9th IFAC Conference on Manufacturing Modelling, Management and

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9th IFAC Conference on Manufacturing Modelling, Management and
Control
9th IFAC
Berlin, Conference
Germany, on Manufacturing
August Modelling, Management and
28-30, 2019 Available
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Berlin,
Control
9th IFACGermany, August
Conference 28-30, 2019
on Manufacturing Modelling, Management and
Berlin, Germany, August 28-30, 2019
Berlin, Germany, August 28-30, 2019
Control
Berlin, Germany, August 28-30, 2019
ScienceDirect
IFAC PapersOnLine 52-13 (2019) 18–23
Single
Single Item
Item Lot
Lot Sizing
Sizing Problem
Problem Under
Under
Single
Single Item
Item
Renewable Lot
Lot Sizing
Sizing
Energy Problem
Problem
Uncertainty Under

Under
Renewable
Single Item Lot
Renewable Energy Uncertainty
SizingUncertainty
Energy Problem Under 
Renewable Energy Uncertainty ∗
Melek Rodoplu, ∗∗ Energy
Renewable Taha Arbaoui, ∗
Uncertainty
∗ Alice Yalaoui ∗
Melek Rodoplu, ∗ Taha Arbaoui, ∗ Alice Yalaoui ∗
Melek Rodoplu, ∗ Taha Arbaoui, ∗ Alice Yalaoui ∗
∗ Melek Rodoplu, Taha Arbaoui, Alice Yalaoui
∗ICD,Melek LOSI, Rodoplu,
University ∗ofTaha Technology
Arbaoui, of Troyes,
∗
AliceCNRS Yalaoui FRE∗ 2019,
∗ICD,
ICD, LOSI, LOSI, University
University of
of Technology
Technology of
of Troyes,
Troyes, CNRS
CNRS FRE FRE 2019,
2019,
∗ Troyes, France (e-mail: melek.rodoplu, taha.arbaoui,
ICD, LOSI, Troyes,
Troyes, France
University
France (e-mail:
of
(e-mail: melek.rodoplu,
Technology of
melek.rodoplu, Troyes, taha.arbaoui,
CNRS
taha.arbaoui, FRE 2019,
∗ alice.yalaoui)@utt.fr
ICD, LOSI, Troyes, University alice.yalaoui)@utt.fr
France (e-mail:of Technology of Troyes,
melek.rodoplu,
alice.yalaoui)@utt.fr CNRS FRE 2019,
taha.arbaoui,
Troyes, France (e-mail: melek.rodoplu, taha.arbaoui,
alice.yalaoui)@utt.fr
Abstract: Renewable energy sources alice.yalaoui)@utt.fr
play an important role to decrease the dependency to
Abstract:
Abstract: Renewable
Renewable energy sources
energy which
sourcesare play
play an
an important
important role to decrease the
the dependency to
the traditional energy sources responsible for therole high to carbon
decrease emission dependency
levels in the to
the traditional
Abstract:
the traditional energy
Renewable
energy sources
energy
sources which
sources
which are responsible
play an importantfor the high
role to carbon
decrease emission
the levels
dependency in the
to
world. The main challenge in the useare responsible
of the renewable forenergy
the high carbon
sources in emission
the industrial levels sector,
in the
world.
Abstract:
the The
traditional main
Renewable challenge
energy in
in the
energy
sources use
sources
whichuseare of the
ofplay renewable
an important
responsible forenergy
the role sources
to carbon in emission
decrease thethe industrial
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world.
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to the thelevels
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responsible
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for the
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high is
carbon
sources to
in plan
emission
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levels
industrial in the
sector,
considering thehighest
risk of energy consumption
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in the supply the others,energy
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considering
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developed modeltoiscope explainedwith the stochastic
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with
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detail and illustrative
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Keywords:
are discussed Lotbriefly.
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2019 Energy, Chance Constraint Modelling, Stochastic
IFAC
Keywords:
Keywords: Lot Lot Sizing,
Sizing, Renewable
Renewable Energy, Energy, Energy,
Energy, Chance Chance Constraint
Constraint Modelling,
Modelling, Stochastic
Stochastic
Keywords: Lot Sizing, Renewable Energy, Energy, Chance Constraint Modelling, Stochastic
Keywords:1. INTRODUCTION
Lot Sizing, Renewable Energy, Energy,supplied Chance to the industrial
Constraint customers
Modelling, are diversified with
Stochastic
1. INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION supplied to
1. supplied
the renewableto thetheones;industrial
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1. INTRODUCTION the
the renewable
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According to the 1. report of U.S. Energy Information Ad- supplied can be used more efficiently, environmental targets can be
According to the INTRODUCTION
report of U.S. Energy Information Ad- can
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According
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According
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2019 IFAC MIM
Berlin, Germany, August 28-30, 2019 Melek Rodoplu et al. / IFAC PapersOnLine 52-13 (2019) 18–23
to the mix of renewable and traditional energy sources
supplied from energy supplier by taking into account the
risk levels of availability of the renewable energy sources.
The risk in the supply of renewable energy sources is
transformed to the risk of the realisation of the planned
production activity by introducing service level of indus-
trial customers. Therefore, the proposed model allows the
customers to mix renewable and traditional sources ac-
cording to the agreed service level and present a strong
decision making tool to cope with uncertain and risky
characteristic of renewable energy sources.
To develop the aforementioned model, the chance con-
straint programming based on service level is proposed.
Chance-constraint programming which is also known as
probabilistic programming is firstly introduced by Charnes
and Cooper [1959, 1963] to deal with the linear models
including uncertain features. Since then, it has been ex-
tensively used for the solution of several types of prob-
lems. Recently, Najafi et al. [2017] developed a model
with chance constraints for blood inventory management
by considering supply and demand uncertainties. Liu and
Zhang [2018] applied chance constraint programming for
disassembly scheduling problem with random yields and
demands. Kınay et al. [2018] modelled the shelter site lo-
cation problem under demand uncertainty by using chance
constraint programming, Noorizadegan and Chen [2018]
implemented probabilistic constraints for capacitated vehi-
cle routing problem with demand uncertainty. Gicquel and
Cheng [2018] studied joint chance constrained program-
ming approach for the single-item capacitated lot-sizing
problem with stochastic demand.
In particular, chance constraint programming has been
applied for energy management problems. For a detailed
technical study on chance constraint programming in en-
ergy management, it is recommended to review the work of
Van Ackooij [2013]. When some of the prominent studies
are examined, it is seen that Kamjoo et al. [2014] benefited
from chance constraints to determine the optimal size of
hybrid renewable energy system components by consid-
ering uncertainties in renewable energy sources. Vergara-
Dietrich et al. [2017] formulated chance constraints to deal
with uncertainties for the optimal energy management of
a micro grid with renewable energy generation and hybrid
storage technologies. Beraldi et al. [2017] implemented
chance constraint programming for energy procurement
problem by taking into account uncertain energy prices in
the market and energy needs of the large size customers.
Mühlpfordt et al. [2018] studied chance constrained mod-
elling for optimal power flow dependent from any specific
probability distribution.
Although previous studies have contributed significantly
to deal with the risks of disturbance in renewable energy
sources and to manage the available energy efficiently,
to our best knowledge, the first study which correlates
the industrial customer energy needs and the energy
options that can be offered by energy suppliers has been
conducted by Rodoplu et al. [2018]. The authors proposed
a deterministic model for the selection of energy option
capacities for single item lot sizing problem in flow shop
systems by considering renewable and traditional energy
sources.
21
19
In this paper, we study a similar configuration in which the
stochasticity of the energy sources is taken into account. To
do so, two types of probabilistic constraints based on the
promised service level of industrial customer are proposed.
Similar to the study of Rodoplu et al. [2018], the addressed
problem in this paper is NP-hard.
The remainder of the paper is organised as follows: In
Section 2, the addressed problem is described and the
assumptions related to production configuration and en-
ergy availability are given. The obtained mathematical
model is presented and the developed chance constraints
are introduced. In Section 3, the results on illustrative
examples are discussed.
2. PROPOSED MODELS
2.1 Problem Statement
In this study, the single item capacitated lot-sizing prob-
lem for flow shop configuration is studied by considering
the uncertain and intermittent nature of renewable energy
sources. A flow shop manufacturing system composed of
N machines and N buffers is considered. The planning
horizon is split in T periods. Each period (t=1...T) is
portrayed with its length (Lt ), the deterministic exter-
nal demand (dt ) to be met, and electricity prices (Cot ).
The purpose of the developed model is to determine the
optimum production quantities on each machine and in
each period by minimizing the costs related to production,
holding, set-up and energy and to identify the required
maximum power demand in each period by considering the
risks which can occur in the supply of contracted renewable
energy sources.
2.2 Assumptions
The assumptions related to lot sizing and flow shop part of
the study are detailed in the study of Rodoplu et al. [2018].
In the two proposed models, all types of energy sources
(traditional and renewable) are supplied and purchased
from the energy suppliers, on-site generation of renewable
energy sources are not taken into account. Since all types
of energy sources are provided by the energy supplier,
their prices are defined according to the tariffs imple-
mented by the energy suppliers. Time-Of-Use (TOU) rates
electricity pricing strategy is applied. A certain number
(l = 1...Rk ) of power options (which is not necessary equal
for all sources) are offered by the suppliers for each type
of energy sources k. The proposed options Rk constitute
the energy contract vectors Vk for each type or energy
sources. The main characteristic of each option for each
energy sources (l=1,...Rk ) is its subscription fee (V costk,l ).
The customers must choose one option from each type
of energy source. The availability of the renewable en-
ergy sources is assumed stochastic and defined with an
exponential distribution. As the power demand increases,
the probability of meeting this demand decreases, so, the
exponential distribution is considered as the distribution
that translates best the real-life conditions in terms of
supply of renewable energy sources. It is assumed that
the value of λ solely depends on the type of the used
renewable energy. Thus, for a renewable energy type, λ
is the same for all periods. The objective is to select the
2019 IFAC MIM
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best energy contract option considering a certain level of xN,t + IN,t−1 = dt + IN,t ∀t = 2, ..., T (2)
service for the industrial customer under the uncertainty
of the availability of renewable energy sources. xm,t + Im,t−1 = Im,t + xm+1,t (3)
∀m = 1, ..., N − 1, t = 2, ..., T
2.3 Notations t
 t

dτ ≤ xN,τ ∀t = 1, ..., T (4)
Parameters τ =1 τ =1

N : Number of machines T

T : Number of periods xm,t ≤ ym,t dτ ∀m = 1, ..., N, t = 1, ..., T (5)
Rk : Number of contract options for energy source of k τ =t
φm : The power of the machine m Im−1,t−1 ≤ xm,t + M vm,t − 1 (6)
pm : Processing time for machine m
Cot : The price of electricity during period t. ∀m = 2, ..., N, t = 2, ..., T
ψm,t =φm pm Cot : Electrical consumption cost of machine xm,t ≤ Im−1,t−1 + M (1 − vm,t ) (7)
m at period t. ∀m = 2, ..., N, t = 2, ..., T
h : holding cost per unit
wm,t : Setup cost of machine m in period t Cm,t − xm,t pm ≥ Cm−1,t − xm−1,t pm−1
dt : External demand at period t. + (xm,t − Im−1,t−1 )pm−1 − M vm,t (8)
Lt : Length of period t. ∀m = 2, ..., N, t = 2, ..., T
M : A large number.
Vk,l : Contract option l for energy source of k (l=1,...Rk ). Cm,1 − xm,1 pm ≥ Cm−1,1 − xm−1,1 pm−1 + xm,1 pm−1
V costk,l : Subscription fee for option l of energy source k. ∀m = 2, ..., N (9)
Cr,t − Cm,t + xm,t pm ≤ M fm,r,t (10)
Decision Variables
∀m = 1, ..., N, r = 1, ..., N, r = m, t = 1, ..., T
xm,t : Quantity produced by machine m in period t.
Pk,l : A binary variable, equal to 1 for the chosen Cm,t − xm,t pm − Cr,t ≤ M (1 − fm,r,t ) − 1 (11)
contract option, otherwise 0. ∀m = 1, ..., N, r = 1, ..., N, r = m, t = 1, ..., T
Im,t : Inventory level of machine m at the end of period t. Cm,t − Cr,t ≤ M gm,r,t − 1 (12)
Cm,t : Completion time of machine m in period t.
∀m = 1, ..., N, r = 1, ..., N, r = m, t = 1, ..., T
Sm,t : Starting time of machine m in period t.
ym,t : A binary variable, equal to 1 if machine m is run in Cr,t − Cm,t ≤ (M (1 − gm,r,t )) + 1 (13)
period t, 0 otherwise. ∀m = 1, ..., N, r = 1, ..., N, r = m, t = 1, ..., T
αt : The power demand during period t. The first group of constraints (2)-(13) define classical lot-
vm,t : A binary variable, equal to 1 if the quantity xm,t is sizing and flow shop constraints and the constraints which
available in buffer m-1 at the beginning of period t, 0 are developed for the vertical interaction between the
otherwise. machines.
fm,r,t : A binary variable, equal to 1 if
Cr,t > Cm,t − xm,t pm , 0 otherwise. fm,r,t gm,r,t + fr,m,t gr,m,t ≤ M Am,r,t (14)
gm,r,t : A binary variable, equal to 1 if Cm,t ≥ Cr,t , 0 ∀m = 1, ..., N, r = 1, ..., N, r = m, t = 1, ..., T
otherwise. fm,r,t gm,r,t + fr,m,t gr,m,t − 1 ≥ Am,r,t − 1 (15)
Am,r,t : A binary variable, equal to 1 if there is an overlap
∀m = 1, ..., N, r = 1, ..., N, r = m, t = 1, ..., T
between machine m and r in period t, 0 otherwise.
wsm,r,t : A binary variable, equal to 0 if there is at least Second group of constraints (14)-(15) determine the over-
one machine r’ (1 ≤ r < r) which overlaps with machine laps between the machines.
m but does not overlap with machine r in period t, 1 N
otherwise. αt ≥ φm ym,t + (Am,r,t wsm,r,t φr ) (16)
zm,t : A binary variable, equal to 1 for the maximum r=1,r=m
power demand (αt ) for period t, otherwise 0. ∀m = 1, ..., N, t = 1, ..., T
N

2.4 Mathematical Model
φm ym,t + (Am,r,t wsm,r,t φr ) (17)
r=1,r=m
T 
 N ≥ αt − (1 − zm,t )M ∀m = 1, ..., N, t = 1, ..., T
M inz = (ψm,t xm,t + hIm,t + wm,t ym,t ) N
t=1 m=1

Rk 
(zm,t ) = 1; ∀t = 1, ..., T ; (18)
 K
m=1
+ (V costk,l Pk,l ) (1)
r−1
 r−1

l=1 k=1
(Ar ,r,t Am,r ,t ) ≥ ( Am,r ,t )wsm,r,t
The first part of the objective function calculates the pro- r  =1,r  =m r  =1,r  =m
duction cost based on electricity consumption cost; hold- (19)
ing and set-up cost and the second part of the objective
function calculates the total power cost. ∀m = 1, ..., N, t = 1, ..., T, r = 2, ..., N

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r−1
 r−1
 2.5 Case 1: Combining The Traditional Energy Source
(Am,r ,t ) − (Ar ,r,t Am,r ,t ) ≥ (1 − wsm,r,t ) and One Type of Renewable Energy Source
r  =1,r=m r  =1,r=m
(20) The developed constraint aims to take into account the
∀m = 1, ..., N, t = 1, ..., T, r = 2, ..., N random availability of a renewable energy source and to
define the best energy mix which can cover the system’s
Third group of constraints (16)-(20) computes the maxi- need by considering this randomness. A service level (SL)
mum power demand in each period. In addition to consid- which guarantees a certain level of production rate despite
ered stochastic aspect, the model of Rodoplu et al. [2018] is the uncertainty of renewable energy sources is defined by
improved in terms of the computation of the peak power manufacturer. As long as the probability of having more
demand at each period. In the study of Rodoplu et al. renewable energy than the required amount is greater than
[2018] while the upper bound of the peak power demand is the service level, the manufacturer can satisfy the targeted
taken into account, the exact value of peak power demand service level. To translate this idea to the probabilistic
is figured out by newly proposed second and third group chance constraint, it is firstly assumed that the client
of constraints. consumes the traditional energy source and one type of
renewable energy source (solar or wind for instance). This
Rk
K 
 idea is translated to the following chance constraint:
(Vk,l Pk,l ) ≥ αt ∀t = 1, ..., T (21) Prob(Xs ≥ the required renewable ener. quant.) ≥ SL
k=1 l=1 (40)
where
Rk
 SL: minimum service level defined by industrial customer
(Pk,l ) = 1 ∀k = 1, ..., K (22) Xs : random variable of the solar energy source
l=1
Fourth group of constraints (21)-(22) are designed for The contracted energy capacities for each type of energy
selecting best power options among the power options sources must cover the total power demand as it is ad-
offered by the energy supplier. dressed in constraint (21). When the constraint (21) is
considered, the required renewable energy quantity in (40)
Rtr
can be defined as αt − l=1 (Vtr,l Ptr,l ) where αt expresses
Rtr
Im,1 = xm,1 − xm+1,1 ∀m = 1, ..., N − 1 (23) the peak power demand in period t and l=1 (Vtr,l Ptr,l )
represents the selected contract option for traditional en-
IN,1 = xN,1 − d1 (24)
ergy source. Then, the primitive version of the chance
C1,1 − x1,1 p1 = 0 (25) constraint is reformulated by taking into account the un-
certain nature of the renewable energy source as follows:
IN,0 = IN,T = 0 (26) Rtr

Am,1,t = wm,1,t ∀t = 1, ..., T, ∀m = 1, ..., N (27) P (Xs ≥ αt − (Vtr,l Ptr,l )) ≥ SL ∀t (41)
l=1
Am,m,t = 1 ∀t = 1, ..., T, ∀m = 1, ..., N (28)
The constraint (41) including random variable Xs which
Cm,t − xm,t pm ≥ 0 ∀m = 1, ..., N, t = 1, ..., T (29) follows the exponential distribution with parameter λs can
be transformed to:
Cm,t = Sm,t + xm,t pm ∀m = 1, ..., N, t = 1, ..., T (30)  αt −Rtr (Vtr,l Ptr,l )
l=1
Cm,t − xm,t pm ≤ Lt ym,t ∀m = 1, ., N, t = 1, ., T (31) ⇔ f (x)dx ≤ 1 − SL ∀t (42)
0
Cm,t ≤ Lt ∀m = 1, ..., N, t = 1, ..., T (32) Rtr
 ln(SL)
xm,t ≥ ym,t ∀m = 1, ..., N, t = 1, ..., T (33) ⇔ (Vtr,l Ptr,l ) ≥ + αt ∀t (43)
λs
l=1
N
 Hence, the first constraint which takes into account the
αt ≤ M ym,t ∀m = 1, ..., N, t = 1, ..., T (34) consumption of traditional and one type of renewable
m=1 energy sources is built by satisfying the promised service
level (SL) of industrial customer.
fm,m,t = gm,m,t = 0 ∀m = 1, ..., N, t = 1, ..., T (35)
xm,t , Im,t , Cm,t , Sm,t ∀m = 1, ., N, t = 1, ., T (36)
int.
  2.6 Case 2: Combining The Traditional Energy Source
ym,t , vm,t , fm,r,t , gm,r,t , Am,r,t , wsm,r,t , zm,t ∈ 0, 1 (37) and Two Types of Renewable Energy Sources
∀m = 1, ..., N, t = 1, ..., T
Similar to the first constraint, another chance constraint
xm,t , Im,t ≥ 0 ∀t = 1, ..., T, m = 1, ..., N (38) for the customers who prefer to combine a traditional
energy source with two types of renewable energy sources
αt ≥ 0 ∀t = 1, ..., T (39)
can be developed. It is assumed that the random vari-
Finally, sixth group of constraint (23)-(39) are proposed ables which represent the availability of renewable energy
to define initial and general conditions. After presenting sources Xs , Xw follow the exponential distribution with
the built mathematical model, developed probabilistic the parameters λs and λw independently. Since the ex-
constraints are explained in the following section. pected availability of wind and solar energy sources are

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generally different, the following assumption is considered:

λs = λw .
Rtr

P (Xs + Xw < (αt − (V trl P trl )) ≤ 1 − SL (44)
l=1
where
Xs : Random variable of solar energy source. Fig. 1. The Production Plan for Mix of Trad&Wind
Xw : Random variable of wind energy source. SL=0.99,λw =0.01
To simplify, in the following formulations let Qt = (αt −
Rtr
l=1 V trl P trl ). So, the constraint can be reformulated as
follows:
⇔ P (Xs + Xw < Qt ) ≤ 1 − SL (45)
The probability density of the sum of the two random
variables following the same distribution is obtained by the
convolution product (∗). Based on the study of Oguntunde Fig. 2. The Production Plan for Mix of Trad&Wind
et al. [2014] the convolution of the two random variables SL=0.99,λw =0.002
exponentially distributed with the parameters of λs and negotiate with the energy supplier for the higher amount
λw is computed and the constraint (45) is transformed to of traditional energy source to satisfy the given service
the following constraint: level (Table 2). The model presents noticeable results in
terms of randomness of renewable energy sources, too.
λs (1 − e−λw Qt ) − λw (1 − e−λs Qt ) To satisfy the same service level (SL=0.90 for instance)
⇔ ≤ 1 − SL (46) when the random availability of wind energy is defined
λs − λw with the λ=0.04, the industrial customer must choose
Thus, the chance constraint dealing with the stochastic 3 KW wind energy and mix it with the higher amount
nature of the two types of renewable sources is developed of traditional energy source compared to the case where
by combining them with the traditional energy source. λw =0.01. When reliability increases to λ=0.01, optimum
In the following section, firstly, the developed chance wind energy option increases to 11 KW and allows the
constraint (43) is added to the presented mathematical industrial customer to satisfy the promised service level
model and tested on a small instance by considering in a more environmental friendly way. In a more reliable
different service levels. Secondly the constraint (43) in the environment where λ = 0.002 the customers can trust the
model is replaced with the constraint (46) and the same availability of wind energy and they can mix it with a
instance is tested by taking into account same service levels smaller amount of traditional energy source like 6 KW.
and the results are analysed. The production configuration under different wind energy
availabilities are shown on Figure 1 and Figure 2. In the
expectation of high service level, like 0.99, increasing reli-
3. NUMERICAL STUDY
ability enables customers to negotiate for more renewable
energy source. When it comes to the second row where
In this section, to validate and evaluate the proposed the traditional energy source and two types of renewable
models, illustrative examples are presented. Since the the energy sources are mixed, it is necessary to point out that
proposed models involve non linear components, they are the case 2 is solved to local optimum by the LINGO solver
solved by LINGO 18.0 on an Intel Core i7 with 2.7 GHz and found local optimum solutions and the computation
and 8 GB RAM. In a numerical example, three machines times to obtain the given results are presented. In this
(N=3) are considered and the planning horizon is split into instance, the solar energy source is assumed less reliable
three periods (T=3). The demand scheme is dt =[53 47 75] than wind energy source. According to less reliable case,
and the machines powers are φm =[8 9 7].The procedure of contract options of solar energy is set with the small
data generation is detailed in the study of Rodoplu et al. amounts and the price of solar energy is assumed a little
[2018]. The costs of the contract options are given in Table more expensive than wind energy source. As a result of
1. higher prices, the model chooses the smallest possible value
Table 1. Contract Options for solar energy. When the available solar energy is mixed
in a part of the country where the wind energy potential is
Trad. Vcost($) Solar Vcost($) Wind Vcost($) relatively lower (λw =0.1), the energy mix is formed with
3 KW 75 1 KW 30 3 KW 20
the less amount of wind energy (7 KW) and higher amount
6 KW 82,5 2 KW 35 5 KW 25
9 KW 120 3 KW 40 7 KW 30
of traditional source compared to the other cases under
12 KW 135 4 KW 50 11 KW 40 SL=0.5. When the reliability levels of both sources are
15 KW 150 5 KW 60 13 KW 50 significantly low, it does not seem to be possible to achieve
18 KW 300 6 KW 85 15 KW 75 the production plan with high service levels (0.99,0.9) as
24 KW 375 7 KW 120 17 KW 100 it can be seen where λs =0.35 and λs =0.1.

When the results of the first proposed model where only 4. CONCLUSION
one type of renewable energy source and traditional en-
ergy source are mixed, it is seen that when the service Two mathematical models are developed for the optimum
level of industrial customer is increased, it is better to energy contract selection for a single item lot sizing prob-

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Table 2. The Results of The Proposed Chance Constrained Models with One Type and Two
Types of Renewable Energy Sources
Parameter Energy Source SL=0.5 CPU(s) SL=0.9 CPU(s) SL=0.99 CPU(s)

λw =0.04 Traditional (KW) 6 <1 15 <1 18 <1

Wind (KW) 11 3 3
Traditional (KW) 6 <1 9 <1 18 <1
λw =0.01 Wind (KW) 11 11 3
Traditional (KW) 6 <1 6 <1 12 <1
λw =0.002 Wind (KW) 11 11 5

Traditional (KW) 6 14 6 11 6 1
λs = 0.4 solar (KW) 1 1 1
λw = 0.002 wind (KW) 11 11 11
Traditional (KW) 6 16 6 14 6 14
λs =0.25 solar (KW) 1 1 1
λw =0.001 wind (KW) 11 11 11
Traditional (KW) 9 9 Infeas. Infeas.
λs =0.35 solar (KW) 1 Infeas. Infeas.
λw = 0.1 wind (KW) 7 Infeas. Infeas.

lem under the renewable energy uncertainty. To do so
chance constraint modelling approach is followed and two
different cases for the use of renewable energy sources
are considered. The main contribution of this paper is
the ability to combine power capacity selection problem
with the lot sizing problem by considering the random
and intermittent nature of the renewable energy sources.
The proposed model not only helps industrial producers to
create production plans which minimizes production and
energy costs but also allows them to use more renewable
energy in a more confident way. From this point of view,
our study plays a significant role for encouraging the use of
renewable energy sources especially for the industrial cus-
tomers. As a perspective, the models are developed based
on different λ values by taking into account the seasonality
factor. To evaluate the effect of the randomness of the
renewable energy sources in terms of costs, the objective
function will be enriched with the stochastic components.
Since LINGO solver does not reach the optimality for the
larger instances, the proposed models will be solved with
suitable heuristic and metaheuristic techniques.
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