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V.
LEPANTO. A. D. 1571.
THE BATTLE.
BATTLE OF LEPANTO.
Don John ordered his pennon to be displayed, unfurled the banner
of the Christian League, and fired a gun, the preconcerted signal for
battle.
This was answered by an exultant shout from all the ships.
The principal captains now came on board the Real, to receive
their final orders; and a few, even then, doubted the propriety of
fighting, but Don John sternly said, “Gentlemen, this is the time for
battle, and not for counsel!” and the armada was at once deployed in
fighting array, according to orders previously issued.
When ready for battle the Christian force had a front of three
miles. On the extreme right was Doria, whose name was justly held
in terror by the Moslem, with sixty-four galleys. In the centre,
consisting of sixty-three galleys, was Don John, supported on one
side by Colonna, and on the other by Veniero. In his rear was the
Grand Commander Requesens, his former tutor in military matters.
The left wing was commanded by Barberigo, a Venetian noble, who
was to keep his vessels as near the Ætolian coast as the rocks and
shoals would permit, to prevent his wing being turned by the enemy.
The reserve, of thirty-five galleys, was commanded by the Marquis
of Santa Cruz, a man of known courage and conduct, who had
orders to act in any quarter where he thought his aid most needed.
The smaller craft took little part in the battle, the action being
fought almost entirely by the galleys.
Each commander was to take space enough for manœuvring, yet
to keep so close as to prevent the enemy from piercing the line.
Each was to single out his adversary, close with him, and board as
soon as possible.
Don John had the beak of his galley cut away; so little did he rely
upon an instrument once, and for so long, considered formidable.
By this time galleys mounted guns upon their prows, and beaks
were beginning to fall out of use. It is said that many commanders of
the allies followed Don John’s example.
The Ottoman fleet weighed and came out to the battle. But they
came on slowly, as the wind had suddenly shifted and was now
against them, while, as the day advanced, the sun, which had been
in the faces of the Allies, shone in those of the Moslem; and both
these natural phenomena were hailed by the Christians as an
evidence of divine interposition.
The Turkish armament proved to be even greater in number than
had been anticipated by the Christians, consisting of nearly two
hundred and fifty “royal galleys,” most of them of the largest class;
and a number of smaller vessels in the rear, which, however, like the
similar ones of the Allies, do not appear to have come much into
action.
The number of the Turks, including rowers, is said to have been
120,000. As we have said, the rowers were principally Christian
slaves, with some blacks and criminals.
As was usual with the Turks, their order of battle was crescentic,
and, being more numerous than the Allies, they occupied a wider
space than the straight alignment of the Christians.
As their formidable and magnificent array advanced, the moving
sun shone upon gaudy paint and gilded prows, thousands of
pennons, polished cimeters and head pieces, and the jeweled
turbans of the Pachas, and other chief men.
In the centre of their long line, and opposite to Don John, was a
huge galley, bearing the Turkish commander, Ali Pasha.
His fleet was commanded on the right by the Viceroy of Egypt, a
wary but courageous leader. His left was led by Uluch Ali, a
Calabrian renegade and Dey of Algiers, noted as a successful
corsair, who had made more Christian slaves than all the rest
beside.
Ali was, like Don John, young and ambitious, and had refused to
listen to any counsels looking toward declining battle on that day.
Selim had sent him to fight, and he was determined to do so;
although the prudent Viceroy of Egypt expressed some doubts of
success.
Ali found the Christian fleet more numerous than he had
supposed, and at first he did not perceive their left wing, which was
hidden by the Ætolian shore.
When he saw the Christian line in its full extent, it is said that he
faltered for a moment, but only for a moment, for he at once urged
on the rowers to close with the enemy, and spoke of the prospects of
the engagement, to those about him, in confident terms.
It is said that Ali was of humane disposition, and that he promised
the Christian slaves that, if by their exertions he won the day, they
should all have their freedom.
As he drew near the Allies, Ali changed his order of battle,
separating his wings from the centre, to correspond to the Christian
formation. He also fired a challenge gun, before he came within shot.
This was answered by Don John, and a second one was promptly
replied to from the Christian flag-ship.
The fleets now rapidly neared each other. Men held their breath,
and nerved themselves for the death grapple, and a perfect silence
reigned, broken only by the plash of the huge oars, while the light
breeze rippled the smiling blue waters.
Just about noon this beautiful scene, a perfect pageant, was
broken in upon by the fierce yells of the Turks, the war cry with which
they were accustomed to join battle.
At this moment, as if by contrast, every fighting man of the
Christians fell upon his knee, as did Don John himself, and prayed
the Almighty to be with his own that day. Absolution was then given
by the priests, which were in each ship, and the men stood up,
braced for the contest.
When the foremost Turkish vessels had come within cannon shot,
they opened fire; and this ran along their line as they advanced,
without cessation. The Christian kettle-drums and trumpets sounded
in reply, with a general discharge of all the guns which would bear.
Don John had caused the galleasses, the large, high, unwieldy
war ships, to be towed about half a mile ahead of his fleet, where
they could intercept the advance of the Turks.
As the latter came abreast of them, the galleasses delivered their
broadsides, with terrible effect. Ali caused his galleys to diverge, and
pass these vessels, which were so high and formidable that the
Turks did not attempt to board them.
Their heavy guns caused some damage and confusion in the
Pacha’s line of battle, but this appears to have been the only part
they took in the engagement, as they were too unwieldy to be
brought up again.
The real action began on the Allies’ left wing, which the Viceroy of
Egypt was very desirous of turning. But the Venetian admiral, to
prevent that very thing, had closed well in with the coast. The
Viceroy, however, better acquainted with the soundings, saw that
there was room for him to pass, and dashed by, thereby doubling up
his enemy. Thus placed between two fires, the Christian left fought at
very great disadvantage. Many galleys were soon sunk, and several
more were captured by the Turks.
Barberigo, dashing into the heat of the fight, was wounded in the
eye, by an arrow, and was borne below. But his Venetians continued
the fight with unabated courage and fury, fighting for revenge, as well
as for glory.
On the extreme Christian right a similar movement was attempted
by Uluch Ali. With superior numbers he attempted to turn that wing;
but here he met that experienced and valiant seaman, Andrew Doria,
who foresaw the movement of Uluch, and promptly defeated it. The
two best seamen of the Mediterranean were here brought face to
face. Doria, to prevent being surrounded, extended his line so far to
the right that Don John was obliged to caution him not to expose the
centre. Indeed, he seriously weakened his own line, and the
experienced Uluch instantly detecting it, dashed down, sank several
galleys, and captured the great “Capitana,” of Malta. While the battle
thus opened badly for the Allies, on both wings, Don John led his
division forward; at first with indifferent success. His own chief object
was to encounter Ali Pasha, and the Turkish commander was also
intent upon meeting him.
Their respective galleys were easily distinguished, from their size
and rich decoration, besides displaying, the one the great Ottoman
standard, the other the holy banner of the League.
The Ottoman standard was held to be very sacred. It was
emblazoned in gold, with texts from the Koran, and had the name of
Allah repeated 28,900 times. The Sultans had passed it from father
to son, ever since the formation of the dynasty, and it was never
seen unless the Grand Signior or his lieutenant was in the field.
Both commanders urged forward their galleys, which soon shot
ahead of the lines, and the two closed with a fearful shock, so
powerful that the Pacha’s, which was the largest, was thrown upon
that of his antagonist so far that the prow reached the fourth bench
of Don John’s rowers.
As soon as those on board the two vessels recovered from the
shock, the carnage commenced.
Don John had three hundred Spanish arquebusiers, the flower of
the infantry. Ali had three hundred picked janizaries, and was
followed by a small vessel with two hundred more. He had also one
hundred archers on board; the bow being still much in use among
the Turks.
The Pasha opened a terrible fire, which was returned with even
greater spirit by the Spaniards. The latter had bulwarks, which the
Mussulmen had not; and so the crowded janizaries presented an
easy mark. Still, they filled up the gaps from the reserve in the small
vessel, and the Spaniards wasted away under their fire. For a long
time it was doubtful to which side victory would incline.
This conflict was now complicated by the entrance of others. The
bravest on each side came to the aid of the two commanders, and
each leader at times found himself assailed by several enemies.
They never lost sight of each other, however, and after beating off
lesser assailants, returned to the single combat.
The fight was now general, and the movements of both fleets
obscured by clouds of smoke. Separate detachments desperately
engaged each other, without regard to what was going on in other
quarters; and there were few of the combinations and manœuvers of
a great naval battle.
The galleys grappled each other, and soldiers, sailors and galley
slaves fought, hand to hand, boarding and repelling boarders, in
turn.
There was enormous loss of life; the decks being encumbered
with the dead, and in some ships every man on board was either
killed or wounded. The blood flowed in torrents out of the scuppers,
and the waters of the gulf were stained for miles. Wrecks of vessels
encumbered the sea, with hulls shattered, masts gone, and
thousands of wounded and drowning clinging to spars, and crying
vainly for help.
As we have already seen, Barberigo, with the Christian left wing,
was early in sore distress; Barberigo himself being mortally
wounded, his line turned, and several of his galleys being sunk or
captured. But the Venetians, in sheer despair, increased their efforts,
and succeeded in driving off their enemies. In turn they became the
assailants, and boarded Turk after Turk, putting the crews to the
sword. They were led to the assault by a Capuchin friar, crucifix in
hand—as were many other crews.
In some cases the Christian galley slaves of the Turkish vessels
broke their chains and joined their countrymen against their Moslem
masters.
The galley of the Viceroy of Egypt was sunk, and he himself was
killed by John Contarini, the Venetians having no mercy for even a
drowning Turkish enemy. The death of their commander spread
dismay among his followers, and that division fled before the
Venetians. Those nearest the land ran on shore, escaping, and
leaving their vessels to be captured, and many perished before they
could gain the land. Barberigo lived to hear the news, and giving
thanks, expired in the moment of victory.
All this time the combat between the two commanders-in-chief had
been going on, with an incessant blaze of great guns and musketry,
making a cloud of smoke, riven by flame. Both parties fought with
stubborn courage. Twice the Spaniards had boarded, and twice had
been repulsed with severe loss. The enemy was continually
reinforced, in spite of the loss inflicted by the steady fire of the
Spanish arquebusiers. Occasionally interrupted, they always
returned to each other; and both commanders exposed themselves
as fully as any soldier, there being no honorable place of safety. Don
John was slightly wounded in the foot, but would not have it dressed.
A third time his trumpets summoned the boarders, and the
Spaniards again boldly boarded the great Turkish galley. They were
met by Ali, at the head of his janizaries; but the Ottoman leader was
just then knocked senseless by a musket ball, and his chosen
troops, though fighting well, missed his voice and presence. After a
short but furious struggle they threw down their arms. Under a heap
of slain the body of Ali was found. Life was not extinct, but he would
at once have been dispatched had he not told the soldiers who
discovered him where his money and jewels were to be found. In
their haste to secure these, they left him lying upon the deck. Just
then a galley slave, who had been liberated and armed, severed the
head of Ali from his body, and carried it to Don John, on board his
galley. Don John was shocked at the sight, and, after a glance of
horror and pity, ordered it to be thrown into the sea. This was not
done, however, but, in revenge for Bragadino, it was placed upon a
pike, while the crescent banner was hauled down, and the cross run
up in its place. The sight of the sacred banner flying on board the
captured flag-ship was welcomed by the Christian fleet with shouts
of victory, which rose above the din of battle. The intelligence of the
death of Ali was soon passed along the line, cheering the Allies, and
disheartening the Turks, whose exertions diminished and whose fire
slackened.
They were too far off to seek the shore, as their comrades on the
right had done, and they had either to fight or surrender. Most of
them preferred the latter, and their vessels were now carried by
boarding, or sunk by the Allies; and in four hours the centre of the
Moslem fleet, like their right wing, had been annihilated.
On the right of the Allies, however, Uluch Ali, the redoubted
Algerine, had cut Doria’s weakened line, and inflicted great damage
and loss, and would have done more but for the arrival of the
reserve, under the Marquis Santa Cruz. He had already assisted
Don John when assailed by overwhelming numbers, and had
enabled him again to attack Ali.
Santa Cruz, seeing the critical condition of Doria, pushed forward
to his relief, supported by the Sicilian squadron. Dashing into the
midst of the mêlée, the two commanders fell like a thunder-bolt upon
the Algerine galleys, few of which attempted to withstand the shock;
and in their haste to avoid it, they were caught again by Doria and
his Genoese.
Beset on all sides, Uluch Ali was compelled to abandon his prizes
and seek safety in flight. He cut adrift his great prize, the Maltese
“Capitana,” which he had attached by a hawser to the stern of his
own vessel, and on board of which three hundred corpses attested
the desperate character of her defence.
As tidings reached him of the defeat of the centre, and of the
death of Ali Pasha, he felt that retreat alone was left for him, with as
many of his own ships as he could save from capture. His contingent
comprised the best vessels in the Turkish fleet, with crews in perfect
discipline and hardened to the sea, having always been corsairs,
and accustomed to scour the Mediterranean at all seasons.
Making signal for retreat, the Algerine made off, under all the sail
the battle had left him, and urged forward also by the exertions of his
Christian galley slaves, smarting under the blows of his enraged
comites.
Doria and Santa Cruz followed swiftly in his wake, but he
managed to distance them, and to carry off with him many of his
ships. Don John himself joined in the chase, having disposed of his
own assailants, and they finally managed to drive a few of the
Algerine vessels upon the rocks of a headland; but their crews in
great part escaped. Uluch’s escape was due to the fact that the
rowers of the Christian fleet had taken part in the battle, and while
many were killed or wounded, the remainder were much exhausted,
while the Algerine galley slaves, chained to their benches, and
passive during much of the fight, were comparatively fresh.
As already stated, the battle lasted more than four hours, and
before it was over the sky showed signs of a coming storm. Don
John reconnoitred the scene of action before seeking a shelter for
himself and his numerous prizes. Several vessels were found to be
too much damaged for further service, and as these were mostly
prizes, he ordered everything of value to be removed from them and
the hulls burned.
He then led his victorious fleet to the neighboring haven of Petala,
which was accessible and secure. Before he reached there the
storm had begun, while the late scene of battle was lighted up by the
blazing wrecks, throwing up streams of fire and showers of sparks.
The young commander-in-chief was now congratulated upon his
signal victory, by his companions in arms.
Officers and men recounted the various events of the day, and
natural exultation was mingled with gloom as they gained certain
tidings of the loss of friends who had bought this great success with
their blood.
The loss of life had indeed been very great; greater by far than in
any modern sea fight. It is supposed that the Turks suffered most
heavily, but their loss was never known. It has been estimated at
25,000 killed and drowned, and 5000 prisoners. It was, indeed, a
crushing blow to them.
To the victors great pleasure was given by the fact that at least
12,000 Christian slaves, who had been (some of them for many
years) chained to the oars of the Turkish galleys, were made free.
Many of them were hopelessly broken in health; but tears streamed
down their haggard cheeks at the prospect of dying in their own land
and among their own people.
The losses of the Allies, though very great, were as nothing
compared to that of the Moslem. About one thousand Romans and
two thousand Spaniards were killed, while the Venetians and
Sicilians lost about five thousand. This disparity of loss has been
attributed to the superiority of the Christians in the use of firearms.
The Turks still clung to the bow, and a large proportion of their
fighting men were thus armed. The Turks, moreover, were the
vanquished party, and, as is generally the case, suffered terribly in
the pursuit. Their great armada was almost annihilated, not more
than forty of their galleys escaping. One hundred and thirty were
actually taken, and divided among the conquerors; the remainder
were either sunk or burned. The Allies had about fifteen galleys
sunk, and had many much damaged; but their vessels were much
better constructed and stronger than those of the Turks, whom they
also excelled in nautical evolutions.
An immense booty of gold, jewels and brocades was found on
board the prizes; it being said that Ali Pasha’s ship alone contained
170,000 gold sequins, or nearly $400,000, a very large sum for those
days.
The number of persons of rank and consideration who embarked
in the expedition was very great, both among the Christians and the
Moslem, and many of these were slain. The second in command of
the Venetian force, the commander-in-chief of the Turkish fleet, and
the commander of his right wing, all fell in the battle. Many a high-
born Christian cavalier closed at Lepanto a long career of honorable
service. On the other hand many dated the commencement of their
success in arms from that day. Among these was Alexander
Farnese, Prince of Parma, who became a great general, and whom
we shall hear of again, in connection with the Spanish Armada.