Question Answer

What are the dynamic schools of psychology? Psychodynamic schools are a group of psychological theories that emphasize the role of the
unconscious and childhood experiences in shaping personality and behavior.

What is a key focus of psychodynamic schools? Emphasizing the role of the unconscious and childhood experiences in shaping personality and
behavior.

Who are some key figures associated with Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, and Alfred Adler.
psychodynamic schools?

Who elaborated on Freud's stages of Karl Abraham.

Psychosexual development?

How did Karl Abraham divide the Oral Stage? Into biting stage and sucking stage.

How did Karl Abraham divide the Anal Stage? Into a destructive-expulsion (anal-sadistic) phase and a mastering-retentive (anal-erotic) phase.

How did Karl Abraham divide the Phallic Stage? Into an early phase of partial genital love (true phallic phase) and a later mature genital phase.

What did Karl Abraham postulate as resulting from Obsessional neurosis.

fixation at the anal-sadistic phase?

What did Karl Abraham postulate as resulting from Depression.

fixation at the oral stage?

What did Alfred Adler never accept? The primacy of the libido theory, the sexual origin of neurosis, or the importance of infantile
wishes.

What did Alfred Adler consider to be far more Aggression, specifically as a striving for power.
important than the libido theory?

What term did Alfred Adler introduce to describe Masculine protest.

the tendency to move from a passive, feminine
role to a masculine, active role?

What are Alfred Adler's theories collectively known Individual psychology.

as?

What principle did Alfred Adler postulate? Principle of dynamism, in which every individual is future directed and moves toward a goal.

What did Alfred Adler emphasize regarding the The primacy of action in the real world over fantasy.
interface between individuals and their social
environment?

What term did Alfred Adler coin to refer to a sense Inferiority complex.
of inadequacy and weakness?

How did Adler refer to the compromised As organ inferiority.

self-esteem of a developing child due to a physical
defect?

What did Alfred Adler recognize as important in The importance of children's birth order in their families of origin.
children's development?

What struggles do first-born children face Struggles against giving up the powerful position of only child.
according to Alfred Adler?

According to Adler, what do second-born children Constantly strive to compete with the first-born.
constantly strive to do?

How do the youngest children feel according to They feel secure and have never been displaced.
Adler?

What is the primary therapeutic approach in Encouragement.

adlerian therapy?

According to Adler, what could patients overcome Feelings of inferiority.

through encouragement?

What did Franz Alexander write extensively The association between specific personality traits and certain psychosomatic ailments
about? (specificity hypothesis).

What technique did Franz Alexander advocate for The corrective emotional technique, where analysts deliberately adopt a particular mode of
analysts? relatedness with the patient.

According to Franz Alexander, what enables the Trusting, supportive relationship between patient and analyst.
patient to master childhood trauma and grow from
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that experience?

Who is considered the founder of the humanistic Gordon Allport.

school of psychology?

What does the humanistic school of psychology That each person has an inherent potential for autonomous function and growth.
believe about each person?

According to Gordon Allport, what is a person's A sense of self.

only real guarantee of personal existence?

What term did Gordon Allport use to describe Propriem.

strivings related to the maintenance of self-identity
and self-esteem?

What term did Gordon Allport use to refer to the Traits.

chief units of personality structure?

What qualities did Gordon Allport believe mature Security, humor, insight, enthusiasm, and zest.
persons possess?

According to Michael Balint, what underlies The urge for the primary love object.
virtually all psychological phenomena?

What do infants wish for according to Michael To be loved totally and unconditionally.
Balint?

What concept did Michael Balint introduce for the Basic Fault.
feeling of something missing?

How did Michael Balint view psychological As stemming from the failure to receive adequate maternal love.
motivations?

Who developed the school known as transactional Eric Berne.

analysis?

What did Eric Berne define as psychological Stereotyped and predictable transactions that persons learn in childhood and continue to play
games? throughout their lives.

How did Eric Berne define transactions? A stimulus presented by one person that evokes a corresponding response in another.

What are strokes according to Eric Berne? The basic motivating factors of human behavior, consisting of specific rewards such as approval
and love.

According to Eric Berne, how many ego states do Three.

all persons have?

What does the 'child' ego state represent Primitive elements that become fixed in early childhood.
according to Eric Berne?

What does the 'adult' ego state represent The part of the personality capable of objective appraisals of reality.
according to Eric Berne?

What does the 'parent' ego state represent An introject of the values of a person's actual parents.
according to Eric Berne?

What is the goal of the therapeutic process To help patients understand whether they are functioning in the child, adult, or parent mode in
according to Eric Berne? their interactions with others.

What did Wilfred Bion expand on the concept of? Projective identification.

How did Bion describe the therapist's role in The therapist feels coerced by a patient into playing a particular role in the patient's internal
projective identification? world.

What did Bion develop the notion of regarding the The therapist must contain what the patient has projected so that it is processed and returned to
therapist and patient? the patient in modified form.

According to Bion, what similar process occurs The process of containment and projection.
between mother and infant?

How did Bion observe the functioning of He observed that they function simultaneously.
'psychotic' and 'nonpsychotic' aspects of the
mind?
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What is Wilfred Bion best known for? His application of psychoanalytic ideas to groups.

When a group gets derailed from its task, what are Dependency, pairing, or fight-flight.
the three basic states it can deteriorate into
according to Bion?

Who is the founder of attachment theory? John Bowlby.

What is the essence of attachment according to Proximity - the tendency of a child to stay close to the mother or caregiver.
John Bowlby?

From what is a basic sense of security and safety A continuous and close relationship with a caregiver.
derived according to John Bowlby?

What does John Bowlby consider a launching pad A secure base.

for independence?

Who introduced the use of multivariate analysis Raymond Cattell.

and factor analysis to the study of personality?

What are the statistical procedures introduced by Multivariate analysis and factor analysis.
Raymond Cattell?

How does Raymond Cattell examine a person's Objectively, using personal interviewing and questionnaire data.
life record?

What did Ronald Fairbairn suggest about infant Infants are primarily motivated by an object-seeking instinct.
motivation?

What did Ronald Fairbairn replace the Freudian The notion of dynamic structures.
ideas of energy, ego, and id with?

Who influenced Sandor Ferenczi's work initially? Freud.

What method of analysis did Sandor Ferenczi His own method of analysis.
introduce?

How did Ferenczi understand the symptoms of his As related to sexual and physical abuse in childhood.
patients?

What did Ferenczi propose analysts need to do for Love their patients in a way that compensates for the love they did not receive as children.
their patients?

What procedure did Sandor Ferenczi develop? Active therapy.

What did Sandor Ferenczi encourage patients to An awareness of reality through active confrontation by the therapist.
develop in active therapy?

What did Sandor Ferenczi experiment with in his Mutual analysis.

work?

What did Viktor Frankl believe human beings Somatic and psychological dimensions.
shared with other animals?

According to Viktor Frankl, what dimension do A spiritual dimension that confers both freedom and responsibility.
humans alone have?

How do people find meaning in their lives Through creative and productive work, appreciation of the world and others, and by freely
according to Viktor Frankl? adopting positive attitudes even in the face of suffering.

What do those who fail to find meaning in their Alienation, despair, and existential neuroses.
lives face according to Viktor Frankl?

What are the five character types identified by Receptive, exploitative, marketing, hoarding, and productive personality types.
Erich Fromm?

How does Fromm describe the therapeutic It involves strengthening the person's sense of ethical behavior and developing productive love
process? characterized by care, responsibility, and respect for others.

What influenced Kurt Goldstein's work? Existentialism and Gestalt psychology.

What did Kurt Goldstein believe every organism Dynamic properties, which are relatively constant and evenly distributed energy supplies.
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has?

What does an organism automatically attempt to Return to its normal state.

do when states of tension-disequilibrium occur?

What phenomenon is known as when what Holocoenosis.

happens in one part of the organism affects every
other part?

What did Karen Horney emphasize in The preeminence of social and cultural influences.
psychosexual development?

What was the focus of Karen Horney's attention The differing psychology of men and women.
regarding psychology?

What did Karen Horney explore in her work? The vicissitudes of martial relationships.

What does holistic psychology maintain about a That a person needs to be seen as a unitary whole who influences, and is influenced by, the
person? environment.

What did Edith Jacobson stress about the infant's That it is not necessarily related to the mother's actual failure.
disappointment with the maternal object?

How did Edith Jacobson view an infant's As the core of the early mother-infant relationship.
experience of pleasure or 'unpleasure'?

According to Edith Jacobson, what is the Specific, drive-determined demand, rather than a global striving for contact or engagement.
disappointment related to?

What psychoanalytic school was formed by Carl Analytic psychology.

Gustav Jung?

How did Carl Gustav Jung describe the collective As consisting of all humankind's common, shared mythological and symbolic past.
unconscious?

What does the collective unconscious include Archetypes representing images and configurations with universal symbolic meanings.
according to Carl Gustav Jung?

What are some examples of archetypal figures in Mother, father, child, hero, among others.
the collective unconscious?

According to Carl Gustav Jung, what are the two Introversion and extroversion.
types of personality organizations?

What is the focus of introversion? Inner world of thoughts, intuitions, emotions, and sensations.

In terms of orientation, what are extroverts more The outer world, other persons, and material goods.
focused on?

What does Otto Kernberg place great emphasis The splitting of the ego and the elaboration of the good and bad self-configurations and
on? object-configurations.

What term did Otto Kernberg propose for a broad Borderline personality organization.
spectrum of patients characterized by a lack of an
integrated sense of identity?

What are the characteristics of patients with Lack of an integrated sense of identity, ego weakness, absence of superego integration, reliance
borderline personality organization according to on primitive defense mechanisms such as splitting and objective identification, and a tendency
Otto Kernberg? to shift to primary process thinking.

What is Melanie Klein's theory of internal object Drives.

relations intimately linked to?

What impressed Melanie Klein during her The role of the unconscious intrapsychic fantasy.
psychoanalytic work with children?

What is the persecutory anxiety phenomenon Paranoid-schizoid position.

associated with?

According to Melanie Klein, what do infants project Derivatives of the death instinct.
into the mother leading to fear of attack from the
'bad mother'?
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What was Heinz Kohut best known for? His writing on narcissism and the development of self-psychology.

According to Kohut, how was development Toward object relatedness and away from narcissism.
supposed to proceed?

What is the concept of 'grandiose self' in It leads to mirror transference in which patients attempt to capture the gleam in the analyst’s eye
self-object transferences by Kohut? through exhibitionistic self-display.

What is the concept of 'alter ego' in self-object It leads to the twinship transference in which patients perceive the analyst as a twin.
transferences by Kohut?

What is the concept of 'idealized parental image' in It leads to an idealizing transference in which patients feel enhanced self-esteem by being in the
self-object transferences by Kohut? presence of the analyst.

What were among Jacques Lacan's most That resistance to understanding the real relationship with the therapist can be reduced by
controversial beliefs? shortening the length of the therapy session, and that psychoanalytic sessions need to be
standardized not to time but, rather, to content and process.

What concept did Kurt Lewin adapt the field Field theory.
approach of physics to?

How does Lewin define a field? The totality of coexisting, mutually interdependent parts.

According to Lewin, what does behavior become a Persons and their environment, which together make up the life space.
function of?

What does the life space represent according to A field in constant flux, with valences or needs that require satisfaction.
Kurt Lewin?

Who is known for the self-actualization theory in Abraham Maslow.

humanistic psychology?

What did Abraham Maslow believe is the highest Self-actualization.

need in his theory?

What is the primary motivator for more advanced Self-actualization.

psychological needs according to Maslow?

How did Maslow describe the organization of Hierarchical, with more primitive needs being satisfied first.
needs in his theory?

What was the main concept behind Maslow's The need to understand the totality of a person.
self-actualization theory?

What are some aspects of Love and Belonging? Friendship, family, intimacy, sense of connection.

What does Safety and Security encompass? Health, employment, property, family, and social stability.

What did Karl A. Menninger argue for in Man Validity of Freud's death instinct.
Against Himself?

What theory of psychopathology did Karl A. A unique theory.

Menninger formulate?

What was Karl A. Menninger's lifelong interest The criminal justice system.
outside of psychopathology?

According to Karl A. Menninger in The Crime of Treatment rather than punishment.

Punishment, what did many convicted criminals
need?

What concept did Adolf Meyer introduce in The concept of common sense psychiatry.
psychiatry?

What did Adolf Meyer focus on improving in a Ways in which a patient's current life situation could be realistically improved.
patient's current life situation?

What concept did Adolf Meyer coin related to the Ergasia.

action of the total organism?

What was Adolf Meyer's goal in therapy? To aid patients' adjustment by helping them modify unhealthy adaptations.
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What was Gardner Murphy interested in? Parapsychology.

Which states tend to be favorable to paranormal Sleep, drowsiness, certain drug and toxic conditions, hypnosis, and delirium.
experiences according to Murphy?

What are some impediments to paranormal Intrapsychic barriers, conditions in the general social environment, and a heavy investment in
awareness as mentioned by Murphy? ordinary sensory experiences.

Who is Henry Murray? A psychologist known for his work in personology and the study of human behavior.

What is personology? The study of human behavior.

What did Henry Murray focus on in his work? Motivation and the arousal of needs by internal and external stimulation.

What is the TAT (Thematic Apperception Test) Developed by Henry Murray for assessing personality and unconscious motives.
associated with?

Who is known for applying Gestalt theory to Frederick S. Perls.

therapy?

What does Gestalt therapy emphasize? The current experiences of the patient in the here and now.

How does Gestalt therapy contrast with It contrasts by emphasizing the here and now rather than the there and then.
psychoanalytic schools?

According to Gestalt theory, what does behavior More than the sum of its parts.
represent?

What does a gestalt or a whole include according It includes and goes beyond the sum of smaller, independent events.
to Gestalt theory?

What characteristics of actual experience does Value, meaning, and form.

Gestalt theory deal with?

What are Sandor Rado's theories of adaptational They hold that the organism is a biological system operating under hedonic control, similar to
dynamics? Freud's pleasure principle.

How do cultural factors affect adaptational Cultural factors often cause excessive hedonic control and disordered behavior by interfering
dynamics according to Rado? with the organism's ability for self-regulation.

What does the patient need to relearn in therapy The patient needs to relearn how to experience pleasurable feelings.
according to Rado?

What is anxiety correlated with according to Otto Separation from the mother and specifically from the womb, the source of effortless gratification.
Rank?

What does the experience of separation from the Primal anxiety.

womb result in?

What do sleep and dreams symbolize according to The return to the womb.
Otto Rank?

How does Otto Rank describe the division of Into impulses, emotions, and will.
personality?

What do children's impulses seek according to Immediate discharge and gratification.

Otto Rank?

When do children begin the process of will As impulses are mastered, as in toilet training.
development according to Otto Rank?

What does character armor refer to according to Personality's defenses that serve as resistance to self-understanding and change.
Wilhelm Reich?

What are the 4 major character types identified by Hysterical character, Compulsive character, Narcissistic character, Masochistic character.
Wilhelm Reich?

How is the hysterical character described by Sexually seductive, anxious, and fixated at the phallic phase of the libido development.
Wilhelm Reich?

What are the characteristics of the compulsive Distrustful, indecisive, fixated at the anal phase.
character according to Wilhelm Reich?
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How does Wilhelm Reich describe the narcissistic Fixated at the phallic state of development, with contempt for women if the individual is male.
character?

What are the traits of the masochistic character Long-suffering, complaining, self-deprecatory.
according to Wilhelm Reich?

Who is most clearly associated with the Carl Rogers.

person-centered theory of personality and
psychotherapy?

What are the major concepts in Carl Rogers' Self-actualization and self-direction.
person-centered theory?

What capacity are persons born with according to A capacity to direct themselves towards self-actualization and self-direction.
Carl Rogers?

Who developed Existential Psychoanalysis? Jean-Paul Sartre.

What did Jean-Paul Sartre believe was unique in The experience of 'being' in humans.
the natural world?

What is B.F. Skinner known for? Seminal work in operant learning and laying much of the groundwork for behavior modification,
programmed instruction, and general education.

How has B.F. Skinner's beliefs about behavior More widely.

been applied?

What has been the scope and magnitude of B.F. Impressive.

Skinner's impact?

What is parataxic distortion according to Harry It applies to the concept of self-esteem and considers the importance of preadolescent peer
Stack Sullivan? groups in development.

What are the 3 modes of experiencing and Prototaxic mode, Parataxic mode, Syntaxic mode.
thinking according to Harry Stack Sullivan?

Describe the prototaxic mode of thinking as per Undifferentiated thought that cannot separate the whole into parts or use symbols.
Harry Stack Sullivan.

Explain the parataxic mode of thinking based on Events are causally related because of temporal or serial connections.
Harry Stack Sullivan's concept.

What defines the syntaxic mode of thinking in Logical, rational, and the most mature type of cognitive functioning a person is capable of.
Harry Stack Sullivan's concept?

Who developed the theory of multiple Donald W. Winnicott.

self-organization?

What is included in the theory of multiple A true self.

self-organization?

In what context is the theory of multiple In the context of a responsive holding environment provided by a good-enough mother.
self-organization developed?

Where is the Dead Sea located? On the border between Israel and Jordan.

What is the lowest point on the Earth's surface? The Dead Sea shoreline.

What is the average level on which the Dead Sea 396 meters (below sea level).
is located?

How long is the Dead Sea? 74 km.

How much saltier is the Dead Sea as compared 7 times.

with the oceans?

What is the volume content of salt in the Dead 30%.

Sea?

Why can the Dead Sea keep swimmers afloat? Due to high salt content.

Why is the Dead Sea called Dead? Because only simple organisms can live in it.
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Why only simple organisms can live in the Dead Because of high salt content.
Sea?