Ancient India

1.Harappan/indus civilization

- oldest name -indus civilization

- John Marshall the first
scholar( indus civilization)
-(2500bc-1750bc)
- belongs to bronze age/chalcolithic
- spread over Sindh,
Baluchistan,punjab, haryana,west up,
rajasthan, Gujarat,north Maharashtra
-north sites - Sutlej punjab, chenab
j&k
-south sites - bhagatrav gujarat,
daimabad Maharashtra
-west sites- sutkagendor (Pakistan
Iran border)
-east sites - alamgirpur up,
Captial cities - Harappan,
mohanjodaro
Port cities - lothal , sutkagendor,
allahdino , balakot, kuntasi

Largest site of indus civilization -

mohanjodaro
Largest site in India of indus
civilization - rakhigarhi

Common features
1. Systematic town planned like a
gride system
2. Proper drainage system
3. Burnt bricks in construction

Surkotada the only indus site where

remains of horse have actually found.

Mains crops- wheat and barley

cultivation of rice in lothal and
rangpur(gujarat only)

Animals- sheep , goat, humped and

humpless bull
buffalo,boar,dogs,cat,pig,fowl,deer,tor
toise, elephant,camel,rhinoceros,tiger
etc
Lion was not know to indus
civilization
Extensive inland and foreign trade.
Foreign trade with Mesopotamia or
Sumeria( modern Iraq), Bahrain etc

Export- agricultural products, cotton

goods, terracotta
figurines,pottery,certain beads, c9nch
shell, ivory products,copper etc

Iron was not known to these peoples

Meluha was the name given to indus
region by
Sumerian

Shatughai and mundigaq sites in

afganistan

Harappan was the earliest people to

produce cotton ( sindon by Greeks)

Barter system is assumed to be used

in this civilization

Lothal was the ancient port

(Mostly urban)

Ruling authority was class of

merchants

(No temples were found in there

region)
Mostly they worship Matridevi or
shakti
---There is evidence of Yoni(female
sex organ) worship---

Male deity was the Pasupati

Mahadeva i.e the lord of animals
(proto Shiva)
Setted in yogic posture and
surrounded by 4
animals(elephant rhino tiger and
buffalo)and two deer appeared on his
feet

Animal worship and tree worship

(esp. Peepal)

Evidence of pictographic script found

on seals
 Vedic culture.
(1500-600bc)
ORIGINAL HOME OF THE
ARYAN
4 Vedic goads
Indra, varuna , Mitra, and nasatyas
(It proves central Asian theory as
their homeland)

First settled in the present frontier

province and the punjab ( sapta
Sindhu)

Vedic literature (1500bc-

600bc)

The Rig Veda was composed

while the Aryans were still in
Punjab
Vedic literature comprises of
four literary production -
Vedas
The brahamans
The aranyakas
The Upanishads

Most important Vedic literature are

Vedas
Vedas are called apaurasheya
(Not created by man but God gifted)
Nitya i.e existing in all eternity