RESEARCH 1 REVIEWER
INQUIRER
UNIT I: NATURE OF INQUIRY AND RESEARCH
❖ Research – is a careful and detailed study
into a specific problem, concern, or issue
using the scientific method.
- Systematic investigation and study of
materials and sources to establish facts and
reach new conclusions.
- Indispensable component of academic and
industry practices.
Why do we need to study Research?
➢ To improve and develop new methods
➢ To contribute knowledge and progress
➢ To develop better understanding of
published works
➢ To develop independent critical thinking
skills along with oral and written
communication skills
➢ To solve a problem and to seize
opportunities
TYPES OF RESEARCH APPROACH
❖ Qualitative Research – is an attempt to
understand the world as lived.
- It encompasses studies about how an
individual consider a particular experience
and how he/she reflects on it.
- No statistical analysis is being performed,
yet the researcher can analyze the
experience using words, phrases and texts
guided by own understanding.
- Exploring and understanding the meaning
individuals or groups ascribed to a social or
human problem.
- Concepts, Analyzed using language
- Interpreted as themes
QUALITIES OF A GOOD QUALITATIVE
• Patience – within and inside the
group.
• Utility Competency – ability to
troubleshoot during unexpected
scenario.
• Technical Competency – ability
to use available technologies.
• Service – willingness to serve
others.
• Effort – time and skill
• Guts and Risk – considering
options.
• Care – distinct characteristics of
a researcher.
❖ Quantitative Research – an approach for
testing objective theories by examining the
relationship among variables.
- Hypothesized, Analyzed using numbers
- Interpreted as relations
❖ Mixed Approach – involves collecting both
quantitative and qualitative data, and
integrating the two forms of data.
TYPES OF MIXED APPROACH RESEARCHES
• Convergent Parallel – researcher
merges quantitative data.
- Collects both forms of data simultaneously
• Explanatory Sequential – researcher
first conducts quantitative research
and builds on the results to explain
them in more detail.
• Exploratory Sequential – researcher
begins with a qualitative research
and builds on the findings to
develop a quantitative phase.
 PHILOSOPHICAL WORLDVIEWS IN
RESEARCH
• Post-positivist – “We cannot be
positive in our claims of knowledge
when studying behavior and actions
of humans”
Main Concept: Researchers in this
category subscribes to the idea that
everything should be quantified to
produce meaningful concrete
results.
• Constructivist – “Individuals develop
subjective meanings of their
experiences”
Main Concept: Researchers in this
group believe that experience
expressed through words can paint a
better picture of a certain
phenomena.
• Transformative – “Research inquiry
should be intertwined with politics
and political change agenda”
Main Concept: Researchers in this
group supports the idea that
research should be conducted to
increase quality of life and produce
better sciences.
• Pragmatic – “We need to look to
many possibilities for collecting and
analysing data”
Main Concept: Researchers in this
group promotes the use of both
quantitative and qualitative data in
expressing research findings.
THE RESEARCH PROCESS
• Conceptualization Phase
Topic is identified – not-too-broad
but not-too-specific concept to allow
flexibility and further exploration.
Literature reviews – required for
quantitative studies, optional in
qualitative inquiries
Objective framing – identifying the
‘Central Question’
- For qualitative inquiry, the focus is
understanding human experience using
words.
• Design Phase – also known as the
planning phase.
- Researchers decide on the detailed
procedures in gathering and analyzing data
- How, where and when the study will be
conducted and analyzed
• Empirical Phase – data gathering
and collection
- In qualitative studies, respondents are also
known as key informants or coresearchers.
- Interviews and Focus Group Discussions
(FGD) are commonly employed with the use
of interview guides ‘Aide Memoire’.
• Analytical Phase – preparation and
assessment of the through the use
of tools and the researchers’ own
understanding as supported by his
belief and previous researches
published in the same area of
interest.
Qualitative studies
- Interview texts are being delimited to
manageable statements and thematized.
- A model (simulacrum) is being produced to
summarize an understanding of the themes
that emerged in the study. In this phase, the
results are interpreted before the writeup
or manuscript.
• Dissemination Phase – most
valuable.
- Results are advised to be shared to the • Historical - researcher studies the
general public if not on the specific systematic study or past events. This
population groups that can benefit from its examines the documents of the past to
result. help the researcher understand and
connect it in the present time.
TERM QUESTION TYPES
Method What data Historical, • Case Studies – researcher develops and
will be Descriptive, in-depth analysis of a case, often a
gathered? Experimenta program, event, activity, process of one
l or more individuals.
Techniqu How data Survey,
e will be Interview, • Grounded Theory – researcher derives a
gathered? Doodling general, abstract theory of a process,
Approach How data Quantitative action or interaction grounded in the
will be , Qualitative, views of the participants.
processed Mixed
?

RESEARCH MANUSCRIPTS – final output

in written and/or soft copy file form.
- Follows specific research content guidelines
and format
Traditional manuscripts: by-chapter
Others adopt the Introduction-Method-
Results-Discussion (IMRAD) format and
content based on the American
Psychological Association (APA, 6th
Edition) Standards
MOST COMMON RESEARCH DESIGNS
FOR QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

• Narrative – researcher studies the lives

of individuals and asks one or more
individuals to provide stories about their
lives.

• Phenomenological – researcher
describes the lived experiences of
individuals about a phenomenon.

• Ethnography – researcher studies the

shared patters of behavior, language
and actions of an intact cultural group in
a natural setting over a prolonged
period of time.