Detailed Design Report

Design of Abutment

2. Design of Abutment
2.1 Material property

A1.Concrete property
gC Unit Weight of Concrete of Girder = 24.5 kN/m3
fc ' Compressive strength of concrete at 28 day(Cylinder) = 35 MPa
1.5
Ec Modulus of elasticity of concrete, 0.043 W c f'c = 30850 MPa
fr Modulus of rupture of concrete, 0.97f'c = 5.74 MPa

A2. Rebar property

Deformed bars
specification grade = SD50
fy Yield strength of Rebar = 490 MPa
Es Modulus of elasticity of Rebar = 207000 MPa
Round bars
specification grade = SR24
fy Yield strength of Rebar = 235 MPa
Es Modulus of elasticity of Rebar = 207000 MPa

A3. Soil
gs Unit Weight of fill = 20 kN/m3
f Internal friction angle = 30 Degree
C, Su Cohesion or Undrained shear strength = - kN/m2
qa Allowable bearing capacity (FS = 2.5) = 100 kN/m2
Ka Active earth pressure , (1-sinf)/(1+sinf) = 0.33
K0 Rest earth pressure , (1-sinf) = 0.50
Kp Passive earth pressure , (1+sinf)/(1-sinf) = 3.00

2.2 Geometry of Abutment.

Total Length abutment, L = 11.51 m
Total height abutment, H = 6.00 m
Top of footing to existing ground = 1.00 m
Depth of footing, H1 = 1.80 m
Height of stem, H2 = 3.70 m
Height of back wall, H3 = 2.30 m
Width of footing, B = 5.00 m
Width of heel, B1 = 1.95 m
Width of stem, B2 = 2.00 m
Width of toe, B3 = 1.05 m
Width of corbel, B4 = - m
Width of back wall, B5 = 0.99 m
Width of support bearing, B6 = 1.01 m
Center of bearing, B7 = 0.55 m
Edge of pile, S1, S3 = 1.00 m
Spacing of pile, S2 = 3.00 m
Detailed Design Report
Design of Abutment

2.3 Load Data

Live Load Surcharge : LS
The horizontal live load surcharge is :
Distance from wall backface to edge of traffic, heq
Equivalent height of soil for vehicular load heq = - m.
PLS = 0 kN
Leteral earth pressure Active earth pressure PEH1 = 301 kN
Passive earth pressure PEH2 = 2707 kN

Table 2.1 - Vertical Load Components and Moments about Toe of Footing
Moment
Distance To Toe
Type Load Label P (kN) About Toe
(m)
(kN-m)
Backwall Pbw 642 -2.56 -1641
Stem Pst 2087 -2.05 -4278

Footing Pf 2538 -2.50 -6345

Wing wall Pwing 0 -4.03 0

DC
Approach Slab Pap 0 -3.05 0

Railing or Barrier& SDL Prail 633 -3.05 -1930

Superstructure DL Psuper 7959 -1.60 -12735

Total DC 13859 -26928

Backfill on heel PEV(HEEL) 0 -4.03 0

EV Fill on Toe PEV(TOE) 0 -0.53 0

Total EV 0 0

LL Live Load PLL 1831 -1.60 -2930

Table 2.2 - Horizontal Load Components and Moments about Bottom of Footing
Distance To Toe Moment
Type Load Label H (kN)
(m) About Toe
EH Active Earth Pressure PEH1 301 2.00 602
Passive Earth Pressure PEH2 -2707 0.60 -1624

LS Live Load Surcharge PLS 0 3.00 0

BR Breaking Force PBR 0 5.50 0

Detailed Design Report
Design of Abutment

2.4 Applicable Load Combinations and Factors Load

Table 2.3 - Load Factors

Load Combination
Load
Load Strength I, Strength I, Strength I, Final Strength I, Service II,
Component Service II, Cons
Cons. I Cons. II I Final II Final

Pbw 0.90 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.00 1.00

Pst 0.90 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.00 1.00

Pf 0.90 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.00 1.00

DC
Pwing 0.90 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.00 1.00

Pap 0.90 - 1.25 1.25 1.00 1.00

Prail 0.90 - 1.25 1.25 1.00 1.00

Psuper - 1.25 1.25 1.25 - 1.00

EV PEV(HEEL) 1.00 - 1.35 1.35 1.00 1.00

PEV(TOE) 1.00 - 1.35 1.35 1.00 1.00

EH PEH1 1.50 - 0.90 1.50 1.00 1.00

PEH2 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 1.00 1.00

LS PLS 1.75 - 1.75 1.75 1.30 1.30

LL PLL - - 1.75 1.75 - 1.30

BR PBR - - 1.75 1.75 - 1.30

2.5 Pile Design

Check Vertical Capacity of Pile Group
Determine the properties of the pile group. These properties include the number of piles, the location of the centroid
or neutral axis with respect to the toe, and the moment of inertia of each pile row.

Table 2.4 - Pile Group Properties

Row Number
Pile Group Properties SUM
I II

Piles Per Row [N] 3 3 6

Distance to Toe [d.toe] , m 1.00 4.00

Pile Spacing, m 4.65 4.65

N • d.toe , m 3.00 12.00 15.00

Neutral Axis of Pile Group to Toe[X.NA] , m (ΣN • dtoe)/ ΣN 2.50

Distance from Neutral Axis to Pile Row [C] , m 1.50 -1.50

2 2
I=N•d ,m 6.75 6.75 13.50

The force in each pile row is found using

Pile Load = (P / N) + ( MNAC/I )
First, the moment about the toe must be translated to get the moment about the neutral axis of the pile group.
etoe = Mtoe / P The eccentricity about the toe
eNA = XNA + etoe The eccentricity about the neutral axis of the pile group
MNA : P • eNA The moment about the neutral axis of the pile group
Detailed Design Report
Design of Abutment

Table 2. 5 - Force Resultants

Vertical Horizontal Load,
Mtoe etoe eNA M.NA
Load Combination Load, P H
(kN) (kN) (kN-m) (m) (m) (kN-m)
Strength I : Construction Case I 5310 -1985 -13334 -2.51 -0.01 -59
Strength I : Construction Case II 16532 -2436 -32709 -1.98 0.52 8622

Strength I : Final Case I 20529 -2166 -39709 -1.93 0.57 11613

Strength I : Final Case II 20529 -1985 -39348 -1.92 0.58 11974

Service II : Construction 5900 -2406 -15216 -2.58 -0.08 -467

Service II : Final 16240 -2406 -32248 -1.99 0.51 8352

Check Shear capacity of Pile Group OK

Table 2.6 - Pile Reactions Pile property

Pile load (kN / pile) Total load Pile Size = 0.80 m
Load combination
Row I Row II (kN / pier) Compression = 3700 kN / pile
Strength I : Construction Case I 878 892 5310 Tension = -370 kN / pile
Strength I : Construction Case II 3713 1797 16532 Dr = 0.70 m
Strength I : Final Case I 4712 2131 20529 de = D/2+Dr/p = 0.62 m
Strength I : Final Case II 4752 2091 20529 dv = 0.9de = 0.56 m
Service II : Construction 931 1035 5900 Hoop bar = DB12
Service II : Final 3635 1779 16240 As = 226.00 mm2
Check ; Tension in Piles Compression Compression Hoop spacing = 250 mm
Pile Reaction Max (Service load) 3635 1779 fy = 490 Mpa
Pile Reaction Min (Service load) 931 1035 fc ' = 30 Mpa
Check Pile Reaaction OK OK Vc = 408 kN/pile
Vs = 249 kN/pile
ϕVn : Vc+Vs = 3547 kN/group
2.6 Check Shear in Footing

2.6.1 Flexural Shear ϕVc = 0.083(fc')bvdv , = 2

ϕ = 0.90
dv = dp-a/2 > max(0.90dp , 0.72h)

ULS Pile Pile effective

Pile Fraction VU = P/S
Pile Row Reaction Spacing, S Shear depth fVc (kN) Check
Critical Section (kN/m)
Max,P (kN) (m) ,dV (mm)
Row I 4752 4.65 1627.07 0.00 0.00 1438.11 OK
Row II 2131 4.65 1627.07 0.00 0.00 1438.11 OK

2.6.2 Punching Shear ϕVc = (0.17 + 0.33/c)√f'cb0dv ≤ 0.33(√f'c)b0dv….AASHTO 5.13.3.6.3

Perimeter of
ULS Pile effective
the critical
Pile Row Reaction Shear depth fVc (kN) Check
section, b0
Max,P (kN) ,dV (mm)
(mm)
Row I 4752 3361 1627.07 9609 OK
Row II 2131 3361 1627.07 9609 OK
Detailed Design Report
Design of Abutment

2.7 Design of Abutment Reinforcement

2.7.1 Top Transverse Reinforcement Design For Strength Limit State

The factored moment, Mu , for the top transverse bars is found by assuming the heel acts as a cantilever supporting its
self weight and the weight of the earth resting on it. In cases where the required reinforcement to resist these loads
seems excessive, the moment due to the minimum back pile reaction may be included to decrease the top mat factored
moment. Use the maximum load factors for DC and EV.

Distance To
Moment
Load P (kN) Back Face of
(kN-m)
Stem (m)
Pf 86.00 0.98 83.85
Pwing 0.00 0.98 0.00
Pap 0.00 0.00 0.00
Prail 316.46 0.00 0.00
PEV(HEEL) 0.00 0.98 0.00
Load Combination = 1.25DC +1.35EV
Vu = 503.07 kN
Mu = 104.81 kN-m

2.7.2 Bottom Transverse Reinforcement Design For Strength Limit State

Then the factored moment for the bottom mat is the largest of the moments due to the maximum pile reactions
for the Row I or Row II piles.
For the Row I Piles :
MU-Row I = (Pile reaction / Pile spacing) • Moment arm = 51.09 kN-m

For the Row II Piles :

For the Row II piles, subtract off the moment due to earth on the heel when calculating the factored moment.
MU-Row II = (Pile reaction / Pile spacing) • Moment arm - fMEV = 435.39 kN-m

2.7.3 Longitudinal Reinforcement Design For Strength Limit State

For longitudinal bars, design for uniform load due to all vertical loads spread equally over the length of the footing.
Assume the footing acts as a continuous beam over pile supports. Use the longest pile spacing for design span.
Then based on the maximum vertical load from Table 6
PU-total = 20529 kN
WU / L = 1784 kN/m
Pile spacing, Ls = 4.65 m
VU = 0.6W uLs = 4976 kN
2
MU = W uLs /10 = 3856 kN-m
Detailed Design Report
Design of Abutment

2.7.4 Flexural Design of the Stem, Back Wall and Wing Wall
The moments associated with the eccentricity of vertical loads are minimal and are therefore ignored.
Use a one-foot wide design strip. The stem design is governed by the horizontal earth pressure and
live load surcharge loading during construction.

Stem Back wall Wing wall Wing wall

@bottom
@bottom stem
back wall
Ls, kN 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
EH, kN 120.00 17.63 40.00 15.33
BR, kN 0.00 - - -
Height, H 6.00 2.30 1.95 1.95
Vu, kN 180.00 26.45 60.00 23.00
Mu, kN-m 360.00 20.28 58.50 22.43
Load Combination = 1.5EH + 1.75LS + 1.75BR
Detailed Design Report
Design of Abutment

Table 2.7 - Design Abutment Reinforcement

Footing Stem Back Wall Wing wall Wing wall Unit
Top Bottom
Longitudinal @bottom
Transverse Transverse @bottom stem
Reinf. back wall
Reinf. Reinf.
Mu 105 435 3856 360 20 59 22 kN-m
Vu 503 503 4976 180 26 60 23 kN
fc ' 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 MPa
1 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85
fy 490 490 490 490 490 490 490 MPa
beam width ,b 1000 1000 5000 1000 1000 1000 1000 mm
beam depth ,h 1800 1800 1800 2000 990 500 500 mm
covering 150 150 150 50 50 50 50 mm
Main bar DB20 DB25 DB25 DB20 DB20 DB16 DB12 no.
Spacing provided 200 150 150 150 150 200 200 mm
no of bar 5.00 6.67 33.33 6.67 6.67 5.00 5.00 no.
Extra bar - - - - - - - no.
spacing provided 0 0 0 0 - - - mm
no of bar 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 no.
effective depth ,dP 1640 1637.5 1637.5 1940 930 442 444 mm
effective Shear
1627 1611 1611 1923 913 434 439 mm
depth ,dV
ϕ 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90
Ast , Provided 1570 3273 16367 2093 2093 1005 565 mm2
As,min =
0.25(fc')/fy)bdp
4950 4943 24713 5856 2807 1334 1340 mm2
and not less than
1.4/fy
Check As,min OK OK OK OK OK OK OK
Tension = Asfy 769.30 1603.93 8019.67 1025.73 1025.73 492.45 276.85 kN
a = Asfy/0.85fc'b 25.86 53.91 53.91 34.48 34.48 16.55 9.31 mm
1.2Mcr 3098.84 3098.84 15494.21 3825.73 937.40 239.11 239.11 kN-m
1.33Mu 139.39 579.08 5129.11 478.80 26.97 77.81 29.83 kN-m
ϕMn 1117.58 2285.97 11429.85 1759.10 826.71 188.56 108.31 kN-m
Ratio ϕMn/Mu 10.66 5.25 2.96 4.89 40.77 3.22 4.83
Check ϕMn > Mu OK OK OK OK OK OK OK
Check
ϕMn>min(1.2Mcr, OK OK OK OK OK OK OK
1.33Mu)
P = As/bdp 0.0010 0.0020 0.0020 0.0011 0.0023 0.0023 0.0013
P, balance 0.0284 0.0284 0.0284 0.0284 0.0284 0.0284 0.0284
Strain check RF. yield RF. yield RF. yield RF. yield RF. yield RF. yield RF. yield
ϕVc 1294.30 1281.15 6405.74 1529.51 726.08 345.02 349.49 kN
Ratio ϕVC/Vu 2.57 2.55 1.29 8.50 27.45 5.75 15.20
Check ϕVc > Vu OK OK OK OK OK OK OK
Detailed Design Report
Design of Abutment

2.8 Abutment Reinforcement Details