ZOOM INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL

(Senior Secondary : Affiliated to CBSE, Delhi)

Study Materials July 2024-25
Class : IX Subject : Science

PHYSICS
( CHAPTER - 2 ) ( FORCE AND LAWS OF MOTION )
Newton’s Laws of Motion


 
First Law of Second Law
Motion of Motion
 
A body continues in its state The rate of change of
of rest or of uniform motion momentum of a body is
in a straight line unless and directly proportional to
external force acts on it. force applied and change
Eg. : Book lying on a table in momentum is along the
will only move when a force direction of the applied
is applied on it. force.
p
F  t
p
 F = t
Eg. : While cathing a ball,
hands are moved back-
wards to reduce the force
by the ball on hand.

Third Law
of Motion

To every action there is an
equal and opposite
reaction but the action and
reaction forces act on
different bodies.
 
F12 =  F21
Eg. To walk the foot push
the ground (action) and in
turn ground exerts equal
force in opposite direction
(reaction)

• Impulsive Force : The force which acts on a body for a very short time but produces a large change in
momentum of the body is called impulsive force.

• Impulse of a Force : The impulse of a force acting on a body is equal to the product of the force and
time for which it acts on a body.
Impulse = Force x time
Force x time = Total change in momentum
Impulse = Total chang in momentum.
I = Fxt
= mv - mu
= m (v - u)

• Conservation of Momentum : When two bodied colide they exert force on each other. Therefore the
momentum of each body changes.
Let, Mass of body 1 = m1, Mass of body 2 = m2,
Initial velocity of body 1 = U1, Initial velocity of body 2 = U2

1
 Final velocity of 1 = v1, Final velocity of 2 = v2 m1 m
 2
1 2
Time = t Time = t
u1 u2
m1 m2
F2 F1
v1 v2
Force exerted by two
colliding bodies on
each other

If F1 and F2 are the forces exerted by the body 1 and body 2 on each other respectively, then
m1 (v1 - u1 ) m2 (v2 - u2)
F1 = and F2 =
t t
From Newton’s third law of motion, action and reaction are equal and opposite.
So,
F1 - F2
m1 (v1 - u1 ) m2 (v2 - u2)
= -
t t
m1v1 + m2 + v2 = m1u1 + m2u2
[ sum of the final [ sum of the initial
=
momentum of two momentum of two
bodies ] bodies]

SOLVED CORNER
1. How does a person move forward during swimming?
Ans : When a person swims, he pushes the water in the backward direction with his hands. This is action.
Due to the reaction the water pushes the person in the forward direction with equal force.
2. How does a karate player break a pile of tiles in a single blow?
Ans : A karate player strikes a pile of tiles with his hand in a very short interval of time. In doing so, the
entire momentum of the hand is reduced to zero in a very short interval of time. As a result very large
force delivered to the pile of tiles and break it in a single blow.
3. Why does a rubber ball rebound when struck against a hard floor?
Ans : When you strike a rubber ball against a hard floor, the ball exerts a force (action) on the floor. The
floor exerts an equal and opposite force (rection) on the ball. The rubber ball being light rebounds.
4. A truck starts from rest and rolls down a hill with constant acceleration. it trabels a distance of
400 m in 20 Sec.
a) Find its acceleration.
b) Find the force acting on it, if its mass is 7 tonnes.
Ans : Initial velocity, u = 0 m/s
Distance travelled, s = 400 m
Time interval, t = 20 sec
Mass of the truck, m = 7 tonnes = 7000 kg.
2
 a) Using equation of motion,
1
s = ut + at2
2
1
 400 = x a x (20)2
2
2 x 400
 a = = 2 m/s2
20 x 20
b) Using Newton’s 2nd law of motion,
F = ma
= 7000 x 2
= 14000 kgm/s2
= 14000 N
5. A stone of 1 kg is thrown with a velocity of 20 m/s across the forzen surface of a lake and
comes to rest after travelling distance of 50 m. What is the force of friction between the stone
and the ice?
Ans : Mass of the stone, m = 1 kg
Initial velocity of the stone, u = 20 m/s
Final velocity of the stone, v = 0 m/s
Distance travelled, s = 50 m
We know, v2 - u2 = 2as

v2 - u2
a =
2s
02 - (20)2
= 2 x 50

- 400
= 100 = - 4m/s2
Then, force of friction = m x a = 1 x -4 = -4N
(negative sign indicates frictional force and acts in opposite direction of motion).

6. A bullet of mass 10 g is fired with a rifle. The bullet takes 0.003s to move through its barrel and
leaves it with a velocity of 300 m/s. What is the force exerted on the bullet by the rifle?

Ans : m = 10 g = 0.01 kg
u = 0,
v = 300 m/s
t = 0.003s
Force exerted on the bullet by the rifle,
m (v - u)
F =
t
0.01 (300 - 0)
=
0.003
= 1000 N
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 CHAPTER 3: GRAVITATION
Resistance
Free Fall Gravitation
of gravity
 When objects fall towards  Force with which two objects
earth under the gravitational attract each other due to
force alone their masses

In vacuum all bodies fall

towards earth with the
same speed Universal Law of Gravitation

Also called Newton’s Law of Gravitation

States that everybody in the universe attracts

Acceleration due to Gravity (g)
every other body with a force that is directly
Acceleration produced in a freely proportional to the product of their masses and
falling body due to gravitational inversely proportional to the suqare of the
attraction of earth distance between then.
m1m2
 g= 9.8 m/s2 F= G 2
r
Force Force on
On A due to B On B due to A
m1 m2
r
A B

Gravitational constant (G)

 It is the universal gravitational constant

Fr2
 G= m m
1 2

 G= 6.673x 10-11Nm2Kg-2

Relation between a and g

GM
 g=
R2
Where, M= mass of the earth

R= Radius of the earth

 g becomes greater at the poles than at the

equator

4
Equations of motion for freely falling bodies
 V=u + gt
 h= ut + 1/2gt2
 U2= u2 +2gh
 When a body thrown vertically upwards v=0, g= -9.8m/s2
 When a body is dropped freely from a height , u=0, g= +9.8m/s2
How do ‘g’ and ‘G’ differ from each other ?
Acceleration due to gravity (g) Universal gravitational constant (G)
1) It is the accleration acquired by a body due to 1) It is equal to the force of attraction between two
earth’s gravitational pull on it. masses of 1 kg each separated by a distance of
2) The value of ‘g’ is different at different places on 1m.
the surface of the earth. 2) ‘G’ is the universal constant i.e. its value is the
3) It is a vector quantity. same every where in the universe G= 6.67x10-11
Nm2Kg-2
3) It is a scalar quantity.

Significance of Gravitational Force in Nature :

1. It is the gravitational force between the sun,and the earth which keeps the earth in uniform circular motion
around the sun.
2. The gravitational force of the earth is responsible for holding the atmosphere above the earth.
3. It is the gravitational force of the earth which fix us firmly on the ground.
Difference between Mass and Weight -
Mass Weight
The quantity of matter contained The force with which the earth attracts a body
in a body. towards its centre.
S.I. Unit is Kilogram (Kg). S.I. Unit is newton (N).
Mass of a body remains constant. Weight of a body changes from place to place.
Mass is a Scalar quantity. Weight is a vector quantity.
It is measured by beam balance. It is measured by spring balance.

SOLVED CORNER
1) How does the gravitational force change between two objects when the mass of each is reduced to half ?
Ans. Let the masses of two objects be m1 and m2 respectively
We know,
F m1x m2
When the masses of each object is reduced to half the force of gravitation is given by,
m1 m2
F x
2 2
F (m ) x (m2/2)
... =
1/2

F m1x m2
m1x m2 1 1
= x =
m1x m2 4 4
5
... When the mass of each object is reduced to half the force of gravitation becomes one-fourth.
2) What is the mass of an object whose weight is 49N?
Ans. We Know, W=m x g [ Where g = acceleration due to gravity]
w 49
m= = [ Where , g= 9.8m/s2] =5kg
g 9.8

3) A ball is thrown vertically upwords with a velocity ‘u’ . Calculate the velocity with which it falls to the earth
again.
Ans. For a ball thrown vertically upwards,
Initial velocity =u
Final velocity = v=O
For upwards motion, the equation of motion is,
v=u-gt
O = u-gt
t= u/g (i)
For the return journey, the body falls vertically downwards, the equation of motion is,
v=u+gt
u= O
v=O+gt
t= U/g (ii)
From (i) and (ii), v=u
Thus, the body falls back to the earth with the same velocity with which it was thrown vertically upwards.
4) If a stone released from the top of a tower of height 19.6 m. Calculate its final velocity just before
touching the ground.
Ans. Initial velocity ( u) = Om/s
Final velocity (v) =?
Height (h) = 19.6 m
g= 9.8m/s2
Using equation, v2-u2=2gs =2gh
v2- 0= 2x9.8x19.6
v2=19.6x19.6
v2=(19.6)2
v= 19.6 m/s
5) How does ‘g’ vary with the altitude above the surface of the earth ?
GMe
Ans. Acceleration due to gravity on earth’s surface is given by, g = [ Me= mass of earth
Re2
Re = Radius of earth
The accleration due to gravity at a height ‘h’ from the surface of the earth is given by,
Me
g= G
(Re+h)2 h
g GMe Re2 Re
... = x =( )2
g (Re+h) 2
GMe Re+h
Re
since Re<(Re+h) hence, R +h <1 Re
... We can write g /g <1 e

=g <g 6
Thus, acceleration due to gravity at height ‘h’ is less than the acceleration due to gravity on surface of
the earth.
6) A ball is thrown vertically upwards with a velocity of 49m/s. Calculate
a) the maximum height to which it rises.
b) the total time it takes to return to the surface of the earth.
Ans. Initial velocity (u) = 48m/s
Acceleration due to gravity (a) = -g= -9.8m/s2
velocity at the highest point , (v) = 0 m/s
a) If h is the maximum height reached by the ball,
2ah= v2-u2
v2-u2
 h=
2a
0-(49)2
=
2x-9.8
- 49 x 49
=
2x-9.8
= 122.5m

b) If t is the time of ascent , then,

v-u 0-49 49
t= = = = 5s
a -9.8 9.8
The time of ascent is equal to the time of descent,
...
Total time taken by the ball to return to the earth =2x5 =10s.

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 CHEMISTRY
CHAPTER 2: IS MATTER AROUND US PURE ?

COLLOIDAL SOLUTION
Solutions in which the size of the particles lie in between those of true solutions and suspensions are called
colloidal solutions or simply colloids.
Examples of Colloidal Solutions:
Few examples of colloidal solutions are as follows:
Blood, Milk, Writing ink, Jelly, Starch solution, Gum solution, Tooth paste, Soap solution,Liquid detergents,Mist
and fog

PROPERTIES OF A COLLOID:
· Heterogeneous Nature: A colloid is a heterogeneous mixture.
· Size of particles: Size (diameter) of particles in a colloid lies in the range 1–100 nm (10-7- 10-5cm) i.e. in
between those of true solutions and suspensions.
· Stability: Colloidal sols are quite stable i.e., colloidal particles do not settle when left undisturbed.
· Visibility: Colloidal particles are not visible to the naked eye.
· Filterability: Colloidal particles cannot be separated from the dispersion medium by filtration. However, a
special technique of separation known as centrifugation can be used to separate the colloidal particles.
· Tyndall effect : The colloidal particles are big enough to scatter light passing through it. As a result, the
path of light becomes visible. This scattering of beam of light by colloidal particles is called the ‘Tyndall
effect’.

Brownian Motion:Random motion by small particles suspended in the fluid is known as Brownian motion.
It is a zig-zag motion of the particles.

DISPERSED PHASE AND DISPERSION MEDIUM:

Components of a colloidal solution are the dispersed phase and the dispersion medium.

The solute like component which has been dispersed or distributed throughout a solvent-like medium is
called the dispersed phase or the discontinuous phase.
8
The solvent like medium in which the dispersed phase has been distributed or dispersed is called the
dispersion medium or the continuous phase.
TYPES OF COLLOIDS:
Colloids are classified according to the state (solid, liquid or gas) of the dispersion medium and the
dispersed phase. A few examples are given in table as follows:
Common examples of colloids:

Numericals
1. A solution contains 40 g of common salt in 320 g of water. Calculate the concentration in terms
of mass by mass percentage of the solution.
Solution: Mass of solute (salt) = 40 g
Mass of solvent (water) = 320 g
We know, Mass of solution = Mass of solute + Mass of solution = 40 g + 320 g = 360 g
Mass percentage of solution = = Mass of solute/Mass of solution = (40 /360)×100 =11.1% 360
2.Calculate the concentration in terms of mass by volume percentage of the solution containing, 3
g of potassium chloride in 75 ml of potassium chloride (KCl) solution.
Solution
Mass of solute =3 g
Volume of solution =75 ml
Mass by volume % =
(Mass of solute/Volume of solution)×100=(3/75)×100=4 %
3. the wt. percent of Na2SO4 solution which prepared by dissolving 25g in 200g of solution.
Solution:
Percentage by mass = (25 /200) ×100 = = 12.5%
4. Calculate the wt. percent of 5g of AgNO3 in 200ml of solution. The density of solution is 1g/ml.
Solution:
wt. of solution =200ml×1g/ml=200g
wt. percent = (5/200 )×100 = = 2.5% wt. percent (wt/v)
5.Calculate the volume percent of solution prepared by dissolved 50ml of methanol in 250ml of
water.
solution:
volume percent(v/v) = {50 /(50+250)}×100 = 16.7%

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 METHODS OF SEPARATING THE COMPONENTS OF A MIXTURE
DECANTATION
Decantation is a simple process of separating an insoluble solid from a liquid by allowing the solid to settle
and pouring off the liquid.
FILTRATION
Filtration is a process of separating insoluble solid that is present as small particles, from a liquid by
passing them through a filter paper.
EVAPORATION
Evaporation is a process used to separate the volatile component (solvent) from its non-volatile solute. On
evaporation, the dissolved substance is left as a solid residue when all the liquid has evaporated. The use
of the process of evaporation for separating a mixture is based on the fact that the liquids vaporise easily
whereas solids do not vaporise easily.
DISTILLATION
Distillation is used for the separation of components of a mixture containing two miscible liquids which boil
without decomposition and have sufficient difference (30-50 K) in their boiling points.
FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION
Fractional distillation is a process used for the separation of a mixture of two or more miscible liquids for
which the difference in boiling points is less than 25K.
SUBLIMATION
Sublimation is a process in which a solid changes directly into a gas without passing through the liquid
state. This method can be used to separate such mixtures that contain a volatile component from a non-
volatile component.
PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY
Chromatography is a technique of separating two or more dissolved solids which are present in solution in
very small quantities. It is based on the fact that though two or more substances are soluble in the same
solution, but their solubilities are different.
CENTRIFUGATION
Sometimes the solid particles in a liquid are very small and pass through a filter paper. Such particles
cannot be separated by the filtration technique.
These mixtures are separated by centrifugation. This technique is based upon the principle that when a
mixture is rotated at a high speed, the lighter particles stay on the surface of the liquid while the heavier
particles are forced to the bottom of the liquid.
SEPARATING FUNNEL
A separating funnel may be used to separate a mixture of two liquids which are completely immiscible.
Separation by a separating funnel depends on the difference in their densities.
The reaction of two or more substances to give the products is governed by certain law. These laws are
called laws of chemical combination

10
 BIOLOGY
( CHAPTER - 2 ) ( TISSUES )

Nervous
tissue

Animal
Animal Connective
Tissues
Tissue tissue

Epithelial Muscular
Tissues Tissue
Plant
Tissues Tissues

Cork

Meristematic Permanent Protective

Tissues Tissues Tissues
on the
basis of Epidermis
position
1. Apical
2. Intercalary Simple Complex
3. Lateral Permanent Permanent
Tissues Tissues

Sclerenchyma
Parenchyma
1.Fibres
1.Chlorenchyma
2.Sclereids
2. Aerenchyma Collenchyma

Xylem Phloem
Tracheids Sieve tubes

Vessels (Tracheae) Companion cells

Xylem parenchyma Phloem Parenchyma

Xylem fibre Phloem fibre

11
 Function -
i) Provide mechanical support and elasticity so allow bending of leaves,stem etc.
ii) Help in storage of food.
iii) Help in growth and elongation of organs.
C) SCLERENCHYMA -
i) Cell are isodiametric or elongated fibre - like.
ii) Cells are thick walled and dead.
iii) Cell wall made of lignin with no intercellular spaces.
Function -
i) Provide mechanical support thus resist various strains.
ii) Sclerenchyma fibre are used commercially also as flax, hemp, jute etc.
Complex Permanent Tissue
XYLEM PHLOEM
 Conducts water and minerals  Conducts prepared food.
 Moves only in one direction  Moves in both direction.
TYPES TYPES
• Tracheids are elongated cells with pointed • Sieve tubes are elongated formed by union of
ends and are dead. cells, have no nucleus.
• Vessels are long tube made of dead cells • Compainion cells are small, elongated have
formed of end to and union of cells. dense cytoplasm.
• Xylem parenchyma are only living and help • Phloem parenchyma are thin walled and
in lateral flow of water. living.
• Xylem fibre are dead,have lignified wall, • Phloem fibres are non-living thick walled
provide support. elongated cells.
Protective Tissues
It is the outer coating of cells that covers the plant parts and provide protection against adverse environmental
factors.

Epidermis Cork

i) Outermost protective layer of plant organs
ii) Formed of single layered compactly
arranged parenchymatous cells.
iii) Lack in intercellular spaces, cells are
thickned in outer and radial sides.
Function :
i) Provide protection against mechanical
injury.
ii) Check loss of water by transpiration due
to presence of cuticle.
iii) Help in exchange of gases due to stomata.
12
i) Peripheral tissue of old stem of woody trees
formed due to activity of cork cambium.
ii) Made of dead cells with thick wall but no
intercellular spaces.
iii) Cell walls are deposited with suberin.
Function :
i) Provide protection against mechanical
injury.
ii) Impervious so prevent loss of water by
evaporation.
iii) Highly compressible non-reactive thus
used for insulation commercially.
 Animal Tissues
Animal tissues are grouping of animal cell to perform particular function.
These are classified into four types on the basis of their function and structure,they are-
i) Epithelial tissue
ii) Connective tissue
iii) Muscular tissue
iv) Nervous tissue

Epithelial tissues
Structure and Position : Function
• Covers all organs of the body externally • They generally perform the function of
and internally covering and protecting the tissues.
• Cells are arranged in one or more layers,
compactly arranged with no intercellular
spaces. Types

Squamous Cuboidal Columnar Ciliated Glandular

Epithelium Epithelium Epithelium Epithelium Epithelium
• Single layer thin and flat • Cells are cube shaped, • Cells are long and • Cells are cubical, • Epithelium folded
plate-like cells found on isodiametric found in broad, bear microvilli thin, present in to from glands.
skin,lining of mouth. kidney tubules, ducts of found in gall bladder, trachea, bronchi etc.
• Helps in secretion.
• Protects organs from
salivary gland etc. bronchioles of lungs. • Help to expel mucus
• Help in absorption and dust.
injury, serve exchange of • Help in secretion,
materials by diffusion. excretion, absorption, secretion.
mechanical support.
N.B. : Prepare the sample questions,NCERT solved exercise and In-text question from, V.K.’s (Biology) book.
SOLVED CORNER
1. Scientific study of tissues are known as histology.
2. State one difference between simple permanent and complex permanent tissues.
Ans. Simple permanent plant tissues are formed of only one type of cells while complex permanent plant
tissues are formed of more than one type of cells.
3. Cork cells are impermeable due to depositions of Suberin.
4. Why branches of trees move and bend freely in high wind velocity?
Ans. Due to presence of collenchyma that provide flexibility to the trees.
5. What is cork? How cork is formed? How cork act as a protective tissue?
Ans. Cork is the peripheral tissue of old stems formed due to replacement of epidermis by the secondary
meristem.
Cork cells are dead and compactly arranged without intercellular spaces, also have a chemical
called suberin in their walls that makes them impervious to gases and water and thus it act a protective
tissue.
6. Give reasons - Why is it diffcult to pull out the husk of a coconut tree?
Ans. Husk of coconut is formed of closely packed sclerenchyma cells.
7. Name the following -
a) Epithelium by which lining of kidney tubule is made up of - cuboidal epithelium.
b) Tissue that help to float water hyacinth - aerenchyma tissue.
c) Epithelium that forms lining of small intestine - columnar epithelium.
d) Trachea (wind pipe) is lined with which epithelium - ciliated columnar epithelium.
13
 MUSCULAR TISSUES

Structure and Position : Function :

 Highly elongated, contractile proteinous
thread called myofibrils present, have
cytoplasm called sarcoplasm and
covering membrane called Sarcolemma.
 These are placed together in the
connective tissue to form bundles.
 Have the property of excitability and
conductivity.
 Helps in contraction and relaxation of
muscles for movement of the body parts.

Types

Striated Muscles Unstriated Muscles Cardiac

(Skeletal muscles) (Smooth muscles) Muscles
 Cell are long, cylindrical,  Fibres are elongated,  Cells are small
voluntary have blunt ends. spindle shaped, involuntary cylindrical involuntary
 Fibres are multinucleated have pointed ends. have broad ends.
and nucleus are peripherally  Fibre is uninucleated  Cells are uninucleate
present. and nucleus is and centrally
 They occur in bundles. centrally placed. placed.

 Dark and light bundles or  They form sheets.  They form network.
striations are present  Striations or light and dark  Striations are present
alternately. bands are absent. but they are fainter than
Function : Function : that of striated muscles.

 Undergo rapid contraction  Show slow and rhythmic Function :

and expansion. contraction and expansion.  Slow rhythmicity
 Helps in movement and  Show peristaltic throughout the life without
locomotion. movement in the alimentary fatigue.
canal.  Help in flow of blood in
heart and blood vessels.

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 CONNECTIVE TISSUES

Structure and Position : Function :

Provide structural framework and
Cells have large sized intercellular spaces
mechanical support to the body.
with a non living substance called matrix
secreted by the cells. Matrix consists of Plays role in defence storage, protection
protein fibres, ground substance and tissue and transportation.
fluid.

Areolar
Connective tissue
 Matrix is transparent Adipose Dense regular
gelatinous and sticky tissue connective tissue
and has many types of  Matrix is with large  Matrix is fibrous and
cells. number of oval or characterised by densely
rounded fat cells packed collection of fibres
 Acts as binding called adipocytes and cells.
tissue between the having fat globules.
organs and as packing Connects muscles to bones
tissue around blood Acts as insulator and
(Tendons) and connects bone
vessels and nerves. as shock absorber
to bone (ligament).
and fat reservoir.

Tendons Types

Skeletal
tissue
ligament
 Matrix is dense and
mineralised and forms
the endoskeleton.
 Protects the vital organs
of the body and forms the
frame work.

Cartilage
Types

Fluid connective
Bone tissuse
 Matrix is fluid and fibre
free and it is not secreted
by the cells.
 Help in the the circulation
and transportation of
materials, has role in
defence mechanism.

15