire Service in 2008 at Area Manager rank and in 2010, he was appointed General Manager at the Fire Safety Engineering
College, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman. He was Director of Fire Services, Stirling Group, Dubai, UAE for a number of years and in 2016, he re-focused activity
within Muscat, Sultanate of Oman, developing industrial Fire & Rescue firefighter contracts. As Managing Director of his company Unity Fire and Safety
Services, which he established in 2011, he has led the recruitment and training of over 220 professional firefighters, working in 8 major contracts with
multiple oil & gas plus other industrial clients.

For Kevan’s significant contribution to High Hazard Industry overseas and his continuing support of JOIFF over a number of years, the JOIFF Directors had
pleasure in presenting Kevan with the award of Professional Member of JOIFF.

The Catalyst 7
 Nigel Blumire • M.JOIFF
Inspector, Health and Safety Executive
United Kingdom

Nigel graduated from the University of Southampton with a PhD in organic chemistry and spent
a decade developing drug candidates for oncology and pain relief in the pharmaceutical industry.
He moved to the National Chemical Emergency Centre in the United Kingdom and was one of their
chemical emergency call handlers for 4 years. He then became the emergency response training
product manager for a further 4.5 years after which he joined the UK Health and Safety Executive
as an inspector. He has supported organisations such as CTIF, IFE, JOIFF and IOSH to provide best
practice for chemical emergencies.

For Nigel’s significant contribution to High Hazard Industry and his continuing support of JOIFF over a
number of years, the JOIFF Directors had pleasure in presenting Nigel with the award of Professional
Member of JOIFF.

John Ottesen • M.JOIFF

Managing Director
Dafo Fomtec AB
Sweden

John Olav Ottesen, Managing Director and cofounder of Dafo Fomtec AB, is a 56-year-old Norwegian
with 33 years’ experience from the foam industry. He spent 10 years at Tyco in various positions from
the early 1990s until starting up Fomtec in Sweden in 2001. John was caught by the foam bug from
“get-go” and has a deep interest in all aspects of the firefighting foam industry.

For John’s significant support and contribution to the development and profile of JOIFF during many
years, the JOIFF Directors had pleasure in presenting John with the award of Professional Member
of JOIFF.

Jan Knappert • M.JOIFF

International Sales Director
Dr Sthamer GmbH & Co. KG
Germany

Jan has worked for Gent Ltd, Walter Kidde PLC, Kidde-Graviner Ltd, Preussag Fire Protection a
division of Minimax GmbH, Fire Fighting Enterprises Ltd, Tyco Safety Products Ltd and for the last 17
years as the International Sales Director of Dr Sthamer, selling their range of PFAS FREE fire-fighting
foam concentrates.

For Jan’s significant support and contribution to the development and profile of JOIFF during many
years, the JOIFF Directors had pleasure in presenting Jan with the award of Professional Member of
JOIFF.

The Directors of JOIFF extend congratulations to all

those in the JOIFF Roll of Honour.

8 The Catalyst
With the Transition to
Fluorine Free foam now a fact
for the majority of the Global
High hazard Industry due to
Environmental legislation and
Supply Chain concerns.

The JOIFF International Foam Summit 2024 aims to provide provide clarity on
all aspects on the process of Foam Transition.

The Challenges of Transition to SFFF • Proportioning & Hardware • Foam

Transition End User • Case Studies • Standards & Testing • Decontamination •
Performance of SFFF • Regulatory Updates from all major markets

In addition to the Conference presentations from Subject Matter Experts from around
the world, we will also be providing a platform for suppliers to meet and discuss the
transition to SFFF.

The JOIFF International Foam Summit 2024 also provides a unique opportunity to meet,
discuss and learn from Peers and Foam Transition Experts in person.

If you are involved with foam transition now or are involved in programmes to transi-
tion to SFFF in the next few years, this is a must-attend event to get the facts and meet
the experts.

REGISTRATION IS NOW OPEN

REGISTER NOW ON OUR WEBSITE OR SCAN THE QR CODE:

WWW. JOIFF.COM
 NEW JOIFF MEMBERS
During January, February and March 2024, the JOIFF Board of Directors were pleased to welcome the following
new Members:

ADNOC Asab Fire and Rescue Training Establishment • Abu Dhabi

represented by David Wilson, Team Leader, Asab Fire Team, Obaid Al Tamimi, Fire Training Centre Technical
analyst, Naser Al Thahli, Team Leader, Talent Development and Mohammed Saleh Al Hamadi, Senior Fire Officer,
Asab Fire Team. ADNOC Gas Processing was established in 1978, in the capital of the United Arab Emirates,
Abu Dhabi. It has 7 onshore sites including ASAB, where it owns and operates a purpose-built Fire and Rescue
Training Center located within the site. The Training Centre provides training for its employees - firefighters,
rescue personnel and others who are required to respond to incidents that require emergency response on any
of the 7 sites of ADNOC Gas Processing.

Anguilla Fire and Rescue Service, Clayton J Lloyd's International Airport • Eastern
Caribbean
represented by Shondell Hodge, Chief Fire Officer, Carlisle Lake, Deputy Chief Fire Officer and Karim Hodge,
Permanent Secretary. In 2022, Anguilla FRS designed and built training facilities with a well equipped
lecture room and a wide range of live fire scenarios to provide rescue and firefighting training for Airport
Rescue and Fire-Fighting (ARFF) personnel who aspire to achieve advanced training. This innovative facility
challenges participants to sharpen their tactics and strategies in dealing with many dynamic aircraft
emergencies including undercarriage fires, engine fires, pool fires, internal compartment fires, search and
rescue in a smoke-filled environment etc.

Dynamic Emergency Resources Co. Ltd • Buri Ram Province, Thailand

represented by Wayne Stennes, President/CEO, Ahmed Fourati, General Manager – Libya, Terry Ruihai,
General Manager – China and Andre Abbasi, General Manager – UAE. DER provide theoretical and practical
training for upstream and downstream oil and gas emergency response, emergency management and business
continuity experience at management and corporate levels, tactical and physical emergency response
experience, extensive well control experience, industrial firefighting experience across the diverse facets of oil
and gas operations, project management and risk management.

Fire Rescue First Response Ltd. • Mangawhai, New Zealand

represented by Phil Nesbit, Managing Director. Fire Rescue First Response Ltd are a registered NZQA
Emergency Management and Response Training company to industry and government departments. They also
provide rescue standby and firefighting crews for high hazard industries and work, and incident management
for government and industry during a major event.

Saudi Aramco Fire Protection, Advanced Fire Training Center • Kingdom of Saudi
Arabia
represented by Robert A. Waller, Senior Fire Protection Advisor, Abdullah M. Al Ghamdi, Vice President of
Fire Protection, Nader Y. Rafie, Director of Fire Protection Engineering and Training Services and Ahmed M.
Salamah, Manager of Fire Protection Training. Saudi Aramco Fire Protection Department (FrPD) is the fire
and emergency services provider for the largest energy corporation in the world. FrPD responds to all facets
of emergencies and incidents at Saudi Aramco facilities throughout the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia including
residential, commercial, and community properties and activities. The mission of Saudi Aramco FrPD is to
save lives and protect assets, and the vision to do so by a highly skilled workforce using reliable equipment
and technology.

10 The Catalyst
The JOIFF International Foam Summit 2024 aims to provide provide clarity on
all aspects on the process of Foam Transition.

This shared learning event will look at aspects of High Hazard Emergency Management
currently affecting Ireland.
This Summit provides a unique opportunity to meet and discuss these important matters with
senior professionals from the Irish High Hazard Industries.

All Irish COMAH and Seveso regulated organisations plus Ports, Airports and Regional Fire
Departments will be invited to attend.

We will have subject matter experts from Ireland and international experts presenting.

REGISTRATION IS NOW OPEN.

or scan QR code

Join this unique Shared Learning Event

www.joiff.com
 JOIFF NEWS
JOIFF SOUTHERN AFRICA REGION

The JOIFF Directors are pleased to announce the formation of

the JOIFF Southern Africa Regional Group. The decision is
made to develop JOIFF in Africa by broadening its membership in
the area of High Hazard Industrial Emergency Response, increasing
the footprint of JOIFF in Africa and engaging with key persons to
participate in and influence relevant standards and regulations.

The JOIFF Directors thank JOIFF Director: Trevor Fiford

and JOIFF Past Chairman: Pine Pienaar for their efforts
in establishing this Regional Group and their continuing
support of JOIFF.

JOIFF AMBASSADORS

In their work to develop JOIFF Internationally, the JOIFF Directors are proud to appoint the following staunch member
supporters of JOIFF as Ambassadors to represent and promote JOIFF in their Region:

Steve Fraser Peter de Roos Trevor Fiford

Pacific Rim Europe Southern Africa

The Catalyst 13
 SUCCESSFUL
JOIFF Accreditation Audits
During Q1 2024, successful JOIFF accreditation audits were carried out for:

H2K • The Netherlands

H2K Netherlands Team being

presented with their JOIFF certificate
of accreditation

Left to right: André Maranus, Senior

Instructor; Tijs Moonen, Sales Manager;
Paul van Helden CFO; Finian Joyce,
JOIFF auditor; Gerry Johnson, JOIFF
auditor.

International Training
College (ITC) • Tunisia
ITC Tunisia Team being presented
with their JOIFF certificate of
accreditation

Left to right: Ezzedine Kacem, Centre

Manager; Vitaly Baranov, JOIFF Auditor;
Mohamed Ali Ghorbel, Training
Manager; Gerry Johnson, JOIFF auditor.

14 The Catalyst
Jaheziya • Abu Dhabi U.A.E
Jaheziya Team, UAE being presented
with their JOIFF certificate of
accreditation

Left to right: Chris Lawson, Manager,

Maritime & Offshore Training;
Gerry Jonson JOIFF Auditor , Malcolm
Barret, Training Manager.

Techma • Dubai U.A.E

John Lowe, Group Training Director
with Techma’s certificate of
accreditation

Yassine Marine Services •

Tunisia
Yassine Marine , UAE being presented
with their JOIFF certificate of
accreditation

Left to right: Don Sheens, Centre

Manager; Gerry Johnson JOIFF Auditor;
Vitaly Baranov, JOIFF Auditor; Jmaiel
Mansour, Training Manager.

The Catalyst 15
 News from JOIFF
Accredited Training Providers
Established in 2012 and based in Abu Dhabi, Jaheziya is a prominent emergency response training establishment
and comprehensive provider of fire and emergency services, dedicated to addressing the dynamic and evolving
needs of the emergency management sector.
Firefighting Training
Being one of the original members of
JOIFF and a multi-accredited training
provider in the Middle East, Jaheziya's
long-term commitment to upholding
exemplary training standards in the region
is showcased. By strictly adhering to
international and national standards for
training delivery, Jaheziya underscores its
dedication to achieving excellence within
the industry.
What distinguishes Jaheziya is
its acknowledgement that a one-
size-fits-all approach may not suit
everyone. The ability to tailor training
programs and industry best practices
to meet the unique needs of clients
demonstrates our adaptability without
16 The Catalyst
Helicopter Underwater sE cape rT aining
compromising on the essential elements of
quality and safety.
Since joining JOIFF in 2018, Jaheziya has
notably enhanced its capabilities. The
commitment to continuous improvement is
evident through ongoing quality assurance
audits, substantial investments in
equipment and resources, and an expansion
of the course portfolio to meet the demand
for emergency services response training,
particularly in high-hazard industries.
Jaheziya's course portfolio, accredited
by JOIFF, currently consists of 13
accredited courses. Recent additions
include Hazardous Materials Awareness and
Operations, Incident Management System
and Command Safety, and Fire Service
Instructor (Level 2). Moving forward,
Jaheziya aims to further expand this
portfolio to a total of 20 courses by the
third quarter of 2024.
To delve deeper into Jaheziya's
innovative training solutions and
their commitment to industry
excellence, visit their website or
reach out to them:
www.jaheziya.ae
inquiry@jaheziya.ae
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Where is Flight MH370?
JOIFF ARTICLE

Photo credit: Johnatan Morgan

On 8th March 2014 at 00.42 hrs., flight MH 370, a Malaysian Airlines Boeing 777, took off from Kuala Lumpur
Airport, Malaysia, with 227 passengers and 12 crew aboard for an almost 6 hour flight to Beijing, China. The
flight was to be a normal flight following the defined flight plan, the weather was fine and it appeared that all
was normal. The initial flight path from Kuala Lumpur was to be across Malaysia to Vietnamese air space and
then across the South China Sea over China to Beijing.

40 minutes after take-off, the plane arrived at a location called IGARI, which is the border where aircraft
leave Malaysia Air Traffic Control (ATC) and change to Vietnam ATC. The last exchange of messages between
Malaysia ATC and MH 370 was that Malaysia ATC told the aircraft to change to Vietnam ATC and wished the
pilot “good night” and the pilot responded “good night, Malaysian three seven zero”. The plane left Malaysia ATC
and disappeared from the radar. It was not until17 minutes later, that Vietnam ATC realised that the plane was
missing from the screen.

The Initial Search The First Clue

With no contact from the plane after 5
hours, it was thought that the aircraft
went down at its last known location
just after IGARI, and the Malaysian
government assembled an International
team and launched a search for the
aircraft over the South China Sea. As
the South China Sea is a very busy
seaway, it was expected that floating
debris would quickly be found but
after 3 days, nothing was found.
MH 370 had vanished without trace.
The first clue as to its whereabouts
emerged from a satellite company
called Inmarsat based in London,
which operates a global network of
satellites providing communication
links between planes and the ground.

The Catalyst 19
 These satellites do not track aircraft,
they send a signal in effect asking an
aircraft “are you there” and the aircraft
sends back a signal to say in effect “I’m
here”.
This signal is called a “handshake”.
One of the satellites stationed over
the Indian Ocean had been receiving
handshakes from MH 370 that showed
that the aircraft had travelled for more
than 7 hours to the last point where the
signal disappeared.
The Second Clue
The Malaysian military radar network
covering the Malaysian peninsula
reported that they had been able to
trace the path of MH 370 for an hour
after it disappeared from the civilian
ATC radar. They reported that their
signals revealed that MH 370 made
a U-turn on reaching IGARI and flew
back over Malaysia, turned north-west
as it reached the Straits of Malacca,
and disappeared on leaving Malaysian
military radar range. The Malaysian
military radar reported that the plane’s
transponder, the device that transmits
an aircraft’s position, had been manually
turned off when it reached IGARI.
Some time later, long into the
investigation to find out what had
happened to MH 370, flight experts
tried to replicate the changes of flight
of MH 370 in a simulator, in particular
the U-turn at IGARI. They believed that
this manoeuvre was carefully planned
because a steep U-turn is a very
challenging manoeuvre that puts the
plane at the limit of its manoeuvrability,
and as a result, they suspected that the
pilot who carried out this manoeuvre
was very skilled and he had to make the
manoeuvre if he wished to disappear
quickly from the Vietnamese ATC
sector. The only conclusion that the
20 The Catalyst
experts could offer at that time, was
that the plane had been hijacked or was
malfunctioning.
The Third Clue
The next break-through came when
the Inmarsat scientists analysed the
“handshakes” from the satellite and MH
370, and calculated a range of possible
flight paths based on the amount of fuel
in the aircraft. This analysis determined
that MH 370 had turned south over the
Indian Ocean on leaving the Straits of
Malacca, crossing 7 of the Inmarsat
boundaries – known as “arcs” - where
the handshakes ended, more than 2,000
miles from where the search began.
9 days after MH 370 vanished, this
information was enough for the
Malaysian, Chinese and Australian
governments to launch a new joint
search operation in the Indian Ocean
along a 120,000 square kilometre
corridor on the 7th arc.
In 2017, over 2 years since this search
began, when the 120,000 square miles
search had been completed without
finding the wreckage of MH 370, the 3
governments suspended the search.
Debris
508 days after the disappearance, of
MH 370, a piece of debris from a Boeing
777 was found on Reunion Island, a tiny
island off the east coast of Madagascar,
2,500 miles west of the search area.
Serial numbers on the wreckage
identified that this debris was from MH
370. The Search Team acquired from
Boeing a “new” piece of the wreckage
and they replicated the condition of
the piece of wreckage recovered. They
then used GPS to track the replicate in
the ocean and record how it behaved in
different conditions. This helped them to
calculate the point of origin of the real
piece of wreckage, which they tracked
from where it was found in Reunion
Island back to the 7th arc where MH 370
ditched in the Ocean. Combined with
computer simulations of ocean currents
and winds, the data of the experiment
confirmed that the wreckage began its
journey on or close to the 7th arc where
MH 370 made its last connection with
the Inmarsat satellite.
Civilian Assistance
For years, a number of civilian experts
had been looking for answers to
the mystery of MH 370. Using the
information gained on the recovery of
the first piece of wreckage, one of these
persons started to search along the
coast of Mozambique, continuing the
search in Madagascar and he recovered
a total of 22 pieces of debris from
a Boeing 777. As there was no other
Boeing 777 missing in the Indian Ocean,
it was assumed that these pieces had to
be from MH 370 and 18 of these pieces
of debris are now included as evidence in
the official report of the missing plane.
The debris provided evidence not only of
the area in which the aircraft crashed
but also how it crashed and shattered
on impact, which proved that it did not
make a controlled ditching on the water.
But this evidence did not pinpoint the
precise location of the aircraft on the
seabed to allow the fuselage or the
aircraft’s black boxes to be retrieved.
WSPR
Weak Signal Propagation Reporter
– WSPR – is a protocol used for
weak-signal radio communication
between amateur radio operators, to
test propagation paths on the MF and
HF bands. A retired British aerospace
 By eW averavel - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0,https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=76023154
engineer engaged in the search for MH
370 using WSPR technology to try to
trace the crash site, started his search
from the last trace of MH 370 from
the Straits of Malacca. He worked on
the basis that he believed that when an
aircraft crosses a radio signal, it disturbs
the signal. He examined all of the WSPR
signals that crossed the Indian Ocean on
8th March 2014, searching for minute
disturbances in the WSPR signals over
the Indian Ocean and he is confident that
this showed the final flight path of MH
370. The disturbances terminated just
outside the 7th arc in an area not yet
covered by an underwater search. He
believes that the aircraft made changes
to altitude and speed which means that
there was an active pilot flying the
aircraft until the end of the flight when
it ran out of fuel just beyond the 7th arc
and he believes that the crashed aircraft
is in a radius of 30 km. from the area
that he has identified.
Conclusion to Date
Experts believe that a skilled pilot
was in control of the aircraft from the
moment MH 370 disappeared off the
radar until it crashed some 7 hours later
just beyond the 7th arc.
If MH 370 was being flown by an active
pilot, when it ran out of fuel, it may have
been glided beyond the 7th arc where it
crashed into the ocean.
Experts believe that the pilot de-
pressurised the aircraft cabin, which
would have sucked all air out of the
cabin. Emergency oxygen masks would
have enabled passengers to survive for
around 20 minutes, whereas equipment
in the cockpit would have given around
20 hours of oxygen to the pilot or pilots.
It is known that there were only 2 pilots
in the cockpit from the moment that the
aircraft left the gate in Kuala Lumpur
Airport. It is believed that at least one
of the pilots hijacked the aircraft, flew
it until it ditched and killed everyone on
board.
There is no proof for these statements
and the only way to establish the truth
as to what happened to MH 370 will be
to find the wreckage of the aircraft and
recover the aircraft’s black boxes form
the bottom of the Indian Ocean.
The Catalyst 21
 If it has wheels...
by André Tomlinson
There’s an old saying among firefighters going “The Fire Service is 200 plus years of tradition unimpeded by progress.”
Indeed, the Fire Services have been slow adopters of technology and, comparative to other sectors like medicine,
communications and information technology, has seen snail-paced evolution of methodologies, fleet and equipment.
However, there are innovations out there that seek to break from convention and test new boundaries. Some are cutting
edge and some are not so new. Here is taking a look at some of the “outside of mainstream” technologies that are either
under development or have fully matured in the market.

Emergency Service fleets have evolved

at a painfully slow pace over the last few
decades. Appliances today still largely look
and function the same as their forebears of
40+ years ago. Some technologies have
been incorporated into vehicles but overall
speaking there has not been any major
shifts in design and functionality. There
are though a couple of interesting concepts
that are breaking the mould.

Going Electric

It was a question of time before emergency

services management had to address the
carbon footprint of their fleets and the
industry has responded in gusto offering
pumpers, ARFF’s, rescues, ambulances
and a large mix of smaller appliances
with a battery-driven (EV) option. Smaller
vehicles like light and medium rescues and
ambulances are able to operate as fully
battery driven. Current battery technology
unfortunately do not allow pumpers and
ARFF’s to be completely carbon free,
requiring a diesel generator as backup
for protracted incidents and pumping
operations.

Rosenbauer was first out of the blocks with

their Concept Fire Truck (CFT ) that was
launched in 2016 and has subsequently
evolved into the ready-for-market
Revolutionary Technology (RT) series that
was presented to the industry in 2020.
Packed with cutting edge features like
a low entry cab, a redesign of the crew
The RTX is the North American version of the Rosenbauer RT EV (Source: 5280Fire).
cab configuration, rear-axle steering and full that has successfully crossed the Atlantic
electronic pump controls, the vehicle drew through the addition of hose beds, cross-
the attention of early adopters and sceptics lays and extended bumpers that satisfied
alike. The RT is one of the few vehicles the needs of the North American market.

22 The Catalyst
Responding to the needs of the North
American emergency services for an EV in
a more traditional design, E-One and Pierce
have both stepped up respectively with
their Vector and Volterra products packed
with the features demanded by the North
American markets and meeting with the
requirements of NFPA 1901. Both trucks
are not full EV’s in that they also require
a diesel generator as in the case of the
Rosenbauer RT series.

While full EV status still evades pumpers

and ARFF’s it is a question of time that the
battery design produces technology that
can produce full EV major appliances. The E-One Vector pumper is a Class A North American style EV pumper (Source: REV Group).

The Teneen Tanker Pumper designed to navigate harsh offroad conditions but still pack a mighty punch (Source: Bristol Vehicle Manufacturing).

Going Big
Responding to the requirement of a
national oil and gas company to develop a
tanker-pumper that will support pipeline
firefighting operations in rugged mountain
terrain traversing unpaved passes, Bristol
Vehicle Manufacturing out of Abu Dhabi
stepped up with the Teneen (Dragon).
The Teneen is based on a Volvo Articulated
Dump Truck (ADT) chassis with a 460
kW drivetrain. It carries 30,000 litres
of water and produces 9,400 l/min flow.
As it is anticipated that the vehicle will be
exposed to high levels of heat radiation a self-
defence water deluge system is provided.
The Teneen’s tank can be filled by 64 mm,
152 mm and 304 mm feeds and can be
boosted by 64 mm and 152 mm feeds.
The roof is leveraged to carry all hose in
hose beds.
The Teneen has demonstrated the ability
to navigate steep mountain passes with
hairpin corners over severely rough-terrain
unpaved roads.
The Teneen is one of a series of heavy offroad
vehicles supporting the upstream sector.
Increased water capacity, foam tanks, foam
proportioning systems, dry chemical skids
plus deck and turret monitors are just some
of the features that can be added.

The Catalyst 23
 Big Wind

Jet Turbines first came to the firefighting fraternity’s attention during the 1991 Kuwait oil fires when a Hungarian well control crew blew
out well fires with ease using a T-34 tank with two Mig-21 jets strapped to its back. Jet turbines went into hibernation for a decade but
have returned to the industry with gusto.

Left: An Industrial Pumper fitted with a jet turbine and deck monitor (Source: Liberty Gasturbine Holland). Right: A jet turbine deployed to
combat a warehouse fire in China (Source: Mingguang Haomiao Vehicles).

Jet Turbines employ the air blast of a jet
turbine to overlay water or foam streams of
up to 4,800 l/min. This produces a reach of
180-meters covering an area of 2,000 m2.
Jet Turbines have four force multipliers:
(i) The jet stream results in a fine droplet
size – as little as 20 micron - approaching
that of ultra-high pressure fog resulting
in streams with an extremely high latent
heat absorption quality, (ii) The jet stream
produces a Coandă effect when flowing
over surfaces allowing it to curve around
structures, storage tanks and process
elements wetting the far side that’s
normally left dry, (iii) When flowing
foam the jet stream provides forward
foam motion up to a third further than
the foam fallout area, and, (iv) The jet
blast produced by the turbines produces
enough force to provide attack streams
perpendicular flow to the prevailing wind.
Favoured by the petrochemical oil and gas
sector, jet turbines can now be found in
operation in Europe, China, Russia and the
USA. Jet Turbines have graduated from
tracks to wheels and can be found from
tracks to wheels and can be found as
standalone vehicles with single or twin
jets or, to serve a wider range of functions,
integrated into industrial pumpers. Jet
Turbines have been used with success
to combat spill fires, gas and vapour
dispersion, washing out of water-soluble
substances from vapour clouds, cooling
of tanks and processes during fires,
combatting warehouse fires, smoke
diversion and redirecting thermal columns.
The use of jet turbines for wildland fires has
recently been mooted.

Pushing and Pulling Smoke
Ventilation vehicles and trailers have
been in service for decades. As a rule,
these are based on the “Push” principle
where large airstreams are injected into
the structure using Positive Pressure
Ventilation tactics. Fire Services in
China have added a new dimension
to these vehicles in the form of “Pull”
facilities through which smoke can be
ejected through a suction fan system
running ducting into a hazard area and
ejecting smoke remotely from the vehicle.
Smoke can be vacuumed over distances up
to a 100-meters.
Typically the Chinese “Push” fans are
substantially larger than what we see
in the West. They can elevate by 2- to
3-meters and can pan and tilt. Some
models also a facility to inject water into
the air streams through an array of nozzles
arranged around the fan shroud.
The fan systems, regardless if it is the
Push or Pull facility, require bucketloads of
electricity. A 58 kW generator is supplied
in response to this need.

24 The Catalyst
Left: The Mingguang Haomiao PY 98 Smoke Exhaust truck can eject smoke at a rate of 100,000 m3/h and blow at 250,000 m3/h. The water spray
system has a reach of 55 meters (Source: Mingguang Haomiao eV hicles). Right: Shanghai Jindun’s PY 330M Smoke Exhaust Truck
(Source: Shanghai Jindun Special eV hicle Equipment Company).

The Push/Pull ventilation appliances have a wide range of applications, practically covering all instances where bulk ventilation can be
required. This includes amongst others large-span warehouses, hangars, tunnels, basements, ships and underground rail systems.

Beautiful Big Flow

Industrial fires require plenty of water and

foam, especially during large surface fires.
Traditionally, flows larger than 9,400 l/
min required mobile fire pumps with large
marine drivers. US Fire Pumps and Darley
(USA) have graduated big flow pumps from
trailers onto industrial pumpers. The Darley
2ZSM6000 can produce 22,712 l/min from
draft and a staggering 37,854 l/min from
positive feed like water mains or booster
pumps. The Exxon and Dow Chemical Fire The Pierce Velocity flowing its main deck gun fed by a 304 mm large-diameter hose
Department in Baytown, Texas recently took (Source: Darley).
delivery of a Pierce Velocity with a Darley
2ZSM6000 pump. The vehicle passes the
full flow on to a 22,712 l/min deck gun and
two 7,500 l/min turrets placed on the rear
of the vehicle. All the master streams are
foam capable.

Mobile big-flow pumps on trailers and

roll-off (POD) skids have been around the
industrial fire service for decades. In the
past these pumps topped out at 22,712 l/
min which did not always meet the demands
of large-surface fires where tanks of 130 The DNM 50,000 l/min Sub-Booster Pump (Source: DNM).

The Catalyst 25
 meters are now in the wild. Fire Services
requiring larger flows were obliged to run
two or more pump trains. Over the last
decade the industry has seen the available
flow on mobile pumps steadily creeping
northwards. DNM out of the Netherlands
produces a roll-off based pump that can
flow 50,000 l/min at 13 Bar through two
304 mm supply lines. The pump is fully
HMI controlled and has an onboard injection
foam proportioning system. There is both
a Booster and a Submersible-Booster
Combination Pump in the DNM stable.
The industry is in for interesting times
in the not so distant future as the power
of drivers increase and pump technology
becomes more efficient.

Distance is safety
The Chinese Fire Services have torn up
the manual in a wide range of applications
fearlessly attempting new approaches to
the way in which we fight fires. None is
as radical and contra-instinctive than the
projectile launching appliances that they
have developed over the last few years.
The world was first introduced to the use
of multiple rocket launchers for firefighting
applications when the Beijing Fire
Department unveiled a 12 tube launcher
specific to combat high-rise fires in 2017.
There have been several subsequent
improvements to the design. Mingguang
Haomiao Vehicles have developed a
24-barrel, multiple rocket launcher with a
±2 km range firing GPS guided “warheads”
filled with a combination of foam and dry
chemical projectiles. The concept is that
a sequence of powder and foam airbursts
will be released in a grid covering the target
surface from the upwind position to the
back of the tank. It can also be used for spill
fires, API dams, crude evaporation ponds
and other large surface fires. Foam and dry
powder leverages almost all mechanisms
of killing fire: Heat removal through rapid
evaporation of foam mist, oxygen starvation
due to the vacuum created by the warhead
release, disruption of the chemical chain
reaction through DCP insertion and fuel/air
starvation through the foam blanket.
Mingguang Haomiao’s MP20 multiple
rocket launcher
(Source: Mingguang Haomiao Vehicles).
In an even more radical approach to fire
suppression, the Research Institute of the
Second Academy of the China Aerospace
Science and Industry Corporation (CASIC)
has developed a railgun for firefighting.
The system is primarily developed for wild
fires though, like all other tools available
to the fire services, it may in future find
application in a range of other applications.
Like its military siblings, the gun uses
electricity to propel the projectile. The gun
can fire 120 mm x 25 kilogram projectiles
to a predetermined area. The rate of fire
is currently unknown (as is range of the
gun which should be “over the horizon” if it
has even a fraction of the capability of its
military siblings). The projectiles can carry
payload of water, premixed foam or dry
chemical. In what can only be considered
as radically counter-intuitive notion, the
developers have also mooted thermobaric
payloads - also referred to as vacuum
bombs - that displaces the atmosphere
when the payload is detonated. The aim is
that the vacuum created by the blast will
smother fires instantaneously. Though this
technology only exists in prototype form
today it may just appear on Main Street in
the not too distant future.
The prototype of the firefighting railgun. The
vehicle is fully self-contained carrying the
required electricity generation and storage
required for the projectile propulsion
(Source: CASIC).

Need reach The alpha male in vertical reach is

As a whole, no segment of emergency
services vehicles has seen the same steady
advancement of design and performance as
the aerial appliance sector. Over the last
decade or so, aerials have seen giant leaps
in design and capabilities.
undisputedly the Bronto F112 HLA. Topping
out at a staggering 112-meters this beast
can not only reach up to 35+ floors but it
can flow 2,500 l/min of water or foam.
Cutting edge safety features assures that
the platform is stable and does not operate
outside its safety parameters, even in
The 112-meter F122 HLA strutting its stuff
inclement weather. (Source: Bronto Skylift).

26 The Catalyst
When it comes to horizontal reach there produces a flow of 20 kg/sec. The three- in combatting full surface tank fires where
are new kids on the block. Out of China in-one option allows for 3-Dimensional fires the fire is first knocked down with dry
both Sany and Zoomlion have achieved to be taken on at elevation. It’s also the chemical followed by the foam attack once
incredible horizontal reach distances with centre-piece of a new Chinese philosophy knockdown by powder is achieved.
their concrete-pump based towers. The
62-meter Sany Long-span Tower can
reach 56-meters up and over obstructions
like elevated pipe racks, process units,
structures and powerlines. With a flow
of 5,700 l/min at the tip of the boom the
effective reach is extended a further 50%.
The towers are water and foam capable with
an onboard foam proportioning system and
foam tank.

A variation of the tower has been developed

for the Urban Search and Rescue sector.
The waterway is forsaken for a hydraulic
system. Several attachments are available The 2-m
6 eter Sany oL ng-span oT wer in action (Source: Sany).
including a jackhammer, hydraulic shears
and grabs allowing rescue crews to operate
high in collapsed structures or horizontally
over wide area collapses.
When it comes to moving water and
foam at full elevation the honours go to
Ferrara’s SkyFlow which delivers a stunning
18,900 l/min at a 30-meter elevation.
Complimenting the elevated flow are two
7,500 l/min rear-mounted monitors. The
SkyFlow is water and foam capable with
foam proportioning performed by a multi-
point injection system. The SkyFlow is also
available as a multi boom tower, both based
The Ferrara Skyflow producing 18,900 l/min at the tip (Source: Pinterest).
on the Ferrara Velocity custom chassis.

Water and foam Towers have seen rapid

adoption in the petrochemical, oil and gas
industry in Europe and Asia. With reaches
of up to 112-meters and flows at the tip of
12,000 l/min, services today are presented
with a myriad of choices. One vehicle
that stands out is the Mingguang Hamiao
Vehicles out of China’s Triple-phase Boom
Truck in that it doesn’t just project water
and foam at the tip but also dry chemicals.
The Triple-phase Boom has a vertical
reach of 31-meters and flows 12,000 l/
min at the tip producing a stream reach Three Triple-phase towers attacking a full surface tank fire
of 120+ meters. The dry chemical nozzle (Source: Mingguang Haomiao Vehicles).

The Catalyst 27
 Atomic Number Seven

Bulk gas systems on fire appliances are not

new. Carbon Dioxide appliances were used
in the ARFF sector as far back as the 40’s.
Halon and Clean Agent has also made it
onto ARFF and industrial appliances. What
was problematic with bulk gas systems
on vehicles was that they had a limited
duration of attack and, once empty, were
arduous to recharge.
Mingguang Haomiao Vehicles (China)
has come up with a novel solution to
the traditional restrictions of Bulk Gas
Appliances: “Why not manufacture gas on
The Nitrogen Generator truck.
the spot?” As choice of gas, they selected
(Source: Mingguang Haomiao eV hicles).
nitrogen that’s abundantly available in the
atmosphere.

The system consists of two vehicles that

can operate separately or in tandem. The
C

primary vehicle is the Nitrogen Generator Y

Truck that contains the distillation plant and CM

storage capacity. It can generate a limited MY

300 m³/h at 14 MPa with a 97% purity and CY

can be up and pumping within 5-minutes. CMY

The Generator Truck can supply attack K

streams either “live” from the generator

or from a cascade system. It also has a The Generator Truck feeding into the Bulk Storage Cascade Truck.
distribution trolly that can dispense several (Source: Mingguang Haomiao eV hicles).

feeds at different flows and pressures.

For larger volumes, the Generator truck
is supported by a Bulk Storage Truck that
carries 520 m3 of nitrogen in a cascade
of 40 cylinders. The Bulk Storage Truck
can be used as a standalone unit during
emergencies.
Distribution of nitrogen to the fire front is
through hose reels that can be extended. The
reels are fitted with nozzles but these can
be swapped out for lances or used without
attachment in total flooding scenarios. The
Mingguang Haomiao Nitrogen System is
risks like cable tunnels, switchgear
This article was presented to you by:
buildings, instrument buildings, battery
rooms, furnaces and server farms, to name
a few. It has also been mooted to be used on
storage tanks specifically in cases like tilted
and collapsed roofs where nitrogen can be
injected through the product by tapping
into service lines. Nitrogen is also highly
effective on those pesky Class D fires.
André Tomlinson
The next instalment of this POG and Special Risks Advisor
series will be looking at to Bristol Fire Engineering

aimed at the petrochemical, oil and gas as smaller footprint appliances.

well as electrical utility sectors covering

28 The Catalyst
Dynax remains
committed to...
Best Practice Guidance for
Use of Class B Fire Fighting Foams
Responsible use of C6 Fluorine
Chemistry and to providing
its products to firefighting foam
manufacturers.
Good practices, Life Safety,
and Flammable Liquid Protection
remain Dynax’s North Star.
As high hazard, flammable liquid emergencies
are occurring world-wide, a recap is needed:
C6 AFFFs and AR-AFFFs remain the highest performing
firefighting products for flammable liquids.
C6 Foam Concentrates are required for critical uses
and major fire events.
C6 Foam Concentrates are proven and effective with
decades of successful extinguishments.
Reminder of Best Practice:
C6 Foam Concentrates should not be used for testing
or training. In cases of fire events or accidental release,
C6 Foam Concentrate run-off should be controlled
and captured. Refer to Dynax SDSs for region specific
product use and disposal information.
Recent Specific Updates:
Universal EU PFAS ban proposal does not cover PFAS in
Firefighting Foams.
The proposal for PFAS in Firefighting Foam includes a 10 year
derogation for Seveso III sites.
 Innovating Emergency
Response
WHY ISN’T IT MOVING AS QUICKLY AS LINKEDIN TELLS US?
by Kevin Boffy

“Who do you think you are…?”

These are my thoughts from my 20-plus years in the response and resilience industry across the globe. In my career, I have had the great
pleasure of working with outstanding people and outstanding companies.
In Evolution, we have utilised immersive inputs to train hundreds, if not thousands of people, of all levels.

Introduction
In the fast-paced industry of emergency
response, digital innovations have been
perceived as indispensable tools, offering
unprecedented capabilities to mitigate
disasters and save lives, the perception
of this has not matched reality. There are
outliers in this such as the outstanding
progress achieved by the Singapore Civil
Defence Force led by Eric Yap.
As our industry grapples with increasingly
complex challenges and responses, the
concept of resilience over response has
taken centre stage, emphasising the
importance of proactive measures and
adoption of strategies in improving the
ability of companies to respond effectively
at all times when training times are being
cut and budgets ‘rationalised’
With first-hand experience across the
globe in responding to emergencies and
improving organisational resilience I am
an avid proponent of the transformative
potential of advanced technologies, namely
software featuring Artificial Intelligence
(AI) and shared Extended Reality (XR), in
bolstering emergency resilience. However,
amid the promise of innovation, significant
barriers have so far impeded potential
progress, requiring a concerted effort to
overcome.
The Rise of the Robots
(Immersive Technology)
The use of immersive technologies such
as Virtual Reality for training has been
around for decades however utilisation
grew around 2010 when companies like
Oculus and HTC Vive introduced higher
quality headsets and the recent success
of companies such as FLAIM has shown

30 The Catalyst
there is now greater appetite for this form
of learning events. Without the Immersive
element we had been developing, our
HPD (Human Performance Development)
team events that enabled us to deliver on
Microsoft Teams during COVID, Evolution
would not have survived as a business, so
firstly maybe I’m biased?

In the development of Evolution-XR we

believe that the future lies in the true
utilisation of shared augmented reality (AR)
and effectiveness in safeguarding lives and constraints and busy schedules, becomes
on readily accessible devices like iPads,
mitigating risks. the cornerstone of a transformative learning
tablets, and smartphones. This represents
experience. Rather than relying solely on
a ground-breaking advancement in remote
emergency response. By harnessing the
“Will someone sheep dip static PowerPoint presentations for the
power of AR technology, responders
the team please” Digital introduction of concepts, these invaluable
dispersed across different locations can
Innovations in Learning sessions serve as dynamic forums for
interactive engagement, discussion, and
collaboratively view and interact with
Recent years have witnessed remarkable practical application.
real-time data, enhancing their shared
advancements in digital technologies
situational awareness and decision-making
tailored for emergency response. AI and Machine learning algorithms drive
capabilities.
machine learning algorithms, with their personalized training modules tailored to
These platforms enable remote responders
ability to process vast amounts of data each responder's proficiency level, learning
to overlay critical information, such as risk
and derive actionable insights, will surely style, and specific areas of expertise.
assessments, hazard maps, consequence
revolutionise decision-making processes in These modules provide a foundation of
modelling and live feeds from drones or
the not-so-near future. Whether predicting knowledge that prepares responders for
surveillance cameras, onto their immediate
the trajectory of a natural disaster or the immersive learning experience of face-
surroundings, providing invaluable context
optimizing resource allocation in real-time, to-face sessions. Here, instructors leverage
and insights. Through synchronised
AI holds immense promise in enhancing their expertise to guide and challenge
visualisation and annotation tools,
emergency response efficacy and ultimately learners, facilitating deep exploration and
responders can effectively communicate
saving lives. understanding of complex concepts.
and coordinate response efforts, regardless
In-person sessions become collaborative
of geographical barriers. The development
In the realm of training emergency environments where responders can
of companies' traditional Site Specific Pre
responders, the advent of machine learning engage in hands-on exercises, role-playing
Incident plans into virtual reality allows
offers a profound opportunity to redefine scenarios, and group discussions. Rather
organisations to train against their defined
the value of face-to-face learning sessions than passively absorbing information,
credible scenarios and as organisations
as "golden time." This precious in-person learners actively participate in the learning
move forward will allow these plans to be
interaction, often limited by logistical process, applying theoretical knowledge
visualised in Augmented Reality.

The accessibility to these common devices

ensures widespread adoption and integration
into existing response methodologies,
allowing access to advanced technology
and empowering responders to act swiftly
and decisively in dynamic emergency
scenarios. As a result, shared AR platforms
on easily accessible devices we believe will
revolutionise remote emergency response,
fostering greater collaboration, efficiency,

The Catalyst 31
 to real-world situations and honing their
problem-solving skills.

At Evolution we see face-to-face learning

serves as a crucial validation mechanism,
allowing instructors to assess learners'
comprehension, provide immediate
feedback, and address any misconceptions
or gaps in understanding. Through live
demonstrations, interactive simulations,
and scenario-based exercises utilising our
immersive technology, responders have
soldiers due the cost and risk involved in technologies or methodologies. This
the opportunity to put their knowledge into
this task, with the recent innovations in resistance can manifest as scepticism
practice and refine their skills under the
mixed reality headsets this will/ should towards the efficacy of digital solutions,
guidance of experienced mentors.
soon be available to emergency responders. fear of job displacement, or simply a
preference for familiar practices.
By treating in-person learning as a platform
The integration of drones and robotics into
for validating knowledge and skills, rather
emergency operations is unlocking new Overcoming this barrier requires
than a mere conduit for information
frontiers of efficiency and responder safety. comprehensive strategies that prioritise
dissemination, organizations can maximize
Equipped with high-resolution cameras stakeholder engagement, education,
the effectiveness of their training efforts.
and sensors, drones enable rapid aerial and participation. By involving frontline
Every moment of "golden time" is optimized
reconnaissance, while robotic systems are responders in the innovation process and
to its fullest potential, ensuring that
deployed for tasks ranging from search and demonstrating the tangible benefits of
responders are not only equipped with the
rescue to hazardous material handling. technology adoption, organizations can
requisite knowledge but also empowered
mitigate resistance and foster a culture of
to confidently apply it in high-pressure
emergency situations. In this way, machine
Identifying Barriers to innovation.
learning-driven training transforms face-to-
Meaningful Innovation
For entrenched leaders, the advent of new
face sessions into invaluable opportunities
Despite their transformative potential, technologies represents more than just
for experiential learning, collaboration, and
several barriers inhibit the widespread a learning curve—it can pose a direct
skill development, ultimately enhancing the
adoption of digital innovations in emergency challenge to authority and the status quo
readiness and effectiveness of emergency
response. Interoperability remains a that has been painstakingly preserved.
responders.
persistent challenge, as disparate systems Embracing AI-driven decision support
struggle to seamlessly exchange data and systems may mean relinquishing control
Simultaneously, through growth of
coordinate responses. Moreover, concerns to algorithms and data analytics, a notion
Evolution-XR our Extended Reality platform,
surrounding data privacy and security loom antithetical to the command-and-control
encompassing virtual, augmented, and
large, particularly in the context of AI- ethos of traditional emergency response.
mixed reality we are attempting to
driven decision-making processes. Similarly, the immersive capabilities
transcend the traditional role in training
of XR technologies may blur the lines
simulations to become invaluable tools in
actual response scenarios. From providing
“Yeah, its good but of hierarchical command structures,
immersive situational awareness to
we’ve always done it like empowering frontline responders with real-
facilitating remote collaboration among
this…………” time information and situational awareness
previously monopolised by commanders.
responders, XR technologies can, and will,
Resistance from Workforce: One significant
redefine the boundaries of emergency
response capabilities and assist remote
barrier to innovation stems from the “We are living in a material
responders in decision making in quickly
reluctance of some emergency responders world and I am a material
changing high pressure situations. The
to embrace change. Within traditional girl”
frameworks, I believe that there can
military have for some time utilised heads
exist a culture resistant to adopting new Financial Constraints: Financial limitations
up displays in the training of pilots and

32 The Catalyst
present another formidable barrier to
meaningful innovation in emergency
response. Many response organisations face
budgetary constraints that impede their
ability to invest in research, development,
and implementation of digital solutions.
Limited funding may also restrict access
to cutting-edge technologies or expertise,
hindering progress in innovation initiatives.
To address this barrier, companies must
advocate for increased funding and resource
allocation for innovation projects already
happening within their organisations.
Collaborative funding models, public-
private partnerships, and grants can
provide additional avenues for securing
the necessary resources within the public
sector. Moreover, prioritizing investments
in cost-effective, scalable solutions can
maximize the impact of limited resources
and drive innovation forward.
“IPADS?? We haven’t got
whiteboards!”
Technological Infrastructure: Inadequate
technological infrastructure poses a
significant barrier to the adoption of
digital innovations in emergency response.
Many organizations lack the necessary IT
infrastructure, including robust networks,
hardware, and software systems, to
support advanced technologies such as
AI and XR. Additionally, interoperability
challenges between existing systems can
further complicate integration efforts. By
prioritising interoperability and scalability
in technology procurement and deployment,
organisations can lay the foundation
for successful innovation initiatives.
Furthermore, partnerships with technology
vendors and service providers can provide
access to expertise and resources necessary
to overcome infrastructure challenges.
(We’ll never get this by IT!!)
Regulatory and Legal Complexity: The
complex regulatory landscape surrounding
the use of digital technologies in emergency
response presents another significant
barrier to innovation. Compliance with
regulations governing data privacy,
security, and liability is paramount but
can pose challenges for organizations
navigating multiple jurisdictions and
regulatory frameworks. Additionally,
evolving legal precedents and standards
may lack clarity or adaptability, creating
uncertainty for innovators. Addressing this
barrier requires proactive engagement
with policymakers, regulatory agencies,
and legal experts to establish clear
guidelines and frameworks for technology
adoption. Collaboration between industry
stakeholders and regulatory bodies can
facilitate the development of regulatory
frameworks that balance innovation with
safety and accountability.
Skills and Training Gap: The rapid pace of
technological advancement in emergency
response has led to a growing skills and
training gap among emergency responders
between the younger breed of responders
and those with a more closed mindset (Note.
Age is not a barrier to innovation, many of
the best people I have worked with are of
the older generation). Many organisations
lack the expertise necessary to effectively
develop, deploy, and utilise digital
innovations in their operations. Additionally,
the specialized nature of emerging
technologies such as requires ongoing
training and professional development
to ensure proficiency and competence
among personnel. Addressing this barrier
requires investment in training programs,
workshops, and educational resources
tailored to the needs of emergency
responders. Partnerships with academic
institutions, industry associations, and
technology providers can provide access
to specialized training and expertise,
empowering personnel to leverage digital
innovations effectively.
The Catalyst 33
 “That might have worked at X
but it wont work here!”
Cultural and Organizational Barriers:
Cultural and organisational barriers
within emergency response organizations
can also impede innovation efforts.
Hierarchical structures, bureaucratic
processes, and siloed communication
channels may inhibit collaboration and
information sharing, hindering the adoption
and integration of digital technologies.
Additionally, risk aversion, previous bad
purchasing experiences and a reluctance
to embrace uncertainty may stifle
experimentation and innovation within
organizations. Addressing these barriers
requires a holistic approach that fosters
a culture of innovation, collaboration,
and continuous improvement. Leadership
support, employee empowerment, and
organizational incentives can cultivate
an environment conducive to innovation,
enabling organizations to overcome cultural
and organizational barriers and unlock their
full potential.
“We bought something like
that before, now its on a shelf
in the storeroom”
The reluctance of response organisations
to embrace new technologies is not solely
34 The Catalyst
rooted in internal resistance but also fuelled they were intended, to provoke
by past experiences of unmet expectations. discussion. To all the other,
Salespeople peddling promising solutions fantastic, companies driving the
have, at times, oversold products that failed immersive and digital space, we
to deliver on their lofty promises, leaving think you are incredible. We are
response organisations disillusioned and
envious of your achievements and
wary of future investments. Instances of
you drive our desire to innovate
costly implementations that fell short of
expectations have sown seeds of doubt,
every day!
fostering scepticism towards emerging
technologies. Consequently, response
organisations have grown cautious,
hesitant to allocate precious resources This article was presented to you by:
towards unproven solutions, lest they
repeat past mistakes and jeopardize their
operations. This cycle of scepticism and
disappointment has created a significant
barrier to innovation, hindering the adoption
of potentially transformative technologies
that could bolster emergency response
capabilities.
Conclusion
Kevin Boffy
Innovating emergency response through
Managing Director at
digital innovation holds the promise of Evolution
transforming the way we prepare for and
mitigate disasters. By understanding and
kevin.boffy@evolutionriskassurance.com
addressing the barriers to meaningful
innovation, we can unlock the full potential www.evolutionriskassurance.com
of digital technologies in a cost effective
and realistic manner. and realistic manner.
Finally, please take these words as
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 Next Generation
FLAIM Trainer
VIRTUAL REALITY, IMMERSIVE & HAPTIC LEARNING
EXPERIENCE FOR EMERGENCY RESPONDERS OPERATING IN
A HIGH RISK, LOW FREQUENCY ENVIRONMENT
by Ted O'Brien

A CASE STUDY - NEWCASTLE INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT TRAINING ACADEMY

The author first published an article in The Catalyst in Q4 2020, raising awareness of FLAIM Systems, a start-up Virtual Reality/Immersive
Learning company, coming out of research at Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia, under the PhD studies of Dr James Mullins, a third
generation volunteer firefighter.

At that time the author was the Director of Product & Quality at The Fire Service College, Moreton-in-Marsh, Gloucestershire, UK and had
identified and procured FLAIM Trainer, in a drive to reduce damage to the environment, reduce risk of injury to firefighters during training
events and reduce exposure to toxins and carcinogenic content produced in fire situations.

The author is now the Director of Customer Experience, UK & Europe for FLAIM Systems and wants to expand on the advancing technology
and vast improvements made to the product from both a hardware and software perspective.

The image above shows Flaim Trainer being demonstrated at the Emergency Services Show 2023, the image shows a firefighting team in a
classroom in Australia, being mobilised the same virtual scenario as the firefighting team and Incident Commander based in the UK.

Why use VR in Firefighter have long been the backbone in preparing training is crucial in equipping firefighters
Training? firefighters for the unpredictable nature with the skills and situational awareness
of their work. With the ability to mirror needed to combat a fire safely and
Traditional live fire training methods elements of real-life firefighting, live fire effectively. However, these traditional

36 The Catalyst
methods come with limitations, including
difficulty in replicating the full spectrum of
fire scenarios a firefighter might encounter.
Enter the FLAIM Trainer virtual reality (VR)
firefighter training platform, a revolutionary
tool that is transforming the landscape of
firefighter training.
Stepping away from traditional training
methods, FLAIM’s approach is rooted in
a deep understanding of the challenges
and realities firefighters face. FLAIM’s VR
solution acts as an enhancement of existing
training, whilst equipping firefighters with
accessible feels-real firefighter training
for dangerous a nd difficult-to replicate
operations.
FLAIM are passionate about providing
an immersive learning environment that
closely mirrors real-life scenarios in a
safe and controlled environment. It’s about
allowing skills acquired and refined, and
decisions tested without the immediate
physical risks and exposure to hazardous
fumes.
Immersive Learning
Experience
With VR technology, FLAIM have the
unique ability to offer realistic training
environments that closely mimic actual
fire situations. Trainees can be exposed to
a wide range of scenarios, including those
rare or too dangerous to replicate in real
life, such as chemical spills or running
fuel fires. This variety ensures that when
faced with such situations in the real world,
firefighters are better prepared, having
experienced a situation that resembles a
fire as close to reality as possible without
being exposed to its actual dangers.
Risk Reduction and
Environmental Benefits
The safety benefits of VR training cannot
be overstated. Traditional live fire training
carries inherent risks, from burns to smoke
inhalation. VR eliminates these physical
risks, allowing firefighters to focus on
learning and honing their skills in a controlled practice skills, on demand, anywhere, any
environment. The ability to simulate intense time.
situations without real-world consequences Trainees can run through a range of suitable
also offers psychological benefits, helping scenarios.
to prepare individuals and teams mentally
for the challenges they will face in live fire Customisable training
training and real-life firefighting. scenarios and global
accessibility
The ability for firefighters to acquire skills
using immersive learning offers significant When we look at the range of firefighting
environmental benefits by reducing the department applications across the globe,
need for materials and minimising the from Naval through to Industrial Firefighting,
pollutants released into the atmosphere it is evident that each department has a
during traditional live fire exercises. This unique set of challenges.
aspect aligns with the growing emphasis on
sustainability within all sectors, including To continue to deliver purposeful firefighter
emergency services in the private and training, FLAIM offers tailored scenarios to
public sectors. meet specific learning objectives or local
environments.
Cost Effectiveness
The FLAIM Trainer is intended to help
trainees get the very most out of
critical live fire training. These
events are often expensive,
requiring heavy logistics and
transportation to specific
facilities, infrastructure
and live fire equipment
and consumable materials
and refills. To ensure
students have the skills
needed, the FLAIM Trainer delivers
a solution that helps students
The Catalyst 37
 This customisation ensures that training
is relevant and directly applicable to the
firefighters’ potential real-life experiences.
These scenarios can be easily updated or
modified, keeping training materials current
with the latest firefighting techniques and
knowledge.
FLAIM strive to make high-quality training
accessible to departments regardless of
location, ensuring that even remote or
under-resourced teams can benefit from
advanced training tools.
This global accessibility is crucial for raising
the overall safety and performance of fire
and emergency response teams.
Customisable training
scenarios and global
accessibility
When we look at the range of firefighting
department applications across the globe,
from Naval through to Industrial Firefighting,
it is evident that each department has a
unique set of challenges. To continue to
deliver purposeful firefighter training,
FLAIM offers tailored scenarios to meet
specific learning objectives or local
environments.
This customisation ensures that training is
relevant and directly applicable to the
38 The Catalyst
firefighters’ potential real-life experiences.
These scenarios can be easily updated or
modified, keeping training materials current
with the latest firefighting techniques and
knowledge.
FLAIM strive to make high-quality training
accessible to departments regardless
of location, ensuring that even remote
or under-resourced teams can benefit
from advanced training tools. This global
accessibility is crucial for raising the
overall safety and performance of fire and
emergency response teams.
Enhanced learning outcomes
The effectiveness of VR training is
supported by evidence showing improved
decision-making, situational awareness,
and reaction times among trainees.
VR also offers the potential for personalised
feedback and performance tracking,
enabling a more focused and individualised
training approach.
These enhanced learning outcomes
translate into better-prepared personnel
who are equipped to handle emergencies
efficiently and safely, a key driver behind
adoption from public, defence and private
sector emergency teams all over the world.
Accurate records and
organisational memory
FLAIM Capture, the data analytics tool that
sits in behind FLAIM Trainer ensures that
accurate training records are recorded
and maintained by users of the equipment.
Dedicated learning outcomes for each
scenario, which are also customisable, are
captured in a cloud based solution, which
can be transferred into the organisations.
Learning Management System. Thus,
ensuring the organisation has evidence of
preparing their operational firefighters for
those foreseeable events.
This advanced application of FLAIM Trainer
now means that training can be consistently
delivered to firefighters, either in the same
location or alternatively centrally delivered
training using the 80+ operational related
scenarios to locations across the world.
This allows international companies to
measure and monitor compliance to
standards, policies and procedures in real
time, across multiple locations, in the luxury
of a classroom, thus removing damage to
the environment, improving the health &
wellbeing of staff and reducing the risk of
injury and exposure.
 CASE STUDY
Forward thinking management at Newcastle International Airport Training Academy have taken a huge step to begin the change management
process for training Aviation Firefighters and became the first Airport in the UK to purchase FLAIM Trainer and introduce FLAIM learning
content into the curriculum.

Image: Station Manager Graham Reeve, Senior Firefighting Instructor,

Newcastle International Airport Training Academy delivering FLAIM Training

What were/are your
biggest challenges in
aviation firefighter
training?
The main challenging aspect during the
training of Firefighters is to keep the
training as safe as possible but as realistic
as possible, there can be no mistakes as
this may result in injuries or worse.
What were your motivations
when choosing the FLAIM
Trainer?
Primarily, the Academy had to support
Newcastle International Airport’s 2035
Carbon Neutral target, this would need us
to reduce emissions, water & foam usage
without having any impact on the quantity
and quality of training.
Utilising the Virtual Reality platform was
deemed as the most logical and feasible
option at this time.
Why did you select FLAIM
Trainer?
After trialling FLAIM Trainer and researching
other VR options available, it was regarded
that FLAIM Trainer was easily the best all
round option because of the whole realism
of how the kit functions and its set up, the
high-quality graphics and the large options
of scenarios within the system.
This coupled with the fully immersive
3-dimensional VR environment it met all
our aims and objectives within the training
syllabus.
How is the FLAIM Trainer
adding value to your
training program?
We have used FLAIM Trainer to augment
many of our training programs, more so
the Aviation Firefighter Initial Course, we
were able to use FLAIM Trainer to initially
instruct on the basic use of hose and
branches within a safe environment, in all
weathers without the risk to safety.
This would then progress to more complex
scenarios involving fires, again risk free, no
value can be placed on training within a fully
safe environment, and FLAIM Trainer does
that.

The Catalyst 39
 What are the most useful
features of the FLAIM
Trainer and why?
There are many aspects to the different
useful features, they all interlink with
each other resulting in a powerful training
platform. However, the ability to teleport
around the VR environment allows us the
capability to use FLAIM, within a classroom
with restricted floor space. Also, with the
wide range of incidents and the fact that
firefighting and the correct application of
firefighting media to extinguish the fire
must be achieved to achieve a positive
conclusion expands into a substantial VR
training environment.
How many hours of training
have you delivered in
FLAIM Trainer?
Although we do not accurately record the
hours of use, reviewing the number of
courses it has been used with, we can say
that during 2023 we have delivered over
200 hours augmenting our training courses
with FLAIM.
How many students have
you trained with the FLAIM
Trainer?
We have delivered training to approximately
130 students during the 2023 training
period.
What has been the reaction
of the students when using
FLAIM Trainer?
There has been a 100% positive feedback
reaction from the students during and after
using the FLAIM Trainer. Students have
been extremely enthusiastic regarding
how FLAIM Trainer realistically replicates
incidents and if mistakes are made it is
40 The Catalyst
training and learning point adding to their Because of environmental issues with live
proficiency, competency, and future safety fire burning the outlook of this is very much
without the danger of injury. in doubt, in time the future may be to ban
this altogether, the development of VR will
What business outcomes inevitably increase its use giving us a viable
have been achieved alternative to complete live training.
since adopting VR as We are actively looking at increasing our
part of your training use of VR, integrating this into our other
curriculum? (could be courses where applicable and appropriate
time savings, cost savings, to enhance and augment the delivery of
environmental, etc.) training.
We have positively contributed towards Case study material kindly provided and
Newcastle International Airport’s ongoing approved by Newcastle International
target of ensuring carbon neutral by 2035 Airport.
by reducing emissions from burning and
vehicle exhausts, reduced the amount of
water and foam used during training. We
have actively saved money regarding fuel
for burning, fire appliance fuel and wear & Should any readers require further
tear. We have been able to carry on teaching information or a demonstration
during excessive weather with wind rain please do not hesitate to contact
and snow, thus maintaining our training the author, or alternatively make
programme. contact via the FLAIM website.
Where do you see the most
value for VR in aviation
firefighter training? This article was presented to you by:
Without doubt this is within Firefighter
Initial courses and maintenance of
competency of qualified operational
firefighters. This comes in being able to
carry out initial training ensuring recruits
have a full understanding of tactics and
techniques, identifying shortfalls in
practical competency and correcting this
Ted O'Brien
before live fire scenarios. With qualified
firefighters we can carry out one to one Director of Customer Experience,
UK & Europe,
training and concentrate on a single FLAIM Systems
firefighter’s training needs without the
necessity for a full exercise involving the +44 (0) 7721437908
rest of the duty crew and the appliances. ted@flaimsystems.com
www.flaimsystems.com
Do you see the use of VR
expanding within your
curriculum?
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 Embracing AI's
transformative role in
training high-risk sectors
by Marco Vanin
The landscape of training in high-risk industries like oil and gas, renewables and industrials, is undergoing a monumental
shift, in part due to the nature of the industries themselves, but also in reaction to events like the pandemic.
COVID-19 accelerated the adoption
of digital training methodologies and
while there was some resistance, the
benefits of digital learning – in terms of
accessibility, scalability and flexibility –
are undeniable. While uptake of digital
training was already on the rise, the
pandemic proved to be a catalyst in
the transition towards more innovative
training solutions.
But, at the forefront of this
transformation is the integration of
Artificial Intelligence (AI), which will
reshape how knowledge is imparted,
skills are honed, and competencies are
managed.
The current state of digital
training in the energy
sector
While sectors such as military, aviation
and healthcare have long embraced
simulation and digital learning, the
energy sector is becoming more
receptive.
The use of simulations in training for
drilling operations, for example, has long
42 The Catalyst
been accepted and highlights the
sector’s growing commitment to
reducing risks and costs associated
with training in complex environments.
Furthermore, in the near future, high-
voltage electrical work, which is
incredibly dangerous, could also be a
fantastic candidate.
The adoption of adaptive learning
platforms, which enable delegates
to learn more efficiently, complete
courses faster, and better retain
information learnt, is powered by AI,
using algorithms to adapt courses
and materials, and marks a significant
advancement in training delivery.
These platforms tailor training content
to individual needs, ensuring that
learners engage with the material that
is most relevant to their skill gaps.
This offers a personalised approach; not
only enhancing learning efficiency but
ensuring higher retention rates.
While AI will play a crucial role in
advancing how we are training delegates,
it will also play an instrumental role in
how we manage compliance and training
content production in the future.
Managing competency
and compliance with AI
AI transcends content delivery and can
have a vital impact on how we manage
workforce competency and compliance.
Through real-time data analytics, AI
systems continuously evaluate skills,
highlighting areas for improvement and
maintaining stringent safety standards.
Traditional e-learning models, often
characterised by passive learning, are
on track to be coupled with or replaced
by AI-driven, interactive methods.
The future of training is moving
towards a subscription model, whereby
continuous learning and upskilling are
the norms, as opposed to static learning.
This approach aligns with the ever-
evolving skill requirements of high-risk
industries, ensuring that workforce
competency remains at the fore.
For the role of training and competence
coordinators and managers, AI will
shift the needle. Gone will be the days
of box ticking competence or training
requirements, but instead, companies
will have greater access and control
over their teams’ training – which will
drastically reduce the time training
their workforce. In safety critical
industries, where the margin for error is
minimal, this will leave little to no room
for doubt over whether they have the
most competent people, spending their
time where it matters most – doing
their jobs.
AI in training content
production
AI is also reshaping the production of
training content.
By automating and streamlining the
creation process, AI ensures that
training materials are not only up to
date but also customised to meet
specific learning objectives.
This aspect of AI in training underscores
the technology’s role in creating
more dynamic and relevant training
experiences.
While this appears to be a universal
benefit, there are risks that need to be
considered. Companies operating in
the energy sector will need to carefully
think about who they are purchasing
their training from.
When considering the market stall,
so to speak, there are already training
providers available, and the ‘cheapest
route’ often wins. But as that market
stall expands and new training providers
come to the fore, thanks to the use of
AI for course production, more scrutiny
will be needed.
Companies will need to consider not
only whether their training provider is a
cost effective option, but whether they
have the skills and standards to provide
excellent training across both digital
and practical training – something still
vital today.
Industry safety standards, such as those
set by OPITO and GWO, are there to be
adhered to because they keep people
and assets safe.
So, it will remain important that
companies choose training providers
with deep routed sector knowledge,
heritage and an intimate understanding
of the standards that must be complied
with.
Looking to the future
The integration of AI in training is more
than a technological advancement; it's
a strategic imperative for high-risk
sectors.
Its development and adoption are
something that we’re incredibly excited
to continue to play a leading role in.
As we embrace this new era
of digital learning, the role of
AI in nurturing a competent,
well-prepared workforce
cannot be overstated. The
future of training undeniably
lies in the hands of AI and its
limitless potential.
This article was presented to you by:
Marco Vanin
Marco Vanin holds Master’s degrees in both
Physics and Nano eT chnology from oP litecnico
di Milano and eT chnical University of Denmark
and a Ph.D in Physics.
Marco has covered several roles withing the
dE eT ch and learning space. Before joining
eR lyOn Nutec as a Global Commercial
Director for Digital eL arning, he was Director
of the Global Academy in 3Shape – in the
medtech industry.
Marco has spent more than ten years working
with advanced digital learning service
platforms. He currently holds the role of
Senior Vice rP esident – Commercial role at
eR lyOn Nutec.
The Catalyst 43
 Storage and Handling
Safety in LPG Plants
by Onur Özutku

Liquified petroleum gas (LPG) is a fuel gas which contains a flammable mixture of hydrocarbon gases, specifically propane,
propylene, butylene, isobutane, and n-butane. LPG is used as a fuel gas in heating appliances, cooking equipment, and
vehicles(autogas). LPG is an environmental fuel that is relatively easy to reach and cheaper than other fossil fuels. LPG
basically consists of butane and propane gases. Chemically, these two gas types are very similar to one another. The main
difference between them is their boiling points. Propane has a much lower boiling point than Butane. Butane and propane
have different vapour pressures due to the difference in boiling points. Vapour pressures also play an important role in the
storage conditions of LPG. LPG has many advantages. However, if there are no skilled and experienced teams in storage
and handling operations, LPG will turn into a type of bomb. LPG is a very important fuel type for global warming problem.
From this perspective, LPG is a part of the solution to global warming, not the problem. LPG terminals are operated with
hazardous processes. For this reason, reliability and safety are the most important parameters for LPG operations. There
are 3 rules for safe operation at LPG terminals. The 1st rule is to have the correct operational procedures, the 2nd rule
is to create a strong maintenance culture, especially periodic inspection and testing of work equipment, and the last and
most important is to work with experienced and skilled employees with a proactive safety culture.

Figure 1 LPG Filling Plant (Shpere Tanks)

1. LPG Properties
LPG is a colourless liquid which readily evaporates into a colourless and odourless gas. Usually, a foul-smelling ethyl mercaptan
is added to the LPG to easily detect a leak. During leakage, the vaporization of the liquid cools the atmosphere and condenses
the water vapour contained to form a whitish fog to make it visible to the eye and spot where the LPG is escaping from.

Figure 2 Liquid LPG Release

44 The Catalyst

1.1 Density
LPG, at atmospheric pressure and
temperature, is a gas 1.5 to 2.0 times
heavier than air. It is readily liquefied under
pressure.
The density of the liquid is approximately
half of water's density and ranges from
0.525 to 0.580 in 15 deg. C. Since LPG
vapour is heavier than air, it would normally
settle down at ground level/low-lying
places, and accumulate in depressions.
Figure 3 LPG aV por Pressure and Boiling Point
Figure 4 LPG Odorization
1.2 Vapour Pressure odourant, so any escaping gas can easily be
detected. Ethyl Mercaptan is normally used
The pressure inside a LPG storage vessel/
as a stenching agent for this purpose.
cylinder will be equal to the vapour pressure
corresponding to the temperature of LPG in
the storage vessel. The vapour pressure is
1.4 Toxicity
LPG, even though slightly toxic, is not
dependent on temperature as well as on the
poisonous in vapour phase, but can, however,
ratio of the mixture of hydrocarbons.
suffocate when in large concentrations due
1.3 Odour to the fact that it displaces oxygen. In this
case, the vapour posses mild anaesthetic
LPG has only a very faint smell, and
properties.
consequently, it is necessary to add some
The Catalyst 45
 Figure 5 LPG Maximum Permitted Liquid oV lume of LPG eV ssels(NFPA 58)

The filling amount of LPG in tanks by

volume decreases as the density of LPG and
LPG temperature decreases.

So, if the LPG temperature is low at the

time of filling, it will be subjected to heat
transfer to reach the ambient temperature.

As LPG will warm up, thermal expansion will

happen to the Liquid LPG. There should be
sufficient vapour space in the tanks so that
thermal expansion can occur properly.
Figure 6 Heat Effect to Liquid LPG and Expansion of LPG

46 The Catalyst
2.1LPG Storage Tank Farms should
provide some important points.
Fire fighting, water sprinkler
system and deluge system: Fire fighting
systems should be designed according to
NFPA 58, it's effective in case of a fire in
the facility and should also be activated
automatically. 3 parameters are critical in
Figure 7 Water Deluge System of LPG eV ssels
fire fighting systems: the amount of storage
water, the water flow rate of fire pumps and
the number of pumps.

Gas leak detection system: In

gas detection systems, the design of gas
detectors should be planned considering
the prevailing wind directions of the plants
and potential sources of leaking.

Comprehensive emergency
Figure 8 LPG Tanks Fire Fighting System
systems: In emergency situations, action
should be taken to protect the entire facility.
Safety valves located in LPG
First of all, all LPG operations should be
Plants: Pressure safety valves on the tank
3.1 Vapour LPG Handling
stopped rapidly and the emergency shut- LPG vapour phase is handled by
should be opened to safe zones and should
off valves of the tanks should be closed compressors. There are some important
never impact the shell of the neighboring
(LPG source must be cut). If there is a rules when handling the vapour phase, the
tank. Pressure safety valves or thermal
fire situation, simultaneous firefighting first one is to prevent liquid to go to the
relief valves in the pipeline should not be
equipments must be activated so the compressor. To do so, liquid traps should be
placed under the tank, When the safety
emergency team can fight the fire. Finally, installed in the inlets of LPG compressors.
valve open, it should not impact the tank
entrance/exit gates should be opened If the liquid trap detects liquid LPG, the
shell.
automatically so that people can leave compressor should be shut down.
safely and vehicles such as fire brigades In addition, compressors compress the
Emergency stop buttons at
and ambulances can enter. Of course, during vapour phase, ıt suctions from the inlet and
strategic location: Emergency stop and
this process, sirens should be sounded in a pressures to the outlet of the vapour line,
fire alarm buttons should be located in areas
way that does not prevent communication, this compression process will increase the
accessible to plant personnel. Additionally,
and everyone around should be informed of temperature as well as the pressure of the
when the buttons' cables are broken or
the emergency. vapour phase.
burned, the emergency system should be
These temperatures should be monitored,
activated as if the button was pressed.
Tank gauging system to prevent the temperature is a very important
accidental overfill: A high-level alarm parameter. For example, if rubber LPG hoses
3. LPG Handling Rules
system is needed to sound the alarm when are used in the vapour phase discharge
LPG occurs in two phases, the first is vapour
the level in the tank reaches max liquid level. line, the maximum operating temperature
and the second is liquid.
API recommendation regarding overfilling should not be exceeded.
is to install level alarms independent of Generally, the rubber LPG hose will be
Compressors are used when handling LPG
level gauge systems. Also, Gauging systems dangerous when the maximum temperature
in the vapour phase, pumps are used when
should provide high temperature and over- exceeds 70 degrees C.
handling it in the liquid phase.
pressure alarms.

The Catalyst 47
 3.2 Liquid LPG Handling
When handling liquid LPG, pumps are
used, pumps are complex and powerful
equipment. If LPG pump runs without care,
it may cause the LPG to fire. Because the
pumps may ignite the source.
The most critical equipment of pumps is
their mechanical seals. To ensure continuity
of sealing, mechanical seals must be
selected correctly and maintained on time.
The second critical issue for pumps is
preventing them from running dry. If the
pumps run dry, the sealing elements will
be damaged. Damaged seals create leaking
of LPG. Seals on the pumps should be
protected for process safety. To prevent dry
running, liquid sensors should be installed
in the pump suction lines. If there is not
enough liquid in the pump suction line, the
pump must stop immediately.
4. Sources of Ignition in LPG
Plants
4.1 Smoking
There are frequently local regulations about
smoking which must be rigidly observed.
Smoking may be permitted but only under
controlled conditions at specific times in a
place stated by the procedures. Personnel,
when working at plants, must not carry
matches or more particularly lighters
because the risk is too big for everyone.
4.2 Portable Electrical Equipment
Only ATEX approved Safety torches or hand
lamps should be used. Portable Electric
Equipment self-contained or extension
cables are not to be used in a gas-dangerous
place or zone unless the equipment is
intrinsically safe. Portable domestic radios,
electronic calculators, tape recorders and
other non-approved battery equipment are
not to be used in a gas-dangerous place or
zone.
4.3 Hot work
48 The Catalyst
Figure 9 LPG Compressor Working Principle
Figure 10 LPG Pump
Before any hot work, hammering, chipping,
5. Potential LPG Leakage
or power tools, including shot blasting, are
Source in LPG Plants
used, the responsible HSE worker needs to
5.1 Flanges of LPG Pipeline and
examine the work area and be sure that the
Vessel
work can be safely undertaken, issuing a
Flanges are equipment that may leak due
hot work permit certificate.
to their nature. In this case, the gaskets
and bolts used in the flanges must be
Non-sparking tools are not to be used as
selected correctly. The most basic safety
they do not significantly reduce the risk of
in flanged connections is to tighten the
igniting a flammable vapour.
bolts with sufficient torque and to use fire-
proof gaskets. Leakage checks should be to
done by using soapy water on the flanges
periodicly, especially during periods when
the atmospheric temperature rapid changes
(seasonal transitions).
Figure 11 Hot Work (Grinding)
5.2 Rotating Equipment
4.4 Auto Ignition Mechanical Seals
The vapours from LPG may ignite if the
Mechanical seals are used as sealing
vapour comes into contact with any surface
equipment in pumps, in this case, it is
heated above the auto-ignition temperature
recommended to use double mechanical
e.g. steam lines, exhaust manifolds,
seals in LPG pumps. Double mechanical
overheated equipment.
seals are designed to ensure maximum
sealing safety. These seals eliminate
4.5 Static Electricity leakage of the fluid being handled in pumps.
Static electricity can cause fires or
explosions—the energy that a static spark 5.3 Pressure Safety Valve
gives off is enough to ignite LPG. Pressure safety valves are actually designed
Figure 12 Flow in Pipe Can Generate Static

Figure 13 Leak Test with Soapy Water

Figure 14 Mechanical Seal of Pumps

Figure 15 PSV of LPG eV ssels

The Catalyst 49
 as safety equipment, protecting tanks and
pipes against over pressure.

However, sometimes if pressure safety

valves are faulty, they may activate under
the set values and release LPG into the
atmosphere. These equipments are very Figure 16 Go No No Gauge

critial in LPG operations, so this reason,

LPG safety valves should be tested and
maintained at least every 5 years.

5.4 LPG Sampling Point

Sampling is an operational requirement for
quality control in LPG operations.
LPG sampling should be done according to
procedures, otherwise it may cause large
LPG releases.

The adequacy of safety barriers in LPG

sampling zone should be checked. The
important safety barrier is; A two-valve
system should be installed, the last valve
should be a spring-loaded dead man valve.
5.5 Truck Loading and Unloading
Connection Couplings
During LPG loading and unloading, couplings
are connected and remove to trucks and
ships manifold. While doing this operation,
some LPG is released, this is a controlled
and known amount of release LPG.
The critical point in these operations is
the uncontrolled release that may occur
during connecting and removing. In order
to prevent this situation from occurring,
it is necessary to check the couplings
periodically. The he first important rule is
yo control the connection couplings with go
no go gauges, the second important rule is
to use breakaway or pullaway couplings,
Figure 71 Schematic Drawing Drain Line of LPG Vessels
both equipment must be maintained and
checked on time. This article was presented to you by:
5.6 Water Dreyn of LPG Vessel
The water removal and drainage process is
potentially the most hazardous process in
LPG operations.
There have been many accidents in the past
regarding this issue. API has made some
recommendations on this issue; the two- Onur Özutku
Mech Engg; Masters in heat transfer
valve system should be in the drain lines.
and fluid mechanics, Mustafa Kemal
University
However, accident examples have shown with overall thirteen years of experience,
has worked in the field of production
that in addition to just two valves, there
and manufacturing and then worked in
must also be a spring-loaded dead man project-based maintenance-repair and
capacity increase works in Oil and LPG
valve.
terminals.
There should be one valve that can remotely
Currently, he is with Milangaz as
close the drainage systems under the tanks
LPG Operations Engineer and as LPG
in case of emergency. Terminal Manager.

50 The Catalyst
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