| Nu Klectnochemistay sca) cheruistay wshtdr deals iste and Blectntcal energy pnto another. | note Redox Reactton ental readtons °F Flectnochent str g ane the funaom nedactton baker Redox Reavtions A neacton 7 shich both oxidation and place Sim ulkancously 2t ot —7 2n + Uk Ex a+ = Reduufon takes pl eceno'S nadeHon % el alts 26m ame cu. wee at cathode Oxrdat on takes place oF anode Removal 4 eleekpodie’s., = ZA——> arity ae pole _g_dleelsachernf6t" ear) 1 A lange number 4 metals sodium hyanoxtde. othen chernttal3 o7€ pmodaced by ch, 2. Gattente3. ane used 07 large scale ebeng praent. —g, The glecknachemtcal neattons ane [ess poll and can be energy & Scanned with CamScannerLs Gome _Impontent_d¢inctons. électnode + A metal mod dipped fn fits own fon Solulfon Roge No Le dspped in xn8o, Solution Containt xr pons- "4 Electnode potenttal. (E) [ unit - vyotts] / single electrode pot The potential developed between a metal nod and a Solution 3 18 0un oN at equilebntum. %| Standand &lectnode potential (&) @ SKP- [Tupac] jhe potentfal devel blo a metal nod and a Solubion 4 #8 ovan fon 4% £™ concentratfon of age k, nol Flednode potential x concentnotion. cell / voltaic cell Electnochemcal cell / Gel vanic gpon taneous rhe cel in ushech chemical eg 4 nedox Reattions. i's converted nto elecknt cal enengy Ex: Daniel coll, lag cell, mencuny cell , Lead “8 tonog® batter Np-cd cell, bethtum cell. yee porn a | ceul_nepnesentelion se te Anode | cathode. va] oa ln el Called. | Balt baielge foe =p 1s a u-shaped fase tube epriled with . ago ogo containing ko .@ KNO; % NHN Scanned with CamScannersede) (Vey 1 Role Salt bridge. © Tk metntains elecknical neutnalzty on bath Sides W @ wt prevents the accumulation % changes in ee ha @- tt avotds Ugued ~ liquid gunetfon potentval, Note wshen Salk badge ts emoved prom the Cell potenttal dnops to zend. é Salt bridge px ron, because the kel #6 used as Sa ge p para tt i Fnangpaxt- number othe velowties 8 both k ane almost Same. (Ro nog Onaking Cn emcee Electron flow % i . i 9. oC i fate} Solution containing. salt of Zine | | Renta | re 120 | 2 cu | | so, —chso, ) When Bag=1.1V. Electreaa flow fran nse to | ine de of electrons or current prarecne ose rer eee UW No chesnteal reactio Zn disse ac ses aa Or cae age ad coveee @ ” 6 fa) : Scanned with CamScannerconsinucon hlonking,t Mm cathode cu electnode ( Reduction) at Gé \ Cu +ae 7 ULL. At Anode; = or oA n 2n ) Can- oxtdatin) 7 +@e cetl Qt ee at overall eackon cut +2n —» cu t+ zn leoenaied at anode and neweved at cathode, ElectnonS ane node to Colfode. and tledcac Hence @ flows prom Cument jows prem cupper to Zn. o The (loss 4 e's chem? cal enengy +6 converted to eledeal Cell_potention Gm) = 110 Vv cell epnesentren: | Anode [| cathode | a CC zal ant] ct Jew. otenttod oO aa porential abtjgenence blo Ine a elecknodes 4 & ‘galvanic cell The lejpenence blo Fhe sleanode polenkols F catnocle d anode. ig Eee = “cat Anode ® kg Eng ~Fo ® ‘ . : Fan = FE eue 7 | Me Scanned with CamScannerA. Oy foeiNo06 . = / ar q 4 Feu = Fan ~ Fano = 0-34 ~(-0-16) Nok 2 WIOOV In bantel cell Nnode to Solution catnod has CP polenttol win nespect bo Soluko cen porenifal *s called 05 Kmp Célednorgaltve: pence) 9, call cusvient *s dawn thnough the cel] has neyalive poteniol with nespect when ho ba. wore the cell Repne Sentalton and cell Reach'on per a alt agg cut 2Ag i Gt) gat + anne! _ * | 2 antes 7 2A t ani \2. joie Anode and Cathod Reactfons fen this cell ( @ anf ze |} ffn, G) pe [ at* | cu few. 0 kohen Bars 1.10 V Game Reaction takes place at daniel Cell yo Feat 10 Vv Reackion Stops Gia) ‘) Eee > (1 v. Reackon happens in Revense dinection. Electntcal egy converts nto chemical enengy Then *{ becomes elecknolytte cell Scanned with CamScannerml and Wonking 4 She fa Page + 06 NG Hexiat Hrgunt inde ang a = wen. Alectnodé] SHE Consists go pletinum electaode Coated with platinum pletinam wine bith mencung - yn extennal eS black .and %# *s connected to A coppen wine #8 connected pen mercer cencutlh .the pe (er! ‘5 dspped in org Hel Soludian inlon Ke pass pune and day hydaogen qe continues a bon pressure }70m inlet. The 1 48 qs adsorb an oof a the pt perl The absanbed Ih a"? 1s ?n (201 fi ! iM Hal golution- Anode : tibiae Hic cathode Ht41€—?-& Klecenode Reaction + e they A se) cell Repnesentation- PD Pha Ma alifers ofental 1s 2010. The gtandand Flectn od& us mam — Text book. Dies bon pon PP ial out ; a j eat to keep enncentnation 4 H a Pi, ae eh v6 used) gets donneted poisoned wilh - 3. PRO Ee Srectode — — UNpurtetes. bnace 3 Scanned with CamScanner| | > Page + OF Net stnuctron sHe beoz ft provides pt ts used en can: jen adsonpHan 5 K a. Jangé@ suoyace anea js Called Prmany genence clectnode beoz i SRP= elecd-node beox ft Can at a6 bnode t — SHE —> SHE 16 a nevensr ble as well as cahode, Scanned with CamScanner& c Measunment 4 SRP yalue ( Fon_Cu leanode A cet 8 Constauded by coupling cu blectnode ith SHE i (cu)cathode + we: de ee { a i (sH9 Anode : (bth dats 16)2 re | SE ema oe } Cell Representation : " He ait [fed few Rolie Pane; —6£ cel polenttel Ray Ey Fy O-84> Fina ~ Fone + 0:34 = Eeiho] —O (i) Fon Zn Flectnode ag | oy onan chudted bg coupling An Aleclrod with Ste i SAVE ecknode ‘ potenti fA cell is Constr “| Then % cated = (i's +4, Exn? Fancy "inode Anode = zn — ze) +0.% = Sre - E,, in oak Bia eae 0-46 po tential Cell? anfen tf ile Fon el Scanned with CamScannerqe 84 glecknode which donot pantfapate *n fhe neaction but Provides Suspace anea pon oxidation ar Reduction) yor the Conduction 4 Flecknon. nent Flectnode. EK: pk in SHE — pt, Hatha — Pern aeat, pk tn Gnomine Flectnode , on Pe, Bg ey Rex". Lert neh 9 fe “As y GD 8 5 x \ fgmpecance Sep." 14. A metal wstth mon€ “pone E fh &. fA metal in the Flectnochemscal SerteS can displace anolhen } | metas paesent below i prom #8 Salt Solution. é zi 50,t re OPE oy ’ ed x n + eso, 2n50, Ee Fe +, 2nSo, —Alo Readian 3- Et helps in deutding the anode and Cathede in the cell CenstnucH on, or oy Be=-ve Then tt is a good Reducing cogent f= +e Then is a good oxtdixing agent. 4A. ib helps fo' know the metal whech can be castly comoded ) rae 8H E= mone -ve qe connoded tastl 5. Metals above Hydncen [420] can désplace hydbogen prom a dilute acd since they ane mone neactive. Those metas ishich ane below Hydnogen donot displace Hydnogen gnom dilute aud, since they ane less Reactive Klectno chemical Sentes. [octivity Senees metal. The annangment electnode 17 the incmeasing onder % the’> SRP yalue. 16. Scanned with CamScannerete aeons ye Rae “10 wohech 4 the following 16 Benongest Reducing agenk = O16 V ET mee on) Yen J nity OO. E° . = DRS Enya s 0 Can 414 zn60, ‘be gtoned na vessel made up oh UL po = O34 YV. . 10 Eye OTE Y Fata On Ane = YE A cell 6 Selup blo cw and fq électnode 8 press co feat Iengt Ing tesa olf cells wank unden Stand B= pay F708 condsitan, Coluilate Ine Em} % cell given Ev 0349 ‘il i . And = 0°46 V. calewlate the sep values % cd*"/ed electnode fo the cea oF ay ' ote O:. 2° 4 znfzn Hea fled given thal keqy'= 0-36 V (Bale 0-46 V. Ans = “0-4 V. SRP. gi 4 1§ -Q:34V ond xn ts —0:76 ¥ Calculate the em}, 9 2 cell foamed by Combining img 6 | waite, the ¢ell reaction «© cell epnesentation. & Keay _ finode: ig — mag" + 22 cothede: § Zyf442e-—_> 21H 11q + 2d! —* Met + Zn “ raging ll 2 Lan Keen * Fae Ean = 046 + 2-34 a ae Scanned with CamScannerNesinst_ equation, Fon a general Reduction Reacher. + M+ te — M Nernst ¢4”- aha But Corenvation +4 Then E abt Convent iE 2 log EI Substitute i pe samy Hrd Te atk F = 96,900 & Fox Danrel cell ee —— oa Gotrod be Fapeat Fafa ° ) eS gy oe 2nte +] —@), - pe = 00591, tog [0 fae an = Eng > Eagan” SH leg E tn General aA + b@B —»cC+ dD. Fay? Ki 0:05.41 log ccltel (PCa: Scanned with CamScannerSe gee | lone the a equakon jen aD lg ag E= Eo — crea fog (xt ay? | Nok : | eno ost, a (Product) oe [Reactant] ie ‘oxtdation) td Ee a a ne ( 1 Tesch) aft + ani —> oor + ane &= E., sa Jog [ae] [ae]? Lie? senfer** aap, pt = &,- 0:0591 Jog [xnq* 2 RE Represent the cell tn thich the plowing Reactions bakes paces: . Caluslate the emg pf Fi,> S14 V. > Mes afg 10-130 1] Mg +t & i (e-ccal v4] E- £, 0:05 leg lrg d ting’) A “Tha y= Ey - 0-0 S1F = Posy o0r4! | og are Go" fns= 2-5-V, Scanned with CamScannerzs Rye 18... A 2me mod ts dipped n 0.075 % $oluston 2n5oy at ang k + Colculole the electrode potenital 4 ‘rn élechode Poin 096) hg 0088 — 0-059} Jog | Salant Eng! ar °F ew] = 0-16 — 0-059) ve bog tl SS Wiis = ~ ch plowing neat a - _ 7 Nous Coleulate Hhe Fit of Cell vn wshech the fe ng on bakes place even Feat | 1-05 Ae Ne + 2 a 4, ona] [o a oF E-€ oot log ned aT = [05 - 2 et Log (0460) (2 G ooze Fe Vv felotionshp He FMF [toy] ond Ke ame o-tis Foy © 2893 RT log Ka OF of ase @ anak po . 0-054 log ee ae Scanned with CamScanneri the nenst ¢9” he Emr - 3t tot a $050" (kt — alts 6Eh)a ai ad UL) 3 i ee af 3t 2AL + 3 Cu —yaft +34 Kean = Fatios Foned = Onpay —C-6¢) Fay = aN colubole the £,, a Solution 4 ee Data ; _ + Cel pk -log H ff]. 8° > " % Gyarogin Hlecknod®) in tn Contant With = E Page 1 | the following, cen at 298K» Calculate Given gee al Cov) = t0-y 48 dag om colted —— ye xe ae ed =z. qa log GP)” I= (aad* Gay Gap = 2-9-0594) log td 6 = 2-059) log means SHE ° — 0:0054) leq aL, cen A i 0 - 0-059) 5 160° = 0+059) uty 10? y Keg= (O59) VY: tr pyfous Question Py pen 4p mre Pe rmestols ~ Scanned with CamScannerPage 5 Note: Ag the eactton Conttnue to happen, fe* 7 the and [ewe ie fgtea Some ttme ‘thene fs no change n the onde te 8 ttme eeu 1 tncltcates equi Vie o ue ZA" tons, ot the Same ent™ ee J) poe I 17 we kre Eng ® Fecy ~ 22051 ost log fe : 6 . be, oo ost log ead n ee] les at equilibrium ator " a> He =e Eceu Fon Denvel cell : }t0 = 01094) log Ke ad log ke = IMOX2 = 34.288 0059] —_ ke = =“ 37-288 Numertcals y es bai ad feel —r Fog tu y the the Value Go| Cadeulate 4 Peon anna equikbmum constant pe = = O: Ey, = 2 0871 log ke > 0-051 log 9.18 x10" S ~e Eig = 01446 —— ose GI caleatate the ke fom tne sreauiton Cunt oft > cal"y 24g, “given Aeag® OM Ei, = 2020 log ke 046 = 02050 10g ke Sf Ke = antileg 15.6 7 Scanned with CamScanner 5 ke = 36X10| g.| The Cell in which Page - 16. Relatton between £]ect? -le potrgltal om Finh 2 cell pbs pee, eneray perso en whene AG? “OF Key ‘16> Gibb's jree energy org ) ne chang? nme y e 96500 G ee HRA 4 chenge 4, j 2 Fonade elacen Bland Gi A faaee greaciton and equutl AG = “RT Ink ® ag = -a.803 kT leg ebnium —Conlank | The Standand electrode poten teal jon Denrel ceil 76 hiov ® the neaction Caleulole the Slendand gtbbs cnenyy jor Ze t alegs Bigs (ey Dada. Ags “NF Ey oe HOV Fea * |" Ax 16487 X WO a Ag.= ~at-aa4 kymel! poltowin: neatt'on oceuns ,£ has Ee 0-236 V Caludate tne etd 46° & Ke 4 the cell neachor, ares ar—ar 5, AG= “PFFeay ; Anode + @—+1, +aé a 2K 16487 K 0-936 \ at - = Ass — | total = (FONE Fe" a ee mo moi ar ter"sntew’ i. "303 RT log ke 4 c= TES5API = 4783 ~ rae c= Antilog 3427 Scanned with CamScannerPage - 17, | Find the velue 46 otf 95% jon elecknochemtcal e/} given Eegzlo-sy) Vand “nye a8 Vine? Hyade \eas woo terferd4 Ung hy / Fes ® Fh Fane AG =-OF Exe = 9g — 0:34 = -a x 16500 '% O46 BE One Vv 6, = ~ 98480 Tho] The Fey} danfel cel! ‘js blo V- Calculate + ag°. fon the Reaction a + Cu > n+ CU 45 = -NPELy 2x 96484 xX bl -21/2300 T/mol. " Scanned with CamScannerConductance 2h electnol hie Balutions: Conducons the Substance which allow the preg FZ elecktc cunnent ane Called Conductors, . 4 De Metatte condacons/ Electronic conductors. a. Flectnolytte conducons, iDepperence beteveen metallic ¢ Blecknol yt Condtons. Metallic T I Kle tnoly tic . the Conductvity is due to the movement q fons. It. The Conducktvery te due fo Movement 4, electhons : Theg Cond uct elect icttey tn Soled They, conduct electoectty 1% Ko iy a ehsnien Stale on solution Stele, lo chem? charge takes phe. chemecal change bakes place A conductyily decrease 13tth ‘nives| conducts tn &mpehature, 5. metsl donot decomp ose. HY increase: 63ith Preven i kmpenotane. Flecknolgtes decomposes mo ions 6. No thansper 4 matien bakesplace Transpen 9) matien tokes place, ex Cu, At, Pe’ ele ex: HL, alaoH ee, . Nac, Kel. Metallic Canductance depends. on 1. Notune and sinudene G metal a. “ Nlamben 9 Valence ‘élecEnens: pen atom 3. Tempenctune. tte conductence depends 6n ; ; ect eg 4 eo Cancentatation qin in solatin a. Notune, 4 4 ° pe ge 4 fons & thetn Solvation. | 2 Temper ots’. 4 3. Noture 4 Solvent 6 18.VeSCO GE. Scanned with CamScannernlote oo = “onda Cenamic matentals and mixed Oxides on Supencond wcthyi ty att tempenatune 150 k, i i | a 2 also knocon to Show The Substances l9hidh donot allow the passage electarte Cumment through them Ex: Rubben, wood , plastfe, 2x, ete, Elect nbly les An elecenoly fe fs a Substence whrch conductesis eleckonileey then Pn the jused (molten) Stale 0 In the Solubton , Stehe & re decomposes an. poss rng electartchy. ; ex: Hel, Nad, Nad de, 4, Stnong eleusolyfis: Flectnolyte cahrch undeng aes Complete » fentzation in aqueous goubion ot moderate conctentnation _ Fe Stnong- adds: = Hel, 18%. HNO % ; we ‘Steong. base = NaOH, KOH, ee, att “Solution = Nad. kd ee, a. Weak tlecnolytes ; . stectnolyle vohrch urdengo partial fontzatton tin Aqueous galution at modenote Concentnasion Ex: weak aseds - aceHte aud. mec aced , Cttatc aced. Cocoon) (coon) heok Btaabeg bases ~ Ae ee Zn@h),» Cts Thon_electnalyles The, Substance. wheh donot conduct shestocery thes molten grade 05-10 Solution Stote Ck, ~Ethylachioho/ 1 benzene glucose, unea ; g iin : “i hig. ee BE ai Scanned with CamScannerCondutaneg - 6) Pege 20 The pnopeity 9 a mateneal thot allows the movement 4 elednic cunnenk #5 called condudance. @ as the Reciprocal gy resistance. oe Vz unte » chri!. [10], mho Eur). sremens@) Resratance [2] unrl= kam? oF SA’. elecentcol nesisiance op any oefed © denclty propertional 2 length ond tnvensly ~pnopontronad * 2 ts area Ral may &) 4 cn6s8 Sector wm R= pe ie Resisttvitey on seers nes stance A pesrebvny Lf] the substance when fe Te 95 deyined ad the neststan ce fs Lm Long and 18 gen J 627088 gecion Anh. untt = [ohm wi] + form caf] ts' lea” used. Specie Conductance A Gonduch'ty [ke] - Cpr) . @zJ unit = Sra! gometfmes Sem. e- Cas) zr ts the conductance. ajecknalyle Golution pieced a tne gleenodes 4 length tm oponk ond anea % cross any. @® sets me meep ® ie #5 the Conductance” ket socal 4 neststivity . 7 4 alectnalylée Solestion ., Scanned with CamScannercand the oned ee Pge 2) Foctens, Foctons_opgect: ng canduc 4. Nature 4 glectnolyte a Tempenctune 3 4 Pnessune Alumben 4 rons [ fonie mobittty ). cell_constanit vo ty 16 the moto o destance betwee @ alectnodes @ cnoss Secon A. Cell constane = gf beknow 7 " o de >|s WF ay Re Keppra” sonic Solutions® qo measure the canduchvity a, fon ee be Pa Solution o4 wheat Srone paid ; 5 a- problems onesed duning this process. © @ passing vient) changes the Composition gst G@ ff Solution Cann eke a mefall?c wrne 0d any gq Resitane (2) ¥ pe. farnect ¢ ot be connected to the boedge, other Sold Cond u boas, Scanned with CamScanner[=e - es ee . Pane No- dQ. These paeblems Can be nesoved by @ using Alternale havent (Ac) Sovne g posses. @ Sy using a Conduchytty yi) con ductivity cel] Cannechy wie conne Hn ———— o'r kb -) _ plot an : Hee — © pt eledioe, plattnssed - pt elechade diyevent types ceo cells ce constsls 4 2 platinum electnodes Coated with plotinem black, These eléethodes have anea 4 enass’ Sectvon Ala ane geparated by destane iL “The Solution *5 congened bla length 2 and arta % 105s 4 Such a column 4 Solubiorn these clectnodes *6 a Glumn sectton A. The neststance ee Pe A Rede A Gt G@n be Coleutased bg measaning R using caheatséone. a Solubior) . shase K *S alneady knoe: tg. known ak Vertes Concert ae Leb bmidge by constdening re: Reh. whose Conduckvtty nason & ot xh Femperatine Scanned with CamScannerRage = 230Ct«~ti Meas urement Conduchvety : ae Tee i. fry ef rontc Solul? ai ee ee 5 fonce Soluton [ whose & Skp:e! + Detomine te cell danstant 4 qn Goludton. using wheat Stone baudge. Condudiviy —7 Re a cen Y 1 os ® eH ey & cell Vattable neststence Ry A condad if f Tt consis unknown sesistance Ry. and Rs, Ry.” p. ts Suttable detecton . . A bridge fs balanced ;yshen NO cusmient a posses through Ihe detecton. Under Mme condzHong RyRs = BR unknovws —> Ry = RR Ra . tg Hence ky & muaswed , K % kage’ , ther. Ge @K. Step 102 unkneen Bolubion. . Desoumtnation gk Conduchutty etl %5 Enoome Sdubion. it i Connecked. to wheat Sion” feat ' wor vunkn oO) electouly tee pied with : bridge: exporrmeh ee Scanned with CamScanneralg Se SS a aN -24 BEE erect gy cl:tuHton On molar eT a iH ae but OL, Mola Conca csvity inentases esith ince in déation Aumenicals the electrical nesiéance % caluron Naok Salation - having a dfameler 200 caladale the Conductivity mestivity 0.05 rial ond lenatta SD om 3 5165°x 10° ohm - and molan Conctiuikity Data ’ Re § + Aare (n= gadivs) ae a f 50 a 7c © annGat onxoe 'p- Orga x10 ohm oo 7 5 Ce o:05 ° ral L B.55x10 = deomeber = Lem if th = 30 om Re & 55x ohm 2 ue. Am* K x ,]00° Lea aS . = ot MW) C = If. 8)0.X 10" cht -@ ’ = [oe ¢1000%0 Os" ' 0 =e = 99q6oox'? ae 2 B16 XIO™ sgn el \ = _ Scanned with CamScanner| | = e Rge No=- 24 Gand R value whic was Caleulakd in Me frst mat ft used fo calculate &. ke gt , Ra, \ wt Vantation cond ucivtty oy Attabton. electrolyte we know Cond uckvity 1 the Condudance g Solulton. measured per unit volume +> Bn delutton , the ne vons pe decreases. then donducksvity also decreases. Molen _Conduchivily. \q, alt the fons produced in the le 4 an electnolyk. un?t volume ee | Condauk vity enti ne, Solution of 4 mo @& % the condtctonce vole qe Solubfon containing ane on 4 eletnolyle kepk between 2 elednodes * 2704" % ooss dstane 4 ante lenght. Betton ‘AX and “the eG ls Ane = KF = c ‘ NEE pool we md co pen “n® EY 2 sil Vv Asse mel 7 7S ‘untk = Sr’ tol) _6r unit) ve Scmbmar' - [em Syo%a) Ze! a lationship bhs Am ond _molarsly 9 Salubion f A= = kx 1000 2 4m LG (Go mat) 1000xM. GL M. Scanned with CamScannerPage No= 26. Varzalfon Ae rg 4 Condu divity and molan conductivrty a Lncentnation. Molan Concluchveey Age & e jn. conceenEn ation, Am ineneases Lith deanease Am with concentration *% clsjgenent: 5% Th?s yantation eed ond week electd yles Fon stnong Electnoly ks ly with dztutfon, as the % dene 4S ponesatfon molan Conductivity ncnease Slot 4 fons jneneases, due t0 tnorease 10 Lt can be srepnesented by equation eee Ace Ee Lemstng molan Con Am * £m © -onsagen cquatfon Teencept Slope = -A dacs : 2 A, (ute § A i a A € ayet Grong yn Nea O Or Om Lemtting enolost a o. conductivity. CC mot)” 2 ts constant f°" ae aboeats on byPe 4 2 electoly ie) ehecholyfe. j Scanned with CamScannerate Page No- a4 Fon §tnon electnoly ke Vaswatt . jantatfon 9, A, cath .Concentaratfon Ve. ps small [4 toes) stp cero concenenation Then — tntencept give No [urneting qnolen condachivity | of tnpnike dilution fe. Ne X,- Ave The plot [4 kel) 7s extra pltted , shen fe 0. PAen= Ao} Fon _teak éleckolyte the Vartation 4 yy ostth concentnotton & the lemeting molon Conductivity Cannot be obtained by extraploeteng (he nasch's Lac. graph. so we ca pba: Nm by Kohl He Lerottir Splubion oF ing 2 molan Cond uckvity o Ke ts the conductivity 4 ebecenaly Ac molox Cond wilvity ye délulton el Splution ot dey gerent cont? ot thot ‘plot blo Ye ond Am °S g alenmine Yolues th ae kt gen blew eho a Bénatghe lene. c a W? ; kel, =~ Rm A ph 0000! 48 ioe wa¥0, 01000307 pale eet 9% 000 5a Mem 2 tay A 0+ 000981, ie : ; be © 095 0-010 0-015 de N= 10 tre -slore etre Scanned with CamScannerey Poge No=ag Koblnausch lav. 4 tndependent mrgnakfon o fons EH Btoles that the Lemiting molan Condachvity yun Blectnol y4e %% the Sum tndevidual contarbutfon x caffon and antons g Aectirely te. Si Fan a Nacl -eledtnolye Solutton o ° ° Aw Xt Xe @) Fon Cad, Solution . Ao rie a an cad, hte al Tn_Genera) Nz X Na + yXe X BY one conggtecent of cation and anton, App [tcot‘on koh! nausth lao . zndéys @) To calcedate ‘Non jr 2 electnolyte pen Xe 4 -dual tons. @ 10 determine He value g dissocratfon constant 4 weak. electnolyte. ak elednolyte cHcooH Gn be detexmrned, Exs )? ton we me electnolyles, Such as cagoonla , Hel. b4 using sinong and Nad. ; ° A. = Agi gol otal TD eet. ‘cx4,c00 H 3 x [gus Pa + Di a] Dhue 8a] Noyes Be) + Be ODED Aayort = Nagas + Xue LHs = RHS. ’ Scanned with CamScanner? i Page No-ag, | | Note Ruy fon Some fons wy Waten at 392 1 as follows. Calculate }nom the above data (ach, Deacty,* Natt 2% dar = ia + 2C%62) = aH6 MgSO, . 2 Odgge tT Xsgo i ee = }o68 + 160- 2 266, ane 186-45, 426°9, va Hd and CtH,~ooNs Nac and 4 on ne por UB@oH. , senalmal. especialy Coleal@t Ie f a ae 7 + Nye Wed | J ° =X owe’ “He os yagey Seat nal K agano ~ Nags Aue - 2 Teo HAST ~ 26" Rag = HAS 1 . HY = 310°5 Naigena Alo Scanned with CamScanner, Rege No= 80 7 Klectnolytte Cell and Klectnolysts, ‘ ‘A cell whtch Convers eledntcal nergy to chemical eneagy e eca) section s- Cell’ try. wohech eletnedal Coengy causes chem x: coppen caltlometex, Electnolysts f- pnocess In ushtch chemtcod changes’ takes place bg passoe % electra cumment The process 4 decomposition J electnoly tee by passing electnec Cunnenk thnoughe fe. pijperence_ Ho _eletrochomea] cola sletnolye <2 Flectsroly Hic Cell [a converds clecroncal VEG to chemical energy. Electnochemecal Cell BH CGoments Chemecal Energy +0 Electnecal energy @ Anode - negative Anode - posttive Cathode — positive cathode - negative. a Ag = -ve Ag = +Vve @® 2 elednedes ane kept *n a 2 elesnodes ane Kepb ir the clip ponent bdlutans ‘Same 8olution. | oe centist whe descovened glecholysis | anechael precy ~Rast § i) wilt Scanned with CamScannerPage | No O= *82 — Fanadas's Lacd$ 4 elecolysis rnst Law The amount 4 ts denectty proporttonal to quantity Fhaough the — elecdndly te Solutfon. Substance discharged at an électnode. 4 electn?cch] pass na a m= 28 tahene. “X= eleckochem*cal epuvilot | Tied L= usnent in Ampher. | Qet Lie ren [i= Z.] ———4). i@ Zo) amphee E21 sec, peace equivalent = (@) | ( the Substance aie when 1og olutton . | L equivalent mass V it #5 the mass a passed though the elecknolijbe | ne _knove LF means 165006 dischanged . 4 Substance» = E qn th ic dischanged = 8 ” Bib s Then equation 4, becomes m= © 96500 Abie - 1 ae Fanadoy = 96500, ——? Lmole 4 € sequired LF @ Faneday = gx 76500 G- —Sretleny 2 mole fH aF Scanned with CamScanner| Poge NO =3& | Ik °6 dyined as the chonge of, 4 mole 4 electnon , Change g 4 mole 4 @ = LF = 96500 ag henge then change 4 LE = 96500 “t% G.0aax10" -93 = 1 6024+54 x10 1.608 x16" C L.} Constden the polberag neacton and pind oak quantity + elecknec chase in Coulumbs need fo Complete Hs Rent > aC + B40 o- BP Cyo, + MA Ha 6c 6€ =66 =6 x 96500 C = 549000 C. a\ Hood much Change rs seguined to nedute He L mole Ae? po At. Then how much amount Ht ges clepostted when 4F 4 change rs Supple, Als 3e.——> Al ge > 3F , be Know = 3x7b500 G BF ts Require por oa = 279500. ineans BF por 2 9 BM LF fs pr? xe Sho 1G a Scanned with CamScannerge NO=33. 3 + Ag + le — Aq 4e24F . 29500 G LF ts Reguined i 2 mole [18 4) 4 fq Al atty ae zu Qe = 2x 16500 = 193000 G QF 25 negusned fon Ermole) 63-5 g 4 OH ? The DF fs fem Y= 1X 625 2 = 8b a 5 Mndy + 5€ + Minit be = 5 F = 5x 76500 C £ 4easod G amphene tobe Sypplied nétaole falls) to cook 6 | How long as a cwcrent 3 through a. Solution g Silver metal suafaee oie oo i 34504 = 3 xe 46500 C carnent Re 108 9 — ae, XC curment jor O42 9, ES ee X= 96500 X04 = 345,at be a5-01.& (08 eel Scanned with CamScanner+ Page No 3y Oareh Fo Copper was dlepasthed On passing qe Cuewmen é g os A Pp Jo min. Ehsough a Solution 4 Cuso,» Caleutote the atomrc mass 4 CL, ae = O15 xX 30x60 = 900 G qoo G of change depostts 0-010 9 ca ee ie deposits = ? @°) 900 = 63-56 g. Fonaclay (5 £ haw if ec Gumnent 76 pres It Brakes thaky Same Quantity elechnic Pp? thaough daperent golukon the amount g bub bance dschag ane paopenttonel to thetn equivalent Jna%. E 7 m.. < La Meg % Me = Fa Mag Fag Scanned with CamScanner’ aan Raatute genase Paalucts g, eletsey Page Ne 26 a depends on —> - G) Nature 4 elt ndyte @) Type % the elecknocle used! @ £2 values 4 Competing *ons G) Concentnation elecenolytte solutorv 6) Oven Volkage xk para Nok : At cathode pnané than ene type g cation Tn a eleunolyle Solution 4 Value bell be paesent then cakon ostth higher SRP dgschangeal «pfs mesenk |] dtschang . & foe v] om P 8 q) cu [oon] aq’ discharges Blw net Cav], ap Ea pases i at aischange pt Ab_ fade | the electnoly#e solution contolns mone than ene type J Loyrex spp will be deschargd EE anton, Then anton. ustth Eo,-= =9.08 .V @npe”? H90y rae a, ax node 5:03 a athe Fit * 4.03 V ods 49, ot Anode =O, ek: an a * 50, ——> |S, | ano AH" Note Fon a Molen Nad, At cathe ae 6B) at Anode yn FE But jp Ay Naot, The ane Nat, oo Ht 6 OR Compit ation bug Nat ¢ ir & ad” 60H. Scanned with CamScanner Pon,Rege 36 eS Nac! solutton Prot ecm At_cathode Nob+16—> Na . £7 ~20#V Sita se ably Ele? 8 0 th 1¢ — Hy, —) za. cecompostion. 5 spp vslue PORE But Ht fons ane obtained by H,0 ++ (on ~—@) “add eg? @) and G) Cathed + HO + 1 Anode t Fe 136.071 apy oH —® > Hy + a — td, + 16 pe la gw ot HH HE Be pad MO ad a hy 22 et) rh} ott or ah To , a ae 24 2S | pine! Anode ‘cl —> td, +H CoE wl overall Reston Nad — Natt a Cathod ¢ Hote ht OH Anode a —r $c, tie H Nal +HO —> Nat +h, +d, 7 S Noi elecholysts ; ag. Neel seco gas: theroks | anode —> a GP Oks cathode > Hy gas Leben Scanned with CamScannerNok 0 oven voltage I mininund OxeSS P? deschange tons * called over porn | Bot benzes ashen? camreat ane the Bowe of glecintcal Enea 6 convening into eleancal Ney aaneng el an entfal oven the SRP nequinedl fo wal o over voltegé. jorengd geclox 7eaction Q- jp os bbe Combenasion % gon mone cells Benves Om panaltel. Tas Ch] paimany _bafteny * ed O8 geused . Battemtes hich cannot be mechog exes Day call, Hg cell, , Lett Reackfons ane inniversible) Qy Becondon battem °C cumnent Aue d by passing elect Cet! whech Can be mechange in eppesrte dinectt rs tn gecondand bottends cell reactions ane mevensi ble. Ex: Lead storage batter4 , Necd cell, x wee na et! oo Day cetj |/ beclanche aged gor? ane ns ce Const %% = Containen, ughtch act as onede, and graphite red Sunn ¥ jounded by powedod no, and Me Eur a wth | qaabon att as calrode. ; Wi ye The se sua Contatnen '¢ electrode aed & [ | ie fen a | filled uatth m0? paste of Nal & Znck » NY tohch acts “as elect lyfe Scanned with CamScannerAnode = xn —e antl 4 ae c t - cade « (ng # anf +1 —p Polen © + ee pons 2t z+ QMndy + aNH, ity srno(on) xan | ‘ , 3 Een oho v: @ | Mencuay cell jor lo cuomnenk deyrces. like cheantag aids te ° suriable usdches ° ee; constnuctfon; Menuory cell constsié of zn/itg amalgam act a6 anode. and a paste 4 Hgo and carbon as thé cathode. the electnolyte te a paste oh KOH & XnO: Anode = Znlhg ¢ G54) —> ZnOoyt Of +@) Cathed * Hgo + HHP +@€) — Mo A GOK. Eeen = 35 v: : Secondary Batteay (n} Lead _stonag® wastory / ead - Aes _baltery. pane leak? gus 08 On 2, and lead grid a cons?sts f packed wih = Pb%. * 3B {> HE Solution aus OS ebectnole te. jext [pook, ay yam Scanned with CamScannerNegative plates: lead grids filled with spongy lead. Posilive plates: lead grids filled wilh PhO, Beh s uiphurie acid solution Scanned with CamScannerLan Pege 34 % Anode: Ph+ S07 —> pbsg * ae” $ ae tHe pbso, + 240 - Cothode : pbg +50; pb + aso + Phat Hi" + 2Pbs, ® bb + aso, + Pb0, — © PbS0, + 940- + 30. ‘QSaETA Note on changing the overall cell geact’en + 9H, 5O 5 evox 4 phso, + 20 —? Pb + Pb% 10 yet bots Alt-cd cell” : Ait Cesc 035 ; Bold Cd acls as onode at Nii), Ne-cd cell conersis % acs as Cathadle , the electndly & is oy Koy . Cell potonival = 30 V : Anode: cd + 20H —% cGy), + 2 Cothod -a[nr 64), # aH tae — anion) + 20H og, cd + a NiOH), + HP —* ao Ni6i), + 0 +90 « a6), fuell_cel | # cell produces fuel cea we Hy Hae EX: Hy pee" all ustion 4 clecintcel energy “by comb CHj0H ete i ted to ae man pe cet neactants ane continudsly supp ed yo genenolt eteckierty erage (r0eKe5) trqual & but used in Space @ my ane a used 98 pre pean’. Scanned with CamScanner“Jelly rel” insulating : washer sinterad positive @ 2007 Encyolopedia Britannia, Ino. électrode Scanned with CamScannerHO, fuel cell 43 Peni Oy fuel Cell Yq tert boots zn tht y in Ss cell Oxygen Q H, we bubbed through a porn ‘Carbon elecinod into Con. Nac @ Con. KoH. cadalyst ke finely divided pk a Pd meted ont incomparoked fo Fhe elecksodes fon sncreasing . ral electnode neacttons anode Compartement , pohoe tt 75 jedaced Hg f passed! rnfo into Cothod , cohere it 7S oxrclized and oxygen 1s passed prod. Qty + 40H,” KHO + Ae » =~ I | _godamtc called: Q) + DHOF ne — AoH —_———— Qty + O8g 2430 Nose: Bate cell Runs continususly as long as the eaclants anu Sepp connos'0) : ; | “The gradual destnaction % meter) clue to attack ¥ ; gase® and mors tune present in an | : ex: musting q, on wee Feg0y, HHP 25 called rust [ hgeratd peor onde], | Rusting_§ tO), fasting BP eteeknocemtcal phenom al egile 10 4 feeb ve own an 158 i comnsion hon men FS exposed to mo ~ al ceus we Set ope ds a ane nve apm rote 4 de, Since é non met hayes %S el more elecha posttivé h oP present mp the fe-atom 4 echalyte: the lew elechoposi acls a Cathode, Mo Scanned with CamScannerPorous carbon anode = Ps Poraus carbon cathode containing Ni e containing Ni and NiO Hp (q) —Z =S=*— 0, (9) Oxidation: 2H,{9) + 4QH-(aq)—> |] 4H, OU) + 4e- Reduction: O,{9) + 2H,Ol!} + 4 e7—> 4 OH"(aq) Hot KOH solution Scanned with CamScanner@: fe at = rad ry Fe + 96 te cathode = t+ 4H + 20 > QOH, re’ aH Fe +40, + H,o at ret’ + 26H —e een, re 6x), + 40, + ho OW; 2 Fe@H), —r Fex% * BHO FC,0, t 34° > FO, ' non ust methods b paerent Como Ss Si0n netned? _f—__.~—_* ) pasnioirg @ Gnecard ee Gal eee Go gleerep HUF Scanned with CamScannerTin-plated Steel outer innertop Sealing and top \ insulating Outer steel gasket 7 2n (anode) KOH saturated with ZnO in absorbent material (electralyte) HgO mixed with graphite (cathode) Inner steel case Scanned with CamScannerPositive terminal Ammonium chloride (NH,Cl) Electrolyte Carbon Electrode (cathode) Zinc casing (anode) Separator ; Manganese Protective dioxide (MnO,) covering Negative terminal Scanned with CamScanner