THE ENGINEERING EXCELLENCE OF

RAM MANDIR

A Major Project Report Submitted

In Partial Fulfillment of the
Requirements for the Award of the Degree of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
In

CIVIL ENGINEERING
By

Pranjal Singh Parihar (20302013)

Sachin Singh (20302082)
Gaurav Tiwari (20302066)
Deepak Sondhiya (20302003)
Aman Kumar Shukla (20302061)
Mahendra Kumar Chaudhary (20302011)

Under the Supervision of

Prof. Rajesh Chouhan

(Head Of Department, Civil Engineering)

Department of Civil Engineering

School of Engineering and Technology
Vikram University, Ujjain, (M.P.), 456010
SESSION(2023-2024)
 SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
VIKRAM UNIVERSITY, UJJAIN, (M.P.), 456010

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that major project report entitled “ The Engineering

Excellence of Ram Mandir” which is submitted by Pranjal Singh
Parihar, Sachin Singh, Gaurav Tiwari, Deepak Sondhiya, Aman
Kumar Shukla and Mahendra Kumar Chaudhary in partial
fulfillment of the requirements for the award of degree Bachelor of
Engineering in Civil Engineering from Department of Civil Engineering,
School of Engineering and Technology, Vikram University, Ujjain, is a
record of the candidates own work carried out by them under my
supervision. The matter embodied in this major project is original and has
not been submitted for the award of any other degree.

Prof. Rajesh Chouhan Prof. Rajesh Chouhan Dr. Sandeep Tiwari

(Project Guide) (Head of Department) (Director)
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 SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
VIKRAM UNIVERSITY, UJJAIN, (M.P.), 456010

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that major project report entitled “ The Engineering

Excellence of Ram Mandir” which is submitted by Pranjal Singh
Parihar, Sachin Singh, Gaurav Tiwari, Deepak Sondhiya, Aman
Kumar Shukla and Mahendra Kumar Chaudhary in partial
fulfillment of the requirements for the award of degree Bachelor of
Engineering in Civil Engineering from Department of Civil Engineering,
School of Engineering and Technology, Vikram University, Ujjain, is a
record of our own work carried out by us under the guidance and
supervision of our faculty member. We are very thankful to them for their
support.

Signature Signature
(Internal Examiner) (External Examiner)

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 DECLARATION

We hereby declare that this submission is our own work and that, to the
best of our knowledge and belief. It contains no material previously
published or written by another person nor material which to a substantial
extent has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma of
the university or other institute of higher learning, except where due
acknowledgment has been made in the text.

Pranjal Singh Parihar (20302013)

Sachin Singh (20302082)
Gaurav Tiwari (20302066)
Deepak Sondhiya (20302003)
Aman Kumar Shukla (20302061)
Mahendra Kumar Chaudhary (203020011)

Date:- 15-05-2024

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It gives us a great sense of pleasure to present the report of B.E. major project undertaken
during B.E. final year.
First of all salutations to our beloved and highly esteemed institute “School of Engineering
and Technology” for having well qualified staff and labs furnished with necessary
equipment and computers.
We express our sincere gratitude to our respected director sir, Dr. Sandeep Tiwari, for
providing full accessibility to lab and providing us all the necessary lab equipment which
help us a lot to simplify our project.
Next in the row, we will like to express our sincere gratitude to our respected head of
department as well as our project guide, Prof. Rajesh Chouhan, for his invaluable inspiring
guidance and constant encouragement during the period of project work and for always
being available at every point of time when we want his guidance as well as for motivating
us throughout the project work.
We owe special debt of gratitude for his constant support and guidance throughout the course
of our work. His sincerity, thoroughness and perseverance have been a constant source of
inspiration for us. It is only his cognizant efforts that our endeavors have seen light of the
day.
We also take the opportunity to acknowledge the contribution of Prof. Chetan Gurjar, Prof.
Sachin Sironiya, Prof. Mohit Prajapati, for their full support and assistance during the
development of the project.
We also like to acknowledge the contribution of all staff members of the department for their
kind assistance during the development of our project. Last but not the least, we
acknowledge our friends for their contribution in the completion of this project.

Pranjal Singh Parihar (20302013)

Sachin Singh (20302082)
Gaurav Tiwari (20302066)
Deepak Sondhiya (20302003)
Aman Kumar Shukla (20302061)
Mahendra Kumar Chaudhary (20302011)

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 ABSTRACT
The meticulous construction of the Ram Mandir in Ayodhya stands as a beacon of
engineering excellence and unwavering devotion. At the heart of this monumental project is
the use of specially chosen stones subjected to rigorous testing — a process overseen by the
National Institute of Rock Mechanics (NIRM) in Bengaluru. Special technology is employed
to place the carved stones in the construction, and NIRM played a pivotal role in ensuring
that every aspect of the temple, from its foundation to the superstructure, adheres to the
highest quality and durability standards.
The strength of the Ram Temple comes from the rocks used in its construction. Around
20,700 large blocks of granite, 32,800 blocks of sandstone, and 7,200 blocks of marble,
certified by the scientists of NIRM, have been used in the construction. The temple’s
construction showcases a meticulous engineering feat, with a foundation rooted in a 15-
metre-thick layer of rolled compacted concrete. This formidable base, consisting of 54 layers
of the compacted concrete made from fly ash, dust, and chemicals, provides a solid footing
to the structure. Also strengthening the foundation is a 21-foot-thick plinth of granite,
strategically designed to shield the temple from moisture.
On the advice of the IIT Chennai, engineers excavated the land up till 15 metres to remove
the clayey topsoil. This void was filled with re-engineered soil, a substance capable of
solidifying into stone within 14 days.
Construction approach of Ram Mandir is to avoid the use of iron and minimising the use of
cement. The stones are intricately interlocked, forming a robust structure. To enhance
stability, shear keys are strategically employed at male-female joints. Copper clamps and
pins further fortify the assembly, creating a durable and interconnected framework without
the traditional reliance on iron or excessive cement. This method not only demonstrates a
commitment to resource efficiency but also results in a distinctive and resilient architectural
outcome designed to last for more than 1,000 years.
The temple can withstand major earthquakes. The collaborative effort of a dedicated team
comprising 150 engineers and thousands of workers underscores the temple’s architectural
marvel, projected to remain free of repairs for over 1,000 years.
The grey granites, aged at least 2,100 million years, their hardness was scientifically
determined using advanced tools like the Schmidt Hammer.
The intricately carved pillars, a hallmark of the temple’s architectural beauty, underwent non-
destructive testing (NDT) using cutting-edge techniques such as ultrasonic and infrared
thermography.
The rocks utilised in the construction of the Ram temple would endure for more than
thousand years.

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 CONTENTS
CERTIFICATE 1 2
CERTIFICATE 2 3
DECLARATION 4
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 5
ABSTRACT 6
CONTENTS 7-8
LIST OF FIGURES 9-10
LIST OF TABLES 11
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 12
CHAPTER 1:- INTRODUCTION 13-19
1.1 About Ram Mandir 13-14
1.2 Details of Ram Mandir Construction Project 15
1.2.1 Project Information 15
1.3 Mandir Information 16-19
1.3.1 Geographical Location 16
1.3.2 The Main Temple 16-18
1.3.3 The Temple Complex 18-19
1.3.4 Other Architectural Facts 19
CHAPTER 2:- ENGINEERING BEHIND RAM MANDIR 20-24
2.1 Project Brief 20-23
2.1.1 Master Plan 21
2.1.2 Longitudinal Section 21
2.1.3 Entrance of Ram Mandir 22
2.1.4 Site Plan 22
2.1.5 Mandir Views 23
2.2 Salient Features 23
2.3 Project Information (Civil Engineering POV) 24

CHAPTER 3:- FOUNDATION 25-28

3.1 Brief Description about Foundation 25

3.2 Temple Foundation Plan 26
3.3 Temple Vertical Section 27
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 3.4 Soil Investigation 27-28

CHAPTER 4:- CONCRETE 29-30

4.1 Rolled Compacted Concrete 29

4.2 Base Over Foundation 29-30
4.3 Raft-Internal and External 30

CHAPTER 5:- EXCAVATION AND FILLING 31-33

5.1 Excavation for Temple 31-32

5.2 Engineered Fill 32-33

CHAPTER 6:- PLINTH WORK, SUPERSTRUCTURE, RETAINING WALL 34-43

6.1 Plinth Work 34-35

6.2 Superstructure 35-41
6.2.1 Plan of Mahapith 38
6.2.2 Section of Pillar 39
6.2.3 Plan and Cross section of Mandovar 39-40
6.2.4 Details of Mandovar 41
6.3 Retaining Wall 42-43

CHAPTER 7:- PARKOTA 44-45

7.1 Information about Parkota 44

7.1.1 Plan and Section of Parkota 45

CHAPTER 8:- EARTHQUAKE RESISTANCE OF RAM MANDIR 46-47

CHAPTER 9:- PHOTOGRAPH OF MODEL 48

CHAPTER 10:- CONCLUSION 49

REFERENCES 50

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 LIST OF FIGURES
Fig. No. Figure Description Page No.

Figure 1.1 Idol of Lord Ram 14

Figure 1.2 Shree Ram Mandir 14
Figure 1.3 Location of Ram Mandir in Map 16
Figure 1.4 Information About Ram Mandir 17
Figure 2.1 Master Plan of Ram Mandir 21
Figure 2.2 Longitudinal Section of Ram Mandir 21
Figure 2.3 Entrance of Ram Mandir 22
Figure 2.4 Site Plan of Ram Mandir 22
Figure 2.5 Views From Different Angles of Ram Mandir 23
Figure 2.6 Salient Features of Ram Mandir 23
Figure 3.1 Foundation Plan of Ram Mandir 26
Figure 3.2 Layout of Foundation of Ram Mandir 26
Figure 3.3 Vertical Section of Foundation of Ram Mandir 27
Figure 3.4 Soil Investigation in Ram Mandir 28
Figure 4.1 Placing of Concrete in Ram Mandir 30
Figure 5.1 Excavation Work of Ram Mandir 32
Figure 5.2 Backfilling Work of Ram Mandir 33
Figure 6.1 Plinth Work of Ram Mandir 35
Figure 6.2 Three Dimensional View of Ram Mandir 36
Figure 6.3 Mahapith and Kakshasan of Ram Mandir 37
Figure 6.4 Mock up Pillar and Mandovar of Ram Mandir 37
Figure 6.5 Plan and Real Picture of Mahapith of Ram Mandir 38
Figure 6.6 Section of Pillar of Ram Mandir 39
Figure 6.7 Plan and Cross Section of Mandovar of Ram Mandir 40

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Figure 6.8 Location of Garbhagriha of Ram Mandir 40
Figure 6.9 Details of Mandovar of Ram Mandir 41
Figure 6.10 Outer Periphery of Mandovar of Ram Mandir 41
Figure 6.11 Plan of Retaining Wall of Ram Mandir 42
Figure 6.12 Retaining Wall of Ram Mandir 43
Figure 7.1 Parkota of Ram Mandir 44
Figure 7.2 Plan and Section of Parkota of Ram Mandir 45
Figure 9.1 Model of Ram Mandir 48

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 LIST OF TABLES
Table No. Table Description Page No.

Table 1 Ram Mandir Information 15

Table 2 Project Brief of Ram Mandir 20
Table 3 Number of Stones Used in Super Structure of Ram Mandir 37
Table 4 Dimension of Retaining Wall of Ram Mandir 42

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 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
Abbreviations Full Form

IIT Indian Institute of Technology

NIT National Institute of Technology
CBRI Central Building Research Institute
CSIR Council of Scientific & Industrial Research
NGRI National Geophysical Research Institute
ASI Archaeological Survey of India
CUM Cubic Meter
RCC Reinforcement Cement Concrete
CFT Cubic feet
CUM/DAY Cubic Meter Per day
CUM/HR Cubic Meter Per Hour
VRC Vibro Roller Compactor

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 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

6.2 About Ram Mandir

The Ram Mandir is a partially constructed Hindu temple complex in Ayodhya, Uttar
Pradesh, India. Many Hindus believe that it is located at the site of Ram Janmabhoomi, the
mythical birthplace of Rama, a principal deity of Hinduism. The temple was inaugurated on
22 January 2024 after a prana pratishtha (consecration) ceremony.
The Shri Ram Janmabhoomi Teerth Kshetra trust began the first phase of construction of the
Ram Mandir in March 2020. The COVID-19 pandemic lockdown in India caused a
temporary suspension of the construction. On 25 March 2020, Ram’s idol was moved to a
temporary location in the presence of the Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh, Yogi
Adityanath. In preparation for the temple’s construction, the Vishwa Hindu Parishad (VHP)
organised a ‘Vijay Mahamantra Jaap Anushthan’, in which individuals would gather at
different places to chant the ‘Vijay Mahamantra’ – Shri Ram, Jai Ram, Jai Jai Ram, on 6
April 2020. This was said to ensure “victory over hurdles” in constructing the temple.
It was officially announced by Champat Rai, the General Secretary of the Sri Ram
Janmbhoomi Kshetra Trust, that 22 January 2024 would be the scheduled date for the
installation of the Ram Lalla idol in the garbhagriha (sanctum sanctorum). On 25 October
2023, a formal invitation was extended to Prime Minister Narendra Modi to attend the
ceremony.
In August 2021, a viewing location was created for the public to observe the construction
works in the temple site. Following the groundbreaking ceremony, up to 40 feet (12 m) of
debris were removed and the remaining earth compacted. The foundation was made
using roller-compacted concrete. A total of 47–48 layers, with each layer 1-foot (0.30 m)
high, were completed by mid-September 2021. Due to electricity supply issues in Mirzapur,
the cutting of the sandstone was slowed down. In early 2022, a video was released by the

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temple trust, showing the planned construction of the temple in 3D along with other related
information.
In January 2023, two 60-million-year-old Shaligram rocks, 26 tonnes and 14 tonnes
respectively, were sent from the Gandaki river in Nepal. These rocks were used to carve the
idol of Ram Lalla in the sanctum sanctorum. In August 2023, according to the Shri Ram
Janmabhoomi Teerth Kshetra Trust, 70% of the groundwork was completed and 40% of the
roof work was completed. In December 2023, the entire base, along with the six smaller
temples that surround the main temple, which consists of the sanctum sanctorum, were
almost completed. For its consecration, only the ground floor was opened. The temple is
expected to be completed by the end of 2024.

Fig 1.1 Idol of Lord Ram

Fig 1.2 Shree Ram Mandir

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1.2 Details of Ram Mandir Construction Project

Shri Ram Mandir has captured the nation’s attention and is a masterpiece and a celebration
of engineering brilliance. In the heart of Ayodhya, our nation will be embarking on a journey
where devotion and engineering excellence will be witnessed.
Shri Ram Mandir has captured our interest, and it is also amazing that it showcases advanced
construction techniques.
1.2.1 Project Information:-

Chief Architect Chandrakant B. Sompura (CBS)

Construction Company Larsen and Toubro (L&T)

Project Management Tata Consulting Engineers

Company Limited (TCEL)

IIT Chennai, IIT Bombay, IIT Guwahati,

Design Advisors CBRI Roorkee, SVNIT Surat, NGRI Hyderabad

Arun Yogiraaj (Mysore), Ganesh Bhatt and Satyanarayan

Sculptors Pandey

Total area 70 Acre (70% green Area)

Temple area 2.77 Acre

Temple Dimension L:380 feet, W: 250 Ft, H: 161 Ft

6 Stories(Floors)
392 Pillars
Architectural Highlights 44 Doors

Construction Style Indian Nagara Style

2 Sewer Treatment Plants

1 Water Treatment Plant

Dedicated Power Supply

Table 1. Ram Mandir Information
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1.3 Mandir Information

1.3.1 Geographical Location:-

Q5WV+7Q Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh
Sai Nagar, Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh 224123

Fig 1.3 Location of Ram Mandir in Map

1.3.2 The Main Temple:-

The main temple is built in Nagara Style.

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The original design for Ram Mandir was developed in 1988 by the Sompura family of
Ahmedabad. However, in 2020, the old design was modified as per the Vastu Shastra and the
Shilpa Shastra.
This reflects a conscious effort to blend aesthetic grace with ancient wisdom.
The Sompura family has a rich legacy of temple craftsmanship and has been associated with
the design of some renowned Indian temples such as Somnath. Thus, their association brings
a sense of continuity to the architectural design of the Ram Mandir and adds a historical and
artistic dimension to it.
The Mandir will have three stories (floors), with each story designed to give the devotees an
experience of the various stages of Lord Rama’s divine journey.
The ground floor of the temple has been designed to depict the story of the birth and
childhood of Lord Rama.
The first floor is designed like Lord Rama’s Darbaar.
The revered temple consists of a total of five Mandaps (Hall) – Nritya Mandap, Rang
Mandap, Sabha Mandap, Prarthna, and Kirtan Mandaps.

Fig 1.4 Information About Ram Mandir

The temple has a total of 44 doors, of which some will be coated with 100 kg gold.

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The main entrance to the temple is called the Singh Dwar. This entrance features a series of
statues and busts of prominent characters from Ramayana.
The pillars as well as walls of the temple are adorned with statues of deities as well as
intricate carvings depicting India’s century-old history.
All along the parikrama path, 100 events from Valmiki’s Ramayana have been engraved on
the walkways and columns. The idea is to present Ram Katha Darshan.

1.3.3 The Temple Complex:-

The temple is surrounded by a rectangular compound wall, called Parkota.

The total length of this wall is 732 metres and its width is 14 feet.
Along with the main Ram Mandir, the temple complex consists of several other religious
structures.
One temple has been built at each of the four corners of the compound. These temples are
dedicated to Surya Dev, Devi Bhagwati, Ganesh Bhagwan, and Lord Shiva.
The northern arm of the temple complex consists of a temple of Maa Annapurna and in the
southern arm, there is a temple of Lord Hanuman.
A historic well called Sita Koop is located near the temple. This dates back to the ancient era.
Some other temples proposed to be constructed within the temple complex are those
dedicated to Maharishi Vashishtha, Maharishi Valmiki, Maharishi Vishwamitra, Maharishi
Agastya, Nishad Raj, Devi Ahilya, and Mata Shabri.
Kuber Tila is located in the southwestern part of the complex. The ancient temple of Lord
Shiva located in this part has been restored. Also, a bronze idol of the Ramayana character
‘Jatayu’ has been installed here.
The temple complex consists of several independent infrastructures of its own
 A sewage treatment plant
 A water treatment plant
 A fire service
 An independent power station.
 A Pilgrims Facility Centre of 25,000 capacity to provide medical facilities and locker
facilities to the pilgrims.
 A separate block with a bathing area, washrooms, washbasin, open taps, etc.

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Learning from the damage caused by lightning strikes to some old temples in Mathura and
Kashi, around 200 KA light arresters have been installed over the temple structure.
The temple complex includes a museum showcasing artifacts related to Lord Ram and the
Ramayana. Thus. More than just a religious center, the Ram Mandir has been envisioned as a
cultural and educational center as well.

1.3.4 Other Architectural Facts:-

A time capsule has been placed approximately 2,000 feet below the ground, right underneath
the temple. The capsule contains a copper plate inscribed with relevant information
regarding the Ram Mandir, Lord Rama, and Ayodhya.
The purpose of this time capsule is to ensure that the identity of the temple remains intact
over time so that it doesn’t get forgotten in the future.
The temple is an earthquake-resistant structure, with an estimated age of 2500 years.
The idols are made up of 60 million years old Shaligram Rocks, brought from the Gandaki
River (Nepal)
The Bell is made of Ashtadhatu (Gold, Silver, Copper, Zinc, Lead, Tin, Iron, and Mercury)
The Bell weighs 2100 Kg
The sound of the bell can be heard up to a distance of 15 Km.

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 CHAPTER 2

ENGINEERING BEHIND RAM MANDIR

2.1 Project Brief

Table 2. Project Brief of Ram Mandir

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2.1.1 Master Plan of Approx 67.7 Acre Land:-

Fig 2.1 Master Plan of Ram Mandir

2.1.2 Longitudinal Section:-

Fig 2.2 Longitudinal Section of Ram Mandir

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2.1.3 Entrance of Pilgrims Facility Centre (PFC) Building 3D View With Security
Checks And Baggage Scanning:-

Fig 2.3 Entrance of Ram Mandir

2.1.4 Site Plan – View from East:-

Fig 2.4 Site Plan of Ram Mandir

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2.1.5 Mandir- Views from Different Angles:-

Fig 2.5 Views From Different Angles of Ram Mandir

2.2 Salient Features

Fig 2.6 Salient Features of Ram Mandir

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2.3 Project Information (Civil Engineering POV)

•The proposed temple area is situated on the banks of River Sarayu (Approximately 1km
from the riverbank).

•The temple is designed by a specialist Architect Consultant, as a Traditional structure, in a

Nagara style of Temple architecture.

•The Parkota around the boundary of the temple will have temples of 06 Nos. Gods and
Goddesses.

•The Temple structure shall be integrated with the Shri Ram Janmbhoomi Complex Master
plan.

•The temple will be constructed using traditional stone made up of sandstone, Granite,
Mirzapur stone and Makrana Marble for flooring and cladding.

•The structural elements are joined together by tongue and groove joints with copper pins
and strip. Its dimensions are 24pprox.. 380x250 feet. The main Shikhara over Garbhagriha is
161 feet high.

•Finalization of Structural Stability analysis & Integrated Structural analysis by M/s L&T,
TCE, Architect and CBRI Roorkee

 Requirement: No use of iron in foundation.

 Design life of Mandir: 1000 years
 Differential settlement between two columns is negligible.
 No exposed concrete above ground level.
 Properties of existing cultural material in sub soil couldn’t be predicted with certainty.
 Seismic forces were expected to be amplified in top 8 – 11 m layer
 Retaining wall was designed to retain the earth of courtyard of mandir.

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 CHAPTER 3

FOUNDATION

3.1 Brief Description about Foundation

 Site is close to river Saryu and has large deposit of silty sediments consolidated over
thousand of years.
 Due to proximity to Himalayan tectonic region, the structure was supposed to be
designed for site spectra or Zone IV.
 Due to seismicity of area it was imperative to design engineered foundation system that
can achieve almost rock like characteristics.
 NGRI was deputed to do the soil investigation survey.
 An expert committee was constituted, comprises of eminent Professors and Directors of
IIT Madras, Guwahati, Delhi, Mumbai, CBRI Roorkee, SVNIT Surat and Tata
Consulting Engineers Ltd for their recommendation on foundation.
 It was proposed by the expert committee to completely excavate the existing fill (8-11
m depth) and replace it with high quality engineered fill.
 After analysing case studies, primary and secondary research, on site survey and review
of the architectural drawings, pile foundation was not advisable.
 Foundation – Geotechnical findings showed presence of cultural materials upto depth
of 8- 11m.
 The temple structure was proposed to rest on plain cement concrete raft foundation
designed to meet requirement of 1000 of year life.
 Rolled Compacted Concrete was suggested by experts which does not require steel.
 One of the most significant scientific innovation in the temple construction is its
foundation. As the site needed a strong foundation, a 50 foot deep pit, 400 ft X 300 ft in
area, was first excavated and then finished with number of field in 12 inch layers of
Roller Compacted Concrete.

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3.2 Temple Foundation Plan

Fig 3.1 Foundation Plan of Ram Mandir

Fig 3.2 Layout of Foundation of Ram Mandir

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3.3 Temple Vertical Section

Fig 3.3 Vertical Section of Foundation of Ram Mandir

3.4 Soil Investigation

 Soil Investigation carried out by ASI (Archaeological Survey of India), the construction
agency and NGRI (National Geophysical Research Institute).
 24 boreholes of varying depths executed with maximum depth up to 120 m.

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Fig 3.4 Soil Investigation in Ram Mandir
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 CHAPTER 4

CONCRETE

4.1 Rolled Compact Concrete

It was actually decided to build the temple on an around 15.00 m thick layer of Roller
Compacted Concrete (RCC), which include 48 layers each of 12 inch thickness of compacted
concrete made from the same ingredients as conventional concrete but in different ratio, and
increasingly with partial substitution of fly ash for Portland cement. The partial substitution of
fly ash for Portland cement is an important Roller Compacted Concrete (RCC) because the
heat generated by fly ash hydration is significantly less than the heat generated by Portland
cement hydration. This in turn reduces the thermal load, and hence the potential for thermal
cracking to occur in the foundation. It is a mix of Cement/Fly Ash, Water , Sand, Aggregate
and common additives, but contains much less water. The produce mix is dryer and essentially
has no slump. Roller Compacted Concrete (RCC) is usually placed in a manner similar to
paving ; the material is delivered by dump trucks or conveyers spread by small bulldozers or
specially modified asphalt pavers, and then compacted by vibratory rollers.

4.2 Base Over Foundation

The robust foundation base made up of multiple layers of Roller Compacted Concrete (RCC)
as mentioned at and explained is supposed to be further reinforced by a 21 foot thick plinth of
granite, designed to protect the temple from moisture. The foundation’s pillars are built and
likened to those supporting mammoth bridges over mighty rivers, ensuring the temple
robustness against seismic activity.

The use of stone in the temple construction was decided to be done taking into view that they
last longer than other materials and avoids the issue of rusting of iron.

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Engineers also looked into flooding records of the region and confirmed that the level on which
the temple is being constructed is safe from future flooding.

Furthermore, the temple features a unique noon reflection mechanism, designed by CBRI,
which direct sunlight onto the idols’ foreheads during Ram Navami, enhancing the spiritual
experience for devotes.

The newly constructed structure is definitely to be hailed as the amalgamation of spirituality

with scientific innovation.

4.3 Raft-Internal and External

Self Compacted M-35 Grade Concrete by Boom Placer

Fig 4.1 Placing of Concrete in Ram Mandir

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 CHAPTER 5

EXCAVATION AND FILLING

5.1 Excavation for Temple

 Excavation :- open excavation @ 31pprox.. 12/14 m depth i.e., for founding/Garbh

Griha area respectively.
 The excavation works completed in 3 months for a volume of approx. 1,85,000 cum.

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 Fig 5.1 Excavation Work of Ram Mandir

5.2 Engineered Fill

 Roller Compacted Concrete (RCC) completed in 48/56 layers. Each layer laid 300mm
thick and compacted to 250mm by Vibro Roller Compactor.
 3 nos. batching plant were mobilized with total capacity more than 200cum/hr. The
activity was completed in 5.5 months with peak concrete of 2200 cum/day.
 To protect the excavated slope against rainfall and ingress of soil in finished concrete,
the entire sloped are was covered with tarpaulin sheet and sand bags covering an area
of 2.25 lacs sq.ft. no lost of time in rainy season, and work completed ahead of schedule
timelines.
 The quantity of engineering fill was 1,32,219 cum.

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Fig 5.2 Back Filling work of Ram Mandir

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 CHAPTER 6

PLINTH WORK, SUPERSTRUCTURE,

RETAINING WALL

6.1 Plinth Work

Plinth Work :- 21 ft high, raised through granite blocks (5’x2.5’x3’) about 17000 nos. blocks.

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 Fig 6.1 Plinth Work of Ram Mandir

6.2 Superstructure

 Pink colour sandstone used in superstructure which comes from bansi paharpur (hill
area in bharatpur district of rajasthan).
 Mahapeeth and kakshasan and mandovar are constructed in superstructure.
 Mandovar is a wall covering Garbhagriha and Gudhamandap.

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Fig 6.2 Three Dimensional View of Ram Mandir

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Table 3. Number of Stones Used in Super Structure of Ram Mandir

Fig 6.3 Mahapith & Kakshasan of Ram Mandir

Fig 6.4 Mock up Pillar & Mandovar of Ram Mandir

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6.2.1 Plan of Mahapith

Fig 6.5 Plan & Real Picture of Mahapith of Ram Mandir

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6.2.2 Section of Pillar

Fig 6.6 Section of Pillar of Ram Mandir

6.2.3 Plan and Cross section of Mandovar

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Fig 6.7 Plan & Cross Section of Mandovar of Ram Mandir

Fig 6.8 Location of Garbhagriha of Ram Mandir

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6.2.4 Details of Mandovar

Fig 6.9 Details of Mandovar of Ram Mandir

Fig 6.10 Outer Periphery of Mandovar of Ram Mandir

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6.3 Retaining Wall

Retaining wall is constructed in west side of temple to retain the soil between parkota and
temple.

Fig 6.11 Plan of Retaining Wall of Ram Mandir

Table 4. Dimension of Retaining Wall in Ram Mandir

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Fig 6.12 Retaining Wall of Ram Mandir

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 CHAPTER 7

PARKOTA

7.1 Information about Parkota

 Parkota is the boundary all around temple.

 Total length of parkota is 760 rm.
 Total estimated quantity of bansi paharpur red sandstone is 930000 Cft.
 Width of pathway for devotees is 14ft.
 There are 6 mandir in periphery of parkota with god and goddess: maa Bhagvati, lord
shiv, lord surya, maa Annapurna, lord ganesh and lord hanuman.

Fig 7.1 Parkota of Ram Mandir

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7.1.1 Plan and Section of Parkota

Fig 7.2 Plan and Section of Parkota of Ram Mandir

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 CHAPTER 8

EARTHQUAKE RESISTANCE OF RAM MANDIR

The Ram mandir in Ayodhya has been meticulously engineered to endure seismic events that
occurs once in every 2500 years. The primary objective of the engineers was to ensure the
temple structural integrity against the maximum considered earthquake. The three storey
superstructure can withstand tremors of magnitude 8 on the richter scale. The structural design
was perfected after simulating over 50 computers model to achieve optimal performance,
architectural elegance, safety.

Specialised bricks with a compressive strength exceeding 20MPa have also been utilized,
ensuring the temples robustness. The temple earthquake resistant design includes 392 pillars
and 12 doors (coated with gold), instead of iron, copper chips are employed to join stones
which makes the structure more durable against earthquake.The temple is designed in such a
way that it can sustain more than 1000 years, materials used in ram mandir have self life of
more than 1000 years, iron is not used because its self life is approximate 100 years which get
rusted after 100 years leads to failure of structure.

The Ayodhya does not fall in any seismic zones but it is a huge structure the designed are done
for seismic zone IV ( for more safety) as Nepal (seismic zone III) is near to Ayodhya and
alternatively earthquakes are occur there. Heat modelling has been done, shear walls are also
introduced, numbers of columns and size of columns are also increases and interlocking
between stones, pillars and different part of structure has been done to increase the strength of
temple to withstand the earthquake.

A team of scientists and researchers from the CSIR- Central Building Research Institute
analyzed the structure to make it seismic wave resistant also they have mentioned that several
processes where under taken including geophysical characterisation processes

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involving a multi channel analysis of surface waves estimate primary wave velocity, and
electrical resistance tomography to identify anomalies, water saturation zones and water table
Simultaneously Ram mandir is also flood resistant.

The director of CSIR in Roorkee, emphasized the choice of stone due to its exceptional
longevity and malleability. The avoidance of iron, prone to rusting, further contributes to
structural integrity. The unique stones used in the construction process features of groove,
allowing for interlocking between stones. Notably, there is no cement used between the stones,
and the primary pink stones originates from bansi paharpur in bharatpur, rajasthan, known for
its strength and extended life span.

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 CHAPTER 9

PHOTOGRAPH OF MODEL

Fig 9.1 Model of Ram Mandir

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 CHAPTER 10

CONCLUSION

The Ram mandir in Ayodhya is not just a place of worship, it is also an engineering and
architectural masterpiece, representing faith, devotion, cultural identity, and engineering of
our country. As it nears completion, the temple stands as a symbol of pride for the nation,
echoing the long awaited fulfillment of a collective dream for generations of Indians as well
as one of the leading civil engineering structure of the country.

It is one of the engineering marvel of the country as the ground conditions of Ayodhya are
not able to withstand this huge structure. The soils of Ayodhya are not able to support that
much big loads but we are very thankful to our scientist and researchers of IIT, NIT and
different institutes as well as engineers of TATA and L&T for making it possible that we can
witness the temple of our idol lord ram. Apart from engineering the authorities have also
taken vastu shastra into consideration and avoid the use of things which are not good from
spirituality and vastu shastra point of view such as iron, etc.

By taking the concepts of engineering they have simplified the work and design and by
studying and analyzing the structure they have made possible the things that the temple can
withstand more than 1000 years without any failure and serves for worship of devotees.

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 REFRENCES

1. Wikipedia, “Ram Mandir” article.

2. VHP SA, “Development of Shri Ram Janambhoomi Mandir at Ayodhya” pdf – June
2022
3. Made Easy, “Shri Ram Mandir, Ayodhya: A Masterpiece of Engineering” blog-
January 10, 2024
4. Next IAS, “Important Facts About Ram Mandir” blog- January 9, 2024
5. Study IQ Education, “ Temple Architecture of Ayodhya Ram Mandir” blog- April 18,
2024
6. YouTube L&T “ Shri Ram Mandir Construction” video
7. Business Today, India Today, and Different News Channel Articles.
8. Wikipedia “ Roller Compacted Concrete” article.

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