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Synagris.—Body rather elongate, covered with ciliated scales of
moderate size. Cleft of the mouth horizontal, with the jaws equal in
length anteriorly. One continuous dorsal, with feeble spines; dorsal
10/9, anal 3/7. Caudal deeply forked. Teeth villiform, with canines at
least in the upper jaw. Infraorbital not armed; præoperculum without,
or with a very indistinct serrature. Cheek with three series of scales.
Branchiostegals six.
Marine fishes of small size; about twenty species are known from
the tropical parts of the Indo-Pacific. Pentapus, Chætopterus, and
Aphareus are allied genera from the same area.
Maena.—Body oblong, compressed, covered with ciliated scales
of moderate size. Mouth very protractile, the intermaxillary pedicles
extending backwards to the occiput. Teeth villiform; minute teeth on
the vomer. One dorsal, scaleless, with feeble spines. D. 11/11, A. 3/9.
Caudal fin forked. Præoperculum without serrature. Branchiostegals
six.
Small fishes from the Mediterranean, known to the ancients;
valueless as food. Three species.
Smaris.—Body oblong or cylindrical, covered with rather small
ciliated scales. Mouth very protractile, the intermaxillary pedicles
extending backwards to the occiput. Teeth villiform. Palate toothless.
One dorsal, scaleless, with eleven or more very feeble spines; anal
with three. Caudal fin forked. Præoperculum without serrature.
Branchiostegals six.
Small fishes from the Mediterranean. Six species.
Cæsio.—Body oblong, covered with ciliated scales of moderate
size. Cleft of the mouth more or less oblique, with the jaws equal in
length anteriorly, or with the lower somewhat projecting. Teeth
villiform; palate generally toothless. One dorsal, with from nine to
thirteen very feeble spines, with the anterior part highest, and the
posterior covered with minute scales. Caudal fin deeply forked.
Præoperculum without, or with minute, serrature.
Small fishes from the Indo-Pacific. Twelve species.
Erythrichthys.—Body elongate, covered with small ciliated
scales. Mouth very protractile, the pedicles of the intermaxillary
extending to the occiput. Dentition quite rudimentary or entirely absent
Two dorsal fins connected by a series of very feeble spines; also the
anterior spines are feeble. Præoperculum not serrated.
Fig. 161.—Erythrichthys nitidus.
Second Family—Squamipinnes.
Body compressed and elevated, covered with scales, either finely
ctenoid or smooth. Lateral line continuous, not continued over the
caudal fin. Mouth in front of the snout, generally small, with lateral
cleft. Eye lateral, of moderate size. Six or seven branchiostegals.
Teeth villiform or setiform, in bands, without canines or incisors.
Dorsal fin consisting of a spinous and soft portion of nearly equal
development; anal with three or four spines, similarly developed as
the soft dorsal, both being many-rayed. The vertical fins more or less
densely covered with small scales. The lower rays of the pectoral fin
branched, not enlarged; ventrals thoracic, with one spine and five
soft rays. Stomach coecal.
The typical forms of this family are readily recognised by the form
of their body, and by a peculiarity from which they derive their name
Squamipinnes; the soft, and frequently also the spinous part of their
dorsal and anal fins are so thickly covered with scales that the
boundary between fins and body is entirely obliterated. The majority
are inhabitants of the tropical seas, and abound chiefly in the
neighbourhood of coral-reefs. The beauty and singularity of
distribution of the colours of some of the genera, as Chætodon,
Heniochus, Holacanthus, is scarcely surpassed by any other group
of fishes. They remain within small dimensions, and comparatively
few are used as food. They are carnivorous, feeding on small
invertebrates. Only a few species enter brackish water.
Extinct representatives of this family are not scarce at Monte
Bolca and in other tertiary formations. All, at least those admitting of
definite determination, belong to existing genera, viz. Holacanthus,
Pomacanthus, Ephippium, Scatophagus. Very singular is the
occurrence of Toxotes in the Monte Bolca strata.
The following genera have no teeth on the palate:—
Chætodon.—One dorsal fin, without any notch in its upper
margin, and with the soft and spinous portions similarly developed;
none of the spines elongate. Snout short or of moderate length.
Præoperculum without, or with a fine, serration, and without spine at
the angle. Scales generally large or of moderate size.
Fig. 167.—Chætodon ephippium.
Seventy species are known from the tropical parts of the Atlantic
and Indo-Pacific, nearly all being beautifully ornamented with bands
or spots. Of the ornamental markings a dark or bicoloured band,
passing through the eye and ascending towards the back, is very
generally found in these fishes; it frequently occurs again in other
marine Acanthopterygians, in which it is not rarely a sign of the
immature condition of the individual. The Chætodonts are most
numerous in the neighbourhood of the coral-reefs of the Indo-Pacific,
the species figured (C. ephippium) being as common in the East
Indian Archipelago as in Polynesia, like many others of its
congeners.
Chelmo differs from Chætodon only in having the snout produced
into a more or less long tube.
Fig. 168.—Chelmo marginalis, from the coast of Australia.
Only four species are known, locally distributed in the tropical
seas. Ch. rostratus, the oldest species known, is said to have the
instinct of throwing a drop of water from its bill so as to light upon
any insect resting on a leaf, and thus make it fall, that it may instantly
dart upon it. This statement is erroneous, and probably rests upon
the mistaken notion that the long bill is especially adapted for this
manœuvre, which, indeed, is practised by another fish of this family
(Toxotes). The long slender bill of Chelmo (which is a true saltwater
fish) rather enables it to draw from holes and crevices animals which
otherwise could not be reached by it.
Heniochus.—One dorsal, with from eleven to thirteen spines, the
fourth of which is more or less elongate and filiform. Snout rather short
or of moderate length. Præoperculum without spine. Scales of
moderate size.
Four species are known from the tropical Indo-Pacific. H.
macrolepidotus is one of the most common fishes of that area; the
species figured (H. varius) retains in a conspicuous manner horn-like
protuberances on bones of the head, with which the young of all the
species of this genus seem to be armed.
Two or three species are known from the warmer parts of the
Atlantic and Indian Oceans. The Atlantic species (E. faber) shows
the remarkable peculiarity that in old specimens (12 and more inches
long) the occipital crest, and sometimes some of the anterior neural
and hæmal spines are enormously enlarged into a globular bony
mass. This can hardly be regarded as a pathological change of the
bone, as it has been found in all old specimens, without exception.
Drepane is allied to Ephippus, but has very long falciform
pectoral fins. The single species D. punctata is common in the Indian
Ocean and on the coasts of Australia. Hypsinotus, from Japan,
appears to inhabit a greater depth than the other Squamipinnes.
Scorpis and Atypichthys are genera distinguished from the
preceding by the presence of vomerine teeth. They belong to the
coast-fauna of Australia, New Zealand, and Chili.
Toxotes.—Body short, compressed, covered with scales of
moderate size. Snout pointed, with a wide lateral mouth and projecting
lower jaw. One dorsal, with five strong spines situated on the posterior
part of the back; the soft portion and the anal fin scaly, the latter with
three spines. Villiform teeth in the jaws, on the vomer and palatine
bones. Scales of moderate size, cycloid.
Two species are known from the East Indies, one (T. jaculator),
which is the more common, ranging to the north coast of Australia. It
has received its name from its habit of throwing a drop of water at an
insect which it perceives close to the surface, in order to make it fall
into it. The Malays, who call it “Ikan sumpit,” keep it in a bowl, in
order to witness this singular habit, which it continues even in
captivity.
Third Family—Mullidæ.
Body rather low and slightly compressed, covered with large thin
scales, without or with an extremely fine serrature. Two long erectile
barbels are suspended from the hyoid, and are received between the
rami of the lower jaw and opercles. Lateral line continuous. Mouth in
front of the snout, with the cleft lateral and rather short; teeth very
feeble. Eye lateral, of moderate size. Two short dorsal fins remote
from each other, the first with feeble spines; anal similar to the
second dorsal. Ventrals with one spine and five rays. Pectorals short.
Branchiostegals four; stomach siphonal.
The “Red Mullets” form a very natural family, which, on account
of slight modifications of the dentition, has been divided into several
sub-genera—Upeneoides, Upeneichthys, Mullus, Mulloides, and
Upeneus. They are marine fishes, but many species enter brackish
water to feed on the animalcules abounding in the flora of brack-
water. About forty different species are known chiefly from tropical
seas, the European species (M. barbatus, see p. 43, Fig. 7),
extending far northwards into the temperate zone. None attain to a
large size, specimens of from two to three lbs. being not common,
but all are highly esteemed as food.
The most celebrated is the European species (of which there is
one only, M. surmuletus being probably the female). The ancient
Romans called it Mullus, the Greeks τριγλη. The Romans priced it
above any other fish; they sought for large specimens far and wide,
and paid ruinous prices for them.
“Mullus tibi quatuor emptus
Librarum, cœnæ pompa caputque fuit,
Exclamare libet, non est hic improbe, non est
Piscis: homo est; hominem, Calliodore, voras.”
Martial, x. 31.
Fourth Family—Sparidæ.
Body compressed, oblong, covered with scales, the serrature of
which is very minute, and sometimes altogether absent. Mouth in
front of the snout, with the cleft lateral. Eye lateral, of moderate size.
Either cutting teeth in front of the jaws, or molar teeth on the side;
palate generally toothless. One dorsal fin, formed by a spinous and
soft portion of nearly equal development. Anal fin with three spines.
The lower rays of the pectoral fin are generally branched, but in one
genus simple. Ventrals thoracic, with one spine and five rays.
The “Sea-breams” are recognised chiefly by their dentition, which
is more specialised than in the preceding families, and by which the
groups, into which this family has been divided, are characterised.
They are inhabitants of the shores of all the tropical and temperate
seas. Their coloration is very plain. They do not attain to a large size,
but the majority are used as food.
The extinct forms found hitherto are rather numerous; the oldest
come from the cretaceous formation of Mount Lebanon; some
belong to living genera, as Sargus, Pagellus; of others from Eocene
and Miocene formations no living representative is known—
Sparnodus, Sargodon, Capitodus, Soricidens, Asima.
First Group—Cantharina.—More or less broad cutting,
sometimes lobate, teeth in front of the jaws; no molars or vomerine
teeth; the lower pectoral rays are branched. Partly herbivorous,
partly carnivorous. The genera belonging to this group are:—
Cantharus from the European and South African coasts, of which
one species (C. lineatus), is common on the coasts of Great Britain,
and locally known by the names “Old Wife,” “Black Sea-bream;” Box,
Scatharus, and Oblata from the Mediterranean and neighbouring
parts of the Atlantic; Crenidens and Tripterodon from the Indian
Ocean; Pachymetopon, Dipterodon, and Gymnocrotaphus from the
Cape of Good Hope; Girella and Tephræops from Chinese,
Japanese, and Australian Seas; Doydixodon from the Galapagos
Islands and the coasts of Peru.