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Another random document with
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and handicraft on Bokharan territory that are sanctioned by
the law of Sharigat. Bokharan subjects shall have a similar
right to practise all such occupations on Russian territory as
are sanctioned by the law of Russia.
(12) Russian subjects shall have the right to acquire
gardens, cultivate lands, and own every species of real
property in the Khanate. Such property shall be subject to the
same land tax as Bokharan property. The same right shall be
enjoyed by Bokharan subjects in the whole territory of the
Russian Empire.
(13) Russian subjects shall have the right to enter
Bokharan territory when furnished with permits, signed by the
Russian authorities. They shall have the right of free passage
throughout the Khanate, and shall enjoy the special protection
of the Bokharan authorities.
(14) The Bokharan Government shall not in any case admit
on to Bokharan territory any foreigners, of whatever
nationality, arriving from Russian territory, unless they be
furnished with special permits signed by the Russian
authorities. If a criminal, being a Russian subject, takes
refuge on Bokharan territory, he shall be arrested by the
Bokharan authorities and delivered over to the nearest
Russian authorities.
(15) In order to maintain direct and uninterrupted relations
with the supreme Russian authorities in Central Asia, the Amir
of Bokhara shall appoint one of his intimate counsellors to be
his resident envoy and plenipotentiary at Tashkent. Such
envoy shall reside at Tashkent in a house belonging to the
Amir and at the expense of the latter.
(16) The Russian Government shall in like manner have
the right to appoint a permanent representative at Bokhara,
attached to the person of his Highness the Amir. He shall
reside in a house belonging to the Russian Government and
at the expense of the latter.
 (17) In conformity with the desire of the Emperor of All the
Russias, and in order to enhance the glory of his Imperial
Majesty, his Highness the Amir Seid Mozaffur has determined
as follows: The traffic in human beings, being contrary to the
law which commands man to love his neighbour, is abolished
for ever in the territory of Bokhara. In accordance with this
resolve, the strictest injunctions shall immediately be given by
the Amir to all his Begs to enforce the new law and special
orders shall be sent to all the frontier towns of Bokhara to
which slaves are brought for sale from neighbouring
countries, that should any such slave be brought thither, they
shall be taken from their owners and shall be set at liberty
without loss of time.
(18) His Highness the Amir Seid Mozaffur, being sincerely
desirous of strengthening and developing the amicable
relations which have subsisted for five years to the benefit of
Bokhara, approves and accepts for his guidance the above
seventeen articles composing a treaty of friendship between
Russia and Bokhara. This treaty shall consist of two copies,
each copy being written in the two languages, in the Russian
and in the Turki language.
In token of the confirmation of this treaty and of its
acceptance for the guidance of himself and of his successors,
the Amir Seid Mozaffur has affixed thereto his seal. Done at
Shaar on the 10th day of October 1873, being the 19th day of
the month Shayban of the year 1290.
Translations of letters[46] from Adjutant-General von Kauffman,
Governor-General of Turkestan, to the Amir of Afghanistan.
Tashkent, June 1878.
To the Amir of the Whole of Afghanistan, Shir Ali Khan.
“Be it known to you that our relations with the British
Government are of great importance to Afghanistan and its
dependencies. As I am unable to see you, I have deputed my
trustworthy (official) General Stolietoff to you. The General is
an old friend of mine, and during the late Russo-Turkish war
earned the favour of the Emperor by his spirit and bravery. He
has become well known to the Emperor. This trustworthy
person will communicate to you what he thinks best. I hope
you will pay attention to what he says, and repose as much
confidence in his words as if they were my own; and that you
will give your answer in this matter through him. In the
meantime, be it known to you that if a friendly treaty will be of
benefit to us, it will be of far greater benefit to yourself.”

Received through General Stolietoff, August 9, 1878.

“Be it known to you that in these days the relations
between the British Government and ours with regard to your
kingdom require deep consideration. As I am unable to
communicate my opinion verbally to you, I have deputed my
agent, Major-General Stolietoff. This gentleman is a near
friend of mine, and performed excellent services in the late
Russo-Turkish war, by which he earned favour of the
Emperor. The Emperor has always had a regard for him. He
will inform you of all that is hidden in my mind. I hope you will
pay great attention to what he says, and believe him as you
would myself, and, after due consideration, you will give him
your reply. Meanwhile, be it known to you that your union and
friendship with the Russian Government will be beneficial to
the latter, and still more so to you. The advantages of a close
alliance with the Russian Government will be permanently
evident.”
 General Stolietoff sent the following letter, on his return to
Tashkent from Kabul, to the Foreign Minister, Wazir Shah
Mahommed Khan, dated September 21, 1878:
“Thank God, I reached Tashkent safely, and at an
auspicious moment paid my respect to the Viceroy (Yaroni
Padishah means ‘half king’). I am trying day and night to gain
our objects, and hope I shall be successful. I am starting to
see the Emperor to-day, in order to inform his Majesty
personally of our affairs. If God pleases, everything that is
necessary will be done and affirmed. I hope that those who
want to enter the gate of Kabul from the east will see that the
door is closed; then, please God, they will tremble. I hope you
will give my respects to his Highness the Amir. May God
make his life long and increase his wealth! May you remain in
good health, and know that the protection of God will arrange
our affairs!
“(Signed) General Stolietoff.”
From General von Kauffman to the Amir of Afghanistan, dated
Tashkent, October 22, 1878.
“Be it known to you that your letter, dated 12th Shawal,
reached me at Tashkent on the 16th October, i.e., 3rd
Zekada, and I understood its contents. I have telegraphed an
abstract of your letter to the address of the Emperor, and
have sent the letter itself, as also that addressed to General
Stolietoff, by post to Livadia, where the Emperor now is. I am
informed on good authority that the English want to come to
terms with you; and, as a friend, I advise you to make peace
with them if they offer it.”
From General Stolietoff to Wazir Shah Mahommed Khan, dated
October 8, 1878.
“First of all, I hope you will be kind enough to give my
respects to the Amir. May God make his life long and increase
his wealth! I shall always remember his royal hospitality. I am
busy day and night in his affairs, and, thank God, my labours
have not been without result. The great Emperor is a true
friend of the Amir’s and of Afghanistan, and his Majesty will
do whatever he may think necessary. Of course, you have not
forgotten what I told you, that the affairs of kingdoms are like
a country which has many mountains, valleys, and rivers. One
who sits on a high mountain can see things well. By the
power and order of God, there is no empire equal to that of
our great Emperor. May God make his life long! Therefore,
whatever our Government advises you, you should give ear to
it. I tell you the truth that our Government is wise as a serpent
and harmless as a dove. There are many things which you
cannot understand, but our Government understands them
well. It often happens that a thing which is unpleasant at first
is regarded as a blessing afterwards. Now, my kind friend, I
inform you that the enemy of your famous religion wants to
make peace with you through the Kaisar (Sultan) of Turkey.
Therefore, you should look to your brothers who live on the
other side of the river. If God stirs them up, and gives the
sword of fight into their hands, then go on in the name of God
(Bismilla), otherwise you should be as a serpent; make peace
openly, and in secret prepare for war, and when God reveals
His order to you, declare yourself. It will be well, when the
Envoy of your enemy wants to enter the country, if you send
an able emissary, possessing the tongue of a serpent and full
of deceit, to the enemy’s country, so that he may with sweet
words perplex the enemy’s mind, and induce him to give up
the intention of fighting with you.
 “My kind friend, I entrust you to the protection of God. May
God be the protector of the Amir’s kingdom, and may
trembling fall upon the limbs of your enemies! Amen.
“Write to me soon, and send the letter to the capital.
Please write in Arabic characters, so that I may be able to
read your letter.”
From General von Kauffman to the Amir of Afghanistan, dated
November 26, 1878.
“I was much pleased to receive your letter, dated 24th
Zekada, 1295 (November 18, 1878), and to hear of your good
health. I have also received a copy of the letter which you
sent to the Governor-General. May God be pleased with you.
The British Ministers have given a pledge to our Ambassador
in London that they will not interfere with the independence of
Afghanistan. I am directed by his Majesty the Emperor to
communicate this news to you, and then, after forming
friendship, to go to his Majesty. I intend to go to the Russian
capital after I have arranged the affairs of this country
(Turkestan). As I do not consider it advisable to keep your
trusted officials, whom you are in want of, here any more, I
send Mahommed Hassan Khan, Kamuah (Deputy-Governor),
and Gholam Haidar Khan, with two officers, back to you. I
hope you will consider me a well-wisher of your kingdom, and
write to me now and then. I have given instructions that, until
my return, every letter of yours which they receive at
Turkestan should be forwarded to the capital. Your good
fortune is a cause of happiness to me, and if any troubles
come upon you, I also shall be grieved. Some presents have
been sent by me through Mirza Mahommed Hassan,
Kamuah; perhaps they may be accepted.”
Translation of a letter from General von Kauffman to General
Vozgonoff, dated December, 1878.
“The Amir knows perfectly well that it is impossible for me
to assist him with troops in winter. Therefore, it is necessary
that war should not be commenced at this unseasonable time.
If the English, in spite of the Amir’s exertions to avoid the war,
commence it, you must then take leave of the Amir and start
for Tashkent, because your presence in Afghanistan in winter
is useless. Moreover, at such a juncture as the
commencement of war in Afghanistan, you ought to come
here and explain the whole thing to me, so that I may
communicate it to the Emperor. This will be of great benefit to
Afghanistan and to Russia.”
From General von Kauffman to the Amir of Afghanistan, dated
December 25, 1878.
“Your letter, dated 27th Zel Hijja (November 20, 1878), has
reached me. I was pleased to hear tidings of your good
health. The Emperor has caused the British Government to
agree to the continuance of Afghan independence. The
English Ministers have promised this. I earnestly request you
not to leave your kingdom. As far as possible, consider your
own interests, and do not lose your independence. For the
present come to terms with the British Government. If you do
not want to go back to Kabul for this purpose, you can write to
your son, Mahommed Yakub Khan, to make peace with the
English as you may direct him. Do not leave the soil of
Afghanistan at this time, because it will be of benefit to you.
My words are not without truth, because your arrival in
Russian territory will make things worse.”
From General von Kauffman to the Amir of Afghanistan,
received at Mazar-i-Sharif on January 17, 1879.
“I have received your friendly letter, dated 13th Zel Hijja
(December 8, 1878). In that letter you asked me to send as
many troops as could be got ready. I have written to you a
letter to the effect that the Emperor, on account of your
troubles, had communicated with the British Government, and
that the Russian Ambassador at London had obtained a
promise from the British Ministers to the effect that they would
not injure the independence of Afghanistan. Perhaps you sent
your letter before you got mine. Now, I have heard that you
have appointed your son, Mahommed Yakub, as your Regent,
and have come out of Kabul with some troops. I have
received an order from the Emperor to the effect that it is
impossible to assist you with troops now. I hope you will be
fortunate. It all depends on the decree of God. Believe me,
that the friendship which I made with you will be perpetual. It
is necessary to send back General Vozgonoff and his
companions. You can keep Dr. Yuralski with you if you please.
No doubt the doctor will be of use to you and to your
dependents. I hope our friendship will continue to be
strengthened, and that intercourse will be carried on between
us.”
 From General von Kauffman to the Amir Shir Ali, dated
December 29, 1878.
“The Foreign Minister, General Gortchakow, has informed
me by telegraph that the Emperor has directed me to trouble
you to come to Tashkent for the present. I therefore
communicate this news to you with great pleasure; at the
same time, I may mention that I have received no instructions
about your journey to St. Petersburg. My personal interview
with you will increase our friendship greatly.”

Letter from Major-General Ivanoff, Governor of Zerafshan, to the

Heir-Apparent, Mahommed Musa Khan, and others.
“On the 26th of Rabi-ul-Awul, at an auspicious moment, I
received your letter which you sent me, and understood its
contents. I was very much pleased, and at once
communicated it to General Kauffman, the Governor-General.
With regard to what you wrote about the friendly relations
between the Russian and Afghan Governments, and your
own desire for friendship, I have the honour to state that we
are also desirous of being friends. The friendship between the
two Governments existed in the time of the late Amir, and I
hope that it will be increased and strengthened by Amir
Mahommed Yakub Khan.
“May God change the wars in your country to happiness;
may peace reign in it; and may your Government be
strengthened! I have been forwarding all your letters to the
Governor-General, General Kauffman. May God keep you
safe!
“The Zerafshan Province Governor,
“Major-General Ivanoff.”
Written and sealed by the General.
Written on March 29, 1879.
 Treaty between the Russian Government and Amir Shir Ali Khan,
written from memory by Mirza Mahommed Nabbi.
(1) The Russian Government engages that the friendship
of the Russian Government with the Government of Amir Shir
Ali Khan, Amir of All Afghanistan, will be a permanent and
perpetual one.
(2) The Russian Government engages that, as Sirdar
Abdulla Khan, son of the Amir, is dead, the friendship of the
Russian Government with any person whom the Amir may
appoint Heir-Apparent to the throne of Afghanistan, and with
the heir of the Heir-Apparent, will remain firm and perpetual.
(3) The Russian Government engages that if any foreign
enemy attacks Afghanistan, and the Amir is unable to drive
him out, and asks the assistance of the Russian Government,
the Russian Government will repel the enemy, either by
means of advice or by such other means as it may consider
proper.
(4) The Amir of Afghanistan will not wage war with any
foreign Power without consulting the Russian Government,
and without its permission.
(5) The Amir of Afghanistan engages that he will always
report in a friendly manner to the Russian Government what
goes on in his kingdom.
(6) The Amir of Afghanistan will communicate every wish
and important affair of his to General Kauffman, Governor-
General of Turkestan, and the Governor-General will be
authorised by the Russian Government to fulfil the wishes of
the Amir.
(7) The Russian Government engages that the Afghan
merchants who may trade and sojourn in Russian territory will
be safe from wrong, and that they will be allowed to carry
away their profits.
 (8) The Amir of Afghanistan will have the power to send his
servants to Russia to learn arts and trades, and the Russian
officers will treat them with consideration and respect as men
of rank.
(9) (Does not remember.)
(10) I, Major-General Stolietoff Nicholas, being a trusted
Agent of the Russian Government, have made the above-
mentioned Articles between the Russian Government and the
Government of Amir Shir Ali Khan, and have put my seal to
them.
Correspondence between the British and Russian Governments
Respecting the Exclusion of Afghanistan from the Russian
sphere of influence, and settling the Russo-Afghan Frontier of
1872 and 1887.
From time to time the Russian Government has given a series of
assurances that whatever its action in other respects may have
been, it regarded Afghanistan as entirely beyond its sphere of action.
In March 1869, the Earl of Clarendon, then Secretary of State for
Foreign Affairs, informed the British Ambassador at St. Petersburg
that he had received communication of a despatch addressed by the
Russian Chancellor, Prince Gortchakow, to the Russian Ambassador
in London, containing the following declaration:
“You may repeat to her Britannic Majesty’s Principal
Secretary of State the positive assurance that his Imperial
Majesty looks upon Afghanistan as completely outside the
sphere within which Russia may be called upon to exercise
her influence. No intervention or interference whatever,
opposed to the independence of that State, enters into his
intentions.”
On October 17, 1872, Earl Granville addressed to Lord Loftus,
Ambassador at St. Petersburg, the following letter upon the Russo-
Afghan frontier.
“Her Majesty’s Government I have not yet received from
the Cabinet of St. Petersburg communication of the report
which General Kauffman was long since instructed to draw up
on the countries south of the Oxus, which are claimed by the
ruler of Afghanistan as his hereditary possessions. Her
Majesty’s Government have awaited this communication in
full confidence that impartial inquiries instituted by that
distinguished officer would confirm the views they themselves
take of this matter, and so enable the two Governments to
come to a prompt and definitive decision on the question that
has been so long in discussion between them. But as the
expected communication has not reached them, and as they
consider it of importance, both for the maintenance of peace
and tranquillity in Central Asia, and for removing all causes of
misunderstanding between the Imperial Government and
themselves, I will no longer delay making known, through
your Excellency, to the Imperial Government the conclusion at
which her Majesty’s Government have arrived, after carefully
weighing all the evidence before them. In the opinion, then, of
her Majesty’s Government, the right of the Amir of Kabul (Shir
Ali) to the possession of the territories up to the Oxus as far
down as Khoja Saleh is fully established, and they believe,
and have so stated to him through the Indian Government,
that he would have a right to defend these territories if
invaded. On the other hand, her Majesty’s authorities in India
have declared their determination to remonstrate strongly with
the Amir should he evince any disposition to overstep these
limits of his kingdom. Hitherto the Amir has proved most
amenable to the advice offered to him by the Indian
Government, and has cordially accepted the peaceful policy
which they have recommended him to adopt, because the
Indian Government have been able to accompany their
advice with an assurance that the territorial integrity of
Afghanistan would in like manner be respected by those
Powers beyond his frontiers which are amenable to the
influence of Russia. The policy thus happily inaugurated has
produced the most beneficial results in the establishment of
peace in the countries where it has long been unknown. Her
Majesty’s Government believe that it is now in the power of
the Russian Government, by an explicit recognition of the
right of the Amir of Kabul to these territories which he now
claims, which Bokhara herself admits to be his, and which all
evidence as yet produced shows to be in his actual and
effectual possession, to assist the British Government in
perpetuating, so far as it is in human power to do so, the
peace and prosperity of those regions, and in removing for
ever by such means all cause of uneasiness and jealousy
between England and Russia in regard to their respective
policies in Asia.
“For your Excellency’s more complete information I state
the territories and boundaries which her Majesty’s
Government consider as fully belonging to the Amir of Kabul,
viz.:
“(1) Badakshan, with its dependent district of Wakhan, from
the Sarikal (Wood’s Lake) on the east, to the junction of the
Kokcha river with the Oxus (or Penjah), forming the northern
boundary of this Afghan province throughout its entire extent.
“(2) Afghan Turkestan, comprising the districts of Kunduz,
Khulm, and Balkh, the northern boundary of which would be
the line of the Oxus from the junction of the Kokcha river to
the post of the Khoja Saleh, inclusive, on the high road from
Bokhara to Balkh. Nothing to be claimed by the Afghan Amir
on the left bank of the Oxus below Khoja Saleh.
“(3) The internal districts of Aksha, Saripool, Maimana,
Shibherfan, and Andkoi, the latter of which would be the
extreme Afghan frontier possession to the north-west, the
desert beyond belonging to independent tribes of Turcomans.
“(4) The western Afghan frontier between the
dependencies of Herat and those of the Persian province of
Khorassan is well known and need not here be defined. Your
Excellency will give a copy of this despatch to the Russian
Minister for Foreign Affairs.
“I am, etc.,
“Granville.”
 (Reply)

Prince Gortchakow to Count Brunnow (communicated to Earl

Granville by Count Brunnow, February 5, 1873).
“St. Petersburg,
“January 31, 1873.
“M. le Comte,—Lord Augustus Loftus has communicated
to me the reply of her Britannic Majesty’s principal Secretary
of State to our despatch on Central Asia of the 19th
December.
“I enclose a copy of his document.
“We see with satisfaction that the English Cabinet
continues to pursue in those parts the same object as
ourselves, that of ensuring to them peace, and as far as
possible, tranquillity. The divergence which existed in our
views was with regard to the frontiers assigned to the
dominions of Shir Ali. The English Cabinet includes within
them Badakshan and Wakhan, which, according to our views,
enjoyed a certain independence. Considering the difficulty
experienced in establishing the facts in all their details in
those distant parts, considering the greater facilities which the
British Government possesses for collecting precise data,
and, above all, considering our wish not to give to this
question of detail greater importance than is due to it, we do
not refuse to accept the line of boundary laid down by
England. We are the more inclined to this act of courtesy as
the English Government engages to use all her influence with
Shir Ali in order to induce him to maintain a peaceful attitude,
as well as to insist on his giving up all measures of
aggression or further conquests. This influence is
indisputable. It is based not only on the material and moral
ascendency of England, but also on the subsidies for which
Shir Ali is indebted to her. Such being the case, we see in his
assurance a real guarantee for the maintenance of peace.
Your Excellency will have the goodness to make this
declaration to her Britannic Majesty’s principal Secretary of
State, and to give him a copy of this despatch. We are
convinced that Lord Granville will perceive in it a fresh proof
of the value which our august master attaches to the
maintenance and consolidation of the most friendly relations
with the Government of her Majesty Queen Victoria.
“(Signed) Gortchakow.”