Part 2 - Critique

Data Visualisation and Interpretation

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This study is based on the poster which is created in part 1. The poster shows that the first three
figures show, in a pie chart and two bar graphs, respectively, the average frequency of mail sent
to and received from each group. From these, it is clear that Academic Category sends the
greatest proportion of mail, and that the frequency of that mail is within the range of 10. The
academic Category also receives the greatest amount of mail, with the biggest range of mail
received each day between 11 and 20 (Sievert, 2020). It can quickly observe from the survey
participation pie chart that the academic sector has the largest percentage of respondents,
followed by business support, and senior management has the lowest. The biggest number of
emails sent and received each day falls in the range of 0–20, which leads us to the conclusion
that the academic category utilises email the most actively, followed by the business support
category (Sievert, 2020).

The following two graphs provide us with an overview of the opinions of participants from
various age groups, categories, and genders about the amount of time wasted using email. This
leads us to the conclusion that, in comparison to those who disagreed, almost every age group
felt that using email was a waste of time. The age group from which there was the greatest
agreement and disagreement was between 41 and 50, indicating that this is the group that uses
the internet the most frequently (Stehle and Kitchin, 2019). Regarding the replies from the
various categories and genders, we can see that the majority of the female respondents and one
with an academic background agreed that their time was wasted, and almost every group did so
with some kind of balanced perspective from the senior management side. Thus, it is clear that
the majority of women in the age range of 41 to 50 who have a history in academia are among
the group most likely to believe that using email is a waste of time (Stehle and Kitchin, 2019).

Then, depending on Age group and Gender, it can see how email is used. Just in the age group of
60+, it appears that the female participants seem to have lost interest in emails and the male
counterpart seems to edge out a little. Of all the age groups, females appear to be the most
enthusiastic about actively expressing their views regarding the usage of email, and the highest
comes from the age group of 41–50. Therefore, those in the centre of the population are the ones
who use email the most, while those aged 0 to 20 use it the least (Stehle and Kitchin, 2019).
These participants are students, therefore it's possible that they don't have much experience using

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email. Possible explanations include parental restrictions on usage or a preference for alternative
platforms like WhatsApp over conventional email.

Data visualisation is the graphic representation of different data sets using visual elements like
pictures, infographics, and diagrams. Through the use of visualization techniques, data
tendencies, inconsistencies, and irregularities may be simply and immediately viewed and
analyzed as compared to the process of evaluating data and coming to the method used to predict
when employing number of analytical approaches known as data analysis (Midway, 2020). In
order to categorise, alter, and synthesis information with the use of interpreters, researchers
might do so to address pressing problems.

Theories

The Culture Code Theory of Design divides posters into three categories: technical, meaning,
and strategic aspects. This research looked at how visual imagery affects poster communication
with a particular emphasis on the technological and conceptual elements that directly link to
audiences. The survey's findings indicate that the level of colour, graphical, and textual
complexity has a significant impact on the viewer's technical visual storytelling (Shaddiq et al.,
2021). The sort of topic will have an impact on the visual images when the message of the ad is
appropriately understood. Most significantly, comparable or the same visual imagery used in
technical and semantic aspects of posters motivates viewers to study the in-depth material. Poster
works that maintain fluid, cohesive visual imagery in both directions may have a greater impact.

Principles for identifying which visual elements properly convey different data structures must
be provided by a theory of visualisation. An interactive visualisation changes and modifies the
information representation to reveal more intricate communication patterns. For example, the
user may want to delete unselected parts to disclose hidden structures, utilise colours as a
semiotic identification, or emphasize certain data regions with colour (Zhu et al., 2020). The
analyst may want to alter the statistical software or show a structure that has been demonstrated
via computer modification. An explanation of how these varied changes impact our
comprehension of the significance of the statistics and how to best match the multiple portrayals
to the goals and tasks of the analysis would be included in a theory of visualisation. How well
viewers understand how higher-level intellectual abilities such as concentration, discernment,

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and aesthetic qualities to this procedure will determine their ability to interpret the data (Zhu et
al., 2020).

Methods of data visualisation

Several methods are used to evaluate the performance of the alternatives for visualizing data and
the efficiency with which the data is transmitted within the environment.

Data visualisation uses graphics to visually portray information and data. By using visual
elements like a bar chart, graphing, and mappings, data visualisation tools provide a
straightforward method for identifying and understanding trends, exceptions, and patterns in
data. Business users may utilise data visualisation to comprehend their enormous amounts of
data (Needham et al., 2020). They gain from being able to spot new patterns and data errors.
Users may concentrate on areas that exhibit progress or warning indications by recognising these
patterns. The outcome of this process is that the business develops.

1. Pie chart

Figure 1: Pie chart

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Pie charts constitute one of the most widely used and basic types of data visualisation and are
used in a broad range of contexts. Pie charts are excellent for displaying percentages or
comparisons of parts to wholes. Since pie charts are often plain and easy to read, they are
effective for groups who may not be familiar with the subject or who are extremely interested in
the biggest takeaway. Visitors who want a more comprehensive understanding of the data find
that pie charts are inadequate for presenting complex information (Needham et al., 2020).

2. Bar charts

Figure 2: Bar chart

The standard bar diagram, sometimes referred to as the bar graph, is another well-liked and
straightforward method for data visualisation. In this diagrammatic depiction, the classes under
investigation are shown on one axis, while computed values are displayed on the opposite axis.
The length of the bar displays how one group performs in respect to the value. One drawback is
that categorization and clarity may be problematic when there are numerous subcategories
present. They may not be adequate for bigger, more complex data sets, much like pie charts
(Rao, 2020).

3. Histogram

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Figure 3: Histogram

In contrast to bar charts, histograms display how data is distributed across a predefined
timeframe or a certain time frame. These visualisations may be used to find holes or anomalous
values as well as regions of value accumulation. Histograms are very useful for showing the
frequency of a certain event (Rao, 2020). Users may, for example, utilise a histogram to show
how many hits your website received each day over the course of the preceding week. With this
display, users can quickly see which days on the website were receiving the most and the fewest
hits.

4. Gantt chart

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Figure 4: GANTT chart

In project management, Gantt charts are particularly well-liked because they are useful for
showing a project's timeline or the progression of work. The vertical axis of this kind of chart
lists the tasks that must be accomplished, while the horizontal axis lists the time frames.
Horizontal lines in the body of the graphic indicate how long each action lasted (Brady et al.,
2022). Since Gantt charts allow team members to keep track of the position of each project stage,
using them to represent timeframes may be quite advantageous. Even if users are not programme
management experts, learning about Gantt charts may help them stay organised (Brady et al.,
2022).

5. Area chart

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Figure 5: Area chart

An area chart often referred to as an area graph, is a kind of line graph in which the area under
the line is coloured to indicate the total value of each piece of evidence. When comparing many
data series on the same graph, stacked area diagrams are utilised (Needham et al., 2020). This
method of exhibiting changes in one or more values over time, as well as showing how one
character interacts with the others to generate the overall image, is useful for data visualisation.
Charts of buildings and other structures are excellent for comparing pieces to wholes.

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References

Brady, M.B., VonVille, H.M., White, J.F., Martin, E.M., Raabe, N.J., Slaughter, J.M. and Snyder,
G.M. (2022). Transmission visualizations of healthcare infection clusters: A scoping review.
Antimicrobial Stewardship & Healthcare Epidemiology, [online] 2(1), p.e92.
doi:https://doi.org/10.1017/ash.2022.237.

Midway, S.R. (2020). Principles of Effective Data Visualization. Patterns, [online] 1(9),
p.100141. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.patter.2020.100141.

Needham, R.A., Naemi, R., Hamill, J. and Chockalingam, N. (2020). Analysing patterns of
coordination and patterns of control using novel data visualisation techniques in vector coding.
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Rao, B.S. (2020). Dynamic Histogram Equalization for contrast enhancement for digital images.
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Shaddiq, S., Iyansyah, M.I., Sari, S. and Zainul, H.M. (2021). EFFECT OF MARKETING
PROMOTION MANAGEMENT ON PUBLIC SERVICE ADVERTISING IN
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Sievert, C. (2020). Interactive Web-Based Data Visualization with R, plotly, and shiny. [online]
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Stehle, S. and Kitchin, R. (2019). Real-time and archival data visualisation techniques in city
dashboards. International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 34(2), pp.344–366.
doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/13658816.2019.1594823.

Zhu, S., Sun, G., Jiang, Q., Zha, M. and Liang, R. (2020). A survey on automatic infographics
and visualization recommendations. Visual Informatics, 4(3), pp.24–40.
doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.visinf.2020.07.002.

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