Border Games The Politics of Policing

the U S Mexico Divide 3rd Edition Peter

Andreas
Visit to download the full and correct content document:
https://ebookmeta.com/product/border-games-the-politics-of-policing-the-u-s-mexico-
divide-3rd-edition-peter-andreas/
More products digital (pdf, epub, mobi) instant
download maybe you interests ...

No One Is Illegal Fighting Racism and State Violence on

the U S Mexico Border Justin Akers Chacón

https://ebookmeta.com/product/no-one-is-illegal-fighting-racism-
and-state-violence-on-the-u-s-mexico-border-justin-akers-chacon/

Policing the Second Amendment: Guns, Law Enforcement,

and the Politics of Race 3rd Edition Jennifer Carlson

https://ebookmeta.com/product/policing-the-second-amendment-guns-
law-enforcement-and-the-politics-of-race-3rd-edition-jennifer-
carlson/

The Globalization of Evidence Based Policing

Innovations in Bridging the Research Practice Divide
1st Edition Eric L. Piza

https://ebookmeta.com/product/the-globalization-of-evidence-
based-policing-innovations-in-bridging-the-research-practice-
divide-1st-edition-eric-l-piza/

The Complete Idiot s Guide to U S Government and

Politics Scardino Franco

https://ebookmeta.com/product/the-complete-idiot-s-guide-to-u-s-
government-and-politics-scardino-franco/
Coloniality of the US Mexico Border Power Violence and
the Decolonial Imperative 1st Edition Roberto D
Hernández

https://ebookmeta.com/product/coloniality-of-the-us-mexico-
border-power-violence-and-the-decolonial-imperative-1st-edition-
roberto-d-hernandez/

U S Museum Histories and the Politics of Interpretation

Never Neutral 1st Edition Laura Schiavo.

https://ebookmeta.com/product/u-s-museum-histories-and-the-
politics-of-interpretation-never-neutral-1st-edition-laura-
schiavo/

Media Central American Refugees and the U S Border

Crisis Security Discourses Immigrant Demonization and
the Perpetuation of Violence 1st Edition Robin Andersen

https://ebookmeta.com/product/media-central-american-refugees-
and-the-u-s-border-crisis-security-discourses-immigrant-
demonization-and-the-perpetuation-of-violence-1st-edition-robin-
andersen/

The Punitive City Privatized Policing and Protection in

Neoliberal Mexico 1st Edition Markus Michael Müller

https://ebookmeta.com/product/the-punitive-city-privatized-
policing-and-protection-in-neoliberal-mexico-1st-edition-markus-
michael-muller/

The Other Divide Polarization and Disengagement in

American Politics Yanna Krupnikov

https://ebookmeta.com/product/the-other-divide-polarization-and-
disengagement-in-american-politics-yanna-krupnikov/
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
The Project Gutenberg eBook of The plums of
New York
 This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United
States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away
or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License
included with this ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you
are not located in the United States, you will have to check the
laws of the country where you are located before using this
eBook.

Title: The plums of New York

Author: U. P. Hedrick

Contributor: W. H. Alderman
Maxwell Jay Dorsey
O. M. Taylor
R. Wellington

Release date: January 21, 2024 [eBook #72770]

Language: English

Original publication: United States: J. B. Lyon Company, 1911

Credits: Steven Giacomelli, Mark C. Orton and the Online

Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net
(This file was produced from images produced by Core
Historical Literature in Agriculture (CHLA), Cornell
University)

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE PLUMS

OF NEW YORK ***
 WILLIAM ROBERT PRINCE

State of New York—Department of Agriculture

Eighteenth Annual Report—Vol. 3—Part II
 THE
PLUMS OF NEW YORK
BY
U. P. HEDRICK
ASSISTED BY

R. WELLINGTON
O. M. TAYLOR
W. H. ALDERMAN
M. J. DORSEY

Report of the New York Agricultural Experiment Station for the Year 1910
II
ALBANY
J. B. LYON COMPANY, STATE PRINTERS
1911

NEW YORK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION,

Geneva, N. Y., December 31, 1910.
To the Honorable Board of Control of the New York Agricultural
Experiment Station:
Gentlemen:—I have the honor to transmit herewith Part II of the report
of this institution for the year 1910, to be known as The Plums of New
York. This constitutes the third in the series of fruit publications that is
being prepared under your authority.
The data embodied in the volume are the result of long-continued
studies and observations at this institution as well as throughout the State,
to which has been added a large amount of information that commercial
plum-growers have very kindly furnished. The attempt has been made to
produce a monograph including all the cultivated plums, and it is hoped
that the result will be recognized as a worthy advance in the literature of
this class of fruits.
W. H. JORDAN,
Director.
 PREFACE
The Plums of New York is the third monograph of the fruits of this
region published by the New York Agricultural Experiment Station.
The aims of these books have been stated in full in The Grapes of
New York, but it is considered best to re-state some of these briefly
and to indicate some features in which the book on plums differs
from the one on grapes.
Broadly speaking, the aim has been to make The Plums of New
York a record of our present knowledge of cultivated plums. The
book has been written for New York but its contents are so general in
character that the work applies to the whole country and more or
less to the world. The first chapter is a historical account and a
botanical classification of plums; the second, a discussion of the
present status of plum-growing in America; while the third and fourth
are devoted to varieties of plums. The first and last two of these
chapters contain the synonymy and bibliography of the species and
varieties of plums. In the foot-notes running through the book
biographical sketches are given of the persons who have contributed
most to plum culture in America; here may be found also matters
pertaining to plums not properly included in the text but necessary
for its best understanding. Important varieties, so considered from
various standpoints, with the bark and the flowers of several species,
are illustrated in colors.
The Plums of New York is a horticultural and not a botanical work.
But in a study of the fruit from a horticultural standpoint one must of
necessity consider botanical relationships. It is hoped that in this
enforced systematic study of plums, however, something has been
added to the botanical knowledge of this fruit. In classifying the
varieties and species, to show their characters and relationships, the
author has chosen to dispose of the groups in accordance with his
own views though the arrangement adopted is, for most part,
scarcely more than a modification of existing classifications.
 Attention must be called to the indefiniteness of species and
varieties of plums due chiefly to the extreme responsiveness of the
plants to environment. On each side of the specific or varietal types
there are wide ranges of variation. Since the relationships between
types are often very close it is impossible to avoid some confusion in
characters, for outliers of the types cannot but overlap. It might be
well said that these outliers are connecting links and that groups so
connected should be combined, but this would make specific division
of the genus and varietal division of the species almost impossible.
The groups must, therefore, be separated along more or less
arbitrary lines. But such arbitrary separation does not prevent natural
groups, if nature be broadly interpreted.
The chief value of the work in hand lies in its discussion of
varieties. In the descriptions the aim has been to give as tersely as
possible an idea of all of the characters of the plums described. With
very few exceptions the technical descriptions of varieties are
original and were made by those who have taken active part in the
preparation of this book. Nearly all of the varieties having full
descriptions grow on the Station grounds but whenever possible
specimens of each variety from different localities have been
compared with those growing here.
A special effort has been made to give as exactly as possible the
regions in which the species and varieties of plums grow. Such an
effort is made under the belief that this knowledge is of great value in
the study of the factors which govern the distribution of wild and
domesticated plants. If the boundaries of the regions in which a few
scores of varieties of the several fruits grow can be accurately
established valuable generalizations can be drawn regarding life
zones and plant distribution.
The reader should know what considerations have governed the
selection of varieties for color-plates and full descriptions. These are:
(1) The known value of the variety for the commercial or amateur
grower. (2) The probable value of new varieties. (3) To furnish data
for the plum-breeder; to show combinations of species or varieties,
or new characters, or the range in variation. (4) Some sorts have
been described because of historical value—to better show what the
trend of plum evolution has been. (5) To indicate the relationships of
species and varieties. The varieties are divided into three groups
according to their importance as gauged from the standpoints given
above.
In botanical nomenclature the code adopted by the American
botanists in Philadelphia in 1904 and modified by the International
Botanical Congress at Vienna in 1905, has been used. For
horticultural names, lacking a better code, the revised rules of the
American Pomological Society have been followed, though in a few
cases we have not seen fit to follow the rules of this society, as the
changes required by their strict observance would have brought
much confusion. Only those who have to work with a great number
of varieties of fruit can know the chaotic conditions of our
pomological nomenclature. One of the aims of the work in hand is to
set straight in some degree the great confusion in plum names.
All synonyms of varieties have been given so far as they could be
determined but it did not seem worth while to give all of the
references to be found even in standard plum literature. Fewer of
these are listed for the leading varieties than in the books on apples
or grapes which have preceded, only such being given as have been
found of use by the writers or thought of possible use to future plum
students. On the other hand some references have been given for all
varieties, a task not attempted in The Grapes of New York.
As in the preceding books the color-plates have been given much
attention. Work and expense have not been spared to make the
plates the best possible with the present knowledge of color-printing.
Yet the illustrations are not exact reproductions. The colors are, at
best, only approximations; for it is impossible by mechanical
processes to reproduce Nature’s delicate tints and shades. The
camera does not take colors as the human eye sees them; and the
maker of the copper plate can not quite reproduce all that the
camera has taken. The colors then depend on the judgment of the
printer, who by selecting and mingling colored inks, reproduces as
nearly as his materials permit, the shades in his eye and mind; but
no two persons see exactly the same colors in any object; so his
conception may differ much from that of the horticulturist or artist
who saw the original plum, as do theirs from each other. Still it is
hoped that the color-plates will be of great service in illustrating the
text. All of the plums from which the plates were made came from
the Station grounds; the illustrations, with a few exceptions which are
noted, are of life size, as grown under the conditions existing at this
place, and as far as possible all are from specimens of average size
and color.
Acknowledgments are due in particular to the plum-growers of
New York who have furnished much information for The Plums of
New York; to numerous institutions in all parts of the United States
who have loaned botanical specimens; to Professor Charles
Sprague Sargent for advice, information and the use of the Arnold
Arboretum library and herbarium; to W. F. Wight of the United States
Department of Agriculture, who has given most valuable assistance
in describing the species of plums and in giving their range; to the
Station Editor, F. H. Hall, who has had charge of the proof-reading; to
Zeese-Wilkinson and Company, New York City, for their care and
skill in making the color-plates; and to the J. B. Lyon Company,
Albany, New York, for their careful work in the mechanical
construction of the book.
U. P. HEDRICK,
Horticulturist, New York Agricultural Experiment Station.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
Preface v
Index to Illustrations ix
Chapter I.—Edible Plums 1
Chapter II.—Plum Culture 100
Chapter III.—Leading Varieties of Plums 136
Chapter IV.—Minor Varieties of Plums 391
Bibliography, References and Abbreviations 573
Index 581
 INDEX TO ILLUSTRATIONS
Portrait of William Robert Prince Frontispiece
FACING PAGE
Abundance 136
Agen 138
America 142
Ames 144
Apple 146
Arch Duke 148
Arctic 150
Arkansas 152
Autumn Compote 154
Bavay 156
Belle 158
Black Bullace 162
Bradshaw 166
Burbank 170
Chabot 172
Cheney 176
Climax 178
De Caradeuc 188
De Soto 190
Diamond 192
Downing 194
Drap d’Or 194
Duane 196
Englebert 204
Field 208
Forest Garden 210
Forest Rose 210
Freestone 212
French 214
Georgeson 218
German Prune 220
Giant 222
Golden 224
Golden Beauty 226
Golden Drop 228
Goliath 232
Grand Duke 234
Gueii 236
Hale 238
Hammer 238
Hand 240
Hawkeye 242
Hudson 244
Hungarian 246
Ickworth 248
Imperial Gage 252
Italian Prune 254
Jefferson 256
Juicy 258
Late Orleans 266
Lombard 268
Maquoketa 272
Marianna 274
McLaughlin 276
Middleburg 278
Monarch 286
Newman 292
New Ulm 294
October 298
Oren 300
Oullins 304
Pacific 306
Pearl 310
Peters 312
Pond 314
Pottawattamie 316
Prunus americana, Blossoms of 56
Prunus americana, Bark of 6
Prunus cerasifera, Blossoms of 46
Prunus cerasifera, Bark of 6
Prunus domestica, Blossoms of 12
Prunus domestica, Bark of 6
Prunus hortulana, Blossoms of 64
Prunus hortulana, Bark of 6
Prunus hortulana mineri, Blossoms of 68
Prunus hortulana mineri, Bark of 6
Prunus insititia, Blossoms of 34
Prunus insititia, Bark of 6
Prunus munsoniana, Blossoms of 88
Prunus munsoniana, Bark of 6
Prunus nigra, Blossoms of 70
Prunus nigra, Bark of 6
Prunus triflora, Blossoms of 50
Prunus triflora, Bark of 6
Quackenboss 320
Robinson 330
Satsuma 338
Shipper 342
Shiro 344
Shropshire 344
Smith Orleans 348
Spaulding 350
Sugar 354
Surprise 356
Tennant 358
Tragedy 360
Victoria 364
Voronesh 366
Washington 368
Wayland 370
White Bullace 374
Wickson 376
Wild Goose 378
Wolf 380
Wood 382
World Beater 384
Yellow Egg 386
THE PLUMS OF NEW YORK
 CHAPTER I
EDIBLE PLUMS

THE GENUS PRUNUS

The great genus Prunus includes plums, cherries, almonds,
apricots, peaches, and the evergreen cherries or cherry laurels. Its
widely distributed species number a hundred or more for the world,
nearly all of which belong north of the equator. The species of the
genus are widely distributed in both the eastern and western
hemispheres, the flora of eastern America and of western Asia being
especially rich in species and individuals. For most part the species
of Prunus belong to the Temperate Zone, but several of the
evergreen cherries, usually grouped in a section under
Laurocerasus, are found in the tropics and sub-tropics.
The species cultivated for their edible fruits are found only in the
Temperate Zone of the Northern Hemisphere. Of these the peach
and the almond are believed to have come from eastern and
southeastern Asia; the apricot is thought to be a native of northern
China; the wild forms of the cultivated cherries are Eurasian plants,
very generally distributed in the regions to the northward where the
two continents meet. The habitats of the cultivated plums are given
in detail in the text that follows, as Asia, Europe and America.
Presumably the genus had its origin in some of the above regions;
but where the center is from which the species radiated can never be
known. Indeed, with present knowledge it cannot be said in what
region Prunus has most species, is most productive of individuals, or
shows highest development and greatest variability,—facts which
might give some evidence as to the origin of the genus. It is probable
that the greatest number of combinations of the above evidences
can be shown for Asia and more especially for the Eurasian region,
where Europe and Asia meet; yet North America has two score or
more indigenous species about half of which are arborescent.
The history of the genus Prunus is one of continual changes. Of
the botanists who have done most toward classifying plants, Ray,
Tournefort, Dillenius and Boerhaave, pre-Linnaean botanists, placed
only the plum in Prunus. Linnaeus adopted the name used by his
predecessors for the plum alone, for a genus in which he also placed
plums and cherries. Adanson and Jussieu returned to the pre-
Linnaean classification but Gaertner followed the grouping of
Linnaeus. Necker, DeCandolle, Roemer and Decaisne held that the
plum alone belongs in Prunus. Bentham & Hooker, Gray and his co-
workers in the several revisions of his botany, and Engler & Prantl,
great authorities of the Nineteenth Century, extend the genus to
include all of the stone-fruits. On the other hand, Britton and Brown,
in their recent flora of northern United States and of Canada restrict
the group to plums and cherries. Horticulturists have been less
divided in their opinions than the botanists and have very generally
placed all of the stone-fruits in one genus. The diversity of views as
to what plants belong in Prunus, indicated above, suggests that the
differences separating the several stone-fruits may not be many nor
very distinct. This is true, and makes necessary a discussion of the
characters which distinguish these fruits.
The flowers of true plums are borne on stems in fascicled umbels
and appear either before the leaves or with or after them. Flowers of
the cultivated cherries are similarly borne, though the fascicles are
corymbose rather than umbelliferous. But apricot, peach and almond
flowers are stemless or nearly so and solitary or borne in pairs
appearing before the leaves.
The fruits of plums and cherries are globular or oblong, fleshy,
very juicy, with smooth or slightly hairy skins. Peaches, apricots and
almonds are more sulcate or grooved than plums and cherries and
the first two have juicy flesh, but that of the almond is dry and hard or
skin-like, splitting at maturity thereby liberating the stone; these last
three fruits are distinguished from plums and cherries by having very
pubescent or velvety skins though rarely, as in the nectarine, a
botanical variety of the peach, and in a few cultivated apricots, the
skins are smooth.
The stone of the plum is usually compressed, longer than broad,
smooth or roughened, thickish and with an acute margin along the
ventral suture and thinnish or grooved on the dorsal suture. The
stone of the cherry is usually globular, always much thickened,
smooth or a very little roughened, ridged and grooved on the ventral
suture, with a thin, scarcely raised sharp margin on the dorsal
suture. The stone of the apricot is similar to that of the plum though
thicker walled, with a more conspicuous winged margin, and is
sometimes pitted. The stone of the peach is compressed, usually
with very thick walls, much roughened and deeply pitted. In the
almond the stone resembles in general characters the peach-stone,
but all almond shells are more or less porous and often fibrous on
the inner surfaces. The stone is the part for which the almond is
cultivated and is most variable, the chief differences being that some
have thick hard shells and others thin soft shells.
The leaves of plums are convolute, or rolled up, in the bud. Cherry,
peach and almond leaves are conduplicate, that is are folded
lengthwise along the midrib in bud while the leaves of the apricot,
like those of the plum, are convolute. The manner in which the
leaves are packed in the bud is a fine mark of distinction in stone-
fruits. In size and shape of leaves, as well as in the finer marks of
these organs, the botanist and pomologist find much to aid in
distinguishing species and varieties but little that holds in separating
the sub-genera. The last statement holds true with the floral organs
also.
The near affinity of the stone-fruits is further shown by the fact that
plums and apricots, plums and cherries, and the several species of
each of the distinct fruits inter-hybridize without much difficulty. It is a
fact well-known that hybrids often surpass their parents in vigor of
plant and in productiveness and this has proved true with most of the
hybrids in Prunus of which we have accounts, thereby giving
promise of improved forms of these plants through hybridizing. The
great variation in wild and cultivated native plums is possibly due to
more or less remote hybridity.