(Hau 50 AR) BRBCERT SS : D~ OOP RBEARLE SY, For examinee for whom Japanese is a second language: Summarize the following statement in 250 words or less in English. PHYSICAL ACTIVITY RECOMMENDATION In adults (aged 18-64 years), what is the association between physical activity and health-related outcomes? © The association between physical activity and all-cause mortality and cardiovascular disease mortality in adults is already well-established. Findings from recent reviews reaffirmed that compared with the lowest levels of physical activity, higher levels of physical activity were associated with a lower risk of mortality. New evidence from studies using device-based measures of physical activity reaffirmed and extended the evidence showing that ‘compared with the lowest levels of physical activity, any level and all intensities (including light intensity) of physical activity, were associated with a lower risk of mortality. New evidence also reaffirmed the well-established inverse relationship between physical activity and cardiovascular disease mortality. @® The benefits of physical activity for reducing cardiovascular disease and hypertension incidence is well-documented. Physical activity promotes many physiological responses that cause beneficial short- and long-term autonomic and haemodynamic adaptations, resulting in lowered risk of hypertension, which is a key risk factor for cardiovascular disease. The inverse association between physical activity and developing type 2 diabetes in adults is well-established. Recent evidence reaffirmed an inverse curvilinear relationship between. higher volumes of physical activity and incidence of type 2 diabetes, with a decreasing slope ‘at higher levels of physical activity. A new review found that this effect is consistent across individuals of different backgrounds with a reduced risk of developing type-2 diabetes in “highest” versus “lowest” levels of physical activity among non-Hispanic whites Asians, Hispanics, and American Indians, although the effect among non-Hispanic blacks was not gnificant, Evidence suggests there is no effect modification by weight status and that the inverse relationship between a higher volume of physical activity and lower incidence of type? diabetes exists for people who have normal weight, overweight or obesity. @ The associations between higher levels of physical activity and reduced risks of colon cancer and breast cancer have been well-established. In previous reviews of the evidence. higher levels of physical activity have been found to be associated with a reduced risk ofdeveloping breast cancer and colon cancer, Following an extensive increase in physical activity and cancer research, there is new evidence demonstrating higher levels of physical activity are also associated with reduced risk of developing bladder, endometrial, oesophageal adenocarcinoma, gastric and renal cancers, as well as reaffirming that physical activity is protective for breast cancer and colon cancer. Higher levels of physical activity are associated with risk reductions ranging from approximately 10-20%. There is insufficient evidence on creased physical activity and decreased risks of hematologic, head and neck, ovary, pancreas, prostate, thyroid, rectal and brain cancer. While evidence suggests the association between a reduction in risk of lung cancer between the highest versus lowest levels of physical activity, these findings may be confounded by tobacco use and it was determined that overall, there is insufficient evidence to establish an associati Research on physical activity and mental health, cognition and sleep has increased substantially since the development of the 2010 Global recommendations on physical activity for health. At that time, there was sufficient evidence to conclude only that physical activity may reduce the risk of depression and cognitive decline in adults, @ New evidence reviewed for these guidelines showed that adults engaging in higher versus lower physical activity are at reduced risk of developing anxiety and depression. For example, adults with high, versus low, levels of physical activity were at reduced odds of developing anxiety or depression. Greater amounts of. moderate- to vigorous-intensity physical activity are associated with improvements in cognition, brain function and structure, and a reduced risk of developing cognitive impairment, including Alzheimer’s disease. The evidence included several adult populations representing a gradient of normal to impaired cognitive health status and the beneficial effects of physical activity were reported across a variety of types, including aerobic activity, walking, muscle-sirengthening. activity, and yoga. There is e sleep and health-related quality of life outcomes in adults. Evidence examining physical activity jence that both acute bouts and regular physical activity improve and symptoms of depression, symptoms of anxiety, and the development of anxiety and depression indicated that physical activity was associated with reduced symptoms of anxiety and reduced symptoms of depression. All physical activity comes with some risk. Evidence from a commissioned review on the adverse effects, injuries and harms associated with leisure physical activity in adults suggests an unfavorable association between levels of leisure- ime physical activity and musculoskeletal injuries, and a favorable relationship between leisure time physical activity and risk of fracture and onset of knee or hip osteoarthritis. Additional existing evidence indicates sudden cardiac adverse events are rare and associated with acute sessions of relatively vigorous intensity physical activity. Generally, the risks of adverse events are ver low with moderate-intensity physical activity and when increases in physical activity frequency, intensity and duration are gradual. WHO guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behavior (25 November 2020 | Guideline LVR LCA, MEKRAWMKERKERELHRA PLR <2023 ERE H2K> AFR BB Re we GEAR) 2 (BEAR 50 AK, BAB CRRT SS: TRBZMRLA SY. Examinee, Japanese as a second language: Summarize the following article within 200 words in English. Inhalational Induction Overview ‘The first successful public demonstration of the inhalational induction of anesthesia took place in the surgical amphitheater of Massachusetts General Hospital on October 16, 1846. The news spread around the world as fast as sailing ships could travel and convinced medical communities everywhere that painless surgery was possible. The occasion, which is considered to be one of the most important events in the history of medicine, was commemorated in 1868 with the installation of the Ether Monument in the Boston Public Garden. Today, inducing general anesthesia through the inhalation of anesthetic gases remains an important technique in a variety of situations. Pharmacokinetic Principles Commonly used, potent inhaled anesthetics, such as sevoflurane, are nonionized halogenated ethers with low molecular weight that cross semipermeable membranes easily by means of simple diffusion. Nitrous oxide, another inhaled anesthetic, is an inorganic compound with low potency that can be used as an adjunct to more potent agents. Nitrous oxide, which is administered in a much higher concentration than potent inhaled anesthetics, can rapidly expand gas*filled spaces. It should be avoided in patients with pneumothorax, pneumocephalus, or intestinal obstruction and in those at risk for venous or arterial air embolism, The uptake of inhaled anesthetics is a passive process. The speed of uptake is determined by the solubility of the veolar cone: gradient, and the area and thickness of the alveolar membrane. Figure shows the process of anesthetic uptake, which is represented by the ratio of the fractional alveolar concentration of anesthetic (FA) to the fractional concentration of inspired anesthetic (FI) over time. ‘The rate of increase in the ratio of FA to FI is determined by the amount of anesthetic that is delivered to the lungs and the amount that is removed from the lungs by the blood. Thus, during induction, the lower the solubility of the inhaledanesthetic, the faster the rise in alveolar concentration. Once the inflection point of the curve has been reached, the rate at which the anesthetic is removed from the lungs slows, nd the ratio of FA to FI progressively approaches a val Infants and children have a more rapid rise in the ratio of FA to FI than adults. This difference is attributed to the greater ratio of alveolar ventilation to functional residual capacity and the lower tissue solubility in infants and children than in adults, among other factors. Acommon means of expediting the induction of anesthesia with inhaled anesthetics is the administration of a concentration of anesthetic that is higher than the desire et alveolar concentration, Anesthetic from the lungs across the alveolar-capill into the systemic circulation. Arterial blood delivers the anesthetic rapidly to highly pe s, including the brain, which is the primary site of action for the production of general anesthesia. Over time, the anesthetic concentration also rises in muscle, fat, and other poorly perfused tissues, such as bone and ligaments. ‘The concentration of an inhaled anesthetic in a given tissue at any point in time depends on the alveolar and arterial partial pressures of the agent, the amount of blood flowing to the tissue, and the solubility of the agent. In the United States, the anesthetic agent thi monly used for inhalational induction is sevoflurane, Desflurane and isoflurane are poorly tolerated owing to their ungeney, and nitr ide is not potent enough to be used alone for the purpose of inhalational induction. Inhaled anesthetic uptake 10 Nitrous oxide Sevoflurane FA:FI 0.5 Isoflurane 0.0 10 20 30 Time (min) Conley ©, et al. N Eng J Med 2022;387:e19£ DHk¥ELC3IB, —ioeaeMs yt 2017 05,09 MER 2 OFF BE ABLATED PAE LIE (FEES) AE MBE GEICAMAR) 1 (LAR 5 OR) KORKE ARE Lo Over the past 20 years, a large number of studies have refined our understanding of how neuroendocrine networks detect internal energy availability and modulate behavioral circuits controlling energy intake to maintain energy homeostasis. Food intake is also driven by factors independent of intemal energy balance. This is well illustrated by the contribution of the sensory and hedonic value of a diet to the control of energy intake independently of energy homeostasis. In addition, the need for specific macronutrients or nutrients can affect appetite and food choices, but the mechanisms underlying how individual macronutrients influence feeding behavior or how appetite for specific macronutrients/nutrients influences energy intake remain unclear. Ensuring sufficient consumption of protein is essential for growth, reproduction, and species survival. Animals, ‘from insects to mammals, have evolved mechanisms to ensure quantitatively and qualitatively adequate protein intake, Detection of lack or abundance of single amino acids can have profound acute and chronic effects on feeding behavior and food preference. In addition, within a certain range, dietary protein content is a determinant of total energy intake. Moderately low-protein diets are associated with an increase in energy intake, adjusted to match minimum requirements for nitrogen and essential amino acids. Conversely, high-protein diets reduce energy intake, presumably to prevent excessive amino acid levels potentially toxic for the brain. This remarkable bidirectional adjustment of energy intake based on dietary protein content has been proposed to target a protein intake of 15% across multiple species from insects to humans and supports the idea that protein intake is regulated by homeostatic mechanisms somewhat independent of energy intake or intake of carbohydrate and fat. (Heeley N & Blouet C. Front Enderinol. 2016;7:148 3: 9) PR: HALORURICMT STH. WAT 5 7 RECREM (nitrogen) RHO RAMA FBO SMBRREK CH, hedonic value +12 [UK IVYLA |, energy homeostasis ti HRI OMERF. energy availability (L-RVY—A AE CH.2 OER ADT APA PRET RAEL IR (ESE) ARR KR i GOR 2 (AR 5 OAR) ROR BA SOBM TH. MRL TERL Democrat Hillary Clinton's campaign will take part in a recount of Wisconsin votes in the U.S. presidential race, an effort Republican winner Donald Trump called “ridiculous” on Saturday. Wisconsin's election board on Friday approved the recount requested by Green Party candidate Jill Stein. She has said she wants to guarantee the integrity of the USS. voting system since computer hacking had marked the Nov. 8 election. Mare lias, the Clinton campaign counsel, said the campaign would take part in the recount in ‘Wisconsin as well as in the other battleground states of Pennsylvania and Michigan if recounts were mounted there, Elias said in a statement on the Medium website that the Clinton campaign had not planned to seek a recount since its own investigation had failed to turn up any sign of hacking of voting systems. “But now that a recount has been initiated in Wisconsin, we intend to participate in order to ensure the process proceeds in a manner that is fair to all sides,” Elias said.Clinton’s campaign should be legally represented in Wisconsin to be able to monitor the recount, he said.In a statement, Trump said the three states had been won by wide margins, including by more than 70,000 votes in Pennsylvania, ‘The recount is a “scam by the Green Party for an election that has already been conceded,” he said.The $7 million Stein has sought to raise for the recounts is a way “to fill her coffers with money, most of which she will never even spend on this ridiculous recount,” he said. Although Trump won the Electoral College tally, Clinton will have won the national popular vote by more than 2 million ballots when the final results are in, Stein has raised $5.8 million of the $7 million needed to cover fees and legal costs for the three recounts, according to her campaign website, The deadline for filing a recount bid in Pennsylvania is Monday. The voting margins make it highly unlikely any recounts would end up giving Clinton a win in all three states, which would be needed for the overall election result to 7/3 OKPINICBHEDT FAW ELRY TOM (AY 7 Nea) Kee LSI)SPAR 2 5 BEART AEA BR EOE LE APRIL 3 GEXCAIR) 3 (im = 25) KORLEMREL. Vemurafenib (also known as PLX4032) is a promising drug. Newly approved by the US Food and Drug Administration, it is currently the best prospect against metastatic melanoma, the deadliest form of skin cancer. The drug selectively inhibits an oncogenic form of B-RAF, a protein that drives cell proliferation. Unfortunately, most patients acquire resistance to vemurafenib within a year of treatment. All modes of resistance discovered so far involve circumvention of this mutant B-RAF, But a research group in NY reports a new mechanism of resistance — enhanced dimerization of the kinase domain of mutant B-RAF, Dimerization normally activates the wild-type protein. ‘Gain-of-function’ mutations in the B-RAF gene are found in about 50% of human melanomas, and its sustained expression is required for tumour-cell proliferation and survival. ‘Therefore, extensive efforts have ‘been devoted to developing selective B-RAF inhibitors,. especially those that, like vemurafenib, target its most prevalent oncogenic variant, B-RARV®¥, Tn normal cells, B-RAF functions in the RAS/ERK molecular signalling pathway, which has a prominent role in regulating proliferation and survival. The minimum components of. this pathway are a cell-membrane-associated protein, RAS, and three protein kinases — @ RAF family member (such as B-RAF), MEK and ERK — which convey RAS signals along the pathway. On association with signal-activated RAS, the kinase domains. of two RAF proteins form a dimer, resulting in their activation. (Nature 480,329-330. (2011) News & Views &Y a zeta) Be: PLX4032 (vemurafenib) HG BHERME REMI RAD TECHS.MPa 2 5 AE SEAT A EAS BERETA RHEL EL AFRINE FA GEAR) 4 (@A 25K) KORLEMREK. ‘Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS, also known as Lou Gehrig's disease) is a relentlessly progressive and ultimately fatal adultonset disorder characterized pathologically by the degeneration of motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord. ALS is familial in 5 to 10% of cases (FALS) with an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance. Mutations in CulZn superoxide dismutase (SOD!) are known to cause ALS, and are detected in - 20% of FALS and 3% of sporadic ALS (SALS) cases. Mice transgenic for mutant human SOD1 develop selective motor neuron degeneration because ofa toxic gain of function, Pure FALS kindreds have been linked to chromosome 18q, 16q, and 2p. Other dominant kindreds that have @ phenotypic spectrum ranging from pure ALS to pure frontotemporal lobar dementia (FTLD) and individuals who have features of both disorders have been linked to chromosome 9p and 9g, but no pathogenic mutations have been identified in these kindreds. The presence of ubiqulinated inclusions (UBIS) in the perikaryon and proximal axon of surviving épinal motor neurons is the pathological hallmark of ALS and indicates a failure of the proteasome to recycle damaged proteins: UBIs are also prominent In cortical neurons within the frontal and temporal lobes in patients with r-negative frontotemporal lobar dementia (FTLD-U). Many individuals, who present with a pure ALS. phenotype will have pathological features of FTLD-U and vice versa, Which also provides a circumstantial link between FTLD and ALS. The TAR DNA binding protein (TOP-43) is the major protein in UBIs in FTLD-U and ALS, (Science 319,1668-1672. (2008) £4 ae sit) BY : Lou Gehrig NU — + VA A+ F—VyF (1903-1941) tk, KAY YTB ETCH TORAR EIA S 111 7 ORESPM 2 SARK MTA ERS ERA LE KFBRA Hi COCA) 1 (ask 2 Sa) KORE AIR Lo . Use of CTT scans in children to deliver cumulative doses of about 50 mGy might almost triple the risk of leukaemia and doses of about 60 mGy might triple the risk of brain cancer. Because these cancers are relatively rare, the cumulative absolute risks are small: in the 10 years after the first scan for patients younger than 10 years, one excess case of leukaemia and one excess case of brain tumour per 10 000 head CT scans is estimated to occur. Novertholess, although clinical benefits should outweigh the small absolute risks, radiation doses from CT scans ought to be kept as low as possible and alternative procedures, which do not involve ionising radiation, should be considered if appropriate. Hig: Lancet. 2012 Jun 7. [Epub ahead of print]SPAR 2 5 ARHERUR TH AEA De EER EE BRS AERBME KE GOCHIR) 2 (AR 25D) KORE, PADMA EMRE Le Ethical Considerations in the Conduct and Reporting of Research. Authorship — Byline authors ‘An “author” is generally considered to be someone who has made substantive intellectual contributions to a published study, and biomedical authorship continues to have important academic, social, and financial implications. In the past, readers were rarely provided with information about contributions to studies from persons listed as authors and in Acknowledgments. Some journals now request and publish information about the contributions of each person named as having participated in a submitted study, at least for original research. Editors are strongly encouraged to develop and implement a contributorship policy, as well as a policy on identifying who is responsible for the integrity of the work as a whole. While conitributorship and guarantorship policies obviously remove much of the ambiguity surrounding contributions, they leave unresolved the question of the quantity and quality of contribution that qualify for authorship. The International Committee of Medical Journal Editors has recommended the following criteria for authorship; these criteria are still appropriate for journals that distinguish authors from other contributors “Authorship credit should be based on 1) substantial contributions to conception and design, acquisition of data, or analysis and interpretation of data; 2) drafting the article or revising it critically for important intellectual content; and 3) final approval of the version to be published. Authors should meet conditions 1, 2, and 3. +When a large, multicenter group has conducted the Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals work, the group should identify the individuals who accept direct responsibility for the manuscript. These individuals should fully meet the criteria for authorship/contributorship defined above and editors will ask these individuals to complete journal-specific author and conflict-of-interest disclosure forms. When submitting a manuscript authored by a group, the corresponding author should clearly indicate the preferred citation and identify all individual authors as well as the group name. Journals generally list: other members of the group in the Acknowledgments. The National Library of Medicine indexes the group name and the names of individuals the group has identified as being directly responsible for the manuscripti it also lists the names of collaborators if they are listed in Acknowledgments, “Acquisition of funding, collection of data, or general supervision of the research group alone does not constitute authorship. “All persons designated as authors should qualify for authorship, and all those who qualify should be listed. ‘Each author ‘should have participated sufficiently in the work to take public responsibility for appropriate portions of the content. tit: Journal of Pharmacology & Pharmacotherapeutics 2010; 1: 42°58 (— ides)Sep 2 5 SE BEA RI SLACK Be FOIE 1 BER PRB HIE GOH) 3 (BA 25K) KORKEARE L, Strategy needed to attract more foreign tourists to disaster-hit Tohoku ‘The 2012 white book on tourism endorsed by the Cabinet shows that foreign tourists are once again visiting Japan. The Japanese government has a plan to attract 18 million tourists from abroad by 2016. To ensure its success, it will be vital to utilize not only historic sites and places of natural beauty, but also events and attractions in urban areas. Training personnel with the knowledge and skills necessary to interact effectively with visitors from overseas will also be important, as will improving information and access for tourist attractions, and related tourism infrastructure. ‘The white book pointed out that recovery of the tourist industry in the disaster-hit Tohoku region is proceeding very slowly. It suggested that tourist attractions elsewhere in Japan such as the Hiroshima A-Bomb Dome and the Kobe Luminarie to commemorate the 1995 Kobe earthquake, both of which attract many tourists, serve as role models. ‘The government and private sectors need to provide accurate information on ‘Tohoku’s reconstruction and to work out a strategy to beckon foreign tourists to the region.SEAR 2 6 BEAT SLAE REDE PIE LR FRB Bea GESCAMIR) 4 (am 2 5 a) KORNLEAREL, Direct and Indirect Causal Association sociations may be direct or indirect. ‘Thus, if A causes D and D causes B, there will be a Causal ‘causal relationship between A and B, but the association may be thought of as indirect since it operates via two other causal associations. The distinction between direct and indirect causal relationships is a relative one, perceived directness depending on the extent of current knowledge. For example, in prepenicillin days syphilis was treated by intravenous injection of neoarsphenamine (salvarsan), Jaundice was a common complication of this treatment and was known fas “salvarsan icterus.” Tt became evident, however, that the icterus was associated not with the salvarsan but with the use of inadequately cleaned syringes. Poor syringe hygiene then became the direct causo of the disease. However, sinco a cortain number of icterus cases would presumably be prevented by failure to inject salvarsan, the association of syphilis treatment with icterus, in terms of our definition, was a causal one, although indirectly so. Further investigation revealed that the resp. gent was not simply the uncleanliness of the syringes but the presence in them of minute amounts of human serum remaining from previous use. Later, it became known that the hepatitis was ‘The disease became known as serum hépatit associated directly not with the serum, but with the presones'in the serum of hepatitis B virus, Thus the association with the virus became considered the direct one and that with the serum indirect, resulting in another namo change, from serum to viral hepatitis B. Further studies may reveal what specific attributes or molecular components of tho virus might be considered more direct causal factors of disease. Knowledge of causal mechanisms is rarely refined to the degree that makes it possible to state that this is the ultimate direct association and that no other associations intervene. 7) causal association : [URBIR proponicillin days : = 27) ASCH S2LS MORE nooarsphenamine, salvarsan : -FAT—%7 x37 (14) Psney (i) serum hopatitis : iAP hepatitis B virus : BAM 9 4 1% Hit : Epidemiology: Principles & Methods (2nd ed.), MacMahon B, and Trichopoulos D. Little, Brown and Company, NY, USA.SPUR 2 4 APB AIR TH LAE AAFP WER HEL AE AFRO IR GOCHR) 1 (mi = 25) RVI HE AVRAE A Niche ts Not an Island: Stem cells in the intestine are responsible for the regular replacement of intestinal epithelium throughout life, as well as for recuperation after disease or injury. Two populations of intestinal stem cells have been identified, one in the base and one on the side of the intestina) crypt. Studying mice, it was found that the relatively quiescent stem cells in the side of the erypt could give rise to the rapidly cycling stem cells in the base of the crypt, and the active cells could also give rise to the quiescent cells. Despite this ability to cross-populate one another. each group of stem cells, however. independently and bas distinct characteristics. High : Science. 9 December 2011: 1321 stem cells ; Filla, Nich DF Siam ORIN: recuperation : [lif intestinal erypt IMv2IE 8, WA cycling MWA bo COS MMs BLT quiescent cells G@HMUM WAS Tt SMS PFT)Pep 2 4 AE EK MR AE AEBS POTTER EL ARE APRBINE Ki EXCH) 2 (Baa, 5m KD RICE AEE DNA origami, a technique for making structures from DNA, may be more than just a cool design concept. It can also be used to build devices that can seek out and destroy living cells. ‘The nanorobots, as the researchers call them, use a similar system to cells in the immune system to engage with receptors on the outside of cells. “We call it a nanorobut because it is capable of sume robotic tasks,” says Ido Bachelet, a postdoctoral fellow at Harvard Medical Schoo! in Boston, Massachusetts, and one of the authors of the study, which is published in the Februiary 17 issue of Science. Once the device recognizes a cell, he explains, it automatically changes its shape and delivers its cargo. The researchers designed the structure of the nanorobots using open-source software, called Cadnano, developed by one of the authors-Shawn Douglas, a biophysicist at Harvard's Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering. ‘They then built the bots using DNA origami, The barrel-shaped devices, each about 35 nanometers in diameter, contain 12 sites on the inside for attaching, payload molecules and two positions on the outside for attaching aptamers, short nucleotide strands with special sequences for recognizing molecules on the target cell. The aptamers act as clasps: once both have found their target, they spring open the device to release the payload, "You can think about it as a sort of combination lock," says Bachelet. “Only when both markers are in place, can the entire robot open.” The researchers tested six combinations of aptamer locks, each of which were designed to target different types of cancer cells in culture. Those designed to hit a leukemia cell could pick that cell out of a mixture of cell types then release their payload--in this case, an antibody-to stop the cells from growing. They also tested payloads that could activate the immune system. The work "takes us one more step along the path from the smartest drugs of today to the kind of medical nanobots we might imagine,” says Paul Rothemund, a computational bivengineer at the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, and inventor of DNA origami. HSB Scientific American, February 17, 2012SPM 2 4 EE AIT KE A AE EEE HER HEE RE AP RUA FEAR CESAR) 3 Gam 258) KD LEAKEL There are good reasons why European leaders supported moves to tighten the regulation of chemicals by approving the REACH (registration, evaluation, authorization and restriction of chemicals) legislation, which became law in 2006. ‘The lack of information on how even commonly used substances might harm people and the environment is an internationally recognized problem. REACH is Europe's bold attempt to comprehensively fill this knowledge gap and regulate substances accordingly. Under the first phase of the legislation, companies from around Europe had to file comprehensive safety data on more than 3,000 substances by December last year. But as we reveal in our News story on page 150, the first independent analysis of the filed data shows that REACH is unlikely to work as planned. Central to the problems identified by Costanza Rovida, a consultant chemist based in Varese, Italy, is that chemical companies have failed to fill gaps in safety data as required, What's more, European regulators seem to have little leverage to force them to do better. REACH is often touted as Europe's most complex piece of legislation, but at the moment it looks toothless. Rovida's analysis raises an urgent question: is burdensome and ineffective regulation better than no regulation at all? HM: 14 July 2011 | Vol. 475] Nature | 139-140 legislation : HM, t2té comprehensively : @5AI2. @AWIC Varese 4 9') TACMO MINT 7 Lt tout : AEDIAE, WasEWR 2 4 46 BE WT AE AEB EOE RHEL PRI Site. CHIR) 4 Gimk 25m) ROHL, HMR MRE Lancet Dv) THR LZ Wikipedia 5 OHKET HS. Aint k. ‘The Lancet is a weekly peer-reviewed general medical journal. It is one of the world's best known, oldest, and most respected general medical journals, The Lancet was founded in 1823 by Thomas Wakley, an English surgeon who named it after the surgical instrument called a lancet, as well as after the term “lancet arch", a window with a sharp pointed arch, to indicate the “tight of wisdom" or "to let in light". It publishes original research articles, review articles (‘seminars" and "reviews"), editorials, book reviews, correspondence, as well as news features and case réports. The Lancet has been owned by Elsevier since 1991. The journal has editorial offices in London, New York. and Beijing. {ligt : http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancet_Gournal) Accessed 2012/02/20SER 2 4 ELE KURT LAE AE BEDE PT AEE RE FRBINE Bi GEOCMER) 2 (i 25 r) KOKRLEAMRE Le Probably not any time soon, but Naoto Kan last month became Japan's first prime minister ever to take a step in that direction. He said: " We should aim to be a society that does not depend on nuclear power". Commentators were quick to note the absence of specifics. By what date, through what measures, would this policy shift be accomplished? Kan has since elaborated: he would have 20 percent of Japan's electricity come from renewable resources — sunlight, biomass, geothermal heat, water power — ‘by 2020. Still, that agenda is little more than a glint in an outgoing prime minister's eye. ‘That's in sharp contrast to Germany, which in May committed itself to phasing out nuclear power by 2022 — but the circumstances are different. In Germany, a consensus on eliminating nuclear power had been slowly building for some time. For Germany, Japan's catastrophe was the last straw — not, as for Japan itself, the first. 1498 : [Japan finally seems to be shifting from nuclear power] (The Japan Times in line 8/1, 2011) By MICHAEL HOFFMANSPR 2 4 EEK BEA EAE BE PAE FRB 3H GEAR) 1 am = 250 KROKRKEAMRE A. Education Is Not a Race: In the United States and elsewhere, the competitive pressures placed on young people in school are damaging many otherwise promising lives. In addition to generating debilitating anxiety and encouraging a culture of cheating, this competition takes the joy out of learning. The film Race to Nowhere, which continues to receive attention since its release a year ago, documents the unhealthy consequences of the compet: re “teach to the test” climate that many U.S, students experience. Success in life does not require a degree from one of 10 universities. We need to evaluate U.S. high schools on how well they help students find a college that matches their interests and goals, not on the proportion of students that they send to elite institutions. And the coveted universities need to demonstrate that they are interested in students who have a genuine passion for extending their educational experience, not merely in tallying items on resumés. Hill : Science 24 June 2011: 1481 debilitate : HESS cheat : IK< coveted universities : BMS CWIS KE tallying items on resumés : V7 AOWASMATSSER 2 4 AE EK DRT AEA BER EEE RRS ERBONE HEA GOCE) 3 (ix 25%) Chronic kidney disease is a worldwide public health problem. In the United States, there is a rising incidence and prevalence of kidney failure, with poor outcomes and high cost. The number of individuals with kidney failure treated by dialysis and transplantation exceeded 320 000 in 1998 and is expected to surpass 650 000 by 2010. ‘There is an even higher prevalence of earlier stages of CKD. Kidney failure requiring treatment with dialysis or transplantation is the most visible outcome of CKD. However, cardiovascular disease is also frequently associated with CKD, which is important because individuals with CKD are more likely to die of CVD than to develop kidney failure, CVD in CKD is treatable and potentially preventable, and CKD appears to be a risk factor for CVD. In 1998, the National Kidney Foundation Task Force on Cardiovascular Disease in Chronic Renal Disease issued a report emphasizing the high risk of CVD in CKD. This report showed that there was a high prevalence of CVD in CKD and that mortality due to CVD was 10 to 30 times higher in dialysis patients than in the general population. The task force recommended that patients with CKD be considered in the “highest risk group” for subsequent CVD events and that treatment recommendations based on CVD risk stratification should take into account the highest-risk status of patients with CKD, tH : Circulation. 2003;108:2154-2169 chronic kidney disease : #21 FEE cardiovascular disease : (>it 28. the National Kidney Foundation : 2ktS/ 0041SPAR 2 SAFE KARA CHET LI EARN — BSH GOCE) 1 Gam 2520 KORTE Le ‘The uikimate goal of molecular biology is to understand biological processes in terms of the chemistry and physics of the macromolecules that participate in them. One of the essential differences between the chemistry of living systems and that of the nonliving is the great structural ‘complexity of biological macromolecules. We shall not unravel the chemistry of life in molecular detail without knowing at atomic or close to atomic resolution the structure’ of biological ‘macromolecules, especially the proteins. “The importance of molecular structure for an understanding of function is best exemplified, of course, by DNA. The simple and beautifil double-helical, base-paired structure of DNA immediately made genetics intelligible in chemical terms. Genes, the previously mysterious factors that controlled inheritance of particular traits, were segments of the DNA molecules that could be __ spooled out of solution at the end of a rotating glass rod, like cotton candy on a. stick. ‘Understanding DNA structure explained the two cardinal properties of genes: their ability to replicate and their ability to determine the structure of proteins. Molecular genetis came into being, ‘and flourished as the genetic code was deciphered and pattems of gene organization and expression were elucidated. Higa: [Introduction to Protein Structure} by C. Branden & J. ToozeSPR 2 4 EMEA TTA EAA BER ET TORE ARR AFRR HH GOH) 4 (BR 254) KORKE MRE L KORE BA, PADMA EMRE Lo ‘The fact that their oil wells will dry up in the not too distant future is leading the countries of the Near East to search for alternative sources of income. One way is to establish biomedical research and treatments in the region, and there have already been a number of success stories, not always with pleasing consequences. Due to the extreme difference in the level of wages, for example, medical tourists are coming from the rich to the poor countries. At a fertility clinic in Amman in Jordan, for instance, by far the largest group of clients comes from the Gulf states. The income generated by medical tourism is so significant that it warrants its own section in the country’s economic calculations. Patients and clinics profit from the fact that many medical fields are hardly regulated at all and, if they are, more by guidelines and voluntary agreements which they may or may not observe. The clinic mentioned in ‘Amman, for example, offers ethically highly controversial procedures for influencing the sex of the embryo. Admittedly, this is condemned by doctors in the entire region, but it does nothing to alter the fact that couples who, come what may, want to use in vitro fertilization (IVF) treatment to produce a son, travel to Jordan if they can possibly afford it. Meanwhile, European clients have also discovered the opportunities offered by trips for treatment to the Near East. ‘Non-existent or lax laws are turning the region into an interesting location for research, too. And, in addition, there are special genetic features. At an average of about 20 per cent, the relatively large number of inter-family marriages by comparison with only one percent in Europe has, over generations, led to the occurrence of particularly rare genetic disorders. Furthermore, the low rate of mobility amongst the population in certain parts of the countries provides a basis for long-term genetic studies spanning several decades. This is the reason why leading members of bio and medical ethics bodies in Lebanon and Pakistan campaign in publications and talks for conducting research in these countries. tig : Humboldt Kosmos 92/2008SP 2 SAFE KUTA ARE LAER PRB Fh GOH) 2 Ga 2540) KORA L. ‘A ballmark of smallpox infection is the rapid and massive spread inside the body. This is ‘one additional factor that explains the lethality of smallpox. Vaccinia virus is rarely harmifil to humans, but itis so closely related to the smallpox virus that itis used as a vaccine against the often-deadly disease — so successfully that smallpox had been eradicated worldwide by the 1970s. Although the details differ from virus to virus, virologist are quickly warming tothe notion that many viruses deploy specific, deliberate mechanisms to spread through tissues. "Viruses ‘move from cell to cel in a very directed and specific way," says Enquist*!. "Its a very hot area of research." Advances in imaging technology — such as the techniques used by Smith*® and his colleagues —are spurring the interest. Smallpox : AE ¢ Vecciniavinis | 9 Y=T YA VTA Enquist*!and Smith®? : 19-4 V-238%, Hig& Published online 21 January 2010 | Nature | doi:10.1038/news.2010.26 :—fekatsSFI 2 SAKE RITA EA AB POT EL E APRN RGR GEAR) 4 (BR 25,8) FRORKIART AEM 2001 OB CHS. MAL, Osaka City University is a seat of learning based on the dignity of people and the spirit of equality. In the 20th century, the results of academic research were often used, serving as tools or justification for instigating wars and violating human rights. We, however, shall turn once again to the basic ideas of fundamental human rights, the dignity of human beings, and equal rights of men and women, utilizing academic research to promote peace and respect for human rights. Moreover, we shall actively confront human rights issues resulting from rapid social change, economic development, and scientific and technological innovation, resolutely seeking to create a society imbued with the spirit of humanity, Osaka City University shall respect international human rights laws, including the universal Declaration of Human Rights and the international Covenants on Civil and, Political Rights. Lt shall also comply with the Constitution of Japan and domestic laws and regulations on human rights in cooperation with Osaka City, formulating and promoting policies to strengthen respect for human rights in all areas, including ‘education and research activities. (Hit : Osaka City university Declaration of Human Rights 2001)Spi 2 2A AURAL ADEPT ELE PRB FR GOON) 1 Gk 2550 KEORKE AME L, Mrs. Smith is a 75-year-old woman who recently developed age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Other than her vision problem, she bas no other significant medical conditions. She has always been an active woman, working until age 67 as a real estate agent and raising her farnily of three children, A fier retirement, she became active as a volunteer in both her church and local civic organizations. She has been an avid recreational tennis player and continued to play tennis twice a ‘week with friends until recently. Thus, she was actively involved in many activities, loking after herself and her family, enjoying life, and contributing to the social and economic fabric of her community. Two years ago, however, she developed AMD in both eyes. Her vision deteriorated rapidly and affected almost every aspect of life. She can no longer safély drive and this creates difficulty in many everyday activites such as shopping, doctor's visits, visiting her grandchildren, ‘maintaining her role as a volunteer at church, and playing tennis, YE) age-related macular degeneration: /)niftB&EXEAEHE HEE : Low Vision Rehabilitation ( Scheiman M, et al. SLACK Inc.)SPR 2 2A KORA AA eR TIRE LE APOGEE FSR COHN) 2 Gar 2548) WX EEO OS—-8E FAURE Ke 5. Inmedical research involving human subjects, the well-being of the individual research subject rust take precedence over all other interests. 6. The primary purpose of medical research involving human subjects isto understand the causes, development and effets of diseases and improve preventive, diagnostic and therapeutic interventions. Even the best current interventions must be evaluated continually through research for ther safety, effectiveness efficiency, accessibility and quality. 7. In medical practice and in medical research, most interventions involve risks and burdens. 8, Medical research is subject to ethical standards that promote respect for all human subjects and protect their health and rights. Some research populations are particularly vulnerable and need special protection. These include those who cannot give or refiuse consent for themselves and those who may be vulnerable to coercion or undue influence, 2) interventions : 2aT% ‘burdens : #44MER 2 AE KEIRA PBEM FRB RE RXR) 3 (mk 2 58) KORLE MRE L, Weight-loss campaigns emphasize the impact of obesity on the risk of heart discase and diabetes, but in reality the situation may be even grimmer. Emerging evidence suggests that obesity also increases the risk of developing common cancers such as breast and colorectal cancer and may be associated with a poorer prognosis if cancer occurs. The biological mechanisms by which obesity affects tumorigenesis are unclear, although research has centered on the concept that adipose tissue (fat) serves as a source of hormones, growth factors, and cytokines that promote tumor cell growth or invasiveness. colorectal cancer : 5H tumorigenesis : MUBO 364, 3895 cytokines : 4 bf > (AMRDASBEAE SS WME) tHs& : Science. 26 June, 2009.SPR 2 246K AUTOMATED FBR RGR GESCHIR) 4 Genk 254) JWR Ci Ramon y Cajal 2549 100 4EANCIEY YE. “Advice for a young investigator’ LVS AICI FOSDIS, KORKEARE Le Let us emphasize again this obvious conclusion: a scholar’s postive contribution is measured by the sum of the original data that he contributes. Hypotheses come and go but data remain. ‘Theories desert us, while data defend us. They are our true resources, our real estate, and our best pedigree. In the eternal shifting of things, only they will save us from the ravages of time and from the forgetfulness or injustice of men. To risk everything on the success of one idea is to forget that every fifteen or twenty years theories are replaces or revised, So many apparently conclusive theories in physics, chemistry, geology, and biology have collapsed in the last few decades. On the other hand, the well-established facts of anatomy and physiology and of chemistry and geology, and the laws and equations of astronomy and physics remain—immutable and defying criticism.Mp2 ARE ABTA ACP eR PAE EAB = EH GESCHAR) 1 Gk 25%) KOREA Le (Cancerrdlated inflammation “The mediators and celular effectors of inflammation are important constituents of the local environment of tumours. In some types of cancer, inflammatory conditions are present before a malignant change occurs. Conversely, in other types of cancer, an oncogenic change induces an inflammatory microenvironment that promotes the development of tumours. Regardless of ts origin, ‘smouldering’ inflammation in the tumour microenvironment has many tumour-promoting effects, It aids in the proliferation and survival of malignant cells, promotes angiogenesis andl ‘metastasis, subverts adaptive immune responses, and alters responses to hormones and chemotherapeutic agents. The molecular pathways of this cancer-related inflammation are now being unraveled, resulting in the identification of new target molecules that could lead to improved diognosis and treatment. Hg : Nature 454, 2008“Pie 21 ABE RAAT ERE AERBRI = GH ESCHER) 2 Gua 254 SAF tA NY Times DY-4 = Y AMICI ET KERIC KSI UC, ARE EEL CHS, KOREA L. Mighty Mouse in a Test Tube Itsounds too good to be true. Nothing so fabulous should be quite so easy to attain. There must be a catch, Researchers at the Salk Institute in San Diego have found two drugs that greatly increased the athletic endurance of laboratory mice, converting lazy mice and their more athletic brethren into marathon runners. One drug, fed to relatively sedentary mice, increased their endurance on a treadmill by 44 percent after just four weeks of treatment. The other drug had no effect on sedentary :mice but raised endurance by 77 percent in mice that exercised regularly, ‘As described by Nicholas Wade in ‘The ‘Times on Friday, the pills trick the muscles into thinking they have been working out furiously, thereby generating more high-endurance fibers (/D580%HE). If the pills work the same way in humans —a very big “if” — this could be great news for those who ‘want to exercise without actually exercising. And for athletes looking for yet another chemical boost OF course, there could be downsides. Harmful side effects might tum up unexpectedly. (Muscle-bound brains? A life of sloth waiting for the next miracle pill to tum ne’er-do-wells (2 < C72 L) into overachievers?) Any Olympian caught using the drugs would most likely be expelled ffom the Games or lose ill-gotten medals. The researchers have already devised a test to detect tise of the muscle-enhancing drugs and have made it available to doping officials who police the Olympics. Ifthe drugs work, and the tests do too, atleast cheating-prone athletes will be able to stay in shape while watching the Games from their couches.SEARO LABELS ABI — FS GOORIN) 3 Ga 2550 KOREA 1. At the beginning of the 20th century, cardiovascular disease (CVD) accounted for less than 10 percent of all deaths worldwide. At the beginning of the 21st century, CVD acoounts for nearly half of all deaths in the developed world and 25 percent in the developing world. By 2020, it is predicted that CVD will claim 25 million ives annually and that CVD will supass infectious disease as the world's number one cause of death and disability. This global rise in CVD is the result ofa dramatic shift in the health status of individuals around the world during the course of the 20th century. %£) cardiovascular disease (CVD) : -sitiiv P75 sumpass : “iS, “HELO Hg : BRAUNWALD’S HEART DISEASE.PRR 21 ARE KURA AEE EFA LE AFRRME HEE GOCHIR) 4 (ai 2 578) KORE AEE, Allergie rhinitis The cost of allergic rhinitis in the USA is nothing to be sniffed at. According to a report published last week by the Agency for Healthcare Research Quality, in 2005, Americans spent USS11in on doctors bill, prescription drugs, and other medical care to relieve allergy symptoms such as itchy, watery eyes, stufly noses, wheezing, coughing, and headaches—almost double that spent in 2000. ‘Some 22 million Americans visited their doctor because of allergy symptoms, with doctors’ bills accounting for about a third of allergy costs. The remainder mostly went on prescription drugs, such as the antihistamines loratadine and cetirizine, with an average annual spend of $520 per person, As the report only focused on allergies to pollen, dust, and animal hair, these soaring costs do not include treatment for allergies caused by other substances, such as the growing phenomenon. of food allergies. YE) Allergic rhinitis: 7 V/-¥—HEMAE, sniffat: -LAACF D , bn (billion) : 1048, prescription drug : WAT ETC, stuffy noses : MSE Y, wheezing : 7-4-2-4V3, headache : HF ‘8, symptoms : fiz, antihistamines loratadine and cetirzine : 39 F 2 VYREFVIYO HEARS, pollen : EB}, dust : (E. phenomenon : BH Hif@ : THE LANCET vol 371, Issue 9630, page 2057