Observation

Abrus precatorius L.
Syn.: A. abrus (L.) Wright; A. maculatus Noronha; A. minor Desv.; A. pauciflorus

Desv.; A. squamulosus E.Mey.; Glycine abrus L.
Family: Fabaceae.
Vern. Name: Ratti.
English, Hindi, Sanskrit and Regional Names:
Eng. : Abrus, Bead tree, Crab’s eye, Indian liquorice,

Jaquirity, Rosary pea, Weather plant, Wild liquorice;
Hindi : Arak Kawat, Chirami, Chirchiti, Chirmitiganchi,
Ghumachi, Ghugachi, Ghungchi, Gun, Gunchi,
Karjin, Kunch, Pondkawat, Ratti, Rakti, Rati;
Sans. : Gunja, Krushnala, Rakta, RaktaKankchchi,
Swetagunja;
Ass. : Latuwani;
Beng. : Chunhati, Gunch, Kunch;
Guj. : Chanoti, Gunja;
Kann. : Guluganji;
Mal. : Atimadhuram, Irattimadhuram, Kakani, Klitakkam,
Kunni, Kunnikkuru, Madhukam, Madhumulam,
Shekkunni;
Mar. : Chanoti, Gunchi, Gunja, Kunch;
Oriya : Gunja, Kainsho, Kotibopolo, Mondakainsho, Roti,
Ryunjo;
P. : Labri, Ratak;
Tam. : Adisamiyai, Adimaduram, Adingam, Atti, Edalagam,
Egunru, Kandam, Kunjam, Kunjuram, Kunri,
Kunrimani, Kuruvindam, Maduragam, Singili,
Siridam, Sittilai;
Tel. : Atimadhuramu, Gurija, Gurivenda, Guruginja,
Kukkutamu, Raktika, Sinnaguruginja.
Distribution : Common throughout India, ascending upto 1,060m in

outer Himalaya; also in Andaman & Nicobar Islands.
Nativity : Native to Asia and Australia.
Description : Lianas; leaves paripinnate; leaflets opposite; blades

suboblong, membranous, sparsely white strigose
abaxially, glabrous adaxially, rounded at base, truncate
and with mucro at apex; racemes axillary; flowers small,
dense; calyx campanulate, white strigose; corolla purple;
standard with triangular claw; wings and keels narrower;
ovary hairy; legumes oblong, leathery, dehiscent; seeds
lustrous, black in lower part, red in upper part, subglo-
bose.
Flowering & Fruiting : August-December.
Habitat Ecology : Shrub species common in grasslands, edges of rain

forests, and gallery forests; Thana Khegua, 886m.
Material Examined : HPU-EL-RTS-001;15-08-2014.
Part/s used : Fruit. Whole Plant. Seed. Root.
Folk uses : Fruit powder considered as abortifacient and emetic.

Plant is considered magico-religious (not brought to
home as it is supposed that quarrel happen in the house).
Seeds are poisonous. Roots paste is applied on maggot
affected wounds of cattle (vet.).
Chemical constitiuents : Active ingredients are abrol, glycyrrhizin, abrasine,

precasine and isoflavon - quinones I, II, III (roots), abrin,
alanine, serine, choline, valine, and methyl ester,
aglucosideabrussic acid, haemagglutinin, stigmasterol
and β-sitosterol (seeds), glycyrrhizin, triterpene
glycosides, pinitol and alkaloids such as abrine,
hepaphotine, choline and precatorine (whole plant).
Uses in Literature : Uses reported in literatures alexiteric, antiphlogistic,

aphrodisiac, arbortifacient, contraceptive, emetic,
purgative, tonic; useful in biliousness, birth control, boils,
cattle poisoning, chest pain, cold and cough, colic, fever,
gynaecological disorders, hoarseness of throat, itching,
leucoderma, menstrual flow, nervous disorders, paralysis,
pimples, sciatica, skin disease, stiffness of shoulder
joints, ulcers, wounds and white eye (cattle); chewing of
seeds is fatal (Ahmed & Borthakur, 2005; Ambasta,
1986; Asolkar et al., 1992; Chatterjee & Pakrashi,
1997; Dwivedi, 2003; Farooq, 2005; Gogoi & Das,
2003; Guha Bakshi et al., 1999; Islam & Jha, 2003;
Jaish Beg et al., 2006; Jha & Kumar, 2003; Kalita &
Tamuli, 2006; Khan et al., 2003b; Khanna, 2002;
Kirtikar & Basu, 1984; Kumar & Lal, 2003; Kumar
& Nagiyan, 2006; Kurian, 1995; Manandhar, 2003;
Meena et al., 2003; Mitaliya, 2002; Mitaliya & Bhatt,
2003; Nath et al., 2006; Parrota, 2001; Punjani, 2003;
Ranjan, 2003; Retnam & Martin, 2006; Sah et al.,
2003; Shekhawat et al., 2006; Shrivastava et al., 2003;
Singh, 2002; Singh, 2003; Sur & Halder, 2002).
Acacia catechu (L.f.) Willd.

Syn.: A. catechu var. catechuoides (Roxb.) Prain; A. sundra (Roxb.) Bedd.; Mimosa
catechu L.f.
Family: Fabaceae.
Vern. Name: Khair.
Eng. : Black catechu, Black cutch tree, Catechu, Cutch tree,

White Kutch;
Hindi : Khair, Dant-dhavan, Gayatrin, Khair, Khayar,
madan, Pathi-drum, Payor, Priya-sakh;
Sans. : Bahushalya, Balapatra, Balaputra, Balatanaya,
Gayatrin, Khadira, Pathi-drum, Payor, Priya-sakh;
Ass. : Kher;
Beng. : Khayer;
Guj. : Kher;
Kann. : Kaachu, Kadira, Kadu, Kaggali;
Mal. : Karintaali;
Mar. : Khair, Khayar, Yajnavrksa;
Oriya : Khaira;
P. : Khair;
Tam. : Cenkarungali, Kacu-k-katti, Karai;
Tel. : Khadiramu, Kaviricandra, Nallacandra.
Distribution : Scattered on foothills in Western Himalayas, ascending

from 3000 to 4000 ft.
Nativity: Native to India, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Thailand.
Description : Deciduous, gregarious trees; leaves bipinnate, alternate,

stipulate; flowers pale yellow, sessile, in long solitary or
in groups; bracts cauducous; calyx cupular-campanulate,
teeth triangular or deltoid; corolla ovate to linear-
lanceolate; stamens many; ovary stipitate, oblong-
ellipsoid; stigma terminal; fruit a pod straight, unlobed or
sinuate along margins, thin walled, beaked at apex,
brown, narrowed at base into a stipe, dehiscent; seeds
orbicular or ovate, flattened.
Flowering & Fruiting : March-September.
Habitat Ecology : Common in the drier regions on sandy soils of riverbanks

and watersheds; Kakog, 1,071m.
Material Examined : HPU-EL-RTS-002; 25.04.2014
Part/s used : Whole Plant. Wood. Bark. Leaf.
Folk uses : Plant is considered magico-religious. Kathha obtained

from wood chewed as such to cure mouth sores. Wood
used as fuel and for making agricultural implements to
make joint of field plough and as ‘havansaamagri’. Bark
paste is applied for skin allergies. Leaves used as
fodder.
Chemical Constituents : Catechin, epecatechin, epigallocatechin,

epicatechingallate, phloroglucin, protocatechuic acid,
quarcetin, poriferasterol glycosides, lupenone,
procyanidin, kaemferol, L-arabinose, D-galactose, D-
rhamnose andaldobiuronic acid, afzelchin gum, mineral
and taxifolin (whole plant).
Uses in Literature : Antifungal, astringent, cooling, digestive; useful in boils,
eruption of skin, gonorrhea, headache, haemoptysis,
lesion in mouth (vet.), oral ulcer, passive diarrhea,
printing and dyeing, rheumatism, toothache; katha, used
in paan preparation and as cutch used for printing and
dyeing purpose; wood used for bows, boats, combs,
furniture, pests, plough rice-pestles, oil & sugarcane
crushes, spear handles, sword-handles & tool handles,
tent-pegs and rolling pins, spokes and hubs of wheel; gum
yielded by the tree called khair gum is a seed substitute of
gum arabic. (Ambasta, 1986; Asolkar et al., 1992; Bora,
2003; Bhatt et al., 2003; Chatterjee & Pakrashi, 1997;
Deshmukh et al., 2003; Dwivedi, 2003a,b; Farooq,
Kirtikar & Basu, 1984; Manandhar, 2003; Parrota,
2001; Ranjan, 2003; Retnam & Martin, 2006; Sah et
al., 2003; Saren et al., 2003; Samvatsar & Diwanji,
2003; Shukla et al., 2003; Singh, 2002; Singh, 2003;
Singh et al., 2003; Watt, 1972).
Acacia nilotica (L.) Willd. ex Delile.

Syn.: A. arabica (Lam.) Willd.; A. vera Willd.; Mimosa arabica Lam.; M. nilotica L.
Family: Fabaceae.
Vern. Name: Babul.
Eng. : Black Babool, Indian Gum Arabic Tree;

Hindi : Babul, Babur, Kikar;
Sans. : Babula, Barbara,Yugmakanta;
Beng. : Babla, Babul, Babur, Kikar;
Guj. : Babalia, Baval;
Kann. : Barboora, Barbura, Bobbi, Bobbuli, Bochhuli,
Bubbula, Gobbali, Gobli, Karagi, Kari gobbali, Kari
jaali, Karibaela;
Mal. : Karuvelakam, Karuvelam;
Mar. : Babhul, Babul, Vedibabul;
Oriya : Babulo, Boburo, Boburi;
P. : Babla, Babul, Babur, Kikar;
Tam. : Iramangandam, Karuvel, Karuvelam, Vel;
Tel. : Barburamu, Nallatumma, Nellatuma, Tumma,
Yugalakshamu.
Distribution : Common all over India.
Nativity : Native to native to Africa, the Middle East and

the Indian subcontinent.
Description : Tree, variable in shape; bark on trunk rough, fissured,

blackish, grey or brown; young branches almost glabrous
to subtomentose; leaf often with 1-2 petiolar glands;
leaflets glabrous to pubescent; inflorescence axillary
pedunculate heads; flowers bright yellow, involucel from
near base to half way up the peduncle; calyx pubescent or
subglabrous; corolla glabrous to more or less pubescent
outside; fruit very variable, indehiscent, straight or
curved, glabrous to velvety; seed blackish brown,
smooth, subcircular, compressed.
Flowering & Fruiting : July-December.
Habitat Ecology : Withstand extremely dry environments and can also

endure floods. It thrives under irrigation.; Baunal,
1,376m.
Material Examined : HPU-EL-RTS-003;
Part/s used : Bark. Stem. Whole Plant. Wood. Leaf . Seed. Twig.
Folk uses : Dried bark powder is massaged on gums to relieve

toothache. Gum is extracted from the stem and mixed
with milk is administered orally in leucorrhea. Plant is
considered magico-religious and sacred. Wood is used
as samdha in Hawan. Wood is used as timber for making
doors and windows, as fuel, leaves used for fodder.
Twigs are used as toothbrush. Leaf paste mixed with
cow ghee applied on skin cracks. Seeds prescribed for
jaundice. Leaves are boiled in mustard oil and poultice
on fractured body parts in humans and cattle (vet.).
Chemical Constituents : Epigallocatechin (bark), hentriacontane, lapachol, n-

hentriacontanol, β-sitosterol and paulownin isolated from
(roots), cystine, methionine, threonine, lysine,
tryptophan, potassium, phosphorus, magnesium, iron and
manganese, diester, pentacosane dioic acid dihexadecyl
ester and heptacosane 1, 2, 3-triol (whole plant).
Uses in Literature : Antidiabetic, antidysenteric, astringent, cooling, styptic;

cures biliousness, bronchitis, cold, cough, kapha and vata,
leprosy, nightfall, sore throat, toothache, heals fractures,
good for eye diseases, urino-genetal diseases; used for
antifertility; gum edible; bark yields tannin. Used as fuel;
wood used for wheel-wright work, felloes, spokes, also
used for agricultural implements, carving, fencing,
fodder, roasted seeds eaten (Ambasta, 1986; Asolkar et
al., 1992; Banerjee, 2003; Bharate & Oli R., 2006;
Bhatt et al., 2002; Bhatt et al., 2003a,b; Chatterjee &
Pakrashi, 1997; Deshmukh et al., 2003; Diwakar &
Ansari, 2003; Dwivedi, 2003; Ghosh, 2003; Ghosh &
Das, 2003; Guha Bakshi et al., 1999; Jaish Beg et al.,
2006; Jha & Kumar, 2003; Kalita & Tamuli, 2006;
Khanna, 2002; Kshirsagar & Singh, 2003; Kirtikar &
Basu, 1984; Kumar, 2003; Islam & Jha, 2003;
Manandhar, 2003; Mitaliya, 2002; Muthy et al., 2003;
Nair & Jayakumar, 2003; Pandey et al., 2003;
Parrota, 2001; Rana et al., 2003; Ranjan, 2003a,b;
Saren et al., 2003; Shrivastava et al., 2003; Singh,
2003a,b,c; Singh et al., 2003; Upadhyay & Chauhan,
2003).
Achyranthes aspera L.
Syn.: A. asperoides Pires de Lima; A. australis R.Br.; A. fruticosa Desf.;
Cadelaria punctata Raf.; Digera muricata Mart.
Family: Amaranthaceae.
Vern. Name: Puthkanda, Puthkandi, Apamarg.
Eng. : Prickly –chaff flower;

Hindi : Apang, Chichra, Chirchira, Chirchitta;
Sans. : Aghata, Apamarga, Apangaka-Kharamanjari;
Ass. : Apang;
Beng. : Apang;
Guj. : Agheda, Aghedi;
Kann. : Uttaranee;
Mal. : Katalati;
Mar. : Aghada, Aghara, Surat;
Oriya : Apamarga;
P. : Kutri;
Tam. : Nayurivi;
Tel. : Antisha, Apamargamu, Uttareni.
Distribution : This species is globally distributed in the Pantropics.

Within India, it is common weed found on roadsides and
waste places throughout upto an altitude of 2100 m. and
in the Andaman Islands.
Nativity : Native to southern Asia, Australia, and some Pacific

Islands.
Description : Herbs perennial; stem tetragonal, pubescent with nodes

slightly inflated; branches opposite, with petioled, ovoid
or obovate leaves; inflorescences terminal and axillary,
spicate, erect, many-flowered; flowers hermaphrodite,
solitary in axils of acute, membranous, persistent bracts;
fruits capsules, orange to reddish purple or brown.

Flowering & Fruiting : May-October.
Habitat Ecology : Found along roadsides, and fallow lands from plains;
Arat, 1,818m.
Material Examined : HPU-EL-RTS-004; 15.08.2014.
Part/s used : Root. Leaf. Whole plant. Wood. Aerial part. Twig. Seed
Folk uses : Roots used as a cure for snakebite. Leaf paste is

antiseptic and applied on cuts and wounds. Leaf juice is
pour into ear to get rid of earache. Leaf juice is given for
dysmenorrhea. Plant considered magico-religious to get
rid off black magic. Whole plant is considered sacred.
Wood used as Samdha for hawan. Aerial part is used as
fodder. Aerial Parts mixed with jaggary is given for
fever. Twigs of plant is used as toothbrush in
toothache. Seeds are made into ashes mixed with honey
given as a cure for cough in children.
Chemical Constituents : Constituents isolated are ecdysterone (Polypodine A) and

ecdysone (roots), α- & β-spinasterols (whole plant), α-L-
rhamnopyranosyl-(1→4)-(β-D-glucopyranosyluronic
acid)-(1→3)-oleanolic acid, α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-
(1→4)-(β-Dglucopyranosyluronic acid)-(1→3)-oleanolic
acid-28-O-β-D-glucopyranoside and α-
Lrhamnopyranosyl-(1→4)-(β-D- glucopyranosyluronic
acid)-(1→3)-oleanolic acid-28-O-β-Dglucopyranosyl-
(1→4)-β-D- glucopyranoside (seeds).
Uses in Literature : Antidote, antiseptic, astringent, depurative, diuretic,

emetic, laxative, pungent; considered useful in acute
chills, asthma, boils, chapatti and kheer preparation,
colic, cough, dropsy, easy and normal delivary, excessive
bleeding during delivery, hydrophobia, irregular
menstruation, jaundice, night blindness, piles,
pneumonia, rheumatism, scorpion sting, syphilic
infection, eruption of skin, sores of ear, snake bite, stop
bleeding after abortion, toothache, ulcers, urinary
infection, warts, wounds (Ahmed & Borthakur, 2005;
Ambasta, 1986; Asolkar et al., 1992; Banerjee, 2003;
Bhatt et al., 2002; Bhatt et al., 2003a,b; Binu et al.,
2003; Chakraborty et al., 2003; Chaudhury & Neogi,
2003; Chatterjee & Pakrashi, 1997; D as & Mishra,
2003; Das & Sharma, 2003; Deshmukh & Rothe,
2003; Devi, 2003; Dwivedi, 2003; Guha Bakshi et al.,
1999; Farooq, 2005; Ganesan & Kesavan, 2003;
Girach et al., 2003; Gogoi & Das, 2003; Gogoi et al.,
2003; Islam & Jha, 2003; Jain et al., 2003; Jaish Beg et
al., 2006; Khan et al., 2003a,b; Karthikeyani &
Janardhanan, 2003; Khanna, 2002; Kirtikar & Basu,
1984; Kothari & Londhe, 2003; Kumar & Goel, 2003;
Kumar & Lal, 2003; Kumar & Nagiyan, 2006; Kumar
et al., 2003; Kurian, 1995; Meena et al., 2003;
Mitaliya et al., 2003; Muthukumarasamy et al., 2003;
Muthy et al., 2003; Nayak et al., 2003; Nath & Maiti,
2003; Pal, 2003; Panda & Das, 2003; Parrota, 2001;
Rahman, 2003; Rajendran et al., 2003; Ranjan,
2003a,b; Ravikumar & Sankar, 2003; Reddy & Raju,
2003; Retnam & Martin, 2006; Rosakutty et al., 2003;
Sarkar & Sarma, 2006; Saren et al., 2003; Shrivastava
et al., 2006; Srivastava et al., 2003,2003,2006; Singh,
2002; Singh, 2003; Singh, 2006; Singh & Kumar,
2003; Singh et al., 2003; Singh & Srivastava, 2003;
Sivakumar et al., 2003; Siwakoti & Siwakoti, 2003;
Sood & Thakur, 2004; Subramani & Goraya, 2003;
Subramaniam, 2003; Sur & Halder, 2002; Thomas &
Britto, 2003; Watt, 1972)
Adiantum capillus-veneris L.
Syn.: A. capillus Sw.; A. formosum R. Br.; A. modestum Underw.; A. remyanum Esp.

Bustos; A. schaffneri E. Fourn.
Family: Adiantaceae.
Vern. Name: Hansraja.
English, Hindi and Regional Names:
Eng. : Black maiden hair fern, Maiden hair fern, Maria’s

fern, Our lady’s Hair, Venus hair;
Hindi : Hansraj, Mubaraka, Pursha;
Beng. : Hanspadi;
Guj. : Hanspadi;
Kann. : Hansraj, Mubaraka, Pursha;
Tam. : Seruppadai.
Distribution : Subcosmopolitan worldwide distribution. Common in

Tamil Nadu (the Nilgiri Hills), Maharashtra, Punjab, W.
Himalaya ascending upto 2,500m, Manipur, Bihar.
Nativity : Native to Temperate and tropical regions.
Description : Deciduous, clumping fern with a drooping habit, slowly

spreads by short creeping rhizomes; fronds bipinnate to
tripinnate with wiry, black stems that are distinctively
arching to pendent; small pinnae fan-shaped, having
wedge-shaped bases and irregular lobing at the apex; sori
(spores) appear in summer on the reflexed pinnae
undermargins.
Flowering & Fruiting : July-October.
Habitat Ecology : Shaded areas, humus rich places, limestone rocks & steep
banks; Kolva, 1,398m.
Material Examined : HPU-EL-RTS-005;15.08.2014.
Part/s used : Leaf. Aerial Part.

Folk uses : Roasted leaves crushed mixed with deshi ghee applied for
boils and abcesses. Tea prepared from leaves prescribred
in cold and cough. Aerial parts used as fodder.
Chemical Constituents : Contains flavonoids (including rutin & isoquercitin),

terpenoids (including adiantone), tannin and mucilage
(whole plant), astragalin, nicotilorin, isoquercitin, rutin,
kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside sulphate, 1-caffeylglucose and
sulphate esters of 1-coumarylglucose and 1-
coumariylgalactose; diacylglyceryl-O-4'(N, N, N-
trimethyl)-homoserine, isoadiantone, isoadiantol-B, 3-
methoxy-4-hydroxyfilicane and 3,4-dihydroxyfilicane,
quercetin, quercetin-3-O-glucoside and quercetin-3-O-
rutinoside (rutin) (fronds).
Uses in Literature : Emmenagogue, expectorant, febrifuge, mucilaginous,

pectoral demulcent and tonic; cures bronchitis, cough,
fever, hard tumours of the spleen, liver and other visceral
organs, menstrual complaint, throat disorders. (Ambasta,
1997; Guha Bakshi et al., 1999; Das, 2003; Jha et al.,
2003; Kirtikar & Basu, 1984; Kurian, 1995)
Aegle marmelos Corr.

Syn.: Crataeva religiosa Ainslie.; Feronia pellucida Roth.
Family: Rutaceae.
Vern. Name: Bil.
Eng. : Bael tree, Bel, Beli fruit, Bengal quince, Stone apple,
Wood apple;
Hindi : Bel, Shriphal;
Sans. : Adhararuha, Bilwa, Shriphal, Sivadrumah, Tripatra;
Ass. : Bel;
Beng. : Bel;
Guj. : Bili;
Kann. : Bilvapatre;
Mal. : Vilvam;
Mar. : Maredu;
Oriya : Belo, Bilwa, Sripholo;
P. : Bael;
Tam. : Aluvigam, Iyalbudi, Kuvilam, Vilvam;
Tel. : Bilvamu, Maluramu, Maredu, Sandiliyamu,
Sriphalamu.
Distribution : Found in the plains &submontane regions of India, Wild

in the sub-Himalayan tract.
Nativity : Native to Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia.
Description : Deciduous tree; branchlets cylindric, glabrous; leaves

alternate-3-foliolate, dimorphic; leaflets subsessile, ovate-
elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate; inflorescences axillary and
terminal, racemose or corymbose; flowers bisexual; calyx
cupular, finely puberulent, caduceus; petals, ovate-
oblong, subequal, spreading, glabrous; stamens
numerous, free or basally subconnate, unequal; ovary
ovoid, faintly ridged, 10-loculed; ovules many, 2-seriate;
style short; stigma oblong, longitudinally grooved; seeds
oblong and flat.
Flowering & Fruiting : February-December.
Habitat Ecology : Plain areas, forests, near roadsides; Chadna, 1,296m.
Material Examined : HPU-EL-RTS-006;
Part/s used : Leaf. Fruit. Whole Plant. Wood.
Folk uses : Leaf paste is applied on hair to cure hair problems. Leaf
paste is applied for skin affections. Leaf juice is given
for bodyache. Fruit is given for constipation. Murabba
is made from the fruit which is used for curing stomach
problems and considered cooling for the body. The plant
is considered magico-religious to get rid off bad evils.
Whole plant is considered sacred, leaves are offered to
Lord Shiva, Fruits used in yajna used in making hawan
samgri. And also used in performing death rituals.
Leaves are sold. Wood used as timber for making doors
and windows; also used as fuel. Fruits are edible. Leaves
used as fodder.
Chemical Constituents : Isolated constituents are psoralen, aeglinol,

furanocoumarin, marmelide, β-sitosterol, essential oil
(fruit), skimmianine, aegeline (leaf), 6'-7'-
epoxyauraptine, a coumarin, xanthotoxin, 6, 7, di-o-
mecouarin, scopletin, tembamide, umbelliferone,
marmesin (root), xanthotoxol, scoparone, scopoletin,
umbelliforone, marmesin, skimmin & β-sitosterol
glucoside (whole plant).
Uses in Literature : Antidiabetic, antidiarrhoel, antidote, appetizer, aromatic,

astringent, binding, cooling, digestive, laxative, febrifuge,
nutritive, tonic; cures gastric trouble, ophthalmia,
deafness, dropsy, continued fever, impotency,
inflammations, ophthalmia, piles.(Ahmed & Borthakur,
2005; Ambasta, 1986; Asolkar, 1992; Bharate & Oli
R., 2006; Bhattacharyya, 2003; Chatterjee &
Pakrashi, 1997; Das & Misra, 2003a,b; Das &
Sharma, 2003; Dixit & Kumar, 2003; Devi, 2003;
Dwarakan & Alagesaboopathi, 2003; Dwivedi, 2003;
Farooq, 2005; Ganesan & Kesavan, 2003; George et
al., 2003; Ghosh & Das, 2003; Gopal & Sinha, 2003;
Guha Bakshi et al., 1999; Islam & Jha, 2003; Jaish
Beg et al., 2006; Katewa et al., 2003; Khanna, 2002;
Kirtikar & Basu, 1984; Kothari et al., 2003; Kothari
& Rao, 2003; Kumar, 2003; Kumar & Lal, 2003;
Kumar & Rao, 2003; Kumar et al., 2003; Kurian,
1995; Mitaliya & Bhatt, 2003; Muthy et al., 2003;
Nath & Maiti, 2003; Nayak et al., 2003; Pal et al.,
2003; Parrota, 2001; Prasad et al., 2002; Prasad et al.,
2003; Rana et al., 2003; Rajendran et al., 2003;
Ranjan, 2003a,b; Rao et al., 2003; Reddy & Raju,
Saikia & Nath, 2003; Saren et al., 2003; Sarkar &
Sarma, 2006; Satapathy & Brahman, 2003; Sharma et
al., 2003; Shekhawat et al., 2006; Shil & Sharma,
2003, Pal, 2003; Shrivastava et al., 2006; Srivastava et
al., 2003;Singh, 2002; Singh, 2003; Singh, 2003; Singh,
2006; Singh et al., 2003; Siwakoti & Siwakoti, 2003;
Sudhakar & Vedavathy, 2003; Thomas & Britto,
2003).
Agave americana L.
Syn.: A. altissima Zumagl.; A. communis Gaterau; A. complicate Trel. ex Ochot; A.

picta Salm-Dyck; A. spectabilis Salisb.
Family: Agavaceae.
Vern. Name: Rambaan.
Eng. : Agave, Century plant;

Hindi : Gwarpatha;
Sans. : Kantala;
Beng. : Bilati-ananash, Bilatipat, Carata, Koyam;
Guj. : Fagli-Kanvara;
Kann. : Devva-baale, Raakshasa-baale, Bhootaale, Kalnaaru,
Kattali, Kattale;
Mal. : Agavu, Athirakaitha, Eroppakaitha, Kandalachedi,;
Mar. : Keva;
Oriya : Birhot Okumari, Murba, Muruga;
Tam. : Anaik-kat-razhai, Pithakalabuntha;
Tel. : Kittanara.
Distribution : All Tropics.
Nativity : Native to North America.
Description : Stem reduced. Leaves forming a rosette, curving

outwards, the ends drooping, widest about the middle,
neck not sharply constricted. green, sometimes glaucous,
often with pale yellow borders or otherwise variegated,
shallowly channelled only at the apical region. Apical
spine, dark reddish brown-black, marginal spines
pointing downwards.
Flowering & Fruiting : May-September.
Habitat Ecology : Found growing on cliffs, urban areas, woodlands,

grasslands, riparian zones, beaches, sandy areas, and
rocky slopes; Sangrah, 1,573m.
Part/s used : Sap. Whole Plant. Leaf. Inflorescence.
Folk uses : Sap exuding from leaves applied for thoothache. Plant is
used for fencing around the fields. Leaves are used for
tying fodder, also used for thatching purpose.
Vegetable is prepared from inflorescence.
Chemical Constituents : Plant contains β-sitosterol, β-sitosterol-B-Dglucoside,

trigogenin, diosgenin, hecogenin, gitogenin, chlorogenin,
cantalasaponin-1 (root), oestrogen- like isoflavonoids,
alkaloids, caumarins and vitamins pro-A, B¹, B², C, D &
K (sap).
Uses in Literature : Alterative, anti-cancerous, antipyretic, antiseptic, anti-

syphilitic, diaphoretic, diuretic, laxative, emmenagogue,
piscicidal, purgative, tonic; useful in allaying pain,
anasarca, ascites, bruises and contusions, cancerous
ulcers, dropsy, dysentery, hydrophobia, gonorrhoea,
putrid tumours, rheumatism, ripening of boils, scrofula,
scurvy, stomachache, swellings, toothache, venereal
sores, warts and whooping cough (Ambasta, 1986;
Baburaj et al., 2003; Guha Bakshi et al., 1999;
Kirtikar & Basu, 1984; Muthy et al., 2003; Ranjan et
al., 2003; Singh, 2003).
Albizia procera (Roxb.) Benth.

Syn.: A. elata Voigt; A. procera (Roxb.) Willd.; A. procera var. elata (Roxb.)
Baker; A. procera var. roxburghiana E.Fourn.;
A. procera var. elata (Roxb.) Bake; Feuilleea procera (Roxb.)
Kuntze; Lignum murinum-majus Rumph.;
B. Mimosa coriaria Blanco;
C. M. elata Roxb.; M. procera Roxb.
Family:Fabaceae.
Vern. Name: Siris.
Eng. : Acacia, Albizia, brown albizia, Forest siris, Safed

siris, Tall albizia, White siris,
Hindi : Baro dun-siris, Gurar, Kalsis, Karak, Karanji, Safed
siris;
Ass. : Tantari-asing;
Beng. : Koroi, Modeloa;
Guj. : Karangro;
Kann. : Belari;
Mal. : Jalavaka;
Mar. : Pandhra shirish;
Tam. : Konda vagei, Selaunjal, Velvagai;
Tel. : Tella chinduga.
Distribution : Occurs naturally in India through South-East Asia to the

Philippines, Indonesia, Melanesia and northern Australia.
It extends north into China, including Hainan and
Taiwan.
Nativity : Native to southeast Asia and India.

Description : Large deciduous tree; leaves alternate, bipinnate, rachis
with a large gland near base of the petiole, pinnae 2-6
pairs, a gland is present between the uppermost pair of
the leaflets, leaflets 4-16 pairs, obliquely oblong-ovate,
more or less hairy below, obtuse, emarginate or shortly
apiculate apex; inflorescence peduncled head, fascicled
or in axillary or terminal panicles; pods shortly stalked.
Flowering & Fruiting : July-August.
Habitat Ecology : Moist deciduous forests and also in the plains; Lagnu,
1,028m.
Part/s used : Wood. Leaf.
Folk uses : Wood is used for low quality furniture and for making
agricultural implements such as plough. Leaves lopped
for fodder as galactagogue (vet.).
Chemical Constituents : β-(1-3) d-galactopyranose, β-(1-6) d-galactopyranose, α-

(1-3) l-arabinofuranose, aldobiuronic acid, 3-0-D-
galactopyranosyl-L-arabinose (gum), phyto julibroside,
budmunchiamines A, B, and C, quercitrin, isoquercitrin,
hydrogen cyanide (HCN) acide, perceragenin , triterpenic
acid (seeds).
Uses in Literature : Insecticidal; useful to backache and bodypain,

constructional purposes, carts and carriages, furniture,
removes body poison, snakebite, ulcers. (Ambasta, 1986;
Asolkar et al., 1992; Deshmukh et al., 2000; Kirtikar
& Basu, 1984; Parrota, 2001; Trivedi, 2002; Watt,
1992).
Allium sativum Mill.
Syn.: A. controversum Schrad. ex Willd.; A. longicuspis Regel; A. ophioscorodon Link;
A. pekinense Prokh.; Porrum ophioscorodon (Link) Rchb.
Family: Amaryllidaceae.
Vern. Name: Lasan.
Eng. : Cultivated garlic, Garlic, Garlick;

Hindi : Lahsun, Lahsan, Lassan;
Sans. : Lashuna, launa;
Ass. : Naharu;
Beng. : Lasun;
Guj. : Lasan;
Kann. : Belluli;
Mal. : Vellulli;
Mar. : Lasun;
P. : Thom;
Tam. : Acanam;
Tel. : Velluli.
Distribution : Cultivated all over the world.
Nativity : Native to South Asia, Central Asia and northeastern Iran.
Distribution : Herbaceous, perennial plant producing 6 - 12 leaves long

and a flowering scape 25 - 80cm tall from a single,
underground bulb; leaves long, narrow, and flat closer to
the plant base, but cylindrical and pointy at the tip; flower
small whitish-purple.
Flowering & Fruiting : May-July.
Habitat Ecology : Grown in a temperate climate; Sainj, 1,647m.
Part/s used : Leaf. Bulb.
Folk uses : Fried leaves are given in fever, bodyache and swelling.
Chopped bulb mixed with mustard oil given for earache.
Bulbs are used in making pickle which is used for gout.
Two bulbs with water given for gout on daily basis. It is
considered beneficial in “vayurog” (gastritis) and
constipation. Leaves cooked into vegetable. Chutney is
prepared from its leaves. The plant is source of economy
for local people.
Chemical Constituents : Contains pectic acid, D-galactan, a fructan component,

volatile oil, allyl disulphide, diallyl disulphide, allin,
allicin, alliin, diallyl sulfide, diallyl disulfide, diallyl
trisulfide, ajoene, and S-allyl-cysteine mucilage albumin
(bulb).
Uses in Literature : Anthelmintic, anticancerous, antidiabetic, aphrodisiac,

asthma, fattening, heating, oleaginous, pungent, tonic;
improves appetite, complexion, voice; useful in
bronchitis, catarrhal conditions, cough, diseases of the
eye and heart, dizziness, earache, epileptic fits, flatulence
in cattle, low fevers, formation of gas within digestive
tract, gangrene of the lung, inflammations, joint
disorders, leucoderma, lumbago, lumps, piles, pulmonary
phythisis, rheumatism, skin diseases, thirst, tumors, vata,
vasodialatory properties, whooping cough (Ahmed &
Borthakur, 2005; Ambasta, 1986; Asolkar et al., 1992;
Bharate & Oli R., 2006; Bora et al., 2003; Diwakar &
Ansari, 2003; Dixit & Kumar, 2003; Dutta & Nath,
2003; Farooq, 2005; Ganai & Nawchoo, 2003; Ghosh,
2003; Ghosh & Das, 2003; Guha Bakshi et al., 1999;
Lalramnghinglova, 2003; Kirtikar & Basu, 1984;
Kurian, 1995; Mitaliya et al., 2003; Pal & Paul, 2003;
Pal et al., 2003; Pandey et al., 2003; Rajendran &
Aswal, 2003; Ranjan, 2003a,b; Ranjan et al., 2003;
Retnam & Martin, 2006; Satapathy & Brahman,
2003; Sharma et al., 2003; Shekhawat et al., 2006; Shil
& Sharma, 2003; Singh & Singh, 2003a,b; Watt, 1972)
Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f.
Syn.: A. indica Royle; A. littoralis Koening.; A. vera Tourh.; A. abyssinica Lans.; A.
chinensis Baker; A. vulgaris Lans.; Alpinia allhugas Roscoe.
Family: Liliaceae.
Vern. Name: Dhritkumari.
Eng. : Barbados aloe, Curacas Aloe, Indian Aloe, Jaforabad

Aloe;
Hindi : Gheegunwar, Ghee Kunar, Ghee Kunvar, Ghi Kumar,
Ghi Kumari, Ghret Kumari, Kuwarfad, Thekewar;
Sans. : Bhrungesta, Bramhagni, Deerghapatrika, Ghrita
Kumari, GhrutKumarika, Kanta, Kpiravrutta,
Sthaleruha, Veera, Vipulstrava;
Ass. : Chaikuwari;
Beng. : Ghritakumari;
Guj. : Kadvikunvar, Kunvar, Kuvara;
Kann. : Loli-Sara;
Mal. : Chenninayakam, Cherukattala, Chuvannakattala,
Ghritakumari, Kattavala, Kumari;
Mar. : Koraphada, Koraphanta, Korkand, Kunvarpata;
Oriya : Ghikuanri, Ghritokumari, Kumari, Mushobora;
P. : Kuaar Gandal;
Tam. : Angani, Kattalai, Kodiyan, Sirukattalai,
Sivappukkattalai, Veligam;
Tel. : Chinnakalabanda, Ettakalabanda, Kalabanda.
Distribution : Naturalised in many parts of India; many varieties found

in a semi wild states.
Nativity : Native to the south-east Arabian Peninsula.
Description : A perennial herb with short stem and shallow root

system; leaves: fleshy in rosettes, sessile, very much
horny prickles on the margin, convex below, surface pale
green; flowers- yellow or orange in racemes; fruits
loculicidal capsule.
Flowering & Fruiting : September – December.
Habitat Ecology : Grows wild in tropical, semi-tropical, and arid climates;

Baunal, 1,376m.
Part/s used : Leaf. Whole Plant.
Folk uses : Fried leaves are given in fever, bodyache and swelling.
Leaves cooked into vegetable, considered useful for gout.
Leaves are used in in skin problems Plant considered as
refrigerant. Plant is considerd sacred. Leaves are used
as hawansamgri. Gel applied on hair to remove
dandruff, and also make them smooth and shiny
(haircair). Leaf pulp is mixed mith coconut oil and is
applied for skin fairness. Plant is grown as ornamental.
Leaves made into small pieces mixed with wheat flour
given for bodyache in cattle. Used for vaat disease
(gastritis) (vet).
Chemical Constituents : Chief ingredients are barbaloin aloesin, aloesone β-

sitosterol (leaves), 4 partially acetylated glucomannans, β-
barbaloin and aloe-anodin, glucomannans/polymannose,
mucopolysaccharides, mannose-6-phosphate, beta-(1,4)-
acetylated mannan, alprogen, C-glucosyl chromone,
anthraquinones, cholesterol, campesterol, β-sitosterol and
lupeol, auxins and gibberellin (jelly).
Uses in Literature : Alexiteric, alterative, anthelmintic, antidiabetic,

aphrodisiac, bitter, carminative, cooling, digestive,
fattening, laxative purgative, tonic; useful in AIDS,
asthma, biliousness, erysipelas, eye diseases, fever due to
bronchitis, inflammations, jaundice, leprosy, liver
complaints, lumbago, ophthalmia, pain in the muscles,
piles, skin problems (abrasions, burns, bruises, cuts,
herpes simplex, psoriasis), strangury, enlargement of
spleen, tumours, ulcers, uterine disorders, vomiting
(Ahmed & Borthakur, 2005; Ambasta, 1986; Asolkar
et al., 1992; Bhatt et al., 2002; Bhatt et al., 2003;
Bharati & Oli R, 2006; Chhetri et al., 2006; Dash &
Misra, 2003; Dwivedi, 2003; Farooq, 2005; Gopal &
Chandra, 2003; Guha Bakshi et al., 1999; Jain et al.,
2003; Khare & Khare, 2003; Kumar & Mathur, 2003;
Khan et al., 2003; Kirtikar & Basu, 1984; Kurian,
1995; Meena et al., 2003; Mitaliya, 2002; Mitaliya et
al., 2003; Parrota, 2001; Prasad et al., 2002; Prasad et
al., 2003; Retnam & Martin, 2006; Rosakutty et al.,
2003; Saren et al., 2003; Sharma & Sood, 1997;
Sharma et al., 2003; Shekhawat et al., 2006; Singh,
2003; Shrivastava et al., 2003; Siwakoti & Siwakoti,
2003; Watt, 1972).
Amaranthus viridis L.
Syn.: A. gracilis Desf.; Chenopodium caudatum Jacq.; Glomeraria viridis (L.) Cav.
Family: Amaranthaceae.
Vern. Name: Chaulai.
Eng. : Green amaranth, Pigweed, Prince of Wales feather,

Slender amaranth, Tropical green amaranth;
Hindi : Jungali chaulayi;
Sans. : Tanduliya, Vishaghna;
Ass. : Khuduna, Khutura Sak;
Kann. : Daggi Soppu;
Mal. : Kuppacheera;
Mar. : Math, Unadabhaji;
Tam. : Kulla-t-tantu-k-kirai, Kuppai-k-kirai
Tel. : Chilaka-thotakoora.
Distribution : Pantropical species, widespread in all tropical or

subtropical regions up to high altitude.
Nativity : Native to Central and South America.
Description : Herbs stem green or sometimes reddish, glabrous; leaves

alternate, ovate, apex acute, base truncate; spikes terminal
and axillary, interrupted; flowers unisexual, mixed,
densely arranged; bracts and bracteoles similar, ovate,
acuminate; tepals, obovate, obtuse; stamens free; ovary
obovoid, styles free; achenes ovoid, acute, membranous;
seeds biconvex, dark brown, shining with hexagonal
epidermal cells.
Flowering & Fruiting : Throughout the year.
Habitat Ecology : Wastelands, open fields. Andheri, 1,706m
Part/s used : Leaf. Aerial Part.
Folk uses : Leaves cooked with rice into saag also with potato as
vegetable for dysentery, diarrhea, vomiting. Leaf paste
is applied on eczema, itching, leprosy. Aerial parts are
used as fodder for cattle.
Chemical Constituents : Quercetin, lutein, rutin and β-carotene (seeds), amasterol

(roots).
Uses in Literature : Alexiteric, antipyretic, appetizer, cooling, digestible,

diuretic, expectorant, heating, laxative, stomachic; useful
in biliousness, blood diseases, bronchitis, burning
sensation, fodder, hallucination, kapha, leprosy,
leucorrhoea, piles, pot herb, rat-bite, scorpion sting, snake
bite, Tastes like spinach when boiled. (Ambasta, 1986;
Asolkar et al., 1992; Bhatt et al., 2003; Chakraborty et
al., 2003; Das & Choudhury, 2003; Guha Bakshi et al.,
2003; Kirtikar & Basu, 1984; Kumar, 2003; Sarkar &
Sarma, 2006; Shekhawat et al, 2006; Sood & Thakur,
2004; Watt, 1972).
Anagallis arvensis L.
Syn.: A. arabica Duby; A. indica Sweet; A. repens DC.

Family: Primulaceae.
Vern. Name: Neelphuli.
Eng. : Blue Pimpernel;

Hindi : Krishnaneel, Neel;
Guj. : Chanakchibhadi, Kali Fuladi;
Kann. : Suryakanti soppu;
Mal. : Bellichina;
Mar. : Ran draksh.
Distribution : Throughout the world.
Nativity : Native to Europe.
Description : An erect or procumbent, glabrous herb, much branched

from the base; leaves ovate, acute, entire; flowers-
axillary, solitary, on slender pedicels which are nearly as
long as or longer than the leaves; calyx spreading divided
nearly to the base into narrow segments; corolla blue or
gentian blue, fruit- capsule; seeds- numerous, minute,
trigonous.
Flowering & Fruiting : October.
Habitat Ecology : Common as a winter weed in cultivated fields, in fallow

lands and hills above 800m; Rajana, 1,229m.
Part/s used : Root. Leaf. Whole Plant.
Folk uses : Root paste applied on boils. Leaf paste applied on insect
bite. Whole plant are used as fodder.
Chemical Constituents : Heteroside (stem), cucurbitacin glycosides, arvenin I & II

and cucurbitacin E (whole plant), saponins of triterpene
(roots), n-hexacosane, rutin, beta-sitosterol, beta-amyrin,
laeceric acid, anagalligenin, glucose, arabinose and xylose
(aerial parts), stigmasterol, beta-sitosterol, 2-spinasterol,
3- glucoside, kaempferol, quercetin, rutin (flowers),
heteroside (leaves).
Uses in Literature : Diaphoretic, diuretic, expectorant, resolvent, stimulant;

used in bites of serpents and mad animals, cerebral
affections, cutanaceous diseases, delirium, dropsy,
emaciation, enlargement of the liver and spleen,
epilepsy, gall stones, gout, hydrophobia, hysteria,
irritation in urinary tract, leprosy, liver cirrhosis, lung
ailments, mania, prickles in the body.(Asolkar et al.,
1992; Farooq, 2005; Guha Bakshi et al., 1999; Watt,
1972).
Argemone mexicana L.
Syn.: A. spinosa Gaterau; A. vulgaris Spach; Echtrus trivialis Lour.

Family: Papaveraceae.
Vern. Name: Kanandathi.
Eng. : Prickly poppy;

Hindi : Satyanashi;
Sans. : Kshirini;
Ass. : Kuhum-kata;
Beng. : Barashil-kantal;
Guj. : Darudi, Satyanashi;
Kann. : Datturi-gidda;
Mal. : Bhramadanthi;
Mar. : Phirangi Dhotra;
Oriya : Kantakusuma;
P. : Kandiali, Sialkanta;
Tam. : Piramathanda;
Tel. : Brahmadandi.
Distribution : Scrubs to dry deciduous forests, roadsides and cultivated
places, altitude almost sea level to 1500 m.
Nativity : Native to south-eastern USA (Florida), Mexico, Central

America, the Caribbean and tropical South America.
Description : Erect herbs, spiny, sap yellow; leaves alternate,

dissected, semi-amplexicaule, membranous, margins
spiny, midrib thick; flowers terminal, solitary, yellow,
petals 4-6; stamens many; ovary 1 celled, ovules many;
capsule, oblong, spiny, dehiscing apically downwards;
seeds rugose.
Habitat Ecology : Grow along roadsides, in fallow and cultivated lands,

riverbanks, disturbed areas;. Lagnu, 1,028m.
Part/s used : Fruit. Sap.
Folk uses : Fruit is given to milching cattle to raise milk production.

Yellow sap from plant is used to cure eczema. Sap is
applied on tooth for thoothache.
Chemical Constituents : Berberine, optisine, chelerytherine, protopine and

allocryptomine, berberidine, sanguinarine and ceryl
alcohol, allocruptonine, cheilanthifoline, chelerythrine,
coptisine, cryptopine, dihydrosanguinarin,
norchelerythrine, nousanguinarine, oxyhydrastine,
sanguinarine, β-scoiulerine, α and β-stylopine,
methhydroxide, 6-acetonyl-dihydrosanguinarine, α-
tetrahydro palmatine, methoxhydroxide, mexicanol and
mexicanic acid (whole plant), myristic, palmitic, oleic,
linoleic acids (seeds).
Uses in Literature : Antidote, antihelmintic, bitter, cathartic, diuretic,

narcotic, purgative, sedative, heart stimulant; useful in
bilious fevers, blisters and burns, colic, cut, dropsy,
dysentery, itching, leprosy, inflammations, cutaneous
troubles, ophthalmia, paint industry, scabies, soap
making, strangury, white patches in the eye, wounds.
(Ambasta, 1986; Asolkar et al., 1992; Banerjee, 2003;
Chakraborty et al., 2003; Chaudhury & Neogi, 2003;
Chatterjee & Pakrashi, 1997; Dash & Misra, 2003;
Farooq, 2005; Gogoi & Das, 2003; Goel & Rajendran,
Jain et al., 2003; Karthikeyani & Janardhanan, 2003;
Khan et al., 2003a,b; Khanna, 2002; Kirtikar & Basu,
1984; Kothari & Rao, 2003; Kumar et al., 2003;
Kurian, 1995; Mishra & Das, 2003; Mitaliya, 2002;
Panda & Das, 2003; Parrota, 2001; Paul & Pal, 2003;
Prasad et al., 2002; Prasad et al., 2003; Punjani, 2003;
Ranjan, 2003; Ravikumar & Sankar, 2003; Reddy &
Raju, 2003; Retnam & Martin, 2006; Sah et al., 2003;
Saren et al., 2003; Shekhawat et al., 2006; Shrivastava
et al., 2003; Shukla et al., 2003; Singh, 2003a,b; Singh,
2006; Singh & Srivastava, 2003; Siwakoti & Siwakoti,
2003; Sood & Thakur, 2004; Subramaniam, 2003; Sur
& Halder, 2002; Thomas & Britto, 2003; Tigga et al.,
2003; Watt, 1972).
Arisaema tortuosum (Wall.) Schott

Syn.: Arum tortuosumWall.; Arisaema helleborifolium Schott.; A. tortuosum var.
helleborifolium (Schott) Engl. in DC
Family: Araceae.
Vern. Name: Saanp, Chamush.

Eng. : Whipcord Cobra Lily;

Hindi : Bagh Jandhra;
Kann. : Katusenai, Amu-mani-gidda;
Mar. : Sardacha-jad;
Oriya : Bhaibimula;
P. : Don, Gurin, Jangosh, Kirakal, Kirkichalu;
Tel. : Pamukanda.
Distribution : Temperate Himalayas, South India.
Nativity : Native to Himalaya and western China to southern India

and Myanmar.
Description : Unequal pedate leaflets, linear-lanceolate; spathe pale

green, finely ribbed, ending in long pointed tip; spadix
ending into green tail like appendage (base purple),
strongly curved near base and then turning up.
Habitat Ecology : Moist shady places in forests, shrubberies and also on

open slopes; at elevations of 1,500 - 3,000 metres.
Ludhiyana, 1,760m.
Part/s used : Root. Leaf. Aerial Parts. Tuber.
Folk uses : Paste of root and leaves applied on boils. Aerial parts
chopped into pieces are mixed with cattle feed is given as
galactagogue. Leaves or tuber given for foot and mouth
disease in cattle (vet.).
Chemical Constituents : The phytochemicals of the plant include alkaloids,

phenols, terpenes, flavonoids, lectins, saponins,
glycosides, triterpenoids, stigmasterols, n-alkanes, n-
alkanols sitosterols, campesterol, oxalates, coumarins,
tannins (whole plant), n-alkanes, n-alanols, stigmasterol,
campestrol, cholesterol (roots).
Uses in Literature : Poisonous; useful in snake bite, dropsy, worms (vet.),
wounds (vet.); vegetable (Ambasta, 1986; Arya &
Prakash, 2003; Asolkar et al., 1992; Farooq, 2005;
Kirtikar & Basu, 1984; Kumar, 2003; Rajendran &
Sikarwar, 2003; Sasikala et al., 2006; Sharma et al.,
2003; Sood & Thakur, 2004; Subramani & Goraya,
2003; Watt, 1972).
Artemisia indica Willd.
Syn.: A. affinis Hassk.; A. discolor Douglas ex DC.; A. flodmanii Rydb.; A.

leptophylla D.Don; A. longiflora Pamp.
Family:Asteraceae.
Vern. Name: Viraaljad.
Eng. : Indian wormwood, Mugwort;

Hindi : Buer, Charmar, Majtari;
Sans. : Agnidamani, Bahukantaka, Damanaka;
Kann. : Davana, Machi-patri, Manchapatri, Manjipatri;
Mal. : Appa, Damanakam, Tiru-nitripach-cha;
Tam. : Machipatchai, Machipattiri;
Tel. : Adavi-dhavanamu, Davanamu, Machi-patri.
Distribution : Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand.
Nativity : Native to Indian Subcontinent to Japan and Philippines.
Description : Herbs, perennial, or subshrubs, much branched, sparsely

puberulent or glabrescent; leaves shortly petiolate or ±
sessile; leaf blade abaxially densely gray arachnoid
tomentose, adaxially gray or yellowish tomentose or
glabrescent.
Flowering & Fruiting : August-October.

Habitat Ecology : Roadsides, forest margins, slopes, shrublands; low
elevations to 2000 m; Dharla, 1,298m.
Part/s used : Whole Plant. Leaf.
Folk uses : Plant is sacred. Leaves are antiseptic, leaf paste is

applied on cuts and wounds.
Chemical Constituents : p-cymene, linalool, p-thujol ajulene, thujyl alcohol,

artemisia ketone, germacrene B, borneol and cis-
chrysanthenyl acetate, davanone, β-pinene and
germacrene-D (whole plant).
Uses in Literature : Alterative, anthelmintic, antiseptic, antiperiodic,

antispasmodic, expectorant, febrifuge, haemostatic,
stomachic, tonic; useful in asthma, boils, cuts and
wounds, manure, religious ceremonies, ulcers (Asolkar
et al., 1992, Chatterjee & Pakrashi, 1997; Nautiyal et
al., 2003; Watt, 1972).
Asparagus racemosus Willd.

Syn. Asparagopsis abyssinica Kunth; A. acerosa Kunth; A. javanica Kunth;
Asparagus dubius Decne.; A. jacquemontii Baker;
A. petitianus A.Rich.
Family: Asparagaceae.
Vern. Name: Satavari, Viraal Danger, Viral Jad.
Eng. : Wild Asparagus;

Hindi : Chatwal, Satamuli, Satavar, Shakakul, Svetmuli;
Sans. : Abhiru, Divya, Madhura, Satamuli, Satavari,
Svadurasa;
Ass. : Hatmuli;
Beng. : Satamuli, Satmuli, Shatamuli;
Guj. : Satavari, Shatavari;
Kann. : Majjige-Gadde;
Mal. : Chatavali, Satavali, Satavari, Shatavali;
Mar. : Asvel, Satavarimul, Shatavar, Shatmuli, Zatar;
Oriya : Vari;
Tam. : Kilavari, Migundavapam, Nirmittan, Nirvittan,
Paniyinakku, Sadamulam, Sadaveli, Sadaveri,
Sandavari, Sattavari, Sirumal, Tannivittan, Tusuppu,
Varivari;
Tel. : Challagadda, Ettavaludutige, Pichara, aaapilli,
Pillipichara, Pillitega, Pillityaga, Satanandudu,
Satavari, Sitammajata.
Distribution : Throughout India, Tropical and subtropical parts

including Andamans and ascending in the Himalayas up
to an altitude of 1500m.
Nativity : Native to Europe, Asia and northern Africa.
Description : Climbing perennial herb to subshrub; leaf spur

spinescent, spine sharp, straight; cladodes in fascicles,
linear; inflorescence axillary, many flowered raceme or
panicle, flowers bisexual; bracts, broadly ovate; pedicel,
articulated in the middle; tepals white; stamens shorter
than the perianth, anthers minute.
Flowering & Fruiting : June-November.
Habitat Ecology : This climber growing in low jungles is found all over
India; especially in Northern India; Tikkar, 1,575m.
Part/s used : Leaf. Root. Whole Plant. Seed. Aerial Parts.
Folk uses : Leaves used for throat infection, also as tonic. Root
powder is given for sexual vitality. Roots are edible and
are useful in stomach disorders. The plant is considered
sacred. Crushed seeds are applied on hair to get rid off
dandruff (hair care). Seeds are used in washing clothes.
Aerial parts lopped for fodder for stomach disorders,
indigestion, weakness and as galactogogue (vet.).
Chemical Constituents : Glycosides-compound A, shatavarin I, shatavarin II and
shatavarin IV, 8-methoxy-5,6,4′-trihydroxyisoflavone-7-
O-β-dglucopyranoside, 3-O-{[β-d-glucopyranosyl(1-
2)][α-l-rhamnopyranosyl (1→4)]-β-d-glucopyranosyl}-
26-O-(β-d-glucopyranosyl)- (25S)5β-furostan-3β, 22 α,26-
triol, and 3-O-{[β-dglucopyranosyl(1→2)][α-l-
rhamnopyranosyl (1-4)]-β-dglucopyranosyl}-(25S)5β-
spirostan-3-β-ol, 9,10-dihydro-1,5,-dimethoxy-8-methyl-
2,7- phenanthrenediol (racemosol), asparagamine A
(roots), sarsasapogenin and kaempferol, sitosterol, 4,6-
dihydroxy-2-O-(2′-hydroxyisobutyl) benzaldehyde and
undecanyl cetanoate, shatavarin IV and sarsasapogenin,
sitosterol, stigmasterol, sarsasapogenin, sitosterol-β-
dglucoside and stigmasterol-β-d-glucoside (fruits),
Quercetin-3-glucuronide (leaves).
Uses in Literature : Alterative, antidysenteric, aphrodisiac, appetizer,

astringent, bitter, cooling, demulcent, diuretic, edible,
expectorant, galactagogue, gleet gonorrhea, indigestible,
laxative, nutritive, refrigerant, stomachache, sweet,
oleaginous, tonic; useful in azoospermea, chest and
stomach pain, chronic gout, diabetes, dropsy, dyspepsia,
hypertention, impotency, diseases of the kidney and
liver, evil eyes, fertility in women, insomnia, lactation in
women, leucorrhoea, scalding urine, smallpox, umbilicus
infection of new born babies, urinary troubles, weakness
(Ahmed & Borthakur, 2005; Ambasta, 1986;
Arinathan et al., 2003a,b; Arya, 2006; Balu et al.,
2003; Basu, 2003; Bhatt, 2002; Bhatt et al., 2003a,b,c;
Bora, 2003; Dash & Misra, 2003; Devi, 2003; Dutta &
Nath, 2003a,b; Dwivedi, 2003; Farooq, 2005; Ganesan
& Kesavan, 2003; Goel & Rajendran, 2003; Gogoi &
Das, 2003; Gogoi et al., 2003; Gopal & Chandra, 2003;
Guha Bakshi et al., 1999; Islam & Jha, 2003; Jain et
al., 2003; Jaish Beg et al., 2006; Khanna, 2002;
Kitikar & Basu, 1984; Kothri & Rao, 2003; Kumar,
2003; Kumar & Goel, 2003; Kumar & Lal, 2003;
Kumar & Mathur, 2003; Kumar & Nagiyan, 2006;
Kumar et al., 2003; Kumari & Narasimhan, 2003;
Meena et al., 2003; Mitaliya, 2002; Muthy et al., 2003;
Nair & Jayakumar, 2003; Nayak et al., 2003; Pal et
al., 2003; Panda & Das, 2003; Parrota, 2001; Prasad
et al., 2002; Prasad et al., 2003; Rajendran &
Sikarwar, 2003; Rana et al., 2003; Ranjan, 2003a,b;
Reddy & Raju, 2003; Retnam & Martin, 2006; Sahoo
& Bahali, 2003; Sah et al., 2003; Samvatsar &
Diwanji, 2003; Saren et al., 2003; Sarkar et al., 2003;
Sharma, 2003; Sharma et al., 2003; Sharma & Sood,
1997; Singh, 2002; Singh, 2003a,b; Singh, 2006; Singh
et al., 2003a,b; Sivakumar et al., 2003; Siwakoti &
Siwakoti, 2003; Shekhawat et al., 2006; Srivastava et
al., 2003; Subramani & Goraya, 2003; Thomas &
Britto, 2003; Upadhyay, 2003; Watt, 1972).
Azadirachta indica A. Juss.

Syn.: A. indica var. minor Valeton; A. indica var. siamensis Valeton;
A. indica subsp. vartakii Kothari,
Londhe & N.P.Singh; Melia azadirachta L.;
M. indica (A. Juss.) Brandis
Family: Meliaceae.
Vern. Name: Neem.
Eng. : Indian lilac, Margosa Tree, Neem Tree;

Hindi : Balnimb, Neem, Nim, Nimb, Ninb;
Sans. : Arishta, Kitaka, Malaka, Neta, Pakvakrita, Nimba,
Nimbaka, Ravipriya;
Ass. : Neem;
Beng. : Neem;
Guj. : Dhanujhada, Limba;
Kann. : Turakabevu;
Mal. : Ariyaveppu;
Mar. : Nimbay;
Oriya : Kakopholo, Limbo, Nim, Nimbu, Nimo;
P. : Bakam, Bukhain, Nim;
Tam. : Veppai, Sengumaru;
Tel. : Vepa.
Distribution : Typically grown in tropical and semi-tropical regions,

common in plains from the coast to 900m. Native of
India and China, also cultivated widely.
Nativity : Native to India, China.
Description : Evergreen trees; bark greyish-brown, vertically striated;

exudation red, sticky; leaves imparipinnate, alternate,
estipulate; lamina, lanceolate or falcate, base oblique,
apex acuminate, margin serrate, glabrous, coriaceous;
flowers bisexual, white, in axillary panicles; ovary
superior; fruit a drupe, oblong-ovoid, greenish-yellow;
seed one, surrounded by a sweet pulp.
Flowering & Fruiting : March-August.
Habitat Ecology : Dry deciduous and thorn forests.
Material Examined : HPU-EL-RTS-017;Siu, 710m.
Part/s used : Leaf. Wood. Twig. 12.04.2014.
Folk uses : Leaves are used for various skin diseases. For
chickenpox patients take bath with decoction of leaves.
Also used for piles. Decoction of leaves (one glass) given
for allergy. Leaves are kept in grains and also in clothes
to keep away the insects. Wood for construction,
furniture, agricultural implements and fuel. leaves and
twig as toothbrush. Decoction of leaves applied on the
skin and also crushed dried leaves given in feed for
lumpy skin disease of cattle (vet.).
Chemical Constituents : Nimbolin A & B (wood), quercetin, β-sitosterol

glucoside, n-hexacosanol, L glucoside of quercetin
(leaves). Important constituents isolated from different
parts are azadirachtin, azadirachtol, azadirachnol,
deacetyl-azadirachitinole, azadirachtone, anisomer of
epoxyazadiradione, 17-epi and 17 β-hydroxyl gedunin,
melianone, nimbiol, nimboeinol, nimocin, 7-deacetoxy-
nimolicinol, nimolinone, nimolinone, nimbochalcin and
nimbocetin (fruits), benjyl alcohol, β-sitosterol, thioamyl
alcohol, arachidic, behinic, linoleic, oleic, palmitic and
stearic acids, kaempferol and its 3-glucoside, quercitin-3-
galactoside, myricetin-3-L-arabinoside and margosene
(flowers), azadirachtin, azadiracgtanin, azadirone,
azadirdione, and epoxyazadiradione isoazadirolide,
nimbandiol, nimbiene, 6-desacetylnimbinene, nimbin,
nimbocinolide, isonimbocinolide, nimocinone,
kaempferol-3-o-β-glucoside, myricetin, quercitin,
scopoletin, β-sitosterol and its β-D-glucoside, amino
acids, β-carotene, carbohydrates, n-hexacosanol,
nonacosanol (leaves), vanillic acid, catechol,
campesterol, stigmasterol, β-amyrin, lupeol, nimbin,
nimbidin, nimbinin, sugiol, kulinone, kulactone, methyl
kulonate, 6b-hydroxy 4- stigmasten-3-one and 6b-
hydroxy-4-campesten-3-one, penta-nortriterpene, 6-de-
Ac-nimbin (bark).
Uses in Literature : Anthelmintic, antidiabetic, antifungal, antiperiodic,

antiseptic, antiviral, astringent, bitter, febrifuge, maturant,
pectoral, tonic; useful in abcesses, adenitis, bad taste in
the mouth, boils, eczema, blood complaints, burning
sensation near the heart, eczema, fever, kapha and
pittadosha, leprosy, piles, pyrrhoea, rheumatism, scabies,
thirst, ulcers, thirst, urinary discharges, vomiting; as
insect repellant, vegetable, timber (Ahmed &
Borthakur, 2005; Ambasta, 1986; Arinathan et al.,
2003; Asolkar et al., 1992; Balu et al., 2003; Bhandary
& Chandrashekar, 2003; Banerjee, 2003; Bharate &
Oli R, 2006; Bhatt et al., 2003; Bora et al., ; Chatterjee
& Pakrashi, 1997; Dagar & Dagar, 2003; Das, 2003;
Dash & Misra, 2003; Devi, 2003; Dwivedi, 2003;
Farooq, 2005; Goud et al., 2003; Guha Bakshi et al.,
1999; Hebbar et al., 2003; Islam & Jha, 2003; Jaish
Beg et al., 2006; Karthikeyani & Janardhanan, 2003;
Kayal et al., 2003; Kirtikar & Basu, 1984; Kumar &
Goel, 2003; Kumar & Nagiyan, 2006; Kumar & Rao,
2003; Kumar et al., 2003; Kurian, 1995; Meena et al.,
2003; Misra & Das, 2003; Mitaliya & Bhatt, 2003;
Muthy et al., 2003; Nair & Jayakumar, 2003; Nargas
& Trivedi, 2003; Nath & Maiti, 2003; Nath et al.,
2006; Nayak et al. 2003; Pal, 2003; Pal et al., 2003;
Panda & Das, 2003; Parrota, 2001; Paul, 2003; Paul &
Pal, 2003; Rajan et al., 2003; Rajendran et al., 2003;
Rana et al., 2003; Ranjan, 2003a,b; Ravikumar &
Sankar, 2003; Reddy & Raju, 2003; Retnam &
Martin, 2006; Sah et al., 2003; Saikia & Nath, 2003;
Saren et al., 2003; Sarkar & Sarma, 2006; Satapathy
& Brahmam, 2003; Shekhawat et al., 2006; Shil &
Sharma, 2003; Shivaprasad & Chandrashekar, 2003;
Singh, 2003a,b; Singh, 2006; Singh & Singh, 2003;
Singh et al., 2003; Sivakumar et al., 2003; Siwakoti &
Siwakoti, 2003; Srivastava et al., 2003; Subramani &
Goraya, 2003; Upadhyay & Chauhan, 2003; Watt,
1972).
Bambusa nutans Wall. ex Munro.
Syn.: Arundarbor nutans (Munro) Kuntze; Bambusa falconeri Munro
Family: Poaceae.
Vern. Name: Bans, Kaakh.
Eng. : Nodding bamboo;

Hindi : Bans;
Ass. : Bidhali, Deobans, Jotia Mal, Mukial;
Tel. : Saka veduru.
Distribution : Lower Himlayas. Tropical plant found in Southeast Asia

that grows up to 6-15 m tall.
Nativity : Native to India and southeast Asia.
Description : Stems solitary from a creeping rhizome; stems naked

below, straight, nodes not much raised, often hairy, lower
rooting; internodes ringed below the nodes, thickwalled;
leaves linear lanceolate, tessellate with pellucid glands;
ligule long, obtuse, hairy; spikelets in bracteates
fascicles; fertile few, 2-3 lowest glumeneuter, 3-7 fertile
all ovate, acute, mucronate, many nerved puberulous
within; palea shorter ovate flattened; keels overlapping,
long, ciliate; anther tips long apiculate; ovary subovoid.
Flowering & Fruiting : September-December.
Habitat Ecology : Wastelands, moist hill slopes and flat uplands in well-
drained sandy loam to clayey loam soils at elevations
from 700 - 1,500 metres; Chadna, 1,296m.
Part/s used : Stem.Leaf.
Folk uses : Young shoot is cooked as vegetable and is also made into
pickle. Stem is used for making bamboo house. Stem
used in thatching and making agricultural implements
such as kilta. Bamboo sticks are used to join leaves for
making pattals. Stem is also used for making arthi.
Leaves used as fodder. Stem used in making handicrafts
and as fuel.
Chemical Constituents : Cellulose, hemicelluloses, lignin, pigments, tannins,

protein, fat, pectin and ash, resins, waxes and inorganic
salts (whole plant).
Uses in Literature : Anticancerous, edible, hypoglycaemic; used in

handicrafts, furniture making, as water pipe (Ahmed &
Guha Bakshi et al., 1999; Watt, 1972).
Bauhinia vahlii Wight &Arn.

Syn.: B. racemosa Vahl; Phanera vahlii (Wight &Arn.) Benth.
Family: Fabaceae.
Vern. Name: Maljan.
Eng. : Camel’s foot climber;

Hindi : Jallur, Malghan, Makjan, Maljhan, Mahul, Mahwal,
Malo, Malu, Maaaaulein, Maurain;
Sans. : Amlapatraka, Anupuspaka, Asmantaka, Asmayoni,
Kovidara, Kusali, Slaksnatvaga, Yamalapatraka;
Ass. : Nak Kati Lewa;
Beng. : Chehur;
Guj. : Chembelli;
Kann. : Chambolli;
Mal. : Mottanvalli;
Mar. : Chambal, Chambil, Chambuli, Chambura, Charbor,
Maljan;
Oriya : Shiali, Shioli, Siyali;
P. : Taur;
Tam. : Mandarai;
Tel. : Adattige, Adda, Madapu, Mudupu.
Distribution : Throughout hilly districts in India.
Nativity : Native to Indian Subcontinent.
Description : A huge climber, branches densely hairy, tendrils

circinate, usually opposite the leaves; leaves alternate,
petiolate, petiole cordate at the base, lobed at the apex,
orbicular in shape; inflorescence terminal, subcorymbose,
densely hairy raceme; bracteoles persistent; flowers white
turning buff with age; petals shortly clawed, spathulate,
hairy externally; fertile stamens 3, 2-7 staminodes may be
present; ovary densely tomentose, style hairy; pod woody,
dehiscent, rusty velvety; seed flat, dark brown, polished.
Flowering & Fruiting: April-July.
Habitat Ecology : Common in mixed and sal forests; Lohara Tikkar,

1,242m.
Part/s used : Whole Plant. Stem. Leaf. Seed.
Folk uses : The plant is considered sacred. Stem is used to prepare

hut. Leaves used as fodder and also made into Pattal
which is source of economy for locals. Wood used as
fuel. Seeds are edible are roasted and are relished by
local people. Leaves are used as fodder. Vine is used for
making ropes.
Chemical Constituents: Agathisflavone, quercetin, kaempferol, isoquercitrin,

campesterol, stigmasterol and β-sitosterol (leaves), (+)-
catechin, methyl gallate and methyl-4-O-methyl gallate
(fruits), taraxerol, avicularin and quercetin-3-O-β
sophoroside (whole plant).
Uses in Literature : Aphrodisiac, demulcent, edible, mucilaginous,

vermifuge, tonic; useful to treat antifertility of women,
diarrhea, dysentery, epilepsy, expel intestinal worms,
indigestion, malaria, snakebite, skin diseases,
stomachache, urinary disorders; used as cordage fibre,
hair belt to stop long hair from falling on the face while
working in the fields, fodder, tannin; made into cups and
plates (Ambasta, 1986; Asolkar et al., 1992; Bhatt et
al., 2003a,b; Chakraborty & Bhattacharjee, 2003;
Chatterjee & Pakrashi, 1997; Dwarakan &
Alagesaboopathi, 2003; Farooq, 2005; Guha Bakshi et
al., 1999; Jaish Beg et al., 2006; Jain, 2003; Khanna,
2002; Kirtikar & Basu, 1984; Kumar, 2003; Kumar &
Pullaiah, 2003; Manandhar, 2003; Muthy et al., 2003;
Nayak et al., 2003; Panda & Das; 2003; Pandey &
Tiwari, 2003; Parrota, 2001; Rao et al., 2003; Retnam
& Martin, 2006; Sah et al., 2003; Sarkar et al., 2003;
Singh et al., 2003; Sudhar & vedavathy, 2003; Sur &
Halder, 2002; Watt, 1972).
Bauhinia variegata L.
Syn.: B. candida Roxb.; B. purpurea Wall.; Phanera variegata Benth.

Family: Fabaceae.
Vern. Name: Karyala.
Eng. : Bauhinia, Buddhist, Mountain Ebony, Orchid Tree;

Hindi : Barial, Gurial, Kachnar, Kancanar, Kanchan,
Kanchanana, Kaniar;
Sans. : Kancanara, Kanchanara, Kanchanarah, Kancharah,
Kodivar, Kodivarah, Kovidara, Kovidarah;
Ass. : Kotora, Kurol;
Beng. : Raktakanchan;
Guj. : Kovidara;
Kann. : Kanchavala, Kempumandara;
Mal. : Chuvannamandaram, Kovidaram,
Suvannamandaram, Unna;
Mar. : Kachnar, Kanchan, Raktakanchan, Thaur;
Oriya : Boroda, Kosonaro, Kanjoni, Rongakonjono;
P. : Kachnal;
Tam. : Mandarai, Segappumandarai, Segapumanchori,
Semmandarai, Vellaippuvatti;
Tel. : Bodanta, Devakanjanamu, Kanjanamu, Mandara,
Mandari.
Distribution : Sub-Himalayan tract from the Indus eastwards, dry

forests of Central, Eastern & Southern India.
Nativity : Native to southern China, the Indian Sub-continent and

south-eastern Asia.
Description : A medium sized deciduous tree having dark brown,

smooth bark, brown-pubescent young shoots and long,
rigidly subcoriaceous and deeply cordate leaves; flowers
large, fragrant, white or purplish, appearing when the tree
is leafless, in short axillary or terminal, a few flowered,
grey-pubescent racemes; pedicels short or 0; bracts and
bracteoles minute, tomentose, deltoid; pods long, flat,
hard, compressed, dehiscent, 10-15 seeded.
Flowering & Fruiting : November-March.
Habitat Ecology : In miscellaneous forests; Sangna, 1,522m.
Part/s used : Flower. Leaf. Wood. Stem bark.
Folk uses : Flower buds are used to reduce swelling of lymphnodes.

Flowers and flowerbuds made into vegetable. Flowerbuds
are boiled, water is extracted from it by sqeezing and then
it is pit into curd along with certain spices and delicious
rayata is made of it. Dried flowers stored for months.
Also made into pickle. Leaves lopped as fodder for
cattle. Wood is cut into slices and used for making roofs.
Deccoction of stem bark is given for tumours and
stomach problems. Leaves are considered cooling and
given to pregnant cattle (vet.).
Chemical Constituents : 3-glucosides of peonidin and cyanidin, malvidin, 3-
galactoside and 3-rhamnoglucoside of kaempferol
(flowers), flavone, 5,7-dimethoxy-30, 40-methylenedioxy
flavone and a new dihydrodibenzoxepin,5,6-dihydro-1,7-
dihydroxy-3,4-dimethoxy-methyldibenzoxepin, flavono
glycoside, triterpene saponin, phenanthraquinone,
flavonoids (whole plant).
Uses in Literature : Acrid, antibacterial, antihelmintic, astringent, carminative,

cooling, dry, galactagogue, laxative, sweet; useful for bidi
manufacture, biliousness, blood diseases, bronchitis,
consumption, diarrhea, dyeing, fodder, headache, leprosy,
mumps, obesity, piles, vaginal discharges, ulcers,
vegetable, worms, tanning, tridosha (Ahmed &
Borthakur, 2005; Alagesboopathi et al., 2003;
Ambasta, 1986; Asolkar et al., 1992; Banerjee, 2003;
Chatterjee & Pakrashi, 1997; Das & Chaudhury,
2003; Dash & Misra, 2003; Deshmukh et al., 2003;
Devi, 2003; Dwivedi, 2003; Farooq, 2005; Gogoi et al.,
2003; Guha Bakshi et al., 1999; Jaish Beg et al., 2006;
Khan et al., 2003; Kirtikar & Basu, 1984; Kumar,
2003; Kumar & Lal, 2003; Kumar et al., 2003; Kurian,
1995; Manandhar, 2003; Mitaliya & Bhatt, 2003;
Muthy et al., 2003; Pandey et al., 2003; Parrota, 2001;
Retnam & Martin, 2006; Sharma & Sood, 1997;
Shukla et al., 2003; Singh, 2003; Singh et al., 2003;
Sood & Thakur, 2004; Srivastava et al., 2003; Sur &
Halder, 2002; Watt, 1972).
Berberis aristata DC.
Syn.: B. bussmul K.Koch ex Miq.; B. coccinea K.Koch; B. elegans K.Koch;
B. macrophylla K.Koch; B. serratifolia K.Koch
Family: Berberidaceae.
Vern. Name: Kachhamal.
Eng. : Indian Barberry, Tree Turmeric, chitra;
Hindi : Chitra, chotra, dar-chob, dar-hald;
Sans. : Darunisha, Darvi, Peeta, Peetadru;

Beng. : Darhaldi;
Guj. : Daru haldar;
Kann. : Baagisoothra, Bagisutra;
Mal. : Kasturimanjal, Maradarisina;
Mar. : Daruhalad;
Oriya : Daruhaldi;
P. : Sumalu;
Tam. : Kasturimanjal;
Tel. : Daruharidra, Kasthooripushpa, Kasturipaspu.
Distribution : Globally distributed in India, Nepal and Bhutan. Within

India, it has been recorded in Jammu & Kashmir,
Himachal Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Sikkim between an
altitude range of 2000 - 3500 m., Madhya Pradesh and
Tamil Nadu.
Nativity : Native to Northern Himalaya region.
Description : Spiny evergreen shrub; stem subterete or subangled, pale

brownish yellow, glabrous, internodes short; leaves
obovate, oblanceolate-elliptic, base cuneate, petiole
subsessile; inflorescence subracemose or subumbellate or
pseudoumbellate; flowers bisexual, greenish yellow,
bracts lanceolate or ovate, apex acute, sepals ovate-
lanceolate, apex obtuse, petals obovate or oblong, base
cuneate, margin entire, apex obtuse; stamens produced at
the apex, connectives apiculate, anther-locules opening by
recurved valves, ovary simple, oblong; fruits several
seeded berries, ovoid, glabrous.
Flowering & Fruiting : April-May.
Habitat Ecology : Mixed and open temperate forests, altitude of about

2200-3200m; Shilahan, 1,459m.
Part used : Root. Leaf. Fruit.
Folk uses : Roots boiled in water, filtrate is applied for eye infection.
Leaf Juice taken for gastric problem, as a cure for boils.
Used in pooja. Fruit are edible. Roots given to cattle, as it
improves the quality of milk and ghee (vet.).
Chemical constituents: Berberine, oxyberberine, berbamine, aromoline, a

protoberberine alkaloid karachine, palmatine, oxycanthine
and taxilamine and tannins, sugar, starch,
benzylisoquinoline (whole plant).
Uses in Literature : Alterative, anti-inflammatory, deobstruent, edible, mild

laxative, tonic; used for aphthaous sores, healing ulcers,
diarrhea, dyspepsia, enlargement of liver & spleen,
intermittent fever, gonorrhea, jaundice, leucorrhoea,
menorrhagia, chronic ophthalmia, dye, skin diseases,
stomatites, synovitis (Ambasta, 1986; Arya, 2006;
Asolkar et al., 1992; Farooq, 2005; Chatterjee &
Pakrashi, 1997; Chhetri et al., 2006 ; Guha Bakshi et
al., 1999; Jha & Kumar, 2003; Kirtikar & Basu, 1984;
Kumar & Mathur, 2003; Sharma et al., 2003; Singh,
2003; Watt, 1972).
Berberis lycium Royle
Syn.:B. angustifolia Roxb.;B. lycium var. simlensis Ahrendt;B. lycium var. subfascicula
tum Ahrendt;B. lycium var. subvirescens Ahrendt;
B. vulgaris f. lycium (Royle) Parsa;
B. parkeriana Schn.
Family: Berberidaceae.
Vern. Name: Kashmal.
Eng. : Indian Lycium, Indian Barberry, Boxthorn Barberry;

Hindi : Dar-chob, Darhaldi, Chutrum, Chatrol, Kushmul;
Sans. : Daruharidra;
Guj. : Kasmal.
Distribution : E. Asia - Himalayas from Kashmir to Nepal.
Nativity : Native to Himalaya.
Description : Shrub, erect or suberect, semideciduous; leaves

oblanceolate to oblong-obovate, subsessile, acute to
subacuminate, openly veined; racemes, rarely shorter and
subfascicled; flowers, usually pale-yellow; pedicels
slender, thin, glabrous; outer sepals much smaller than the
middle and inner sepals, obovate; petals slightly shorter
than the inner sepals, obovate, emarginate, with lanceolate
basal glands; stamens slightly shorter than petals,
connectives produced or anthers apiculate; ovules usually
shortly stipitate; berries ovoid or obovoid-subglobose,
blackish with heavy grey-white bloom.
Flowering & Fruiting : March-July.
Habitat Ecology : Subtropical to temperate forests, altitude of about 600-

2500 m; Chadna, 1,296m.
Part/s used : Root. Aerial Parts. Fruit. Shoot.

Folk uses : Root boiled into thick paste applied around eyes for
redness of eyes. Root juice given for gastric complaints.
Juice of tender aerial parts applied for swollen eyes.
Dried roots made into powder given for kidney stones.
Fruit useful for arithritis. Tender shoot juice given for
throat congestion. Decocction of root mixed with honey
given twice a day for 10-15 days for jaundice. Root Juice
along with that of Onion Root, mixed charcoal of akhrot
given for any disease of eyes. Fruit are edible.
Chemical Constituents : Berbenine, berbericine, berbericinine, berberine,

berbamine and umbellatine, carbohydrates, alkaloids,
tannins, phytosterols, flavonoids, volatile oils, oils and
fats (roots), karachine, palmatine chloride,
tetrahydropalmatine, pseudopalmatine chloride,
oxyberberine, taxilamine, pakistanine, 1-O- Methyl
pakistanine, oxycanthine berbamine and aromoline,
flavonoids, quercetin, meratin, rutin, chlorogenic acid,
(E)-caffeic acid (whole plant).
Uses in Literature : Anticancerous, antiprotozoal, antiviral, febrifuge,

intestinal astringent, laxative, spasmolytic, tonic; used
for boils, cough, chest and throat troubles, chronic
diarrhea, dyeing, eye sores and itching of the eye, gargle
to strenghenens the gums, jaundice, menorrhagia,
ophthalmia and piles (Ambasta, 1986; Asolkar et al.,
1992; Farooq, 2005; Guha Bakshi et al., 1999; Jha &
Kumar, 2003; Kayal et al., 2003; Kirtikar & Basu,
1984; Nautiyal et al., 2003; Rana et al., 2003; Singh,
2003; Sood & Thakur, 2004; Watt, 1972).
Bergenia ciliata (Haw.) Sternb.
Syn: B. ligulata var. cliata (Royle) Engl.

Family: Saxifragaceae.
Vern. Name: Dhaklabu.
Eng. : Hairy berginia;

Hindi : Paatherchur, Paatherchatta;
Sans. : Pashanabheda, Vatapatri;
Ass. : Patharkuchi;
Guj. : Pashanbheda;
Kann. : Alelgaya, Pashanabhedi;
Mal. : Kallurvanchi, Kallurvanni, Kallorvanchi;
Mar. : Pashanbheda;
Oriya : Pasanbhedi, Pashanabheda;
P. : Kachalu, Pashanbhed;
Tam. : Sirupilai;
Tel. : Telanurupindi.
Distribution : Temperate Himalayas.
Nativity : Native to Southern Kashmir to southwestern Nepal.
Description : Large scrambling shrubs; young parts brownish,

tomentose; branches with short recurved prickles; leaves
simple, alternate, spiral; stipules small, caducous; lamina
ovate, lobes rounded, cordate at base, broadly acute at
apex, crenate-serrate along margins, rugose above, grey
velvety tomentose beneath; flowers terminal or axillary in
dense clusters, creamy-yellow or yellowish white; calyx
hairy, minutely toothed at apex; fruits red, globose,
stones rugose.
Flowering & Fruiting : February-April.
Habitat Ecology : On moist rocks and under forest shade, 1900 - 2600
metres.

Part/s used : Leaf.
Folk uses : Leaves are used to remove kidney stone. Leaves are
warmed in ghee and poultised over skin infection. 2-3
drops of leaf juice is poured into ear for earache.
Chemical Constituents : Bergenin, (+)-catechin, gallic acid, β-sitosterol, catechin-

7-O-β-d-glucoside, (+)-afzelechin, arbutin, 4-O-
galloylbergenin, 11-O-galloylbergenin, caffeoylquinic
acid, pashaanolactone, 3,11-di-O-galloylbergenin,
bergapten, bergenin, gallic acid, (+) – catechin,
Paashanolactone, sitoindoside, quercitin, (+) afzelechin.
tannic acid, albumen, mucilage, glucose, wax, metarbin
and mineral salts (whole plant).
Uses in Literature : Acrid, analgesic, anticancerous, anti-inflammatory,

antiprotozoan, antiscorbutic, anti-urolithic, astringent,
bitter, cooling, diuretic, dysuria, laxative, spasmogenic;
used in diseases of bladder, diarrhea, dysentery, earache,
heart diseases, piles, pulmonary affections, spleen
enlargement, tannin, tridosha, tumours strangury, urinary
discharges, urinary tract infections, ulcers, vesicular
calculi (Ahmed & Borthakur, 2005; Ambasta, 1986;
Asolkar et al., 1992; Farooq, 2005; Guha Bakshi et al.,
1999; Kirtikar & Basu, 1984; Pandey, 1995; Sharma
& Sood, 1997).
Bidens pilosa L.
Syn.: B. abadiae DC.; B. africana Klatt; B. alba (L.) DC.; B. calcicola Greenm.;
B. dichotoma Desf. ex DC.; B. hispida Kunth
Family: Asteraceae.
Vern. Name: Shaamber.

Eng. : Beggar's Tick, Begger's Tick, Hairy Beggarticks,

Spanish Needles, Black Jack, Bur Marigold,
Pitchforks, Stick Tight;
Hindi : Kumra, Kumur, Kurei;
Guj. : Phutium, Samarakokadi;

Oriya : Magha latenga;
P. : Chirchitta.
Distribution : Himalayas, up to an altitude of 2500 m.
Nativity : Native to Tropical America.
Description : Erect annual or perennial herb with branching habit;

leaves deeply divided into three toothed lobes,with the
terminal lobe larger than the the other two; flowers tiny
yellow held in dense terminal clusters in a widely
branching flowering head; seeds black, with 2 or 3
barbed; awns at the tip.
Flowering & Fruiting : October-April.
Habitat Ecology : Moist soil, sand, limerock, or dry, infertile soil and low to
high altitudes of up to 3,600 m. Sangrah, 1,573m.
Part used : Leaf. Aerial Part.
Folk uses : Crushed leaves applied to dissolve blood clot. Leaves

used as vegetable in saag preparation. Smoke of whole
plant is inhaled to cure cough. Aerial parts used as
fodder to fufill the requirement of calcium in cattle.
(vet.)
Chemical Constituents : Polyacetylenes, polyacetylene glycosides, flavonoids,

flavone glycosides, aurones, chalcones, okanin
glycosides, phenolic acids, terpenes, pheophytins, fatty
acids and phytosterols (whole plant).
Uses in Literature : Anthelmintic, aromatic, diuretic, febrifuge, sudorific;
used in cough, diarrhea, earache, fodder, intestinal
parasites (vet.), toothache; as vegetable (Ambasta, 1986;
Asolkar et al., 1992; Devi, 2003; Islam & Hasin, 2003;
Kirtikar & Basu, 1984; Pal et al., 2003; Parrota, 2001;
Sood & Thakur, 2004; Subramaniam, 2003).
Boehmeria macrophylla Hornem

Syn.: B. canescens Wedd.; B. elongata Steud.; B. platyphylla D.Don; Urtica caudata
Burm. f.; U. macrophylla Thunb.
Family: Urticaceae.
Vern. Name: Jalgara.
Eng. : False Nettle, African Jolanettle, Harmless Nettle;

Hindi : Gargela, Siar;
Sans. : Vrischikapatri;
Guj. : Khagsi.
Distribution : Tropical Asia & Africa, Pacific, tropical & subtropical

Himalaya.
Nativity : Native to Asia.
Description : Erect, rough-pubescent undershrubs or shrubs

possessing dark brown bark, angular, appressed hairy
branches and opposite, broadly ovate, dentate, acuminate
leaves; leaves and petioles appressed hairy; flowers
monoecious, greenish-white, clustered in rusty brown,
long, drooping, simple axillary spikes; achenes abovoid,
compressed, hairy at apex, enclosed within dry calyx.
Flowering & Fruiting : June-January.
Habitat Ecology : Forests, forest margins, thickets, along streams,

roadsides; 100-3000 m; Kharotiyo, 2,361m.

Part/s used : Root. Aerial Part.
Folk uses : Root paste applied for eczema. Aerial parts lopped for
fodder, as galactagogue. (vet).
Chemical Constituents: β-sitosterol, β-sitosterol glucoside, ursolic acid, 7-

hydroxy-6-methoxycoumarin, emodin, cinnamic acid,
sweroside, genistein (whole plant).
Uses in Literature : Used for dysentery, eczema, fiber, vomiting (Ahmed &
Guha Bakshi et al., 1999; Sood & Thakur, 2004).
Bombax ceiba L.
Syn.: B. malabaricum DC.; Salmalia malabarica (DC.) Schott Endl.
Family: Bombacaceae.
Vern. Name: Simal.
Eng. : Cotton tree, Red silk cotton tree;

Hindi : Kantisembal, Pagun, Ragatsemal, Ragatsembal,
Semal, Semul;
Sans. : Apurani, Bhuvirya, Chiraya, Dirghayu, Kadala,
Moca, Purani, Salmali, Shalmali;
Ass. : Dumboil;
Beng. : Pagun, Roktosimul, Senur, Shembal, Simul, Tula;
Guj. : Ratoshemalo, Sauvor, Shemolo, Shimar, Shimlo;
Kann. : Booruga, Boorugada-mara, Kempubooruga,
Mullelava, Mullubooruga;
Mal. : Ilavu, Mocha, Moola, Mullila-pula, Mullilavu,
Pichila, Pula, Pula-maram, Purani, Unnamuriku;
Mar. : Kanterisamar, Kantesavar, Samar, Saur, Savara,
Savari, Sayar, Shevari, Simlo, Tamari;
Oriya : Boura, Buroh;
Tam. : Agigi, Ilavam, Ilavu, Kongu, Mullilavu, Pongar,
Pulai, Purami, Sallagi, Samani, Sanmali, Selavagu,
Sittan, Surabu;
Tel. : Buraga, Kondaburaga, Mundlaburaga, Pinnaburaga,
Poor, Salmali, Simuli.
Distribution : Throughout India in forests upto 1500m.
Nativity : Native to southern and eastern Asia and northern

Australia.
Distribution : Trees; trunk buttressed, usually very spiny on young

trees; bark gray-white; branches spreading; stipules
minute; leaflets blades oblong to oblong-lanceolate,
glabrous, ascending, base broad or tapering, apex
acuminate; flowers solitary, terminal; calyx cup-shaped,
abaxially glabrous, adaxially densely yellowish sericeous,
calyx lobes semi-orbicular; petals usually red, sometimes
orange-red, obovate-oblong, fleshy, both surfaces stellate
puberulent, but sparser adaxially; filament tube short,
filaments thicker at base than apex; capsule ellipsoid,
densely gray-white villous and stellate puberulent; seeds
many, obovate, smooth.
Flowering & Fruiting : February-May.
Habitat Ecology : Roadsides, mixed forests; Bayag, 1,398m.
Part/s used : Whole Plant. Flower. Leaf. Wood. Seed.
Folk uses : The plant is considered sacred and magico-religious. It

is used in marriage cremony. Flowers cooked as
vegetable as appetizer, to cure dysentery and vomiting.
Leaves edible to increase fat content in milk. Its wood is
lightweight hence used for making shuttering for
roofing. Gum from stem is used as adhesive. Leaves are
used as fodder. Fibre is obtained from seed hair is used
in stuffing pillows.
Chemical Constituents : 3′,4′,5,7-tetrahydroxy-6-methxyflavan-3-O-β-D-

glycopyranosyl-α-D-xylopyranoside along with
triacontanol and β-sitosterol (roots), shamimicin, lupeol,
mangiferin, epicatechin-7-O- β -xylopyranoside,
epicatechin- 3-O-β-xylopyranoside, shamiminol,
stigmasta-3,5-diene, lupenone, (±)-lyoniresinol-2a-O-β-D-
glucopyranoside, and opuntiol, bomcibone, scopoletin,
lupeol, glochidonol, alphitolic acid, salicylic aldehyde,
gallic acid, quercetin, luteolin, and rutin (bark).
Uses in Literature : Antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, aphrodisiac, astringent,

cooling, demulcent, diuretic, edible, emetic, expectorant,
illuminant. invigorating, laxative, soap making, styptic;
used for catarrhal affection, chronic inflammation of
bladder, cordage, cutaneous troubles, cystitis, excess
bleeding after delivery (vet.), fodder, gleet, gonorrhea,
haematuria, kapha, match-boxes, piles, pimples,
strangury styptc, tonic, ulceration of bladder and kidney,
snake bite, urinogenital disorder (Ahmed & Borthakur,
2005; Ambasta, 1986; Asolkar et al., 1992; Banerjee,
2003; Bharate & Oli R., 2006; Chatterjee & Pakrashi,
1997; Das & Misra, 2003; Das & Sharma, 2003;
Deshmukh & Rothe, 2003; Devi, 2003; Diwakar &
Ansari, 2003; Dutta & Nath, 2003; Dwivedi, 2003;
Farooq, 2005; Gogoi et al., 2003; Gopal & Chandra,
2003; Guha Bakshi et al., 1999; Khanna, 2002;
Kirtikar & Basu, 1984; Kothari & Londhe, 2003;
Kothari & Rao, 2003; Kumar, 2003; Kumar & Lal,
2003; Kumar & Nagiyan, 2006; Kshirsagar, 2003;
Kumar et al., 2003; Mitaliya, 2002; Mitaliya & Bhatt,
2003; Nath & Maiti, 2003; Nath et al., 2006; Nayak et
al., 2003; Pal et al., 2003; Pandey et al., 2003; Parrota,
2001; Prasad et al., 2003; Ranjan, 2003; Retnam &
Martin, 2006; Sah et al., 2003; Sharma, 2003; Singh,
2003; Singh, 2006; Siwakoti & Siwakoti, 2003; Sood &
Thakur, 2004; Upadhayay & Chauhan, 2003; Watt,
1972).
Butea monosperma (Lam.)Taub.
Syn.: B. braamania DC.; B. frondosa Roxb.; B. frondosa Willd.;
Erythrina monosperma Lam.; Plaso monosperma (Lam.) Kuntze;
Rudolphia frondosa (Willd.) Poir.
Family: Fabaceae.
Vern. Name: Dhak Palash.
Eng. : Bastard Teak, Battle of Plassey tree, Bengal Kino,

Palas Tree, Parrot Tree;
Hindi : Dhak, Palash, Tesu;
Sans. : Kimshuka, Palasha;
Ass. : Bipornok, Kinguk, Polax;
Beng. : Palash;
Guj. : Kesudo, Khakhro, Palash;
Kann. : Muttuga, Palasha;
Mal. : Chamata, Kinsukam, Palasha;
Mar. : Dhak, Palas;
Oriya : Palasha;
P. : Dhak, Palas;
Tam. : Kincukam, Palasam;
Tel. : Kimsukamu, Palasamu.
Distribution : Throughout the Indian subcontinent specially in the Indo-

gangetic plains.
Nativity : Native to tropical and sub-tropical parts of the South Asia

and Southeast Asia.
Description : Deciduous trees, irregular, grey to greyish-brown;

exudation red; branchlets densely tomentose; leaves
trifoliate, alternate; stipules small, lateral, cauducous,
stout, pubescent, pulvinate; stipels subulate; stout,
pubescent; flowers bisexual, bright red, in terminal or
axillary, densely fascicled, racemes; calyx broadly
campanulate; petals 5; stamens 9 + 1; ovary inferior,
ovules 2; style long, incurved, beardless; stigma small;
fruit a pod, oblong, the base flat, wing-like and
indehiscent, the tip splitting round the apical seed; seed
obovate, compressed.
Flowering & Fruiting : March-April.
Habitat Ecology : Tropical and sub-tropical parts; Sangrah, 1,573m.
Part/s used : Whole Plant. Bark. Seed. Gum. Leaf. Stem. Flower Bud.
Folk uses : Plant is ornamental. Bark used as toothbrush to cure

thoothache and pyrrohoea. Paste of seeds and flowers
applied on skin diseases (scabies, ringworm, eczema,
itching, boils etc.). Gum of stem mixed in a glass of
lukewarm water and drunk to cure diabetes. Gum from
stem also effective in toothache by rubbing on teeth gum
part. Leaves used for making plates. Stem yields fibre
used for making ropes. Flower buds yields dyes (red).
Chemical Constituents : These are butrin, isobutrin-5, coreopsin, isocoreopsi,

sulphurein, monosperoside and isomonospemoside
(flowers), and tetramers of leucocyanidin (bark),
palasonin, aleuritic acid, jalaric acid, laccijaloric acid and
its derivatives (seeds), coreopsin, isocoreopsin,
sulphurein, butein, butin, isobutrin, monospermoside and
isomonospermoside, aurones, chalcones, flavonoids
(palasitrin, prunetin) and steroids (whole plant).
Uses in Literature : Anthelmintic, aphorodisiac, astringent, contraceptive,

depurative, diabetes, diuretic, febrifuge, poisonous, tonic;
use for abortion, antifertility, beedi wrappers, bullock
horns decoration, cups and plates preparation, cuts and
wounds, high blood pressure, dental ailments, diabetes,
diarrhea, dysentery, fibre, food to birds & monkeys, hut
preparation, intestinal worms, liver disorder, orange dye,
newsprint manufacture, night blindness, ring worm
disease, piles, tumours, blockage of urine, expel worms
(Ahmed & Borthakur, 2005; Asolkar et al., 1992;
Banerjee, 2003; Basu, 2003; Bhatt et al., 2002; Bhatt
et al., 2003a,b,c; Bhattacharyya, 2003; Bora et al.,
2003; Chakraborty & Bhattacharjee, 2003; Chatterjee
& Pakrashi, 1997; Dash & Misra, 2 003; Deshmukh et
al., 2003; Diwakar & Ansari, 2003; Farooq, 2005;
Ghosh, 2003; Ghosh & Das, 2003; Guha Bakshi et al.,
1999; Islam & Jha, 2003; Jain, 2003; Jaish Beg et al.,
2006; Jha & Kumar, 2003; Khan et al., 2003; Khanna,
2002; Kirtikar & Basu, 1984; Kumar & Goel, 2003;
Kumar & Lal, 2003; Kumar et al., 2003; Kshirsagar
& Singh, 2003; Manandhar, 2003; Meena et al., 2003;
Misra & Das, 2003; Mitaliya, 2002; Muthy et al.,
2003; Nayak et al., 2003; Pal et al., 2003; Parrota,
2001; Paul & Pal, 2003; Panda & Das, 2003; Punjani,
2003; Rana et al., 2003; Retnam & Martin, 2006;
Saikia & Nath, 2003; Saren et al., 2003; Shekhawat et
al., 2006; Singh, 2002; Singh, 2003a,b,c; Singh, 2006;
Sivakumar et al., 2003; Sood & Thakur, 2004;
Srivastava et al., 2003; Siwakoti & Siwakoti, 2003;
Sur & Halder, 2002; Thomas & Britto, 2003;
Upadhyay & Chauhan, 2003; Upadhye &
Kumbhojkar, 2003; Watt, 1972).
Calotropis procera R. Br
Syn.: C. procera (Ait.) Ait. f. subsp. hamiltonii (Wight) Ali.
Family: Asclepiadaceae.
Vern. Name: Ak.
Eng. : Apple of Sodom, French cotton, Gigantic Swallow

Wort, Mada, Rubber Bush, Sodom apple;
Hindi : Aak, Akada, Mudar;
Sans. : Adityapushpika, Alarka, Arka, Bimbora, Ksiraparna,
Mandara, Vasuka;
Beng. : Aakand;
Kann. : Bili aekka, Bili aekkadagida;
Mal. : Erikku, Erukku;
Mar. : Mandara, Rui;
Oriya : Orko;
P. : Ak, Shakarallighal, Shakarallighal, Shakarulushar;
Tam. : Vellaierukkan, vellaierukku;
Tel. : Errajilledu, Jilledu, Mandaramu, Nallajilledu.
Distribution : Throughout India, Ascending to 1350m.
Nativity : Native to Asia, Africa.
Description : Shrub or small tree, stem usually simple, corky bark;

branches somewhat succulent and densely white
tomentose; early glabrescent; leaves opposite, simple,
subsessile, stipule absent; blade oblong-obovate to
broadly obovate, apex abruptly and shortly acuminate to
apiculate, base cordate, margins entire, succulent, white
tomentose when young, later glabrescent and glaucous;
inflorescence a dense, multiflowered, umbellate cyme
arising from the nodes and appearing axillary or terminal;
flowers hermaphroditic, pentamerous; calyx 5-lobed,
glabrescent; fruit, a simple, fleshy, inflated, subglobose to
obliquely ovoid follicle; seeds numerous, flat obovate,
with silky white pappus.
Flowering & Fruiting : February-May.
Habitat Ecology : It is found in waste lands and grows as a weed in

agricultural lands. It grows well on rubbish heaps, waste
and fallow lands, roadsides and sand dunes; Rajana,
1,229m.
Part/s used : Latex. Whole plant. Flower. Stem. Leaf.

Folk uses : Latex is applied for toothache. The plant is considered
sacred and flowers are offered to lord Shiva. Dried stem
is used in hawan as samdha. Leaf and flower paste
applied on wounds. Flowers are used as insect repellent.
Warmed leaves in oil applied as bandage for joint pain.
Leaves are fried in ghee or mustard oil and is poured into
ear for earache.
Chemical Constituents : Cyanidin-3-rhamnoglucoside (flowers), calotropogenin

and hexose, uzarigenin, syriogenin and proceroside
(latex), cardenolides, steroids, tannins, glycosides,
phenols, terpenoids, sugars, flavonoids, alkaloids and
saponins (whole plant).
Uses in Literature : Anticancerous, expectorant, poisonous, rubefacient,

stomachic; used for asthma, blistering agent catarrh,
charcoal, chest pain, cholera, cold, cough, epitaxis, eye
troubles, fever, fiber, headaches, insect irradication,
leprosy, rabies, skin disease, sores & boils, sprains,
swellings, tubercular (Ambasta, 1986; Asolkar et al.,
1992; Bhatt, 2002; Bhatt et al., 2002; Bhatt et al.,
2003; Binu et al., 2003; Chatterjee & Pakrashi, 1997;
Farooq, 2005; Goud et al., 2003; Guha Bakshi et al.,
1999; Jain, 2003; Jain et al., 2003; Jaish Beg et al.,
2006; Jha & Kumar, 2003; Khare & Khare, 2003;
Kirtikar & Basu, 1984; Kumar et al., 2003; Meena et
al., 2003; Padhy & Dash, 2003; Parrota, 2001;
Punjani, 2003; Ranjan et al., 2003; Reddy & Raju,
2003; Retnam & Martin, 2006; Samvatsar & Diwanji,
2003; Sarkar et al., 2003; Singh, 2002; Singh,
2003a,b,c; Srivastava et al., 2003; Tigga et al., 2003;
Watt, 1972).
Cannabis sativa L.
Syn.: C. chinenesis Delile; C. indica Lam.; C. macrosperma Stokes.
Family: Cannabaceae.
Vern. Name: Bhaang.
Eng. : Cannabis, Indian Hemp, Marijuana, Soft Hemp, True

Hemp;
Hindi : Bhang, Charas, Ganja, Ganjekaper, Gur, Kinnab,
Phulganja, Sabzi, Siddhi;
Sans. : Ajaya, Ananda, Bhanga, Bhringi, Chapala,
Dhurtapatni, Dhurtavadhu, Ganja, Ganjika, Hanga,
Hara, Harshini, Indrashana, Jaya, Kamagni,
Manohara, Matta, Matuli, Mohini, Nili, Shiva,
Shivapriya, Ujaya, Unmattini, Vijaya, Virapatra;
Ass. : Bhang;
Beng. : Bhang, Qinaab;
Guj. : Bhang, Charas, Ganja, Siddhi, Jia;
Kann. : Bhangi;
Mal. : Cherukanchava, Ginjilachilachi, Kanchavachetto;
Mar. : Bhang, Bhangachajhada;
Oriya : Bhanga, Matulani;
P. : Bengi, Bhang, Bhangi, Charas, Kas, Sabzi;
Tam. : Bangi, Ganja, Kalpam, Kanja, Korkkarmuli,
Madamattagam, Panga;
Tel. : Bangiaku, Ganjachettu, Ganzai, Jadaganja,
Kalppamchettu.
Distribution : N.W. Himalayas, Central Asia.
Nativity : Native to India, Persia.
Description : Annual herb; branchlets densely white pubescent; stipules

linear; leaves alternate; leaf blade abaxially whitish
green, strigose, and with scattered brownish resinous
dots, adaxially dark green and with cystolith hairs;
leaflets usually lanceolate to linear, apex acuminate; male
flowers: yellowish green, nodding; sepals ovate to
lanceolate, membranous, with sparse prostrate hairs;
petals absent; anthers oblong; female inflorescences
crowded in apical leaf axils among leaflike bracts and
bracteoles; female flowers: green, sessile; calyx sparsely
pubescent; ovary globose, ± enclosed by appressed calyx,
surrounded closely by bract and bracteoles; persistent
bracts yellow; achene flattened ovoid, pericarp
crustaceous, finely reticulate.
Flowering & Fruiting : June-October.
Habitat Ecology : Fluvial deposits on crags and stony slopes; Thana

Khegua, 886m.
Part/s used : Leaf. Stem. Seed.
Folk uses : Leaves used to kill intestinal worms. Extract of leaves is

applied on insect bite. Fibre is obtained from stem used
to make ropes. Roasted seeds are edible and consumed
during winters. Roasted seeds mixed with certain spices
consumed as chutney. Also, Crushed seeds mixed with
ghee consumed with rice. A local preparation “mooda” is
prepared from roasted bhaang seeds and wheat. Certain
people use leaves of this plant for intoxication. The plant
is considered sacred. On shivratri, a psychoactive drink
‘ghota’ is prepared by grinding leaves with dryfruits and
milk and is given as prasadam to the devotees of Lord
shiva. Bhang pakoras are also prepared on the auspicious
day of Shivratri by mixing leaves in beasan adding spices
and frying this mixture in mustard oil cosumed as a
snack. Bhang leaves are offered to lord shiva especially
in saavan month for His blessings. Leaves are crushed
and mixed with cattle feed for good digestion in cattle.
(vet.)
Chemical Constituents : Cannabinol, tetrahydrocannabinol, β-bisaboleene, β-

caryophyllene, β-caryophyllene epoxide, α-humulene, γ-
elemene, trans-β-farnesene, α- farnesene and α-
bergamotene (leaves), glutinol, ß-amyrone, stigmastanol,
fucosterol, stigmasta-3,5-diene, stigmasta-3,5,22-triene,
and oleamide (roots) cannabinoids (flowers).
Uses in Literature : Abortifacient, alterative, anthelmintic, anti-asthmatic,

antidiarrhoeic, aphrodisiac, astringent, bactericidal, bitter,
carminative, diarrhea, diuretic, dysentery, emmenagogue,
heating, intoxicating, laxative, sedative, soporific,
stomachic, tonic; used in burns, convulsions, cuts &
wounds, dysentery, eye trouble, fibre, hydrocele,
inflammations, kapha, leprosy, leucorrhoea, muscular
pain, nose-bleeding, palpitation, piles, kills stomach
worms, relieves tooth pain, vomiting; causes biliousness,
intoxication, hallucinations, headache, dulls pain,
restlessness, thirst (Ambasta, 1986; Asolkar et al., 1992;
Das & Sharma, 2003; Farooq, 2005; Ganai &
Nawchoo, 2003; Guha Bakshi et al., 1999; Jaish Beg et
al., 2006; Kala, 2003; Kirtikar & Basu, 1984; Kumar
et al., 2003; Nautiyal et al., 2003; Ranjan, 2003a,b;
Retnam & Martin, 2006; Sah et al., 2003; Saikia &
Nath, 2003; Sharma & Sood, 1997; Singh, 2003a,b,c;
Singh, 2006, Singh & Singh, 2003; Siwakoti &
Siwakoti, 2003; Sood & Thakur, 2004; Srivastava et
al., 2003; Watt, 1972).
Capsicum annuum L.
Syn.: C. annuum var. conoide (Miller) Irish; C. annuum var. fasciculatum (Sturtevant)
Irish; C. annuum var. grossum (L.) Sendtner; C. conoide Miller; C.
fasciculatum Sturtevant; C. frutescens L.; C. frutescens var. fasciculatum L.
Bailey; C. frutescens var. longum L. Bailey; C. frutescens var. grossum L.
Bailey; C. grossum L.; C. longum de Candolle.
Family: Solanaceae.
Vern. Name: Mirch.
Eng. : Cayenne Pepper, Chilli Pepper, Sweet Pepper,

Paprika;
Hindi : Mirch;
Ass. : Chuvannamulaka, Jalakia, Kappalmulaku,
Usimilagai.
Distribution : Widely cultivated.
Nativity : Native to southern North America, the Caribbean, and

northern South America.
Description : Shrubs or annual or perennial herbs. Stems glabrescent;

leaves solitary or paired; leaf blade oblong-ovate, ovate,
or ovate-lanceolate, glabrescent, base narrowed, margin
entire, apex short acuminate or acute; inflorescences
solitary flowers or few-flowered clusters; pedicel bent at
apex; calyx cup-shaped, undulate; corolla white; anthers
purplish; berry mostly red, variously shaped; seeds pale
yellow, discoid or reniform.
Flowering & Fruiting : May-November.
Habitat Ecology : Dry Tropical biome; Ranfua Jabdog, 1,512m.
Part/s used : Fruit. Seed.
Folk uses : In the case of internal pain fruit is fried in mustard oil and
then it is applied on the area having internal pain. The
plant is considered magico-religious (Lemon and pepper
is hung on the main door to remove najardosh. Fruit is
used to remove nazardosh of children by rotating on
their head and then burning it). Fruit is edible, used in
preparation of pickle, chutney, and as spice in every
Indian dish. Fruit paste is applied on insect bite. If the
cattle is wounded by iron, then fruit is fried in mustard oil
and this oil is applied on the wound to get relief from
pain (vet.).
Chemical Constituents : Capsaicin, saponin-capsicidin, oleoresin, carotenoids,
capsacutin, capsico (a volatile alkaloid), thiamine, volatile
oil, and ascorbic acid, capsanthin, cryptocapsin,
zeaxanthin. capsorubrin, rubixanthin, phylofluene,
capsanthin-5,6-epoxide, capsanthin-3.6-epoxide, lutein,
cryptoxanthin, α- and β-carotenes, capsorubin, and few
xanthophylls, fructose, galactose, sucrose, tocopherol
(fruits).
Uses in Literature : Analgesic, carminative, condiment, counter-irritant,

expectorant, pungent, rubefacient, stimulant; useful for
aching, cancer, diarrhea, dyspepsia, heart troubles,
hoarseness, jerking of muscles, lumbago, myalgia,
neuralgia, piles, rheumatic disorders, secretion of saliva
& gastric juice, sore throat & scarlatina, stimulant in
snake bite, yellow fever (Ahmed & Borthakur, 2005;
Ambasta, 1986; Asolkar et al., 1992; Baburaj et al.,
2003; Chatterjee & Pakrashi, 1997; Diwakar &
Ansari, 2003; Farooq, 2005; Guha Bakshi et al., 1999;
Jaish Beg et al., 2006; Pal & Paul, 2003; Ranjan et al.,
2003; Retnam & Martin, 2006 ; Singh & Singh, 2003;
Singh et al., 2003; Watt, 1972).
Carica papaya L.
Syn.: C. bourgeaui Solms; C. citriformis J.Jacq. ex Spreng.; C. cubensis Solms;

C. mamaya Vell.; C. peltata Hook. & Arn.; Papaya sativa Tuss.
Family: Caricaceae.
Vern. Name: Papita.
Eng. : Papaya, Melon tree, Pawpaw, papaya, Tree melon;

Hindi : Papita;
Sans. : Erandkarkati;
Ass. : Amita, Omita;
Beng. : Papeya;
Guj. : Papayi;
Kann. : Parangi-mara;
Mal. : Pappayi;
Mar. : Pappayi, Popay;
Oriya : Amritobonda;
P. : Popai;
Tam. : Pappali;
Tel. : Boppayi.
Distribution : Cultivated all over the tropical and subtropical countries

of the world. In Pakistan it is widely cultivated in Sind
and Punjab.
Nativity : Native to Central and South America.
Description : Trees or shrubs; stem simple, with stipulate scars helically

arranged; male inflorescence pendulous, male flowers:
pedicel absent; corolla tube creamy yellow, lobes
lanceolate; stamens 5 longer and 5 shorter; female flowers
usually solitary or aggregated in corymbose cymes;
pedicel short or nearly absent; ovary ovoid; stigmas
partite, nearly fimbriate; bisexual flowers: ovary smaller
than in female flowers; fruit orange-yellow or yellow at
maturity, cylindric, ovoid-cylindric, or subglobose;
sarcocarp soft with a mild, pleasant flavour; seeds
numerous, black at maturity, ovoid.
Habitat Ecology : Tropical areas of the world; Lagnu, 1,028m.
Part/s used : Fruit. Leaf.
Folk uses : Fruit is edible and useful for diabetes. It is considerd

warm and raises blood content in the body. Leaves are
boiled in water given in case of fever. Leaf extract raises
the blood platelets. Raw fruit is made into vegetable
which is useful in indigestion, dysentry. Fruit used in
skincare. Fruit considered as abortifacient.
Chemical Constituents : Hentricontane, b-sitosterol, benzoylthiourea, carpaine

carpasemine (seeds), myristoleic, palmitoleic arachidic
acids, pectin, free sugars, myristoleic, palmitoleic,
arachidic acid, pectin, papain, vitamins A, B and C, has
also as constituents carbohydrates, proteins, alkaloids
(carpaine and pseudocarpaine), proteolytic enzymes
(papain and quimiopapain), and benzyl isothiocyanate
(fruits), carpaine, manghaslin, clitorin, rutin, nicotiflorin,
papain, chymopapain, cystatin, α-tocopherol, ρ-coumaric
acid, and caffeic acid (leaves), proteolitic enzyme papain
(latex).
Uses in Literature : Abortive, alterative, anthelmintic, aphrodisiac, astringent,

carminative, digestive, diuretic, emmenagogue, febrifuge,
galactagogue, gastritis, laxative, stomachic, vermifuge;
beneficial in conjunctivitis, diabetes, diarrhea &
dysentery, liver enlargement, malarial fever, ringworm
affections, removes freckles and blemishes, uterine
disorders; in face creams & hair shampoos (Ahmed &
Baburaj et al., 2003; Balu et al., 2003; Bhuyan, 2003;
Bora, 2003; Chakrabarty & Balkrishnan, 2003;
Chatterjee & Pakrashi, 1997; Dagar & Dagar, 2003;
Das & Sharma, 2003; Dutta & Nath, 2003; Farooq,
2005; Guha Bakshi et al., 1999; Kalita & Tamuli,
2006; Kayal et al., 2003; Kirtikar & Basu, 1984;
Kshirsagar & Singh, 2003; Kumar & Pullaiah, 2003;
Kumar et al., 2003; Kurian, 1995; Parrota, 2001;
Rajan et al., 2003a,b; Retnam & Martin, 2006;
Sharma et al., 2003; Shekhawat et al., 2006; Singh &
Singh, 2003; Singh & Srivastava, 2003; Siwakoti &
Siwakoti, 2003; Thomas & Britto, 2003; Tigga et al.,
2003; Watt, 1972).
Carissa spinarum L.
Syn.: Arduina brownii K.Schum.; A. inermis (Vahl) K.Schum.;

Carissa axillaris Roxb.; C. candolleana Jaub. & Spach;
D. congesta Wight; C. dalzellii Bedd.;
E. Jasminonerium ovatum (R.Br.) Kuntze;
F. J. xylopicron (Thouars) Kuntze
Family: Apocynaceae.
Vern. Name: Kadoye.
Eng. : Wild Karanda;

Hindi : Jungli karonda;
Sans. : Karamadika;
Beng. : Karamacha;
Guj. : Karmarda;
Kann. : Karachi;
Mar. : Karvand;
Oriya : Karamdika;
P. : Gan;
Tam. : Chirukila, Kalakkay, Kalachedi;
Tel. : Kavali.
Distribution : Found wild in most parts of India, especially in the dry

foothills of the Punjab, the sub-Himalayan tract up to
4,000 feet in the trans-Indus territory and also on the
coast of the southern Andaman.
Nativity : Native to Africa to Indo-China.
Description : Shrubs or small trees; spines simple or forked; leaf blade

ovate to elliptic, leathery, finely puberulent abaxially,
base rounded or acute, apex acute or short acuminate;
lateral veins conspicuous; cymes terminal or axillary,
finely puberulent; sepals without glands; corolla white,
overlapping to right; ovules 1 in each locule; berries
shining black, subglobose.
Flowering & Fruiting : April-June.
Habitat Ecology : Found in deciduous forests and scrub jungles; Lana Palar,
1,261m.
Part/s used : Whole Plant. Leaf. Fruit.
Folk uses : Plant used for fencing, fuel. Leaves as fodder for sheep
and goat. Fruits are edible and made into pickle, jams
and jellies.
Chemical Constituents : Twenty-two compounds referring to lupane, ursane,

oleanane, D:C-friedoleane triterpene and isohopane type
triterpene, carissanol, carinol, (+)-nortrachelogenin and
pinoresinol (roots), ursolic acid (leaves).
Uses in Literature : Anthelmintic, antidote, astringent, cooling, laxative,

purgative, stomachic; useful for making combs, spoons &
other such articles, fencing, remittent fever, rheumatism,
repelling snake, wounds; edible (Ambasta, 1986;
Asolkar et al., 1992; Chatterjee & Pakrashi, 1997;
Guha Bakshi et al., 1999; Jaish Beg et al., 2006;
Kirtikar & Basu, 1984; Muthy et al., 2003; Parrota,
2001; Retnam & Martin, 2006; Sood & Thakur, 2004;
Sudhakar & Vedavathy, 2003; Watt, 1972).
Cassia fistula L.
Syn.: Bactyrilobium fistula Willd.; Cassia bonplandiana DC.; C. excelsa Kunth;
Cathartocarpus excelsus G.Don; C. fistula Pers.; C. rhombifolia Roxb.
Family: Fabaceae.
Vern. Name: Gul lakdi, Amaltas.

Eng. : Cassia, Drumstick, Golden Shower, Indian

Laburnum, Purging Cassia;
Hindi : Amaltas, Bandarlauri, DhanBuhar, Girmalah,
Kirwara, Warga;
Sans. : Aragvadha, Avaghataka, Karnikar, Kritmala,
Rajvriksha, Sampaka, Suvarnaka;
Ass. : Sonaru, Sunaru;
Beng. : Amultlas, Bandarlati, Sonali, Sonalu, Sundali;
Guj. : Balla, Garmala, Garmalo, Girmala;
Kann. : Kakke;
Mal. : Konna, Kritamalam, Saturangulam, Svarnnakam,
Svarnaviram;
Mar. : Bahava, Bawa, Bhawabaya, Boya, Chimkani,
Garmala, Girimala, Jamba;
Oriya : Soturongulo, Sunari;
P. : Alash, Ali, Kaniar, Karangal, Kiar;
Tam. : Alas, Appai, Ar, Aragoram, Arakkuvadam, Isandar,
Idali, Iragavinnadagam, Iragaviruttam, Irali, Iyagam,
Iyyusaviyam, Kadukai, Konnei, Konrai, Madalai,
Sarakkondai;
Tel. : Aragvadhamu, Kolaponna, Raelachettu, Rela,
Sampakamu, Suvarnamu.
Distribution : Found up to 1,200 meters in the Himalaya.
Nativity : Native to Indian subcontinent.
Description : Trees, deciduous, leaves with 3 or 4 pairs of leaflets;

leaflets adaxially shiny, broadly ovate or ovate-oblong,
leathery, both surfaces puberulent when young, glabrous
when mature, base broadly cuneate, apex acute; racemes
axillary, lax, pendent, many flowered; sepals narrowly
ovate, reflexed at anthesis; petals golden yellow, broadly
ovate, subequal, shortly clawed; stamens with curved
filaments exceeding petals, 4 short with straight
filaments; ovary stalked, strigulose; stigma small; legume
pendulous, blackish brown, terete, sausage-shaped,
indehiscent; seeds numerous, separated by papery septa,
glossy brown, elliptic, flattened.
Habitat Ecology : Moist forest, woodlands, and mountain habitats. Lagnu,

1,028m.
Folk uses : Fruits given for abdominal pain. Leaves used as fodder.
Wood for fuel, making agricultural implements. Flower
paste is applied on poisonous insect bite. Leaf paste is
applied on skin diseases.
Chemical Constituents : Rhein, glucose, sucrose, fructose, 1,8-dihydroxy-3-

anthraquinone derivative (fruit pulp), vernolic acid,
sterculic acid, malvalic acid (seed oil), lupeol, ß-
sitosterol, hexacosanol (bark), kaempferol,
leucopelargonidin tetramer, rhein, fistulin, triterpenes
(flowers), rich in glycerides with linoleic, oleic, stearic,
and palmitic acids as chief fatty acids and also contains
traces of caprylic and myristic acids, galactomannan,
biflavonoids β-sitosterol and two triflavonoids (VIII-IX),
(-) epicatechin, procyanidin epiafzetechin and its 3-O-
glucoside (seeds)
Uses in Literature : Anticancerous, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antiviral,

emetic, hypoglycaemic, laxative, purgative, tonic; used
for bad dreams, blindness, burns, cold & cough,
convulsions, constipation, delirium febris, diarrhea,
dysuria, eczema, epilepsy, gravel, haematine, heart &
chest disease, house posts, insect bites, eradication of
intestinal worms, jaundice, leprosy, muscular and joint
pains, ploughs, pimples, psoriasis, pyoderma, ringworm
lesions, scabies, snake bite, stomachache, swelling of
neck due to cold (vet.), syphilis, tool handles & wheels,
tuberculous glands (Ambasta, 1986; Asolkar et al.,
1992; Balu et al., 2003; Banerjee, 2003; Bhatt et al.,
2003; Chatterjee & Pakrashi, 1997; Farooq, 2005;
Deshmukh et al., 2003; Dwivedi, 2003; Guha Bakshi et
al., 1999; Ghosh & Das, 2003; Gopal Chandra, 2003;
Islam & Jha, 2003; Jain et al., 2003; Jaish Beg et al.,
2006; Khanna,2002; Khare & Khare, 2003; Kirtikar
& Basu, 1984; Kumar, 2003; Kumar & Lal, 2003;
Kumar & Nagiyan, 2006; Kumar & Rao, 2003;
Kumar et al., 2003; Manandhar, 2003; Mitaliya,2002;
Mitaliya & Bhatt, 2003; Muthy et al., 2003; Nair &
Jayakumar, 2003; Nayak et al., 2003; Pal et al., 2003;
Panda & Das, 2003; Parrota, 2001; Prasad et al.,
2002; Prasad et al., 2003; Rahman, 2003; Rajendran
et al., 2003; Rana et al., 2003; Ranjan, 2003;
Ravikumar & Sankar, 2003; Retnam & Martin, 2006;
Reddy & Raju, 2003; Sah et al., 2003; Samvatsar &
Diwanji, 2003; Saren et al., 2003; Sarkar et al., 2003;
Singh, 2002; Singh, 2003a,b; Singh et al., 2003;
Sivakumar et al., 2003; Siwakoti & Siwakoti, 2003;
Srivastava et al., 2003; Thomas & Britto, 2003; Watt,
1972).
Cedrus deodara (Lamb.) G.Don (L.) Urban.

Syn.: Abies deodara (Roxb. ex D.Don) Lindl.; Cedrus deodara var. argentea J.Nelson;
C. deodara f. argentea (J.Nelson) Beissn.; C. indica Chambray;
Larix deodara (Roxb. ex D.Don) K.Koch; Pinus deodara Roxb.
Family: Pinaceae.
Vern. Name: Devdar.
Eng. : Himalayan Cedar, Deodar cedar, Devdar;

Hindi : Devdar;
Sans. : Deodaru, Devadaru, Devdar.
Ass. : ShajarTuljeen;
Beng. : Gunduguragi, Pitadaru;
Guj. : Vanseodeodar;
Kann. : Devadarus;
Mal. : Devataram;
Mar. : Devadaru, Devataram, Ewadar;
P. : Devdar, Geyar, Kairval, Kelai, Keli, Kelmang, Kelu;
Tam. : Devadaram, Devadaru, Irutaru, Taram, Taru,
Terataru, Tun;
Tel. : Devadaru.
Distribution : Distributed from Kashmir to Garhwal at altitude ranges

from 1210 to 3050 m.
Nativity : Native to the Himalayas.
Description : Trees; bark dark gray, cracking into irregular scales;

branches horizontal, slightly tilted or slightly pendulous;
long branchlets usually pendulous, pale grayish yellow
and densely pubescent with some white powder in 1st
year, thereafter grayish; winter bud scales curved outward
at base; leaves radially spreading on long branchlets, in
apparent fascicles of 15-20 on short branchlets, initially
pale green, aging dark green, linear but broader distally,
triangular in cross section, hard, apex acuminate; seed
cones shortly pedunculate, pale green, initially with some
white powder, becoming reddish brown when ripe, ovoid
or broadly ellipsoid; seed scales flabellate-obtriangular,
margin auriculate into a claw at base, cuneate in central
part, incurved distally; seeds ± triangular.
Flowering & Fruiting : Male strobili appear in June, ripen and shed their pollen
from September to October. Female strobili appear in
August and ripen after pollination in November of the
second year, i.e., flowering to ripening is about 13
months.
Habitat Ecology : Found in a wide range of habitats, growing on a variety
of alpine lithosols, in various woodland types, sometimes
forming pure stands in the drier areas of the Himalayas.
Sangrah, 1,573m.
Part used : Whole Plant. Wood. Female Cone. Stem.
Folk uses : The Plant is considered sacred. Wood is used for making
temples (construction purpose). Used as Havansamgri.
Also for making good quality furniture. Its wood is of
very good quality. Also used as fuel. Female cone used for
decoration. Stem oil (known as kelon) applied on goat and
sheep as insect repellent, also given orally. (vet.)
Chemical Constituents : α-himachalene, β-himachalene, γ-Himachalene, (Z)-γ-

atlantone, (E)-γ-atlantone, (Z)-α-atlantone and (E)-α-
atlantones; (+) longiborneol and two new sesquiterpene
alcohols-himachalol and allohimachelol, cedrin,
himachalol, himachalene and atlantone (resin).
Uses in Literature : Alexipharmic, analgesic, bitter, carminative, diuretic,

expectorant, hot, light, oleaginous, pungent; useful in
animal bedding, belching inflammations, occasions of
birth, marriage, religious ceremonies & death, bronchitis,
boils, bruises, dirrhoea, dyspepsia, hiccough, injuries to
joints, itching elephantiasis, epilepsy, furniture, leprosy,
leucoderma, fever, disorders of mind, ophthalmia, palasy,
piles, prolapsus recti, railway sleepers, rheumatism,
diseases of skin & of the blood, stones in the kidney &
bladder, kill stomach worms, tuberculous glands, urinary
discharges (Ambasta, 1986; Arya & Prakash, 2003;
Farooq, 2005; Guha Bakshi et al., 1999;Kirn et al.,
2003; Kirtikar & Basu, 1984; Nautiyal et al., 2003; Pal
et al., 2003; Pandey & Pande, 2003; Pandey & Tiwari,
2003; Singh, 2003; Watt, 1972).
Celtis australis L.
Syn.: Celtis alpina Royle; C. eriocarpa Decne.; C. lutea Pers.; C. serrata Dippel.
Family: Cannabaceae.
Vern. Name: Khadik.
Eng. : The honey berry tree, European hackberry,

Hackberry, Nettle tree, Mediterranean hackberry;
Hindi : Ku, Batkar, Khark, Khirk, Roku;
P. : Khark, Khirk, Roku.
Distribution : Western Ghats, Cultivated, Native of Himalayas.
Nativity : Native to Mediterranean basin and Western Asia.
Description : Large deciduous tree; mature trees have smooth gray

bark; leaves rough textured, sharply-toothed, ovate-
lanceolate, dark green leaves; flowers apetalous,
unisexual or bi-sexual flowers; fruits fleshy, berry-like
drupes.
Habitat Ecology : Grows in woods, meadows, riverbanks, cliffs, in dry and

poor areas especially on rocky soils. Maena, 1,323m.
Part/s used : Fruit. Seed. Wood. Leaf
Folk uses : Fruits and seeds edible. Wood used as handle making
and as fuel. Leaves used as good fodder.
Chemical Constituents : Four triterpenoids named (9β,31R)-9,25-cyclo-30-

propylhopan-31-ol, (3β)-3-hydroxy-30-propylhopan-31-
one, (3β)-oleanan-3-ol, and (3β,9β)-9,25-cycloolean-12-
en-3-yl β-D-glucofuranoside, a steroid named
(3β,9β,14β)-14-hydroxy-9,19-cyclocholan-3-yl β-D-
glucopyranoside, and an anthraquinone named 6-
hydroxy-5,7,8-trimethoxy-9,10-dioxo-9,10-
dihydroanthracen-2-yl acetate, apigenin, quercetin, and
its glucoside (fruits, bark).
Uses in Literature : Fruit edible given as a remedy in amenorrhoea & colic;

useful in amenorrhoea, colic, cups, spoons and hay forks,
tool & whip handles, cups spoons & hay forks; as edible,
fodder, fuelwood (Ambasta, 1986; Farooq, 2005;
Kirtikar & Basu, 1984; Lalramnghinglova, 2003;
Sharma et al., 2003; Watt, 1972).
Centella asiatica (L.) Urban.

Syn.: C. asiatica var. crista Makino; C. boninensis Nakai ex Tuyama; C. hirtella
Nannf.; C. uniflora (Colenso) Nannf.; Glyceria asiatica Nutt.;
G triflora Nutt.; Hydrocotyle asiatica L.
Family: Apiaceae.
Vern. Name: Brahmi.
Eng. : Indian Pennywort, Coinwort, Indian water navelwort,

Pennyweed, Spadeleaf;
Hindi : Ballari, Bheki, Brahmamanduki, Brahmi,
Khulakhudi, Manduki;
Sans. : Bhandi, Bhandiri, Bheki, Mandukaparni, Manduki.
Ass. : Bor-mani-muni;
Beng. : Bora Thulkari;
Guj. : Barmi, Karinga;
Kann. : Vondelaga;
Mal. : Kodangal, Kudakan, Kuthirakkulambuchedi, Mutthil,
Vellara;
Mar. : Karinga;
Oriya : Mandukaparnni, Manduki;
P. : Brahmibuti;
Tam. : Vallarai, vallarei;
Tel. : Saraswataku.
Distribution : Widespread throughout tropical and subtropical countries

worldwide.
Nativity : Native to Southeast Asia.
Description : Herbs, rooting at nodes; leaves orbicular-reniform,

crenate or sub-entire, glabrous, nerves radiating; petiole,
sheathing at base; flowers sessile, pink, umbels;
peduncles axillary; calyx tube adnate to the ovary, lobes
minute; petals, oblong, recurved at apex, pink; stamens 5,
filaments erect; ovary 2-celled, style erect, bilobed at
apex; fruit ovoid, reticulate-rugose, 7-9-ribbed.
Flowering & Fruiting : June-August.
Habitat Ecology : Moist places, forest road, marshes, swamps. Siu, 710m.
Part used : Leaf.
Folk use : Leaf extract used to raise memory. Leaves are cooling.
Crushed leaves are applied on burns. Leaves are crushed
and applied on head to protect children from heat.
Consumption of one leaf daily is healthy for body.
Chemical Constituents : Plant contains brahmic acid, thankunic acid,

isothankuniside, thankunide, polyacetylenes, asiatic acid,
asiaticoside, medecassic acid, madegascaric acid and two
saponin glycosides. sesquiterpenes, plant sterols,
pentacyclic triterpenoids and saponins, eugenol
derivatives, caffeoylquinic acids, and flavonoids (whole
plant).
Uses in Literature : Antileprotic, antiprotozoal, antisyphilitic, blood purifier,

brain tonic, diuretic, insecticidal, sedative, spasmolytic,
tumours, wound healer; used for acidity, boils, cold,
cough, constipation, cuts, diabetes, dysentery, eczema,
elephantiasis, gonorrhea, leprosy, liver disorder, lunancy,
high blood pressure, hydrocele, hypertension,
nervousness, rheumatism, stomachache, tumours,
wounds; as edible (Ahmed & Borthakur, 2005;
Ambasta, 1986; Arya, 2006; Bora, 2003; Chakraborty,
2003; Chatterjee & Pakrashi, 1997; Das, 2003; Das &
Chaudhury, 2003; Das & Misra, 2003; Das &
Sharma, 2003; Devi, 2003; Dwivedi, 2003; Farooq,
2005; Ganesan & Kesavan, 2003; Gogoi & Das, 2003;
Guha Bakshi et al., 1999; Jain et al., 2003; Jaish Beg et
al., 2006; Kayal et al., 2003; Kumar, 2003; Kumar &
Lal, 2003; Kumar & Nagiyan, 2006; Kumar &
Pullaiah, 2003; Kumar et al., 2003; Maya et al., 2003;
Muthy et al., 2003; Nath et al., 2006; Nayak et al.,
2003a,b; Panda & Das, 2003; Ranjan, 2003;
Rajendran, 2003; Rajendran & Sikarwar, 2003;
Rajendran et al., 2003; Rana et al., 2003; Ranjan,
2003a,b; Retnam & Martin, 2006; Rosakutty et al.,
2003; Sah et al., 2003; Sharma & Rana, 2003; Sharma
& Sood, 1997; Singh, 2003; Singh, 2006; Singh &
Singh, 2003; Singh et al., 2003; Siwakoti & Siwakoti,
2003; Sood & Thakur, 2004; Srivastava et al.,
2003a,b; Subramaniam, 2003; Sur & Halder, 2002;
Thomas & Britto, 2003a,b).
Chenopodium album L.
Syn.: C. giganteum Don.; C. nepalense Hort.; C. viride L.; C. laciniatium L. ; C.
purpurascens Ham.
Family: Chenopodiaceae.
Vern. Name: Bathua.

Eng. : All-good, Bacon Weed, Dirtweed, Lamb’s quarters,

White goose Foot, Wild Spinach;
Hindi : Bathua, Bathua Sag, Bethua Sag, Chandanbedu,
Cheel, Chill;
Sans. : Agaralohita, Chilika, Ksharadala, Vastuka, Vastukah;
Ass. : Bathuwashaak, Jilmilshaak;
Beng. : Bathusag, Bethusag, Chandanbetu;
Guj. : Cheel, Tanko;
Kann. : Chakravarti, Chakkavatta, Huchchachakkota;
Mal. : Parippuchira, Vastuchira;
Mar. : Chakavata, Chivil;
Oriya : Bathua Sag;
P. : Lunak;
Tam. : Parupukkirai;
Tel. : Pappukura.
Distribution : Cultivated or wild throughout India upto 4,267m.
Description : Annual, mealy or green or reddish, inodorous herbs with

striped stems, variable leaves and long, slender petioles;
flowers green, in clusters forming complex or lax
paniculate often mealy spikes; utricles thinly
membranous; seeds black, orbicular, compressed, with an
acute margin.
Flowering & Fruiting : May-November.
Habitat Ecology : Fields, wasteplaces, sandy places; 10.06.2013.
Material Examined : HPU-EL-RTS-037; Satahan, 1,548m.
Part/s used : Leaf. Seed. Aerial Parts.
Folk uses : Leaves cooked as vegetable. Seeds are roasted and made
into sweet or salty falahar for fasting. Leaves are mixed
in besan, certain spices are added into it and fried to make
pakoras. Aerial parts are used as fodder. Crushed leaves
are applied on wounds for cattle. Cattle are given boiled
leaves to increase the fat content in milk (vet).
Chemical Constituents : Cryptomeridiol and 8α-acetoxycryptomeridiol (seeds),

ascorbic acid, β-carotene, catechins, gallocatechin,
caffeic acid, ρ-caumaric acid, ferulic acid, campestrol,
xanthotoxin, stigmasterol, n-triacontanol, scopoletin,
imperatorin, spinsterol and 7- stigmasterol, simple
phenols and tannins, saponin, phytic acid, phytate
phosphorus, alkaloids, flavonoids, oxalates, oils, proteins,
trace elements (whole plant).
Uses in Literature : Anthelmintic, aphrodisiac, appetizer, CNS depressant,

diuretic, hypothermic, laxative, oleaginous, tonic; useful
in abdominal pain, biliousness, diseases of the blood,
hepatic disorders, intestinal ulceration, the heart, the
spleen, vata & kapha, eye disease, piles, throat troubles,
wounds & sores (vet.); as edible (Ahmed & Borthakur,
2005; Ambasta, 1986; Asolkar et al., 1992;
Chakraborty, 2003; Chakraborty, 2003; Chatterjee &
Pakrashi, 1997; Das & Chaudhury, 2003; Chaudhury
& Neogi, 2003; Chaurasia et al., 2003; Das, 2003;
Devi, 2003; Farooq, 2005; Guha Bakshi et al., 1999;
Kala, 2003; Khan et al., 2003; Kirtikar & Basu, 1984;
Parrota, 2001; Ranjan, 2003; Singh, 2003; Singh &
Srivastava, 2003; Sood & Thakur, 2004; Srivastava et
al., 2003; Viswanathan, 2003; Watt, 1972).
Cicer arietinum L.
Syn.: C. album hort.; C. grossum Salisb.; C. nigrum hort.; C. rotundum Alef.
Family: Fabaceae.
Vern. Name: Channa.

Eng. : Bengal gram, Chickpea, Gram;

Hindi : Chana;
Sans. : Jivana, Chanakah;
Ass. : Butmah;
Beng. : Boot;
Guj. : Chania;
Kann. : Kadale;
Mal. : Kadalai;
Mar. : Harbhara;
Oriya : Bool;
Tam. : Kadalai;
Tel. : Sanagalu.
Distribution : Cultivated as a crop; 2000-2700 m.
Nativity : Native to N. Iraq to Iran.
Description : Annual herb; stem glandular pubescent; leaf

imparipinnately compound, leaflets mostly elliptic,
dentate, acute, mucronulate, glandular pubescent; stipules
2-5-fid; flowers solitary; corolla white to purple; fruit1-4-
seeded, glandular pubescent.
Habitat Ecology : Open areas, cultivated as a crop; Rajana, 1,229m.
Part/s used : Seed. Leaf.
Folk uses : Roased seeds are consumed by diabetic people to control

the blood sugar level. Seeds are boiled, and this water is
given to relieve from cough and cold. Water of boiled
seeds or seeds are prescribed for kidney stones. Seeds
consumed as pulses, given for strong bones. Seeds are
roasted and taken as snack. Unripe seeds along with the
entire shrub burnt in fire, then these seeds are relished as
snack by local people. Green seeds are crushes, cooked in
curd and then eaten along with rice or chapati.. Leaves
are used as fodder for goat and sheep.
Chemical Constituents : Kaempferol-3-(malonyl) glucoside and kaempferol-3-

(apiosyl-malonyl) (stem), carbohydrates, proteins, amino
acids, fixed oil s, phytosterols, alkaloids, phenolic
compounds and tannins, flavonoids, glycosides, saponins,
amino acids, iron, phosphate, sulphate, and chloride O-α-
D-galactopyranosyl-(1→6)-O-α-D-galactopyranosyl
(1→2)-1D-4-O-methylchiroinositol (seeds).
Uses in Literature : Antibitious, aphrodisiac, astringent, cooling, diuretic,

hypocholesterlaemic, laxative, nutritive, stomachic; used
for diseases and enlargement of the liver & spleen for
complaints of the chest, cough, help digestion, foul
mouth & fever, enriches the blood, jaundice, cures skin
diseases, sprains & dislocated limbs, throat troubles
(Ambasta, 1986; Asolkar et al., 1992; Chatterjee &
Pakrashi, 1997; Farooq, 2005; Guha Bakshi et al.,
1999; Kirtikar & Basu, 1984; Manandhar, 2003;
Parrota, 2001; Singh & Srivastava, 2003).
Citrus limon (L.) Burm. f.
Syn.: Citrus × aurantium subsp. bergamia (Risso&Poit.) Engl.;

Citrus × limonum Risso;
Citrus × mellarosa Risso; Citrus × meyeri Yu.Tanaka
Citrus × vulgaris Ferrariusex Mill.
Family: Rutaceae.
Vern. Name: Nimbu.
Eng. : Lemon;
Hindi : Neembu;
Sans. : Mahanimbu;
Ass. : Nemu-tenga, Kaji-nemu, Nemutenga;
Beng. : Goranebu;
Guj. : Motulimbu;
Kann. : Bijapura, Dieng-soh, Bijori;
Mal. : Odichukuthinaregam;
Mar. : Idalimbu, thoralimbu;
P. : Nimbu;
Tam. : Elumicchai, Periyaelumichai;
Tel. : Bijapuram.
Distribution : It is cultivated throughout the Himalayan region from

1500-2500 m in the Himalayan states of India like
Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Sikkim,
Darjelling (W.B.), Assam and Meghalaya.
Description : Spinous shrub or tree; leaves elliptic to ovate, serrulate,

acute to acuminate, leaf perfectly jointed to the petiole;
petiole narrowly winged, flowers bisexual or male; petals
white, tinged purple; stamens 20-30; fruit oblong or
rounded mamillate, yellow when ripe; pulp abundant and
strongly acid.
Flowering & Fruiting : April-November.
Habitat Ecology : Cultivated, sometimes naturalized; Lagnu, 1028m.
Part/s used : Fruit.
Folk uses : Fruits edible, lemonade is made from its juice, effective
in acidity, indigestion, kidney stone. Useful in skin
ailments. Made into pickle, murabba. Fruit juice has
cooling effect to the body. Fruit juice along with honey
empty stomach is recommended for obesity. Fruit juice
mixed with mustard oil applied on scalp to remove
dandruff. Lemon lowers the blood pressure. Lemon is
used to make cheese from milk. Fruit considered magico-
religious.
Chemical Constituents : Apigenin, luteolin, chrysoseriole, quercitin, isorhamnetin,
limocitrin and limocitrol-sinapic acid, p-coumaric acid,
scopoletin, umbelliferone, hesperidin, citrusins A-D;
conferin syringing and dehydro-diconeferyl alcohol-4β-
glucoside (fruits), diosmin, hesperidin, limocitrin, ferulic
acid, synaptic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, D-limonene,
β-pinene, γ-terpinene (whole plant).
Uses in Literature : Antiemetic, antihelmintic, appetizer, astringent,

carminative, purgative, refrigerant, stimulant, tonic;
useful in agricultural implements, biliousness, bronchitis,
constipation, heart burn, inflammations, piles, tumors,
removes colic, useful in cough, dyspepsia, fatigue,
flatulence, kapha and vata, helminthiasis, scabies, spoons
& walking sticks, vomiting, urinary calculus & caries of
teeth, scurvy, tool handles, typhoid, hypertrophy of
spleen, dyspepsia, flatulence, helminthiasis, scabies; peel
candied. (Ahmed & Borthakur, 2005; Ambasta, 1986;
Asolkar et al., 1992; Chakrabarty & Balkrishanan,
2003; Chatterjee & Pakrashi, 1997; Dutta & Nath,
2003; Farooq, 2005; Guha Bakshi et al., 1999;
Kirtikar & Basu, 1984; Kumar & Nagiyan, 2006;
Kurian, 1995; Pandey & Tiwari, 2003; Rajendran &
Aswal, 2003; Retnam & Martin, 2006; Saikia & Nath,
2003; Sharma et al., 2003; Singh et al., 2003 )
Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott

Syn.: Alocasia dussii Dammer; A. illustris W.Bull; Aron colocasium (L.) St.-Lag.;
Arum chinense L.; A. colocasia L.; A. esculentum L.
Family: Araceae.
Vern. Name: Gagti.

Eng. : Cocoyam, dasheen, eddo, Elephant ears, Kalo;
Hindi : Arvi, Ashukachu, Kachalu;
Sans. : Aaluki, Alukam, Alupam, kachchi.
Ass. : Kola Kochu;

Beng. : Kachu, Altikachu;
Guj. : ;Alavi
Kann. : Kesavedantu, Keshavanagadde;
Mal. : Chempu, Chempakizhanna;
Mar. : Aaloo, Chempu, Ran aalu;
Oriya : Jongalsaaru;
P. : Gagli, Gawain;
Tam. : Sempu, Shamakkilangu;
Tel. : Chamadumpa, Chamagadda, Chamakura.
Distribution : It is widely used as a tuber vegetable in India.
Nativity : Native to South-east Asia.
Description : Perennial evergreen herbs with stout tuber; leaves 2-3 or

more, green, ovate, apex short acuminate, lateral veins 4,
up to margins; inflorescences solitary; spathe ca.
constricted, tube green, long-ellipsoid, spadix ca., flowers
unisexual, female portion, conic, sterile portion slender,
male portion cylinder; appendix short.
Habitat Ecology : Wet fields and near the banks of ponds and streams; Thal
paliyara, 979m.
Parts used : Tuber. Leaf.
Folk use : Tubers are edible, they are boiled and then cooked with
curd or buttermilk into vegetable and relished with rice,
chapati or makki ki roti by localites. Inflorescence is also
made into vegetable. Leaves of this plant cut into small
pieces and then wheat flour, maize flour, spices, mustard
oil and water is added to it, all this content is mixed
thoroughly and then entire leaf is covered over it and is
steam cooked in siddu maker. After which, fried in
mustard oil along with some spices and relished along
with chapatti and curd or lassi. Leaves are source of
economy sold by locals. Decoction of tubers is given for
diabetes.
Chemical Constituents : Calcium oxalate, fibers, minerals (calcium phosphorus,

etc.), and starch, vitamin A, B, C, flavones, apigenin,
luteolin and anthocyanins (leaves), flavonoids, β-
sitosterol, and steroids (whole plant).
Uses in Literature : Abortifacient, industrial alcohol, laxative, rubefacient,

stimulant, styptic; useful in otalgia, internal
haemorrhage, alopecia, diabetes, earache, piles,
pulmonary consumption, rheumatism, scorpion sting,
ulcers, antidote to sting of wasp & insect and possess
anthelmintic properties; as vegetables (Ambasta, 1986;
Asolkar et al., 1992; Bhattacharyya, 2003;
Chakrabarty & Balkrishnan, 2003; Devi, 2003; Dutta
& Nath, 2003; Farooq, 2005; Gogoi & Das, 2003;
Guha Bakshi et al., 1999; Kumari & Narasimhan,
2003; Maya et al., 2003; Muthy et al., 2003; Pandey &
Tiwari, 2003; Sasikala et al., 2003; Sharma et al.,
2003; Singh & Singh, 2003).
Coriandrum sativum L.
Syn.: C. majus Gouan; C. sativum var. afghanicum Stolet.;
C. sativum var. indicum Stolet.;
Selinum coriandrum Krause
Family:Apiaceae.
Vern. Name: Dhania.

Eng. : Coriander;
Hindi : Dhaniya;
Sans. : Dhanyaka, Dhanika, Dhania Vitunnaka;
Ass. : Dhania, Memedhu;
Beng. : Dhane, Dhania;
Guj. : Dhana;
Kann. : Kothambri;
Mal. : Kothumpalari;
Mar. : Dhaue, Kothimbir;
P. : Behan, Dania;
Tam. : Kotthumalli;
Tel. : Dhaniyalu.
Distribution : It is now naturalized in many tropical and subtropical

regions of the world.
Nativity : Native to southern Europe and Asia.
Description : Plants branched; basal leaves ternately lobed; segments

oval to ovate; margin toothed; cauline leaves pinnately
dissected; segments linear; calyx teeth prominent,
unequal; petals purplish-white, the outer larger, bilobed;
styles slender, spreading; fruit sub-globose; vittae in
furrows obscure; commissure 2-vittate; inner seed face
concave.
Flowering & Fruiting : December-April.
Habitat Ecology : Very common cultivated plant in the plains and the hills.
Arat, 1,818m.
Folk uses : Seeds are soaked in water overnight, this water is

prescribed for thyroid. Dried seeds are used as spice,
useful to cure digestive problems. Leaf paste is applied
on hair to prevent hairfall. Leaves are cooked as
vegetable, made into chutney. Leaves are used to flavour
and garnish vegetables and curries.
Chemical Constituents : Gnaphaloside A, gnaphaloside B, quercetin, isorhamnetin

rutin and luteolin (fruits), coriandrinonediol, linalool, γ-
terpinene, α-pinene, p-cymene, camphor and geranyl
acetate (seeds), benzofuran,2,3-dihydro, hexadecanoic
acid, methyl ester, 2,4a-epioxy-3,4,5,6,7,8,-hexahydro-
2,5,5,8a-tetramethyl-2h-1-benzofuran, 2-methyoxy-4-
vinylphenol, 2,3,5,6-tetrafluroanisole, 2,6- dimethyl-3-
aminobenzoquinone dodecanoic acid (flowers), decanal,
trans-2-decenal, 2-decen-1-ol, and cyclodecane, cis-2-
dodecena, dodecanal, dodecan-1-ol (leaves).
Uses in Literature : Acrid, anthelmintic, antipyretic, aphrodisiac, apperizer,

carminative, laxative, flavouring agent, spasmolytic,
stimulant, stomachic; useful in biliousness, bronchitis,
conception, diabetes, digestive problems, dysentery,
griping & gastric juices secretion, kapha, mycelial
growth, rheumatism, thirst, vomiting (Ambasta, 1986;
Diwakar & Ansari, 2003; Dutta & Nath, 2003;
Farooq, 2005; Guha Bakshi et al., 1999; Kirtikar &
Basu, 1984; Kurian, 1995; Mitaliya et al., 2003; Pal &
Paul, 2003; Pandey et al., 2003; Pandey & Tiwari,
2003; Retnam & Martin, 2006; Singh & Srivastava,
2003; Srivastava et al., 2003).
Cotinus coggygria Scop.
Syn.: C. cotinus (L.) Sarg.; Rhus cotinus L.

Family: Anacardiaceae.
Vern. Name: Tung.

English and Regional Names:
Eng. : Smoke Tree, European smoketree, Venetian Sumac,

Wig Tree;
P. : Manu, Tung, Tunga;
Distribution : Fairly common and gregarious from 762-1524 m in the

N.W. Himalaya; S. Europe, S.W. Asia and China.
Nativity : Native to Temperate Asia, Europe.
Description : Shrubs, leaf blade broadly elliptic to obovate, gray

pubescent on both sides or more distinctly, base rounded
to broadly cuneate, margin entire, apex rounded to retuse,
lateral veins 6-11 pairs; inflorescence paniculate,
pubescent; calyx glabrous, lobes ovate-triangular; petals
ovate to ovate-lanceolate; anthers ovoid, equal to
filaments in length; ovary subglobose, styles 3, free,
unequal; drupe reniform, glabrous.
Habitat Ecology : Grows on gravely, dry soils, particularly on south-facing

limestone slopes. Shilahan, 1,459m.
Part/s used : Leaf. Stem. Seed. Aerial Parts.
Folk uses : Crushed leaves applied for eye inflammation and eye
clearing. Stem is used for making toothbrush. Seeds are
edible and used for making sattu. Aerial parts are uses as
fuel and leaves are lopped for fodder.
Chemical Constituents : Tannins, terpenoids, alkaloids, and flavonoids (whole

plant).
Uses in Literature : Astringent, diuretic, vesicant; used in basketery, carving,

colic and dysentery, inlaying and cabinet work, picture
frames, tanning (Ambasta, 1986; Asolkar et al., 1992;
Farooq, 2005).
Cucumis sativus L.
Syn.: C. esculentus Salisb.; C. hardwickii Royle; C. muricatus Willd.;
C. setosus Cogn.; C. sphaerocarpus Gabaev;
C. vilmorinii Spreng.
Family:Cucurbitaceae.
Vern. Name: Kheera.
Eng. : Cucumber;
Hindi : Khira;
Sans. : Trapushpa, Kantakilata;
Ass. : Tiyonh;
Beng. : Sasa;
Guj. : Kakadi;
Kann. : Saytekayi;
Mal. : Vellari;
Mar. : Kankri;
Oriya : Kakudi;
Tam. : Vellarikkay;
Tel. : Dosakaya.
Distribution : Cultivated throughout the tropical and subtropical

countries of the world.
Nativity : Native to southern Asia.
Description : Annual, trailing or climbing herb; stem angular, with

scabridulous hairs; leaves ovate,lobes acute, hispidulous
or scabridulous on both surfaces; petiole elongated;
sepals spreading; corolla, lobes oblong-lanceolate; female
flowers solitary or rarely fascicled; ovary fusiform,
muricate; fruit oblong and obscurely trigonous or
cylindric.
Flowering & Fruiting : Almost throughout the year.
Habitat Ecology : Cosmopolitian; Kakog, 1,071m.

Folk uses : Extract from ripened fruit is applied on burns for relief.
Extract of ripened fruit is useful in stomachache. Fruit is
applied on skin blemishes as it hydrate it. Fruit is used
as salad and also cooked into vegetable. Fruit has a
cooling effect. Fruit is prescribed for stomach problems.
Chemical Constituents : Palmitic acid, stearic acid oleic acid, their glycerides,
sterols, squalene, cucurbitacins, cucumegastigmanes I
and II, cucumerin A and B, vitexin, orientin, isoscoparin
2″-O-(6‴-(E)-p-coumaroyl) glucoside, apigenin 7-O-(6″-
O-p-coumaroylglucoside) (fruits).
Uses in Literature : Diuretic, refrigerant, tonic; used in blood sugar,

indigestion, inflammations, throat affections (Ambasta,
1997; Guha Bakshi et al., 1999; Kirtikar & Basu,
1984; Watt, 1972).
Curcuma aromatica Salisb.
Syn.: C. wenyujin Y.H.Chen & C.Ling; C. zedoaria Roxb.

Family: Zingiberaceae.
Vern. Name: Jangali Haldi.
Eng. : Wild turmeric;

Hindi : Jangli haldi;
Sans. : Vana-haridra;
Ass. : Katri, Keturi;
Beng. : Ban-halud;
Guj. : Zedoari;
Kann. : Kasthuri Arishina;
Mal. : Pullakizhangu;
Mar. : Ran-halada;
Tam. : Kasturimanjal;
Tel. : Kasthuri pasupa.
Distribution : Found in the south Asian region, predominantly in

eastern Himalayas and especially in South India.
Nativity : Native to eastern Himalayan regions and Western Ghats

of India.
Description : Pseudostem; rhizome orange yellow inside; leaves

elliptic, acute at either ends; ligule membranous, obtuse;
bracts orbicular or obovate, yellowish green, tomentose;
flowers brownish-yellow; calyx lobes obtuse, corolla
lobes glabrous, brownish; anthers divaricating; lip
yellowish shallowly 3-lobed; midlobe emarginate; lateral
staminode.
Flowering & Fruiting : May-June.
Habitat Ecology : Cultivated as well as growing wild in degraded forests

and plantations; Sainj, 1,647m.
Part/s used : Rhizome.
Folk uses : Rhizome powder is mixed with mustard oil applied on

skin infections. Rhizome used for dyeing. Powder of
dried rhizome is prescribed along with a glass of
lukewarm milk in intestinal worms. Crushed rhizome
along with cattle feed is given to cattle for their good
health, and also for foul smell in milk. Rhizome slice are
mixed in mustard oil ans poultised over fractured part
in humans and cattle (vet.).
Chemical Constituents : Curdione, neocurdione, curcumol, tetramethylpyrazine

and (R)-(+)-1,2-hexadecanediol (rhizome).
Uses in Literature : Appetiser, bitter, carminative, tonic; useful in asthma,

bone fracture, bruises, child birth, contrusions,
leucoderma, diseases of the blood, eruption of
exanthemalous fevers, removing dead foetus, headache,
indigestion, intestinal worms, rheumatism, scabies,
sprains, eruption of small pox, snakebite; edible as a
substitute of arrowroot (Ambasta, 1986; Ahmed &
Borthakur, 2005; Asolkar et al., 1992; Behura &
Rout, 2003; Bhuyan, 2003; Farooq, 2005; Guha
Bakshi et al., 1999; Katewa et al., 2003; Kirtikar &
Basu, 1984; Muthy et al., 2003; Retnam & Martin,
2006; Saikia & Nath, 2003; Sur & Halder, 2002;
Thomas & Britto, 2003; Watt, 1972).
Curcuma longa L.
Syn.: Amomum curcuma Jacq.; Curcuma brog Valeton; C. domestica Valeton; C.
ochrorhiza Valeton; C. soloensis Valeton; C. tinctoria Guibourt
Vern. Name: Haldi.
Eng. : Indian Saffron, Turmeric;

Hindi : Haldi;
Sans. : Haridra, Marmarii.
Ass. : Halodhi;
Beng. : Halud;
Guj. : Haldar;
Kann. : Arishina, Arisina;
Mal. : Manjal;
Mar. : Halad;
Oriya : Haladi;
P. : Haldar, Halja;
Tam. : Manjal;
Tel. : Haridra.
Distribution : Cultivated throughout the tropics.
Nativity : Native to Southwest India.

Description : Rhizomes many branched, orange or bright yellow,
cylindric, aromatic; roots tuberous at tip; leaf blade green,
oblong or elliptic, glabrous, base attenuate, apex shortly
acuminate; inflorescences terminal on pseudostems; spike
cylindric; fertile bracts pale green, ovate or oblong, apex
obtuse; coma bracts spreading, white and green,
sometimes tinged reddish purple, apex acute; calyx white,
puberulent, apex; corolla pale yellow; lobes deltoid,
central one larger, apex mucronate; lateral staminodes
shorter than labellum; anther spurred at base; ovary
sparsely hairy.
Flowering & Fruiting : September-October.
Habitat Ecology : Tropical plant, and it grows in a humid warm weather

with a lot of rainfall; Jablog, 1,861m.
Part used : Rhizome. Whole Plant.
Folk uses : Crushed rhizome with lukewarm water is given for

stomachache. Half teasppon in milk is recommended for
relief fom internal injuries. Dried rhizome is used as
colouring agent in various curries and pickles. About
50g dried rhizome is given daily along with water or milk
in the case of broken bones. The rhizome is considered
antibiotic. Raw turmeric is boiled in water is useful for
joint pain. Crushed rhizome is taken internally for
cough. Raw turmeric is mixed with dryfruits consumed
during winters for internal strength. Dried rhizome
along with mustard is applied on ringworm infection.
Whole plant is considerd sacred and haldi is used in
various religious ceremonies. Raw turmeric is boiled,
crushed and suhaga is mixed to it, then these are made
into the size of tablet, are sun dried, thereafter crushed
into kumkum, and is used in various ceremonies.
Rhizome of curcuma along with kaljiri crushed in water,
given for dehydration in animals. About ½ kg crushed
raw tuber mixed in wheat flour is given for pregnant
cattle for normal delivery (vet.).
Chemical Constituents : Curcumin, monodesmetoxy curcumin and bidismethoxy
curcumin, essential oil bisabolane, guaine and
germacrane, sesquiterpenes termerone, arteromerone,
zingiberene, curlone, tumerone, atlantone, and zingiberene
(rhizome).
Uses in Literature : Alexiteric, Anthelmintic, anti inflammatory, bitter,

carminative, diuretic, emollient, heating, laxative, post
castaration tonic, pungent, stimulant, stomachic, tonic,
vulnerary; useful for anti fertility, biliousness, bronchitis,
bruises, conjunctivitis, cuts and wounds, affections of the
liver and jaundice, dental caries, disorders of the blood,
bone fracture, dropsy, dyspepsia, elephantiasis,
gonorrhea, hysteric fits, intermittent fever, kapha and
vata, leucoderma, measles, ophthalmia, ozoena, scabies,
urinary discharges, scabies, severe cold, sinusitis, skin
diseases, sprains, smallpox, snakebite, swellings; as
colouring agent (Ambasta, 1986; Ahmed & Borthakur,
2005; Asolkar et al., 1992; Behura & Rout, 2003;
Bhandary & Chandrashekar, 2003; Bora et al., 2003;
Dixit & Kumar, 2003; Farooq, 2005; Ghosh, 2003a,b;
Ghosh & Das, 2003; Khanna, 2002; Kirtikar & Basu,
1984; Kothari & Rao, 2003; Kumar & Rao, 2003;
Kumar et al., 2003; Kurian, 1995; Lalramnghinglova,
2003; Nath & Maiti, 2003; Nayak et al., 2003; Pal et
al., 2003; Pal & Paul, 2003; Pandey & Tiwari, 2003;
Parrota, 2001; Rajendran & Aswal, 2003; Retnam &
Martin, 2006; Saikia & Nath, 2003a,b,c; Saren et al.,
Sasikala et al., 2003; Sharma et al., 2003; Shivaprasad
& Chandrashekar, 2003; Shrivastava et al., 2003;
Singh et al., 2003; Siwakoti & Siwakoti, 2003; Sur &
Halder, 2002; Thomas & Britto, 2003; Watt, 1972).
Cuscuta reflexa Roxb.

Syn.: C. grandiflora Wall.; C. macrantha G.Don.; C. santapaui Banerji & Das; C.
verrucosa Sweet.
Family: Cuscutaceae.
Vern. Name: Amarbel, Amritbel.
Eng. : Dodder;
Hindi : Amarbel, Amarbela, Akashbel, Kashavela;
Sans. : Akasavalli, Amarvela, Khavalli;
Ass. : Amarlati;
Beng. : Swarna lata;
Guj. : Akaswel;
Kann. : Amaraballi, Amaruballi, Badanike, Banda, Beluballi,
Nelamuda, Balli, ShyaavigeBalli;
Mal. : Akasavalli;
Mar. : Nirmali;
Oriya : Kolanirmuli;
P. : Amil, Nilathari, Niradhar, Zarbuti;
Tam. : Kodiyagundal, Sadadari;
Tel. : Lanjasavaramu, Savarapukada, Sitammapogunalu,
Sitavaramu.
Distribution : Throughout India, ascending upto 2,600m.
Nativity : Native to Indian subcontinent and the Greater Himalayas

and as far south as Malaysia and Indonesia.
Description : Stout succulent twiners; stem yellowish; flowers sessile

in lateral racemes; calyx cupular, lobes herbaceous,
suborbicular; corolla cream coloured, funnel-form; lobes
ovate-triangular, erect; stamens 5; filaments very short;
corolla scale ovate to oblong, fimbriate; ovary conical,
stigma acute; capsule succulent, globose-conical; seeds
black.
Flowering & Fruiting : October-January.
Habitat Ecology : Deciduous forests, also in the plains; Shilahan, 1,459m.
Part/s used : Aerial Parts.
Folk uses : In the case of skin disease, extract of crushed aerial parts
is applied on the affected area. Ariel part extract applied
on hair to increases the hairlength. Given in arithritis.
Plant extract given for Vaayu rog. Plant paste boiled into
thick paste applied around eyes for redness. Decoction of
this plant is applied for swelling in the body. Aerial part
is used as fodder for goat and sheep. 100 g extract of
dried plant given for foul smell in cattle milk (vet.).
Chemical Constituents : Cerotic, linolenic, linolic, oleic, stearic acid, palmitic

acids, phytosterol (seeds), abscisic acid (leaves), dulcitol,
luteolin and it’s glycoside, quercetin, cuscutin (stem),
luteolin, quercetin, a glycoside of luteolins, amarbellin,
cuscutin and wax, scoparone, melanettin and hyperoside,
cuscutin, amarbelin, β-sitosterol, stigmasterol,
kaempferol, dulcitol, myricetin, quercetin, coumarin and
oleanolic acid, flavonoids, coumarins, phenylpropanoids,
triterpenoids, and cardiac glycosides (whole plant).
Uses in Literature : Acrid, alterative, anodyne, anthelmintic, aphrodisiac,

astringent, bitter, carminative, depurative diaphoretic,
diuretic, emmenagogue, expectorant, purgative, sedative,
tonic; useful in bone fracture, deep cuts, diphtheria, the
diseases of the eye, headache, heat of the brain, jaundice,
menstrual disorders, joint and muscle pain, skin & of the
heart, in biliousness & kapha, chronic fever, griping,
headache, haematuria (vet.), hair growth, hiccup,
inflammations, lumbago, ophthalmia, paralyses, purifies
the blood and cleanses the body wash of sores, diseases of
the spleen, swellings in the testicles, vomiting, warts
(Ambasta, 1986; Bora, 2003; Chatterjee & Pakrashi,
1997; Chaurasia et al., 2003; Chhetri et al., 2006; Das
et al., 2003; Dwivedi, 2003; Farooq, 2005; Ghosh &
Das, 2003; Girach et al., 2003; Gogoi & Das, 2003;
Guha Bakshi et al., 1999; Islam & Jha, 2003; Jaish Beg
et al., 2006; Kala, 2003; Khan et al., 2003; Khanna,
2002; Kirtikar & Basu, 1984; Kothari & Rao, 2003;
Kumar et al., 2003; Maity et al., 2003; Nath et al., 2006;
Nayak et al., 2003; Parrota, 2001; Punjani, 2003;
Rahman, 2003; Sah et al., 2003; Sahoo & Bahali, 2003;
Saren et al., 2003; Samvatsar & Diwanji, 2003;
Satapathy & Brahman, 2003; Shekhawat et al., 2006;
Shil & Sharma, 2003; Singh, 2002; Singh, 2003;
Siwakoti & Siwakoti, 2003; Sood & Thakur, 2004;
Srivastava et al., 2003a,b; Sur & Halder, 2002;
Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.

Syn.: Agrostis linearis Retz.; A. stellata Willd.; Capriola dactylon (L.) Kuntze;
Chloris maritima Trin.
Family: Poaceae.
Vern. Name : Doob.
Eng. : Bermuda Grass;

Hindi : Doob, Dobri;
Sans. : Niladurva, Saddala, Ananta;
Ass. : Dubari;
Beng. : Durba;
Guj. : Dhroh;
Kann. : Garikehullu, Balligarike, Ambatehullu;
Mal. : Belikaruka, Karukapullu;
Mar. : Haryali, Dhurva;
Oriya : Dubbo ghas;
P. : Barawa, Dhub;
Tam. : Arugampillu, Arukampillu, Muyalpul;
Tel. : Ghericha, Gerichagaddi.
Distribution : Very common in tropical and warm temperate regions,

throughout the world. Plains from the coast to lower hills.
Nativity : Native to north Africa, Asia and Australia and southern

Europe.
Description : Slender, stoloniferous creeping perennials; leaves linear-

lanceolate, acuminate, glaucous; sheaths keeled; ligules
fimbriate, membranous; inflorescence of terminal,
digitate 3-4 spikes; spikes 1-sided, oblong; spikelets
sessile, oblong-lanceolate, laterally compressed, 1-
flowered; stamens 3; ovary oblong; stigmas pink;
caryopsis linear.
Flowering & Fruiting : March-October.
Habitat Ecology : In most soils; in disturbed areas such as along roadsides

and overgrazed, trampled areas and nitrogen rich areas;
Lajva, 1,853m.
Part/s used : Aerial parts.
Folk uses : Aerial parts are crushed into paste and is applied on boils
for 2-3 times daily also on the sole to get relief from sole
inflammation. Leaf paste is applied on forehead to cure
headache. Whole plant is used on cuts to stop bleeding.
Aerial parts are considers sacred and offered to lord
Ganesha during worship. The plant used as soil binder.
Used as fodder to cattle.
Chemical Constituents : Flavanoids, alkaloids, glycosides, terpenoides,

triterpenoids steroids, saponins, tannins, resins,
phytosterols, reducing sugars, carbohydrates, proteins,
volatile oils and fixed oils (whole plant).
Uses in Literature : Acrid, antiepileptic, antidiarrhoel, astringent, bitterish,
cooling, diuretic, expectorant, sweet, vulnerary; useful in
excessive bleeding, burning sensation, cobra-bite,
diarrhea, diabetes, disease of the bood, dropsy, epistaxis,
genito-urinary troubles, menorrhagia, leucorrhoea,
haematemesis, bruises, biliousness, secondary syphilis,
stopping bleeding from piles, ophthalmia, hiccough, cuts
& wounds, religious ceremonies, retained placenta (vet.),
skin diseases, stomachatitis, vomiting; as a pasture &
lawn grass, a good soil binder (Ambasta, 1986; Arya,
2006; Balu et al., 2003; Barua et al., 2003; Bhuyan,
2003; Diwakar & Ansari, 2003; Dwivedi, 2003;
Farooq, 2005; Gogoi & Das, 2003; Guha Bakshi et al.,
1999; Jaish Beg et al., 2006; Kalita & Tamuli, 2006;
Khare & Khare, 2003; Kirtikar & Basu, 1984;
Mitaliya, 2002; Kumar & Nagiyan, 2006; Nautiyal et
al., 2003; Nayak et al., 2003; Pal, 2003; Parrota, 2001;
Ranjan, 2003; Ranjan et al., 2003; Reddy et al., 2003;
Retnam & Martin, 2006; Rosakutty et al., 2003; Sah et
al., 2003; Saikia Nath, 2003; Sarkar & Sarma, 2006;
Sharma et al., 2003; Siwakoti & Siwakoti, 2003;
Shekhawat et al., 2006; Shrivastva & Singh, 2003;
Singh, 2006; Singh & Singh, 2003; Srivastva et al.,
2003; Saikia & Nath, 2003; Satapathy & Brahmam,
2003; Subramani & Goraya, 2003; Thomas & Britto,
2003; Watt, 1972).
Dalbergia sisso Roxb.

Syn.: Amerimnon sissoo (Roxb.) Kuntze.
Family: Fabaceae.
Vern. Name: Sheesham.

Eng. : Sissoo, South Indian Redwood;
Hindi : Shisham, Sisam, Sissai, Sissu, Sisu;
Sans. : Aguru, Agurushinshupa, Dhira, Dhumrika,
Kalanusarya, Kapila, Krishnasa, Mandalapatri,
Pichhila, Pipala, Shinshapa, Shyama, Tivradhumaka,
Vira, Yugapatrika;
Ass. : Sissu;
Beng. : Shisham, Sishu;
Guj. : Sissom, Tanach;
Kann. : Agaru, Biridi;
Mal. : Iruvil;
Oriya : Sisu, Simsapa;
P. : Nelkar, Shewa, Shia, Shin, Shishai, Shisham, Tali;
Tam. : Gette, Itti, Nukku, Pichai, Sisu, Sisuitti, Yette;
Tel. : Ettasissu, Sinsupa, Sissu.
Distribution : Baluchistan, Waziristan, W. Himalaya, Terai of Nepal &

Sikkim to Upper Asom; Extensively planted throughout
India.
Nativity : Native to Indian subcontinent and southern Iran.
Description : Tree; leaf imparipinnate, rachis; leaflets broadly ovate or

suborbicular, acuminate, glabrescent, petiolule;
inflorescence an axillary panicle, composed of several
short spikes with sessile to subsessile flowers; bract
small, pubescent, caduceus; calyx unequal, shorter than
the tube; corolla yellowish white; stamens 9,
monadelphous, tube slit on the upper side only, anthers
uniform; ovary pubescent, style glabrous, stigma capitate;
fruit strap-shaped, glabrous; seed flattened.
Flowering & Fruiting : March-June.
Habitat Ecology : In forests, roadsides; Lagnu, 1,028m.
Part/s used : Leaf. Wood.
Folk uses : Leaf extract is useful for leucorrhea. Wood is used for
construction purpose such as for roofing, making doors
and windows, furniture and also as fuel and as
charcoal. Leaves are used as fodder and also for
bedding of cattle (vet.).
Chemical Constituents : Dalbergenone, methyldalbergin, dalbergichromene

(bark), irisolidone, biochenin-A, muningin, tectirigenin,
prunetin, genistein, sissotrin, prunetin-4-O-galactoside,
norartocarpetin, β-amyrin, β-sitosterol, and stigmasterol
(aerial parts), caviunin 7-O-gentiobioside and
isocaviunin 7-O-gentiobioside (pods), isoflavone
glucoside, caviunin 7-O-[β-d-apiofuranosyl-(1→6)-βd-
glucopyranoside] and a (E)-4-methoxy-2-(3,4-
dihydroxybenzylidene)-4-oxobutanoic acid along with
series of isoflavones and flavonols with their glucosides
and a lignan glucoside (leaves), dalbergin, methyl
dalbergin, 5, 5-dihydroxy-4-methoxy isoflavone, 3, 5-
dihydroxystilbene,7-methoxy-6-hydroxy-4-phenylchrom-
3-one, nordalbergin, isodalbergin, dalbergiphenol,
tectorigenin, isotectorigenin, isocavindin, caviunim-7-O-
glucoside and 7-O-gentiobioside (whole plant).
Uses in Literature : Abortifacient, Alterative, antiemetic antihelmintic,

antipyretic, aphrodisiac, appetizer, astringent, bitter,
expectorant, haemostatic, stimulant; useful in bleeding
piles, boils, charpai legs and carving, diarrhea (vet.)
dysuria, eye diseases, furniture and cabinet wood,
gonorrhea, leprosy, menorrhagia, musical instruments,
railway sleepers, varicose veins, skin diseases, stimulant,
varicose veins, allay vomiting wood charcoal making; as
fodder (Ambasta, 1986; Asolkar et al., 1992;
Chatterjee & Pakrashi, 1997; Deshmukh et al., 2003;
Farooq, 2005; Guha Bakshi et al., 1999; Jaish Beg et
al., 2006; Kirtikar & Basu, 1984; Kumar et al., 2003;
Manandhar, 2003a,b; Nayak et al., 2003; Parrota,
2001; Prasad et al., 2003; Sah et al., 2003; Shekhawat
et al., 2006; Shukla et al., 2003; Sood & Thakur, 2004;
Subramaniam, 2003; Singh, 2003, 2006; Watt, 1972).
Datura stramonium L.
Syn.: D. bernhardii Lundstr.; D. bertolonii Parl. ex Guss.; D. hybrida Ten.;
D. laevis L.f.; D. lurida Salisb.; D. parviflora Salisb.;
D. tatula L.; D. wallichii Dunal;
Stramonium vulgatum Gaertn.
Family: Solanaceae.
Vern. Name: Datura.
Eng. : Datura, Devil’s apple Jimsonweed, Jamestown-weed,

Jimpson WeedPurple Horn-of-Plenty, Thorn apple,
Devils Weed;
Hindi : Dhatura;
Sans. : Dhattura, Unmatta, Kanaka;
Ass. : Dhatura, Dhutura;
Beng. : Dhattura;
Guj. : Dhattura;
Kann. : Unmatta, Dhattura;
Mal. : Karummattu, Omathinkai, Neelaummam, Ummam;
Mar. : Dhattura;
Oriya : Jambunodo;
P. : Datura;
Tam. : Karu Umathai, Karu-Oomatthai;
Tel. : Ummatta.
Distribution : Widely distributed most parts of the temperate regions of

the world.
Description : Plant branched, pubescent; branches purplish; leaves

ovate sinuately dentate, minutely puberulose, cuneate;
calyx tubular, 5-dentate, puberulous, persistent. lobes
strongly reflexed in fruit, apiculate; corolla white or
purplish suffused; anthers with the lobes narrow oblong,
usually white; capsule erect, ovoid, spiny and densely
pubescent; seeds reniform, reticulate-foveolate, and
black.
Flowering & Fruiting : July-September.
Habitat Ecology : Scrub jungles and wastelands; Thal Paliyara, 979m.
Part/s used : Whole Plant. Fruit. Leaf. Flower.
Folk uses : The plant is considered sacred. Fruit considered as

sedative and narcotic, provide strength to the body.
Leaves and flowers are offered to lord Shiva. Crushed
seed in mustard oil are applied on joint pain.
Chemical Constituents : Hyoscamine, hyoscine, scopolamine, fluoroduratine and

homofluorodaturatine (seeds). N-trans-feruloyl
tryptamine, hyoscyamilactol, scopoletin, umckalin,
daturaolone, daturadiol, N-trans-ferulicacyl- tyramine,
cleomiscosin A, fraxetin, scopolamine, 1-Acetyl-7-
hydrox-beta-carbol-ine, 7-hydroxy-beta-carbolinel-
propionic acid (whole plant).
Uses in Literature : Alexiteric, analgesic, anodyne, antihelmintic,

antispasmodic, emetic, expectorant, febrifuge, heating,
homicidal, insecticidal, icthyotoxic, narcotic, sedative,
tonic; useful in asthma, bronchitis, biliousness, cough,
earache, eyes pain, headache, hydrophobia, itching,
jaundice, nose troubles, enlargement of the testicles &
boils, piles, pyrrhoea, rheumatism, skin diseases, ulcers,
itching, infected teeth, tumors (Ahmed & Borthakur,
2005; Ambasta, 1986; Arya, 2006; Asolkar et al., 1992;
Beigh et al., 2003; Chatterjee & Pakrashi, 1997;
Dwivedi, 2003; Ganai & Nawchoo, 2003; Gogoi &
Das, 2003; Guha Bakshi et al., 2001; Kirtikar& Basu,
1984; Farooq, 2005; Meena et al., 2003; Mishra &
Das, 2003; Nair & Jayakumar, 2003; Ranjan, 2003;
Saikia & Nath, 2003; Sharma & Sood, 1997; Singh,
2003; Singh & Srivastava, 2003; Sood & Thakur,
2004; Srivastava et al., 2003; Subramani & Goraya,
2003; Subramaniam, 2003; Watt, 1972 )
Debregeasia saeneb (Forssk.) Hepper &J.R.I.Wood.

Syn.: Boehmeria hypoleuca Hochst. ex A.Rich.; B. salicifolia D.Don;
Debregeasia bicolor (Roxb.) Wedd.;
D. salicifolia (D.Don) Rendle;
Rhus saeneb Forssk.
Family:Urticaceae.
Vern. Name: Shiyaru.
Eng. : Himalayan Wild Rhea;

Hindi : Puruni, Siaru, Siharu;
Ass. : Dalah, Sonsore;
P. : Pincho, Sansaru.
Distribution : Shady, moist places by streams, forests in mountain

valleys; 1700-2300 m.
Nativity : Native to NE. Tropical Africa to Indian Subcontinent.
Description : Shrubs or small trees, often dioecious; branches dark

purplish; leaf blade adaxially green, oblong to linear-
lanceolate; inflorescences borne always on previous
years’ branches, often flowering before leaf flush,
dichotomously branched or solitary; peduncle appressed
pubescent; glomerules globose; bracts obovate,
membranous; male flowers shortly pedicellate, flattened
in bud; female flowers sessile, obovoid; perianth tube
membranous, glabrous; achene orange, enclosed by fleshy
perianth and adnate to it.

Habitat Ecology : Shady, moist places by streams, forests in mountain
valleys; Chiyali, 2,015m.
Part/s used : Wood. Fruit. Leaf.
Folk uses : Used in making agricultural implements, fuel, Fruits

are edible. Leaves lopped for fodder.
Chemical Constituents : Triterpenes (e.g. oleanoic acid and ursolic

acid), phytosterols, tannins, flavonoids and anthraquinone
(whole plant).
Uses in Literature : Used for cordages, maggot killing in wounds (vet.),

stomach pain, lopped for fodder. (Agrawal, 2003; Arora
& Pandey, 1996; Bennet et al., 1991; Ambasta, 1986;
Chandra, 1997; Gaur, 1999; Kapur, 1996; Kapur &
Nanda, 1996b; Kirtikar & Basu, 1984; Maithani et al.,
1991; Purohit & Samant, 1995; Raju, 2000; Rama
Rao & Henry, 1996; Roy et al., 1998; Singh & Kumar,
2000a; Sood & Kaushal, 2008; Sood & Sharma, 2016;
Sood & Thakur, 2004; Sood et al., 2014; Uniyal, 2003 ;
Watt, 1972)
Dioscorea bulbifera L.
Syn.: D. crispate Roxb.; D. pulchella Roxb.; D. sativa Thumb. non L.; D.versicolor
Buch.-Ham.
Family: Dioscoreaceae.
Vern. Name: Singlimingli. Taladi
Eng. : Aerial yam, Air potato, Air yam, Bitter yam, Bulbil-
bearing yam, Cheeky yam, Malacca yam, Otaheite-
potato , Potato yam, Shoebutton air potato;
Hindi : Agitha, Gaithi, Genth,Kadu kanda,Pitalu, Rataler,
Ratalu, Suaralu;
Sans. : Amrita, Balya, Brahmaputri, Kanya, Kaumari,
Varahi, Varahikanda;
Ass. : Goch-aloo, Bon-aloo;
Beng. : Ban alu;
Guj. : Salvinavelya, Suariya;
Kann. : Ambaligenasu, Hamdigenasu Heggenasu,
Kuntagenasu, Negilugonne
Mal. : Kaacchil, Pannikizhangu;
Mar. : Kadu- dukar-kand, Karanda, Varahi;
Oriya : Pita alu;
P. : Zaminkand;
Tam. : Kaatu-c-ciraka-valli, Kaattu-k-kaay-valli;
Tel. : Adavidumpa, Chedupaddudumpa, Pannukelangu.
Distribution : Outskirts of forests throughout India, ascending upto

2,000m.
Nativity : Native to Africa, Asia and northern Australia.
Description : Tubers mostly large, globose or pyriform; stems

glabrous, twining clockwise bearing numerous brown
warted bulbils; leaves alternate, ovate, more or less
deeply cordate at the base, long acuminate, 9-nerved;
male spikes slender, drooping, clustered in the axils or
sometimes panicled; stamens 6, antheriferous; female
spikes simple, fascicled in the leaf axils; capsule oblong;
seeds winged at the base.
Flowering & Fruiting : July-December.
Habitat Ecology : Thickets, disturbed areas, fence rows, and hardwood

hammocks; Bayog, 1,398m.
Part/s used : Tuber.
Folk uses : Used for antifertility. Tubers edible, cooked as

vegetable. For vaat disease (vayurog) tuber is mixed
with tara mira or mixed in wheat flour and given to cattle
for vayu rog (vet.). Cultivated for its edible bulbils &
tubers which are eaten boiled or in curry. Boiled tubers
are eaten as vegetables. Its bitterness is removed in
running water or sometimes ash is added. Intake of tubers
in large quantities cause paralysis of the respiratory
system and even death.
Chemical Constituents : Furanoid nordilerpenes, nordilerpene glucosides,

diosbulbinoside D & F, Diosbulbin B & D, a new
dihydrophenathrene and d-sorbitol (tuber), stigmasterol,
mono-arachidin, 1,7-bis-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1E,4E,6E-
heptatrien-3-one, behenic acid, demethyl batatasin IV,
2,3'-di-hydroxy-4',5'-dimethoxybibenzyl, diosbulbin B,
diosbulbin D, docosyl ferulate, 7-bis-(4-hydroxyphenyl) -
4E, 6E-heptadien-3-one, 5,3,4-trihydroxy-3,7-
dimethoxyflavone, tristin, protocatechuic acid, adenosine
(whole plant).
Uses in Literature : Acrid, Alterative, anorexiant, anthelmintic, aphrodisiac,

appetitezer, bitter, diuretic, expectorant, febriguge,
flattening, pungent, stomachic; improves complexion;
useful in abdominal pain, antifertility, asthma,
biliousness, bronchitis, dysentery, dyspepsia, leucoderma,
urinary discharges, vata, piles, tumors, skin infections,
strangury, syphilis, ulcers, urine disorders wounds; edible
Arinathan et al., 2003; Asolkar et al., 1992;
Chakrabarty, 2003; Chakrabarty & Balakrishnan,
2003; Das & Mishra, 2003; Deshmukh & Rathe, 2003;
Dwivedi, 2003; Farooq, 2005; Gogoi et al., 2003; Guha
Bakshi et al., 2001; Katewa et al., 2003; Kirtikar &
Basu, 1984; Kumar & Lal, 2003; Muthy et al., 2003;
Nandankunjidam, 2003; Pandey & Tiwari, 2003;
Parrota, 2001; Punjani, 2003; Sah et al., 2003;
Shrivastava et al., 2003; Singh, 2002; Singh, 2003;
Sood & Thakur, 2004; Watt, 1972 ).
Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Sw.
Syn.: Anisogonium esculentum (Retz.) C. Presl; A. serampurens C. Presl;
Asplenium esculentum (Retz.) C. Presl; A. malabaricum Mett.;
A. moritzii Mett.; A. vitiense Baker; Athyrium esculentum (Retz.) Copel.;
Callipteris ambigua (Sw.) T. Moore; C. malabarica J. Sm.;
B. Diplazium pubescens Link
Family: Dryopteridaceae.
Vern. Name: Lingdu, Moongra.
English and Punjabi Names:
Eng. : Fiddlehead Fern, Fresh-lady fern, Vegetable fern.

P. : Kutherkul.
Distribution : Pantropical in distribution and occurs widely and

commonly throughout India.
Nativity : Native to Himalayan and sub-Himalayan communities.
Description : Rhizome erect, densely scaly; scales brown, narrowly

lanceolate, thin, toothed at margin; fronds caespitose;
fertile fronds; stipe brown-stramineous, sparsely scaly,
upward glabrous or hairy; lamina deltoid or broadly
lanceolate, apex acuminate; pinnae, alternate, ascending,
lower pinnae stipitate, broadly lanceolate, upper pinnae
subsessile, linear-lanceolate, base truncate, margin serrate
or pinnatilobate, apex acuminate; lamina stiffly
herbaceous, glabrous or hairy, rachis glabrous or hairy;
costae shallowly grooved, glabrous or occasionally with
light brown short hairs; sori mostly linear, slightly
curved, from near midribs to laminar margin; indusia
yellow-brown, linear, membranous, entire; spore surface
with large granular or tuberculate projections.

Habitat Ecology : Valley forests, beside brooks or streamlets; Rajana,
1,229m.
Part used : Young Frond.
Folk uses : Pickle and vegetable prepared from young frond. Fronds
are used for piles.
Chemical Constituents : Protein, vitamin B, iron, calcium, phosphorus, steroids,

triterpenoids, triterpenoids, flavonoids, flavones and
sugar (rhizome).
Uses in Literature : Antidysenteric, antihelmintic, antimalarial; used for

asthma, constipation, cough, diarrhea, dyspepsia,
jaundice, earache, fever, phthisis, insect and pest
repellent, stomachache (Chakraborty, 2003;
Chakraborty et al., 2003; Das, 2003; Das &
Chaudhury, 2003; Das & Sharma; 2003; Devi, 2003;
Jha et al., 2003; Singh, 2003).
Dodonaea viscosa Jacq.
Syn.: Ptelea viscosa L.

Family:Sapindaceae.
Vern. Name: Mehandu.
Eng. : Hopseed bush, Switch sorrel;

Hindi : Sanatta;
Sans. : Rasna, Sanatta;
Beng. : Bandari, Zakhlumi;
Kann. : Bandare;
Mal. : Aattotta, Virali;
Mar. : Lutchmi;
Oriya : Mohra;
P. : Banmehndu, Sonatta;
Tam. : Vilaari, Virali;
Tel. : Bandaru, Pullena.
Distribution : Common in dry scrub as shrubs; however, also found

along margin of high elevation evergreen forests as trees,
up to 2400 m.
Nativity : Native to Australia.
Description : Shrubs to small sized trees; branches terete, often

angled; leaves alternate, oblanceolate-obovate or broadly
elliptic, subacute, abruptly tapering towards the basal
end, viscid, with shining yellowish resinous exudation;
inflorescence panicled cymes, lateral, looping; flowers
greenish yellow; sepals oblong; anthers oblong-linear;
capsules membranous, compressed, notched at apex and
base; seeds black.
Flowering & Fruiting : January-May.
Habitat Ecology : Forest margins, savannahs, coastal vegetation on or

behind sandy beaches. Kakog, 1,071m.
Part/s used : Leaf. Branch. Wood.
Folk uses : Leaves are crushed and applied on broken bones. Leaves
are crushed and cooked as roti and is put on the stomach
to cure constipation in children. Leaves are boiled in
water and bathed with this water to get rid of vayu rog.
Broom is made from branches. Leaf paste is applied for
sprain in foot. Wood is used as fuel.
Chemical Constituents : Haustriwaic acid (leaves), alkaloids, flavonoids, fixed oil

and fat, steroids, phenolics, saponins, tannins, gums,
mucillages, carbohydrates, reducing sugar, glycosides
and trace elements (whole plant).
Uses in Literature : Antiviral, astringent, bitter, febrifuge, hypogylcaemic,
sour, spasmolytic, sudorific, toxic; useful in bone
fracture, bruises, burns, fever, fish poison, gout, joint
ache, rheumatism, scars, snake bite, sprain, swelling,
wounds (Ambasta, 1986; Asolkar et al., 1992; Guha
Bakshi et al., 2001; Kirtikar & Basu, 1984; Kumar et
al., 2000; Kshirsagar, 2003; Mitaliya et al., 2003;
Mitaliya, 2002; Parrota, 2001; Reddy & Raju, 2000;
Retnam & Martin, 2006; Samvatsar & Diwanji, 2000;
Sharma & Rana, 2000; Singh & Srivastava, 2000;
Subramaniam, 2000; Watt, 1972).
Duchesnea indica (Andrews) Focke

Syn.: Fragaria indica Andrews; Potentilla indica (Andr.) Wolf
Family:Rosaceae.
Vern. Name: Bhambal.
English and Hindi Names:
Eng. : False strawberry, Indian strawberry, Mock

strawberry, Yellow-flowered strawberry;
Hindi : Kiphaliya.
Distribution : Assam, Kashmir, Manipur; China
Nativity : Native to eastern and southern Asia.
Description : Perennial spreading herb with long stolons; leaves

trifoliate, hairy on both surfaces, leaflets obovate to
rhombic-oblong, margin serrate; flower yellow; petals
oblong-obovate, slightly longer than sepals; carpels free,
numerous; fruit fleshy, red, attractive but deceptive, being
totally tasteless to eat.
Habitat Ecology : Wet open areas, Kanda Koti, 1,732m.

Part/s used : Fruit. Leaf. Aerial Parts.
Folk uses : Fruit are edible. Crushed leaves are applied on boils.
Aerial parts are used as fodder.
Chemical Constituents : Phenolic acids, ellagic acids and flavonoids, essential oil
such as carvacryl acetate, valencene, nona-hexacontanoic
acid, aristalone, dehydro-aromadendrene, eicosane, and
2-hexa-decan-ol (whole plant).
Uses in Literature : Considered useful as a low ground cover (Ambasta,

1986).
Eruca sativa Mill.
Syn.: Eruca vesicaria (L.) Cav.

Family: Brassicaceae.
Vern. Name: Taramira.
Eng. : Rocket-salad;
Hindi : Taramira, Safed sarsu, Seoha;
Sans. : Bhutaghna, Daradharsha;
Beng. : Shwetsursha;
Guj. : Sarso;
P. : Assu, Jamba, Tara, Usan.
Distribution : Cosmopolitan except Australia, Antarctica and Arctic.
Nativity : Native to Mediterranean region.
Description : Annual erect herbs; stem simple or branched, stiff,

glabrous above, hispid below; basal leaves lyrate-
pinnatifid, petiolate, upper ones lyrate-pinnatifid, entire
to subulate-denate segments, sessile or subsessile;
flowers in racemes, yellow with violet veins; sepals
oblong, often pale violet, petals obovate-cuneate, with
dark-purplish veins; fruits erect, appressed to axis, setose-
hairy; beak flattened, broad, ensiform, glabrous; seeds
subglobose.
Flowering & Fruiting : January-September
Habitat Ecology : Weed in garden; Baunal, 1,376m.
Folk uses : Seeds are crushed and applied on forehead in case of

headache due to hot weather. Crushed seeds used to cure
vayurog. Leaves are cooked as vegetable known as saag
along with sarson, palak and methi. Whole seeds are
boiled and given to cattle before and after delivery. Seeds
used as galactagogue. A combination of saun (tara mira),
bateesha, onion, amarbel (Cuscuta reflexa) is given for
foul smell in milk and vayurog in cattle (vet.).
Chemical Constituents : 4-methylthiobutylisothiocyanate and 5-methylthio-

pentanonitrile (leaves).
Uses in Literature : Acrid, adulterant, antiscorbutic, aphrodisiac, diuretic,

stimulant, stomachic, vesicant; used as green fodder; as
vegetable and in salads and pickles (Ambasta, 1986;
Asolkar et al., 1992; Kala, 2003; Kirtikar & Basu,
1984; Parrota, 2001; Sood & Thakur, 2004; Watt,
1972).
Eucalyptus globulus Labill.

Syn.: E. gigantea Dehnh.; E. glauca A.Cunn. ex DC.; E. globulosus St.-Lag.;
E. perfoliata Desf.
Family: Myrtaceae.
Vern. Name: Safeda.

Eng. : Blue gum, Eucalypt, Yukali;

Hindi : Eucalyptus;
Sans. : Haritparna, Tailaparna;
Mal. : Eucali, Karpura maram;
Tam. : Karupuramaram.
Distribution : Widely cultivated in Sri Lanka and India.
Nativity : Native to Australia.
Description : Trees, large; young leaves opposite, sessile; leaf blade

ovate, glaucescent, base cordate, mature leaves with a
slightly flattened petiole; leaf blade lanceolate, falcate,
leathery; inflorescences axillary, simple, umbels;
peduncles flattened or terete; hypanthium obconic, rugose
protuberances, glaucescent; calyptra slightly flattened;
stamens in several whorls; filaments slender; anthers
elliptic; capsule semiglobose, 4-ridged; disk broad;
valves 3-5, equaling hypanthium rim or exserted.
Habitat Ecology : Grown as avenue tree as well as raised in plantation; Siu,

710m.
Part/s used : Leaf. Wood.
Folk uses : Decoction of leaves is given to cure cough and cold.

Leaves are put in grains as insect repellent. Leaves are
burnt as its smoke act as mosquito repellent. Wood used
for furniture such as making bed, ply, doors, windows,
agricultural implements.
Chemical Constituents : Lecicalyptin, eucalyptin, 8-desmethyleucalyptin,

sideroxylin, 8-desmethlsideroxylin, quercitin, quercitol
and its 3-deglucoside, chrysin, rutin hyperoside,
phloroglucin derivatives, n-tritriacontan-16-18-dione, 4-
hydroxytritriaconate-16-18-dione, 16-hydroxy-18-18-
tritriacontanone, 11, 12-dehydroursolic lactone acetate,
caffeic, ferulic, gallic, gentisic, protocatechuic, maslinic
and oleonilic acid, α-pinene, p-cymene, β-myrcene,
terpinen-4-ol, γ- terpinene, 1,8-cineol (leaves).
Uses in Literature : Antihelmintic, antiseptic, antispasmodic, diaphoretic,

expectorant, febrifuge, hyperemic, purgative, secrolytic;
useful in agricultural implements and ship building,
bronchitis, excessive secretion of saliva, fever, lumbago,
mosquito and vermin repellent, rheumatic disorders,
sciatica, excessive secretion of saliva, whooping cough in
rachitic children; as fuel; for column (Ambasta, 1986;
Asolkar et al., 1992; Baburaj et al., 2003; Banerjee,
2003; Bharti & Oli R., 2006; Bhatt et al., 2003;
Chatterjee & Pakrashi, 1997; Farooq, 2005; Kayal et
al., 2003; Khanna, 2002; Kirtikar & Basu, 1984;
Kumar et al., 2003a,b; Kurian, 1995; Mitaliya et al.,
2003; Parrota, 2001; Ranjan et al., 2003; Watt, 1972).
Euphorbia hirta L.
Syn.: Chamaesyce gemella (Lag.) Small; C. hirta (L.) Millsp.; C. karwinskyi (Boiss.)
Millsp.; Desmonema hirta (L.) Raf.; Euphorbia bancana Miq.;
E. capitata Lam., E. gemella Lag.
Family: Euphorbiaceae.
Vern. Name: Dudhli.
Eng. : Asthma weed, Common spurge, Cats hair;

Hindi : Bara Dudhi;
Sans. : Dugdhika, Ksira, Nagarjun, Nagari;
Ass. : Gakhiroti bon;
Beng. : Barokarni;
Guj. : Dudeli;
Kann. : Achchedida;
Mal. : Nelapalai;
Mar. : Dudhi;
Tam. : Ammam Paccharisi;
Tel. : Nanabalu.
Distribution : Very common along the roadsides and wastelands, upto

1400m. Pantropical.
Nativity : Native to Tropical region of America.
Description : Slender, erect, pubescent herbs; leaves decussate, broadly

oblong to elliptic-lanceolate, base obliquely truncate,
margin serrulate, apex acute, hispid on both sides; cyathia
aggregated in single or paired axillary clusters; involucre
minute; glands 5, red; male flowers ebracteolate; female
florets laterally pendulous; capsule pubescent; seeds
minute, red, minutely furrowed.
Flowering & Fruiting : November-April.
Habitat Ecology : Grows in Human Altered environments as roadsides,

fields and yard; Chadna, 1,296m.
Part/s used : Leaf. Root. Stem. Aerial Parts.
Folk uses : Leaf paste is applied for skin diseases. Latex is applied
on cuts and wounds. Leaf juice poured into ears to cure
earache. Leaf paste is applied on insect bite. Root paste
applied for snakebite. Mucilage from stem used as soap.
Aerial parts used as fodder to increase fat content in
milk (vet.).
Chemical Constituents : Hentriacontane, myricyl alcohol, β-sitosterol, β-amyrin

and friedelin and taraxerol (leaves), Afzelin, quercitrin
and myricitrin, rutin, quercitin, euphorbin-A, euphorbin-
B, euphorbin-C, euphorbin-D, 2,4,6-tri-O-galloyl-β-d-
glucose, 1,3,4,6-tetra-O-galloyl-β-d-glucose, kaempferol,
gallic acid, and protocatechuic acid, β-amyrin, 24-
methylenecycloartenol, β-sitosterol, heptacosane, n-
nonacosane, shikmic acid, tinyatoxin, choline, camphol,
and quercitol derivatives containing rhamnose and
chtolphenolic acid (whole plant).
Uses in Literature : Antiasthmatic, anticancerous, bechic, febrifuge,

galactogogue, haemostatic, narcotic, sedative, sporofic,
vermifuge; useful in affections of childhood, aphthae,
asthma, bowel complaints, bronchial affections, bowel
complaints, colitis, cough, cut and wounds, dysentery,
redding of eyes in children, gonorrhea, leucorrhoea,
oedemas, phlegmon, pimples, scorpion sting, sores,
ulcers, warts, expel intestinal worms, intestinal wounds;
to nursing mother; as vegetable (Ambasta, 1986;
Asolkar et al., 1992; Barua et al., 2003; Bhatt et al.,
2003; Chatterjee & Pakrashi, 1997; Devi, 2003;
Dwivedi, 2003; Farooq, 2005; Ganeshan & Kesavan,
2003; Girach et al., 2003; Gogoi & Das, 2003; Jaish
Beg et al., 2006; Jha & Kumar, 2003; Khan et al.,
2003; Kirtikar & Basu, 1984; Kshirsagar & Singh,
2003; Kumar & Nagiyan, 2006; Kurian, 1995;
Mitaliya, 2002; Muthy et al., 2003; Nair &
Jayakumar, 2003; Nath & Maiti, 2003; Nautiyal et al.,
2003; Nayak et al., 2003; Parrota, 2001; Prasad et al.,
2002; Punjani, 2003; Ranjan, 2003; Ranjan et al.,
2003; Rao et al., 2003; Ravikumar & Sankar, 2003;
Retnam & Martin, 2006; Rosakutty et al., 2003; Sah
et al., 2003; Shekhawat et al., 2006; Singh, 2002;
Singh, 2003a,b; Singh & Srivastava, 2003; Siwakoti &
Siwakoti, 2003; Srivastava et al., 2003; Sur & Halder,
2002; Thomas & Britto, 2003; Tigga et al., 2003; Watt,
1972).
Dodonaea viscosa Boiss.
Syn.: E. pentagona Royle.
Vern. Name: Shrun.
Eng. : Danda Thor, Churee, Royle's Spurge;

Hindi : Chhun, Dandathor, Senhur, Shakarpitan;
Sans. : Nanda, Nisrinsapatra, Saptala.
P. : Danda Thor.
Distribution : Himalayas, from Pakistan to E. Nepal, up to 1800 m

elevation.
Nativity : Native to Pakistan.
Description : Small trees or shrubs, glabrous except for cyathia; stems

green, many branching from upper parts; leaves alternate,
apically clustered; stipules prickle like; petiole absent;
leaf blade oblanceolate to spoon- shaped, slightly
succulent, base attenuate, margin entire, apex obtuse or
subtruncate; veins inconspicuous; cyathia in subterminal
cymes; cyathophylls as long as involucre, membranous;
transversely elliptic, dark yellow; capsule smooth and
glabrous; seeds brown, adaxially striate; caruncle absent.
Flowering & Fruiting : March-May.
Habitat Ecology : Subtropical areas, rocky areas; Sainj, 1,647m.
Parts used : Aerial part. Whole Plant. Root. Shoot. Leaf.
Folk uses : Aerial part mixed wilth taramira (Eruca sativa Mill.)
given to cattle for cough. The plant is considered sacred.
Crushed root applied on snake bite. Tender shoot made
into vegetable. Rayta prepared from young leaves.
Chemical Constituents : Triterpenoids, taraxerol, epitaraxerol, euphol, ellagic
acid, euphol, taraxerol, sitosterol, m-hydroxy benjoic
acids, 7-hydroxyl-3, 4-benzcoumarin, 2', 7-dihydroxy-3,
4-benzcoumarin, α-amyrin, octa-cosasanol, hexacosanol,
tetracosanol, β-sitosterol, stigmasterol and campestrol
(latex), (6S,9R)-roseoside, 13- carboxyblumenol C 9-O-
β-glucoside, 3,3'-dimethylellagic acid-4-O-β-D-
glucopyranoside, cycloart-23-ene-3β,25-diol, 23(E)-25-
methoxycycloart-23-en-3β-ol, α-amyrin, triptohypol F,
9(11),12-dieneoleana-3β-ol, friedelane-3β,29-diol, D:A-
friedoolean-29- ol-3-one, dischidiol, lupeol (whole plant).
Uses in Literature : Acrid, anthelmintic, antiviral, cathartic, spasmogenic

(Ambasta, 1986; Asolkar et al., 1992; Guha Bakshi et
al., 2001; Kirtikar & Basu, 1984; Sood & Thakur,
2004, Watt, 1972).
Fagopyrum esculentum Moench.

Syn.: P. fagopyrum L.; P. emarginatum Roth.
Family: Polygonaceae.
Vern. Name: Fafra.
Eng. : Buckwheat, common buckwheat, Japanese

buckwheat;
Hindi : DhemsiSak, Kotu, Kuktu, Phaphra;
Ass. : Doron, Garo, Phapar;
Mal. : Kaadugodhi;
Oriya : Kutu;
P. : Daran, Obul, Phaphar.
Distribution : Northern hemisphere, from Eastern Europe through Japan

and in the Americas.
Description : Herbs annual; stems green or red when mature, erect,

branched above, glabrous or papillate on one side;
inflorescence axillary or terminal, racemose or
corymbose; bracts green, ovate, margin membranous;
pedicels longer than bracts, not articulate. perianth pink
or white; tepals elliptic; anthers pinkish; styles
heterostylous; achenes exceeding persistent perianth, dark
brown, opaque, ovoid, sharply trigonous, surfaces flat.
Flowering & Fruiting : June- August.
Habitat Ecology : Wet places; Although it is cultivated but in most cases

runs in to wild; Tikkari Dasakna, 1,753m.
Part/s used : Aerial parts. Leaf. Shoots.
Folk uses : Aerial parts are cooked as vegetable. Leaves & young
shoots boiled & eaten as spinach. Also used as fodder.
Fried leaves along with aloe vera gel is given to cure
fever.
Chemical Constituents : Flavonoids, phenolics, fagopyritols, triterpenoids,

steroids and fatty acids, phenolic compounds (whole
plant).
Uses in Literature : Edible, emollient, resolvent; useful in abdominal

obstructions, colic, diarrhea, fever, fluxes of all kinds,
headache, lung diseases, rheumatism, stomach ailments,
typhoid, urinary complaints (Ambasta, 1986; Asolkar et
al., 1992; Bhattacharyya, 2003; Chaudhury & Neogi,
2003; Farooq, 2005; Guha Bakshi et al., 2001; Kala,
2003; Kirtikar & Basu, 1984; Nautiyal et al., 2003;
Rajendran, 2003; Sharma & Sood, 1997; Watt, 1972).
Ficus bengalensis L.
Syn.: F. indica L.; Urostigma bengalensis Gasp.
Family: Moraceae.
Vern. Name: Barota.
Eng. : Banyan tree;

Hindi : Bar, Bargad, Bargat, Bat, Ber, Bor;
Sans. : Avaroha, Bahupada, Chira, Dhruva, Jatala,
Nyagrodhah, Vatah;
Ass. : Bot;
Beng. : Bar, Bot, But;
Guj. : Vad, Vadlo, Vor;
Kann. : Ala, Alamaram, Vata;
Mal. : Ala, Nyagrodham, Peral, Peralin, Peralu, Vatam;
Mar. : Vada, Wad, War;
Oriya : Boro, Boto;
P. : Bargad, Bera, Bohar, Bohir, Bor;
Tam. : Al, Ala,Alam, Eguvasam, Ka, Kadavam,
Kagavasugam, Kan, Kavasugam, Koli, Vekkurodam,
Pali, Palu, Peral, Pudavam, Pudavirujam, Ton,
Vadam, Vadavirukkam;
Tel. : Bhandiramu, Mari, Marichettu, Matti, Peddamatti,
Peddimari, Rohi, Vati, Vati, Vitapi, Vrikshadanamu.
Distribution : Sub-Himalayan tract and W. Peninsula; Widely grown as

avenue tree.
Nativity : Native to Tropical Asia.
Description : A large, evergreen to deciduous; trunk massive, fluted,

bark grey, smooth, young softly white puberulous; leaf
lamina coriaceous, ovate or orb ovate to elliptic;
hypanthodia sessile, in axillary pairs on young depressed-
globose, green, hairy; male flowers numerous ostiolar,
shortly pedicellate; stamen solitary, with shortly
mucronate anther; female flowers sessile, mixed with gall
flowers ovary with an elongated style; gall flowers
numerous, pedicellate; sepal as in female ovary with a
short style; figs globose to depressed-globose, pinkish-
red, hairy.
Habitat Ecology : Evergreen to deciduous forests; and cultivated around

villages; Lagnu, 1,028m.
Folk uses : The plant is considered sacred. Fallen branches are used
as samdha in Hawan. Garland of leaves are hung on the
top of the main door during house warming ceremony.
Pattal is made from its leaves. This plant is not planted
by single person and is planted by group of 4-5 persons.
Fruits are edible.
Chemical Constituents : 20-tetratriacontene-2-one, 6-heptatriacontene-10-one,

pentatriacontan-5-one, beta-sitosterol-alpha-D-glucose
and meso-inositol (bark), carbohydrates, flavonoids,
amino acids/ proteins, steroids, saponins, tannins (roots),
rutin, friedelin, taraxosterol, lupeol, β-amyrin along
with psoralen, bergapten, β-sisterol and quercetin-3-
galactoside (leaves).
Uses in Literature : Acrid, aphrodisiac, astringent, edible, sweetish, tonic;

useful in abortion, kapha, biliousness, bruises, diabetes,
diarrhea, dysentery, erysipelas, fever, gonorrhea,
inflammations, kapha, leprosy, lumbago, piles,
rheumatism, sextual potential, snake bite, sores, syphilis,
toothache, ulcers, obstinate vomiting, vaginal complaints,
worship; as fodder & making food plates (Ahmed &
Bharte & Oli R., 2006; Bhatt et al., 2003;
Chakrabarty & Balakrishnan, 2003; Chatterjee &
Pakrashi, 1997; Farooq, 2005; Ghosh & Das, 2003;
Guha Bakshi et al., 2001; Hebbar et al., 2003; Jaish
Beg et al., 2006; Katewa et al., 2003; Khanna, 2002;
Kumar 2003; Mitaliya, 2002; Mitaliya & Bhatt, 2003;
Nayak et al., 2003; Parrota, 2001; Ranjan, 2003a,b;
Rajendran et al., 2003; Rana et al., 2003; Retnam &
Martin, 2006; Rosakutty et al., 2003; Sah et al., 2003;
Saikia & Nath, 2003; Samvatsar & Diwanji, 2003;
Saren et al., 2003; Singh, 2003, 2006; Shekhawat et al.,
2006; Singh et al., 2003; Sivakumar et al., 2003;
Siwakoti & Siwakoti, 2003; Srivastava et al., 2003;
Subramaniam, 2003, Thomas & Britto, 2003; Tigga et
al., 2003; Watt, 1972).
Ficus palmata Forssk.
Syn.: Ficus caricoides Roxb.; F. morifolia auct.; F. pseudosycomorus Decne.

Family:Moraceae.
Vern. Name: Kambil.
Eng. : Punjab fig;

Hindi : Anjiri, Bedu;
Guj. : Pipri;
Kann. : Anjura;
P. : Phagwara;
Tel. : Manjimedi.
Distribution : Common wild fig occurring in N.W. Hills up to 2500

m; Nepal, N. & N.W. India.
Nativity : Native to Northeastern Africa.
Description : Large deciduous shrub; leaves with softly tomentose

petiole; hypanthodia solitary or sometimes paired,
axillary, tomentose peduncles, subglobose to pear-
shaped; male flowers numerous in the upper half,
pedicellate; sepals free, lanceolate, hairy; female flowers:
basal, numerous; ovary ovoid with subterminal, long
hairy style; figs constricted or gradually narrowed at
base, yellow or purple, hairy.
Habitat Ecology : On hot dry slopes in clay-loam soils; Kakog, 1,071m.
Part/s used : Fruit. Leaf. Wood.
Folk uses : Fruit edible to cure indigestion, vomiting, dysentery.

Unripe fruit cooked as vegetable. Leaves used as fodder,
wood as fuel.
Chemical Constituents : Chromone, isoflavones, terpenes, lignans, coumarins,

glycosides, and furanocoumarins, sterols (whole plant),
vanillic acid, germanicol acetate, psoralene, bergapten,
psoralenoside, and flavone glycoside rutin (aerial parts).
Uses in Literature : demulcent, laxative. Useful in healing obstructions of

urine flow & exudation of pus, constipation, indigestion,
dysentery, diseases of lungs & bladder. Used as polutices.
Fruit eaten raw. Leaves fodder. Wood used for building
purposes (Ambasta, 1986; Asolkar et al., 1992; Farooq,
2005; Guha Bakshi et al., 2001; Kirtikar & Basu,
1984; Muthy et al., 2003; Sood & Thakur, 2004; Watt,
1972)
Ficus religiosa L.
Syn.: F.caudata Stokes; F. peepul Griff; Urostigma religiosum (L.) Gasp.

Family: Moraceae.
Vern. Name: Peepal.

Eng. : Peepul Tree, Pipal Tree, Sacred Fig Tree;

Hindi : Pipal, Pipli;
Sans. : Achyutavas, Ashvatha, Bodhidru, Bodhidruma,
Chaityadru, Chaladala, Chalapatra, Devatma,
Gajabhakshaka, Gajapatra, Gajashana, Guru,
Kapitana, Keshavalaya, Krishnavasa, Mahadruma,
Mangalya, Nagabandhu, Pavitraka, Pippala, Sevya,
Shreevraksha, Shri, Shrimana, Shubhada,
Shuchidruma, Shymala, Vipra, Vishala, Vriksharaja,
Yajnika;
Ass. : Ahot, Pippol;
Beng. : Ashathwa, Asud, Asvattha, Aswat;
Guj. : Jari, Pipro, Pipul;
Kann. : Ashvathamara;
Mal. : Arachu, Arayal, Ashvatham, Chaladam, Devataru,
Mangalyam, Rohi;
Mar. : Ashvatha, Pimpala;
Oriya : Osto, Oshwottho, Pippolo, Usto;
P. : Bhor, Pipal;
Tam. : Achuvattam, Arashamaram, Arasu, Arayal,
Asuvattam, Attiru, Attugamani, Ilanai, Kanavam,
Kunjarasanam, Magadurumam, Mara, Narayanam,
Padaganam, Panai, Pittalam, Saladalam, Saranam,
Suvalai, Tanavam, Tiru;
Tel. : Ashvaddamu, Ashvatthamu, Bodhi, Bogaha,
Chaladamu, Pippali, Ravi, Ravichettu, Rohi.
Distribution : Sub-Himalayan forests, Bengal, Central India; planted

elsewhere.
Description : Trees, epiphytic when young, crown wide when mature.

leaf blade triangular-ovate; figs axillary on leafy
branchlets, paired or solitary, red when mature, globose
to depressed globose, smooth; male, gall, and female
flowers within same fig. Male flowers: few, near apical
pore, sessile; gall flowers: pedicellate; ovary globose,
smooth; style short; stigma enlarged, female flowers:
sessile; ovary globose, smooth; style thin; stigma narrow.

Habitat Ecology : Semi-evergreen and deciduous forests, also in the plains;
Rajana, 1,229m.
Part/s used : Whole Plant. Branch. Leaf.
Folk uses : The plant is considered sacred. Fallen branches are used
as samdha in hawan. Garland of leaves along with that of
banyan (Ficus benghalensis L.) is hung in the main door.
Leaves are used in worship. Fruit are edible and used to
cure indigestion.
Chemical Constituents : Tannins, β-sitosterol and D- glucoside (bark), flavonoids,

alkaloids, tannins, saponins, phenols (whole plant).
Uses in Literature : Estrogenic, acrid, alexipharmic, aphrodisiac, bitter,

cooling, laxative, purgative, sweetish. Useful in diseases
of blood & heart, gout vagina, uterus. Used for anti
fertility. Given in asthma, leucorrhoea, burning
sensation, biliousness, bone fracture, foul taste,
gonorrhea, inflammations, leucorrhoea, paralysis, sextual
debility, spermatorrhoea, stomatitis, thirst, toothache,
ulcers, urinary discharges. Help digestion, promote
granulation, stop vomiting. Voice improver. Sacred tree
planted near Buddhist temples. Meditationis done under
the tree in order to increase memory power &
concentration. Fruits & tender buds eaten at times of
scarcity. Wood used for making beads for rosaries.
(Ambasta, 1986; Asolkar et al., 1992; Bhatt, 2002;
Bhatt et al., 2003a,b; Bhattacharyya, 2003; Chatterjee
& Pakrashi, 1997; Dwivedi, 2003; Farooq, 2005;
Gopal & Sinha, 2003; Guha Bakshi et al., 2001; Jaish
Beg et al., 2006; Katewa et al. 2003, Khanna, 2002;
Kumar, 2003a,b; Kumar & Rao, 2003; Kumar et al.,
2003; Mitaliya & Bhatt, 2003; Muthy et al., 2003; Nair
& Jayakumar, 2003; Nath et al., 2006; Nayak et al.,
2003; Parrota, 2001; Rana et al., 2003; Ranjan, 2003;
Rao et al., 2003; Retnam & Martin, 2006; Rosakutty
et al., 2003; Sah et al., 2003; Saikia & Nath, 2003;
Shekhawat et al., 2006; Shrivastava et al., 2003; Singh,
2003; Singh et al., 2003; Sivakumar et al., 2003; Tigga
et al., 2003; Watt, 1972)
Flacourtia indica (Burm.f.) Merr.

Syn.: F. parvifolia Merr.; F. sapida Roxb.
Family: Flacourtiaceae.
Vern. Name: Kangu.
Eng. : Ceylon Plum, Lovi-lovi, Madagascar Plum, Tomi-

Tomi;
Hindi : Bhanber, Bilangra, Bowehi, Bunj, Handi, Kakein,
andai, Kanju, Katar, Kukar, Kundayi;
Sans. : Swadukantaka;
Beng. : Binja, Katai, Tambat;
Guj. : Kankod;
Mal. : Karimulli;
Mar. : Bhekal, Kaker, Paker, Tambat;
Oriya : Boniso, Pontnaboniso;
P. : Kakoa, Kandei, Kangu, Kukai, Kukoa;
Tam. : Maulkkarai, Sottaikala;
Tel. : Bontakandregu, Kanaregu, Kandregu, Nakkanaregu,
Nakkaneredu, Nelli, Peddakanaregu, Putikatada.
Distribution : Sub-Himalayan tract & Outer Himalayas from Indus

eastwords & in the adjacent plains, Upper Gangetic Plain,
common in Peninsula, W. Ghats, forests of N. Circars &
Deccan upto 1,000m.
Nativity : Native to Africa and tropical and temperate parts of

Asia.
Description : Shrubs or small trees; leaf blade greenish abaxially, deep
green adaxially, rose red when young; inflorescences
axillary or terminating short lateral twigs, racemose,
short; staminate flowers: pubescent or less often
glabrous; pistillate flowers: ovary globose, fruit dull to
blackish red, globose, styles persistent.
Flowering & Fruiting : January-June.
Habitat Ecology : Deciduous forests, low lying shady places. Lagnu,

1,028m.
Folk uses : Fruits are edible and helpful to cure constipation and
relished by local people. Leaves used as fodder for goat.
Chemical Constituents : Tannin, flocourtin and a phenolic glucoside ester (bark),

anthocyanin, alkaloids, β-carotene, flavonoids, tannins,
saponins, amino acids and phenolic compounds (fruits),
flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins (unripe fruit), proline,
hydroxyproline, methionine, alanine, glycine, and valine
(ripe fruit), carbohydrate, steroids, tannins, saponins and
phenolic acid and flavonoids like quercetin, luteolin and
rutin. It also constitutes coumarins, xanthones, quinones,
phenazins, lignans, flavanolignans, isocoumarins (leaves,
stem).
Uses in Literature : Appetizer, astringent, digestive, diuretic, tonic. Useful in

cholera, hepatitis, jaundice, nephritic colic, rheumatic
pains, splenomegaly. Fruit eaten raw. (Alagesboopathi
et al., 2003; Asolkar et al., 1992; Bhatt et al., 2003;
Chatterjee & Pakrashi, 1997; Dash & Mishra, 2003;
Farooq, 2005; Guha Bakshi et al., 2001; Jain et al.,
2003; Katewa et al., 2003; Kirtikar & Basu, 1984;
Muthy et al., 2003; Nayak et al., 2003; Parrota, 2001;
Samvastsar & Diwanji, 2003; Singh et al., 2003; Sood
& Thakur, 2004; Sudhakar & Vedavathy, 2003; Sur
& Halder, 2002)
Fumaria indica (Hausskn.) Pugsley
Syn.: F. parviflora var. indica (Hausskn.) Parsa; F. vaillantii var. indica Hausskn.
Family: Papaveraceae.
Vern. Name: Khairu.
Eng. : Indian poppy;

Hindi : Papara, Pit papra;
Sans. : Parpata, Parpatakah;
Ass. : Bon-sola, Bon-Sopla;
Mal. : Parpatakam;
Tel. : Chatarashi.
Distribution : India, Pakistan, Afghanistan & C. Asia; introduced

elsewhere.
Nativity : Native to Eurasia.
Description : Small, delicate, much branched, leafy, diffuse herb;

leaves long-stalked to subsessile; racemes shortly
peduncled to subsessile, leaf-opposed; flowers usually
white or pale pinkish; sepals minute; fruit suborbicular,
with usually rounded apex when mature; seed brownish.
Habitat Ecology : Weed in cultivated places and bunds; Thana Khegua,

886m.
Part/s used : Aerial part.
Folk uses : Helpful to cure pitta disorders.

Chemical Constituents : Narceimine, (-)-tetrahydrocoptisine, narlumidine, methyl
fumarate, protopine, bicuculine, and fumariline (whole
plant), papracine, paprazine, sitosterol, stigmasterol,
campesterol (aerial parts), protopine, octacosanol,
narceimine, narlumidine, adlumidine (roots),
narlumicine, protopine, narlumidine, nona cosanol
(leaves and stem), fumariline, tetrahydrocoptisine,
bicuculine, oxysanguinarine (seeds).
Uses in Literature : Analgesic, aperient, blood purifier, diaphoretic, diuretic,

laxative; useful in diarrhea, dyspepsia, fever, pyrexia,
scrofulous skin affections (Ambasta, 1986; Asolkar et
al., 1992; Chatterjee & Pakrashi, 1997; Dwivedi,
2000; Dwivedi, 2003; Farooq, 2005; Guha Bakshi et
al., 2001; Kirtikar & Basu, 1984; Shukla et al., 2003;
Sood & Thakur, 2004; Srivastava et al. 2003; Watt,
1972).
Galium elegans Wall. Ex Roxb.

Syn.: G. hamiltonii Spreng.; G. elegans var. angustifolia Cufod.; G. petiolatum
Geddes; G. pseudoellipticum Lingelsh & Borza; G. punduanum Wall. ex Craib;
G. requienianum Wight & Arn.; G. vestitum D. Don
Family: Rubiaceae.
Vern. Name: Ghaas.
English Name:
Eng. : Elegant Goose Grass.
Distribution : The Himalayas, at altitudes of 200-3500 m.
Nativity : Native to Himalayas.
Description : Herbs, perennial, climbing or procumbent to usually

erect; leaves in whorls of 4, subsessile; inflorescences
thyrsoid to paniculiform; peduncles glabrescent to
sparsely scaberulous, hirtellous, puberulent, or
villosulous; flowers dioecious, polygamo-dioecious;
ovary obovoid; corolla white or pale yellow, glabrous;.
mericarps ellipsoid with sparse to dense and spreading
uncinate trichomes
Habitat Ecology : Forests, thickets, meadows on mountain slopes,

streamsides, open fields, on rocks; Kharotiyo, 2,361m.
Part/s used : Leaf. Aerial Parts.
Folk uses : Leaf paste applied for skin diseases. Aerial parts used as
fodder.
Chemical Constituents : Polyphenolics such as phenols and flavonoids (whole

plant).
Uses in Literature : Antiscorbutic, aperient, diuretic; useful in epilepsy,

hysteria and skin diseases (Asolkar et al., 1992; Guha
Bakshi et al., 2001).
Geranium nepalense Sweet.
Syn.: G. affine Wight & Arn.; G oliganthum C.C. Huang; G. pallidum Royle in Hook.
f.
Family: Geraniaceae.
Vern. Name: Phori.
Eng. : Nepal Geranium, Nepalese crane’s bill;

Hindi : Bhanda, Phori, Ratanjot, Syunli;
Sans. : Bhanda;
P. : Bhand.
Distribution : Afghanistan, temperate Himalaya, China, Japan and Sri

Lanka.
Nativity : Native to E. Afghanistan to Korea and Indo-China, N.
Sumatera.
Description : Procumbent diffuse, pubescent to hairy annual; leaves

palmatifid or partite, upper usually ternate; sepals ovate-
lanceolate, pubescent or patently hairy; petals slightly
longer than the sepals, obovate, slightly retuse or entire,
pale pink, sparsely ciliate. Filaments base dilated and
ciliate. Beak 10-15 mm long, pubes-cent; mericarps
pubescent and patent hairy. Seed elliptic-oblong,
brownish black, minutely reticulate.
Flowering & Fruiting : April-September.
Habitat Ecology : Semi-shaded scrubby slopes and in forests, 1500 - 2300

metres in the Himalayas; Dhamas, 1,567m.
Part/s used : Aerial Parts. Root.
Folk uses : Aerial parts are used as good fodder. Root juice used to
remove kidney stone.
Chemical Constituents : Isgeraniin, corilagin (aerial parts).
Uses in Literature : Astringent; useful in colouring agent, renal diseases,

tanning (Ambasta, 1986; Asolkar et al., 1992;
Chatterjee & Pakrashi, 1997; Guha Bakshi et al.,
2001; Kirtikar & Basu, 1984; Sood & Thakur, 2004;
Watt, 1972).
Grewia oppositifolia Buch.-Ham. ex Roxb.
Syn.: Grewia optiva Drummond ex Burret

Family: Tiliaceae.
Vern. Name: Beul.

Eng. : Bihul;
Hindi : Beul, Bhimal, Dhaman, bihul;
Sans. : Dhanvanah;
Kann. : Thidsal;
P. : Bahul, Biul, Behal;
Tam. : Panipidungikai;
Tel. : Panipedunkikay.
Distribution : Himalayan regions in Pakistan, Nepal, India, usually

between 500 and 2500 m.
Nativity : Native to the Indian Subcontinent.
Description : A small tree; leaf lamina stellate-tomentose on both

sides, rough, ovate to broadly ovate; flowers yellowish-
red, clavate, densely hairy to glabrescent; bracts subulate;
sepals linear-oblong; petals elliptic-oblong, basal gland
densely ciliate; stamens variable in length, anthers
versatile; ovary ovoid, hairy, style filiform, drupe usually
2-4-lobed, lobes globose, fleshy, purple, stellate hairy to
glabrous.
Habitat Ecology : Dry deciduous forests; Bhawai, 1,569m.
Part/s used : Branch. Wood. Leaf.
Folk uses : Branches are kept in water after which bark is removed
from these branches, and left with white coloured
branches which are used in hawan; Fiber is obtained
from stem called shail used in making ropes. Wood is
used in funeral. Wood is used to prepare agricultural
implements especially base of plough, also as fuel.
Leaves lopped for fodder as galactagogue (vet.).
Chemical Constituents : Tannins, terpenoids, flavonoids, steroids, saponins, non-

flavonoid polyphenols (aerial parts).
Uses in Literature : Used for bows, clothing and cordage, cot frames, fodder,
oar shafts, paper, shoulder poles, paddles, tool & axe-
handles and for other purposes where strength &
elasticity are required (Ambasta, 1986; Sood & Thakur,
2004; Watt, 1972).
Hedychium spicatum Sm.

Syn.: Gandasulium sieboldii (Wall.) Kuntze; Hedychium acuminatum Roscoe;
H. album Buch.-Ham. ex Wall.; H. sieboldii Wall.
Vern. Name: Sheeda.
Eng. : Spiked Ginger Lily;

Hindi : Sandharlika, Kapurkachri;
Sans. : Gandhamuli, Gandhari, Gandhapalashi,
Gandhavadhu, Palashi, Prthupalashi, Shadrantha,
Shati, Suvratha.
Ass. : Katuri, Sati;
Beng. : Shati, Kachri;
Guj. : Kapurkachli, Kapurkachri;
Kann. : GoulKachora, Kachora, Seenakachora;
Mal. : Katcholam, Katchooram;
Mar. : Gablakachari, Kapurakachari;
Oriya : Gandhasunthi;
P. : Kachoor, Kachur;
Tam. : Poolankizangu, Kizongu;
Tel. : Gandha, Kachuralu.
Distribution : Distributed in the subtropical and temperate Himalayas.
Nativity : Nativeto China,

the Himalayas, Myanmar, Thailand and Ethiopia.
Description : Pseudostems; leaves sessile or shortly petiolate; leaf

blade oblong or oblong-lanceolate, glabrous or abaxially
sparsely villous along midvein, base acute, apex
acuminate; flowers fragrant; capsule subglobose.
Habitat Ecology : Forest clearings and shrubberies at elevations from 1,800

- 2,800 metres from Himachal Pradesh to Arunachal
Pradesh; Kashlog, 1,450m.
Part used : Rhizome.
Folk use : Rhizome extract useful in cancer. The plant is considered

sacred and used in haldi ceremony of marriage. Rhizome
mixed in water are given to cattle. During summers this
preparation is given empty stomach once daily for one
week. Rhizome is crushed and given to pregnant cattle.
Crushed rhizome is given for foul smell in milk (vet.).
Chemical Constituents : Sitosterol and its glucosides, furanoid diterpene-

hedychenone and 7-hydroxyhedychenone, and essential
oils like cineole, terpinene, limonene, phellandrene, p-
cymene, linalool and terpeneol (rhizome).
Uses in Literature : Acrid, astringent, blood purifier, bitter, carminative,

emmenagogue, expectorant, heating, pungent, stimulant,
stomachic, tonic; good in abdominal ulcers, asthma,
boils, bronchitis, diarrhea, eye diseases, inflammations
and pains, internal injury, liver complaints, snake bite;
woven into mats (Ambasta, 1986; Arya & Prakash,
2003; Asolkar et al., 1992; Farooq, 2005; Guha Bakshi
et al., 2001; Jain, 2003; Kemp, 2003; Kirtikar & Basu,
1984; Pandey & Tiwari, 2003 Sharma et al., 2003;
Singh, Sood & Thakur, 2004; 2003; Watt, 1972).
Impatiens balsamina L.
Syn.: Balsamina angustifolia Bl., B. mollis G. Don, Impatiens arcuata Benth., I.
rosea Lindl.
Family: Balsaminaceae.
Vern. Name: Binchi.
Eng. : Garden Balsam;

Hindi : Gulmendi;
Sans. : Tairini;
Ass. : Dopati;
Beng. : Dopati;
Guj. : Gulmendi;
Kann. : Karnamamdala;
Mal. : Thottachinungi;
Mar. : Terada;
Oriya : Haragaura;
P. : Bantil, Juk, Halu, Trual;
Tam. : Kacittumpai;
Tel. : Gulivinda.
Distribution : Cultivated as an ornamental in tropical and sub-tropical

regions of India.
Nativity : Native to India and Myanmar.
Description : Erect annual herbs; stems simple or branched; leaves

alternate, lanceolate-elliptic, base narrowed, margins
serrate, apex acute to acuminate; petioles glandular;
flowers solitary or 2-3 in axillary fascicles, rose or white;
lateral sepals ovate; lip cymbiform, petaloid; spur
incurved; standard petal, ovate; wings obovate, deeply
notched; auricles ovate-rounded; capsules ellipsoid,
tomentose; seeds globose, tubercled.
Flowering & Fruiting : March-October.
Habitat Ecology : Waste places in and around villages; Kolva; 1,398m.

Part/s used : Whole Plant. Leaf. Flower.
Folk uses : Plant is ornamental. Leaf paste applied for cut injuries.
Leaves are used in washing hair. Frowers are used in
worship. Leaf and flower paste is applied on fungal
infection.
Chemical Constituents : Triterpenoid saponins, quinones, coumarin, flavonoids,

and phenolic compounds, monoglucosides of kaempferol,
quercetin and pelargonidin, salicylic acid, sinnapic acid,
cafeic acid, scopletin, 2-hydroxy, 1,4-naphthoquinone
and 2-methoxy 1,4-naphthoquinone (stem), biscoumarin,
4, 40-biisofraxidin (roots).
Uses in Literature : Cathartic, cooling, demulcent, diuretic, edible, emetic,

illuminant, laxative, tonic; beneficial in burns and scalds,
cooking oil, delivery in delayed child birth, fodder,
lumbago, intercostal joint pains, neuralgia, skin
infections; as a substitute for henna (Ahmed &
Chatterjee & Pakrashi, 1997; Deshmukh & Rathe,
2003, Farooq, 2005; Kirtikar & Basu, 1984; Kumar &
Lal, 2003; Kumar et al., 2003; Parrota, 2001; Ranjan,
2003; Singh & Singh, 2003; Sood & Thakur, 2004;
Girach et al., 2003; Watt, 1972).
Indigofera tinctoria L.
Syn.: Anila tinctoria (L.) Kuntze; Indigofera bergii Vatke; I. cinerascens DC.;
I. houer Forssk.; I. indica Lam.; I. oligophylla Baker; I. sumatrana Gaertn.;
I. tinctoria Blanco; I. tulearensis Drake
Family: Fabaceae.
Vern. Name: Kathi.

Eng. : True Indigo;
Hindi : Neel, Nil, Nil-ka-jhar;
Sans. : Akika, Anjanakesika, Asita, Bhadra, Neelinee;
Ass. : Neel bam;
Beng. : Nil;
Guj. : Gali, Gari, Nil;
Kann. : Ajara, Ajura, Anjoorraneeli;
Mal. : Amari, Amen, Ameri,Neelichedi, Neelayamari,
Nilam, Vellaamari;
Mar. : Nili;
Tam. : Achitam, Nilam;
Tel. : Konda nili, Neel.
Distribution : Globally distributed in the tropics; within India, it is

found throughout, stray in shady places, mainly as an
escape from cultivation.
Nativity : Native to China, tropical Asia and parts of Africa.
Description : Shrub, branches pubescent, hairs appressed; leaflets

elliptic or oblong, glabrous to subglabrous above,
appressly pubescent below; inflorescence a subsessile
raceme; calyx pubescent, teeth as long as the tube; corolla
pink; fruit straight or slightly curved, glabrous.
Flowering & Fruiting : November-December.
Habitat Ecology : Terrestrial; Chadna, 1,296m.
Part/s used : Root. Flower. Aerial Parts. Leaf.
Folk uses : Decoction of root together with ajwain (Trachyspermum

ammi (L.) Sprague ex Turrill) prescribed for stomach
ache. Flowers are edible and cooked as vegetable. Aerial
parts are good fodder and fuel. The plant is used for
fencing. Deccoction of leaves yield dye used to dye
clothes.
Chemical Constituents : Apigenin, kaempferol, luteolin and quercetin (roots and
seeds), indigotin, flavonoids, terpinoids, alkaloids and
glycosides, indigotine, indiruben, rotenoids (leaves).
Uses in Literature : Alexipharmac, anthelmintic, expectorant, laxative; useful

in abdominal complaints, antidote for poisoning,
blenorrhagia, boils, cephalaegia, colic pain, epilepsy,
fever, hepatitis, hydrophobia, leucoderma, difficult
micturition, heart diseases, injuries, insanity, nervous
disorders, piles, sores, snake bite, enlarged speen, caries
in the teeth, tumours, ulcers, urinary complaints, vata
(Ambasta, 1986; Asolkar et al., 1992; Chatterjee &
Pakrashi, 1997; Deshmukh et al., 2003; Kirtikar &
Basu, 1984; Mitaliya, 2002; Pal et al., 2003; Rosakutty
et al., 2003; Thomas & Britto, 2003; Watt, 1972).
Jacaranda mimosifolia D.Don
Syn.: J. chelonia Griseb.; J. ovalifolia R.Br.
Family: Bignoniaceae.
Vern. Name: Jakrinda.
Eng. : Blue jacaranda, Brazilian rose wood, Jacaranda,

Mimosa-leaved jacaranda;
Hindi : Neeli gulmohur, Nupur;
Sans. : Badri, Siphalika;
Beng. : Neelkanth;
Tel. : Swarna sundari.
Distribution : Introduced in tropics.
Nativity : Native to Brazil.
Description : Deciduous or evergreen tree; leaves twice-pinnately

compound; flowers tubular, terminal clusters with often
the entire tree; seeds round, flat, reddish brown,
woody capsule.
Flowering & Fruiting : December-July.
Habitat Ecology : Planted in gardens and avenues; Baunal, 1,376m.
Part/s used : Whole Plant. Wood.
Folk uses : Plant is ornamental. Wood is used for making

agricultural tools but not used for furniture.
Chemical Constituents : Alkaloids, phenolics, flavonoids, tannins and saponins,

apigenin, caffeic acid, catechin, gallic acid, kaempferol,
isoquercetin, rutin and trans-cinnamic acid (leaves).
Uses in Literature : Vulnerary; used for blennorrhagia, syphilis, tool handles

(Ambasta, 1986; Asolkar et al., 1992).
Jasminum humile L.
Syn.: J. farreri Gilmour; J. italicum Dippel; J. revolutum Sims.

Family: Oleaceae.
Vern. Name: Pili Chameli.
Eng. : Yellow Jasmine, Italian Jasmine;

Hindi : Malto, Peela jui, Peeli chameli;
Sans. : Hemapushpika, Svarnajuthica;
Beng. : Svarnajui;
Kann. : Hasarumallige;
Mal. : Ponmallika;
Tam. : Semmallingai;
Tel. : Pachche adavimalle.
Distribution : Found in sub-tropical Himalaya, from Nepal to Kashmir

and South India including Nilgiris.
Nativity : Native to Afghanistan, the Himalayas and south west
China.
Description : Shrub, deciduous or evergreen, glabrous; leaves

alternate, leaflets coriaceous, elliptic, ovate, or lanceolate,
acute or obtuse, terminal sometimes larger than lateral;
flowers in terminal corymbose cymes; bracts linear,
minute; corolla yellow, lobes, broadly ovate-obtuse or
round, reflexed when the flower is open; berry simple or
didymous, globular-ellipsoid, black when ripe, full of
crimson juice.
Flowering & Fruiting : April-December.
Habitat Ecology : Scrub and dry valleys, 1500 - 3000 metres in the
Himalayas; Kanda koti, 1,732m.
Part/s used : Whole Plant. Flower. Twig. Root.
Folk uses : Planted as ornamental plant used in worship. Flowers

used in fragrance and perfumes. Twigs used as
toothbrush. Root paste applied on skin diseases.
Chemical Constituents : Alkaloids, coumarins, flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids,

glycosides, emodine, leucoanthcyanins, steroids,
anthocyanins, phlobatinins, essential oil and saponins
(whole plant).
Uses in Literature : Antibilious, anticancer, astringent, blood pressure

depressant, cooling, spasmogenic, tonic, toxic; useful in
bites from rabbit, boils, chronic sinuses and fistula, dental
complaints, epilepsy, lumbago, mumps, neuralgia,
ophtnalmodynia, otalgia, painful swellings, ringworm,
sciatica, skin diseases (Ambasta, 1986; Asolkar et al.,
1992; Chatterjee & Pakrashi, 1997; Chopra et al.,
1956; Farooq, 2005; Ranjan, 2000; Sood & Thakur,
2004; Watt, 1972).
Jatropha curcas L.
Syn.: Curcas indica A.Rich.; Jatropha edulis Sessé; Manihot curcas (L.) Crantz;
Ricinus americanus Mill.
Vern. Name: Jangli Arandi.
Eng. : Physic Nut, Jatropha, Barbados nut;

Hindi : Jamal ghota, Jangliarandi, Ratanjot;
Sans. : Darvanti.
Ass. : Bongalibhotora;
Beng. : Barendra, Paharierand, Safedind;
Guj. : Radau-khurung, Jamalgota;
Kann. : Kananeranda;
Mal. : Katalavanakku, Kattamank;
Mar. : MogliErand, Maraharalu;
Oriya : Baigoba, Norokokalo;
Tam. : Kattukkotai;
Tel. : Adaviamudam, Nepalam.
Distribution : Cultivated widely in tropical countries throughout the

word.
Nativity : Native to Tropical America.
Description : Perennial, monoecious shrub or small tree; leaves

alternate, palmate, petiolate, stipulate, leaf base deeply
cordate, glabrous or pubescent only on the veins below;
inflorescence a cyme formed terminally on branches and
complex, possessing main and co-florescences with
paracladia; flowers unisexual; ovary 3-locular, ellipsoid,
style bifid; fruit an ellipsoid capsule, yellow, turning
black; seeds black, ellipsoid, triangular-convex.

Habitat Ecology : Grow in wastelands and grows on almost any terrain,
even on gravelly, sandy and saline soils; Kakog, 1,071m.
Part used : Latex. Stem. Seed. Whole Plant. Seed.
Folk uses : Latex is applied on tooth to relieve from toothache. Stem

is used as toothbrush. Sappy fluid from stem is applied on
fresh cuts to stop bleeding and on fungal infection and
for wounds in cattle (vet.) . Seed considered as emetic.
Aerial parts are used as fuel. Plant is used in fencing. Its
seed is poisonous.
Chemical Constituents : Glucose, arabinose, xylose and rhamnose (seeds).

apigenin and its glycosides, vitexin and isovitexin,
stigmasterol, β-sitosterol and gallic acid (leaves), gallic
acid, ellagic acid, quercetin, coumaric acid, benzoic acid
and salicylic acid (roots and stem).
Uses in Literature : Anthelmintic, anti-diarrhoric, diuretic, purgative, styptic;

useful in abdominal complaints, biliousness, boils,
chronic dysentery, eczema, enema, fever, heart diseases,
herpes, itching, thirst, tridosha, urinary discharges,
fistula, pruritus, refractory ulcers, rheumatism, ringworm,
scabies, dressing of sores, swollen gums, wounds; as dye,
hedge plant (Ambasta, 1986; Asolkar et al., 1992;
Bhuyan, 2003; Bora, 2003; Chakraborty et al., 2003;
Chatterjee & Pakrashi, 1997; Dwivedi, 2003; Farooq,
2005; Girach et al., 2003; Jaish Beg et al., 2006;
Khanna, 2002; Kirtikar & Basu, 1984; Kumar & Rao,
2003; Mishra & Das, 2003; Mitaliya, 2002; Mitaliya et
al., 200 3; Nath & Maiti, 2003; Parrota, 2001;
Punjani, 2003; Rajore & Batra, 2003; Ranjan et al.,
2003; Retnam & Martin, 2006; Samvastar & Diwanji,
2003; Saren et al., 2003; Singh, 2003; Singh &
Srivastava, 2003; Sivakumar et al., 2003; Siwakoti &
Siwakoti, 2003; Sood & Thakur, 2004; Subramani &
Goraya, 2003; Tigga et al., 2003; Watt, 1972).
Juglans regia L.
Syn.: J. duclouxiana Dode; J. fallax Dode; J. kamaonia (C. DC.) Dode; J. orientis
Dode
Family: Juglandaceae.
Vern. Name: Akhrot.
Eng. : Common Walnut Tree, European Walnut, Himalayan

Walnut, Walnut Tree;
Hindi : Akhor, Akhrot, Khor;
Sans. : Akhoda, Akschota;
Ass. : Kabsing;
Beng. : Akhrut;
Guj. : Akhrot;
Kann. : Akrodu, Akrotu;
Mar. : Akroda;
P. : Akhori, Charmagz, Kabotang;
Tam. : Akrottu;
Tel. : Akrotu.
Distribution : Thrives in temperate Himalayas from 1,000 to 3,000 m

altitude.
Nativity : Native to Iran.
Description : Trees, petiole and rachis glabrescent, without glandular

hairs; leaflets entire on mature trees; lateral leaflets
subsessile or petiolule, blade elliptic-ovate to long
elliptic; fruiting spike usually with nuts, nuts subglobose;
husk glabrous, irregularly dehiscent; shell thick except in
commercial varieties, wrinkled.

Habitat Ecology : Grow in warm and sheltered site. Devna, 1,905m.
Parts used : Leaf. Stem. Bark. Fruit. Wood.
Folk uses : Leaves, stem and bark used as toothbrush. The plant is
considered sacred. Fruit are edible and are highly
proteinaceous. Leaves are used for colouring of lips.
Dried rind powder used as scrub to remove dead skin by
locals. Fruit is abortifacient. Wood is suitable for carving
and used in temples construction. A local dish called
siddu is prepared from its fruit. Crushed walnut alongwith
certain other dryfruits such as almond, raisins etc and
sugar are stuffed into fermented wheat flour and then this
is steam cooked in siddu maker, and is served with desi
cow ghee. This dish is prepared during festivals. Crushed
akhrot and bhang (Cannabis sativa L.) relished with rice.
Wood is used for furniture.
Chemical Constituents : 5-hydroxy-1,4-napthoquinone, berberine (stem bark), and

3,3’-bisjuglone (root bark), 5-hydroxy-1, 4-
napthoquinone, berberine, 3, 3'-bisjuglone, reducing
sugars, alkaloid, tannins, phenols and saponins (bark),
alkaloids, carbohydrates, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids,
saponins, steroids and tannins (leaves), carbohydrates,
starch, sugars, fiber, fat (saturated, monounsaturated and
polyunsaturated), protein, vitamins (folates, niacin,
pantothenic acid, pyridoxine, riboflavin, thiamin, vitamin
A, vitamin C, vitamin E and vitamin K) and minerals
(kernel).
Uses in Literature : Alterative, anthelmintic, aphrodisiac, astringent,

detergent, edible, laxative, tonic, vermifuge; used in
colic, dyeing the woolen clothes, dysentery, eczema, frost
bite, furniture & carving, handlooms, herpes, joint pain,
ploughs, scrofula, skin eruptions, sore throat,
stomachache, strengthening and lubricating the muscle,
syphilis, toothache, ulcers (Ambasta, 1986; Asolkar et
al., 1992; Beigh et al., 2003; Chakraborty, 2003;
Chatterjee & Pakrashi, 1997; Farooq, 2005; Kala,
Sharma et al., 2003a,b; Singh, 2003; Watt, 1972).
Justicia adhatoda L.
Syn.: Adhatoda arborea Raf.; A. vasica Nees; A. zeylanica Medik.
Family: Acanthaceae.
Vern. Name: Bashti.
Eng. : Malabar nut, Nut tree;

Hindi : Adulsa, Arsha, Vasala;
Sans. : Adusa, Aruha, Arusha, Arusak, Atrusha, Basak,
Bhishangamata, Kaphahari, Simhi, Simhika,
Sinhaparni, Simhamukhi, Vaidya, Mata,
Vajeedantaka, Vansa, Vasa, Vasaka.
Ass. : Bahaka, Herbuksha, Teeshac;
Beng. : Bakas, Baasaka, Patra;
Guj. : Adalsa, Adsoge, Adulaso, Arduosa, Arusa, Arusha,
Paandru;
Kann. : Adusoge, Attalotakam;
Mal. : Attalotakam;
Mar. : Adulsa, Baksha;
Oriya : Rottoomuli;
P. : Bhekar;
Tam. : Adadoli, Kattumurunghai;
Tel. : Adasara, Addasaramu.
Distribution : Grows on the plains of India and in the lower Himalayas,

up to a range of 1000m above sea level. It is also
cultivated in other trpical areas. It grows well in low
moisture areas and dry soils.
Nativity : Native to Afghanistan to Indo-China.

Description : A stiff, evergreen, much-branched perennial shrub; leaves
opposite, elliptic-lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, margins
entire, apex acute, hairy, leathery; flowers large, white
with red or yellow-barred throats, borne in compact,
axillary, pedunculate spikes with large bracts; fruits
clavate, longitudinally channelled, pubescent; seeds
globular.
Habitat Ecology : In the plains, often planted; Kakog, 1,071m.
Parts used : Leaf. Flower. Stem. Aerial Parts.
Folk uses : Leaf decoction given for cough. Grinded leaves applied in
rheumatic swelling. Leaf paste is applied to cure internal
injury. Flowers are used to cure cough and cold. Stem
used for brushing teeth. Leaves are used in ripening
fruits. Leaves are used to make toy whistle for playing by
local children. Flowers are cooked as vegetable. Leaves
as fodder for goat. Flowers used as antiseptic on cuts and
wounds. Aerial parts are used as bedding for cattle.
Chemical Constituents : Vasicine, vasicinone, β-sitosterol, betain, vascinol,

carotene, vitamin C, vascinine phenols, tannins,
alkaloids, anthraquinone, saponins, flavonoids and
reducing sugars (leaves), tritriacontane, β-sitosterol
galactose and deoxyvasicinone, vasicinol (6-hydroxy
vasicine) (roots), essential oils, fats, resins, sugar, gum,
amino acids, proteins and vitamins ‘C’ (whole plant).
Uses in Literature : Antiseptic, bronchio-dialator, digestive, emmenagogue,

juvenile hormone; useful for asthma, bilious vomiting,
blood impurities, blood circulations, chronic bronchitis,
chest pain, consumption, cough, diarrhea, dysentery,
expulsion of the foetus, fever, glandular tumours,
gonorrhea, heart troubles, jaundice, leprosy, liver
enlargement, malaria, mouth diseases, leucoderma, loss
of memory, ophthalmia, parasites (vet.), upper respiratory
tract infection, rheumatism, skin troubles, sore eyes,
strangury, thirst, tumours, vomiting, whooping cough,
worms, wounds (Ahmed & Borthakur, 2005; Ambasta,
1986; Asolkar et al., 1992; Bhattacharyya, 2003;
Bhuyan, 2003; Chatterjee & Pakrashi, 1997; Das &
Sharma, 2003; Dutta & Nath, 2003; Dwarakan &
Alagesaboopathi, 2003; Dwivedi, 2003; Ganesan &
Kesavan, 2003; Gogoi et al., 2003; Guha Bakshi et al.,
1999; Jaish Beg et al., 2006; Jha & Kumar, 2003;
Khan et al., 2003; K hare & Khare, 2003; Kirtikar &
Basu, 1984; Kothari & Rao, 2003; Kumar et al., 2003;
Kumar & Lal, 2003; Kumar & Nagiyan, 2006;
Kurian, 1995; Meena et al., 2003; Mitaliya, 2002;
Nayak et al., 2003; Pal, 2003; Pandey et al., 2003;
Parrota, 2001; Prasad et al., 2002; Ranjan, 2003a,b,c;
Rajendran & Sikarwar, 2003; Retnam & Martin,
2006; Rosakutty et al., 2003; Saren et al., 2003;
Sarkar & Sarma, 2006; Satapathy & Brahmam, 2003;
Sharma & Sood, 1997; Singh & Singh, 2003; Siwakoti
& Siwakoti, 2003; Sood & Thakur, 2004; Srivastava et
al., 2003; Subramani & Goraya, 2003; Watt, 1972)
Kalanchoe integra Kuntze
Syn.: K. spathulata DC.; K. yunnanensis Gagnep.
Family:Crassulaceae
Vern. Name: Biskobra.
Eng. : Flame kalanchoe, Never-die;

Hindi : Bish Kobra, Zakhmihayat;
Sans. : Parnabija;
Kann. : Kumuda gadde, Kumuda gedde.
Distribution : Tropical Himalaya.
Nativity : Native to Afghanistan, the Indian subcontinent, Laos,

Myanmar and Vietnam.
Description : Herbs perennial, glabrous; leaves subsessile,

amplexicaul; leaf blade spatulate-oblong; inflorescences
cymose, elongated in fruit; bracts linear; sepals linear-
ovate to narrowly triangular, apex acuminate; corolla
yellow; lobes acuminate at apex; stamens inserted at
corolla throat; filaments short; nectar scales linear.
Flowering & Fruiting : May-August.
Habitat Ecology : Found in scrub forests, hummocks, waste places,

roadsides; Lana Palar; 1,261m.
Part/s used : Whole Plant. Leaf. Seed.
Folk uses : Plant is Ornamental. Leaf juice used for skincare. Seeds
are used as insect repellent in stored grain.
Chemical Constituents : Flavonoid and phenolic compounds (whole plant),

cyanide, alkaloids, glycosides, saponins and essential oils
(leaves).
Uses in Literature : Insecticidal, poisonous, purgative, tonic; useful to

abcesses (Ambasta, 1986; Farooq, 2005; Sood &
Thakur, 2004).
Lepidium virginicum L.
Syn.: Discovium gracile Raf.; Lepidium diandrum Medik.; L. praecox (Raf.) DC.
Family: Brassicaceae
Vern. Name: Jangli Kalimirch.
English Names:
Eng. : Bird Pepper, Boiled seed bush, Least pepperweed,

Peppergrass, poor-man’s-pepper, Virginia
pepperweed, Wild Pepper Grass.
Distribution : Near cultivated fields, roadsides and barren places,

altitude up to 2500 m.
Description : Herbs annual or biennial; stems erect, branched above;

leaf blade obovate, spatulate, or oblanceolate, cauline
leaves shortly petiolate; fruiting pedicels slender, straight,
usually glabrous abaxially; sepals oblong, margin and
apex white, pilose outside; petals white, spatulate, base
attenuate, apex rounded, rarely rudimentary; fruit
orbicular, narrowly winged apically, apex emarginate;
seeds reddish brown, ovate-oblong, usually narrowly
winged at least distally; cotyledons accumbent.
Habitat Ecology : Fields, roadsides, waste places, grassy areas; Shilahan,

1,459m.
Part/s used : Aerial Parts. Leaf.
Folk uses : Plant is cooked as vegetable. Aerial parts used as fodder.

Leaf juice is poured into ear to cure earache.
Chemical Constituents : Protein, vitamin A and vitamin C (leaves).
Uses in Literature : Fodder, potherb, salad, substitute for black pepper

(Ambasta, 1986; Kirtikar & Basu, 1984).
Leucas lanata Benth.
Syn.: L. collina Dalzell; L. grandisVatke.; L. lanata var. nagpurensis C.B.Clarke ex
Haines; Marrubium mollissimum D.Don
Family: Lamiaceae.
Vern. Name: Ghaas.
Eng. : Downy Leucas, Woolly Leucas;

Ass. : Doron, Durun-phul.
Distribution : Kashmir to Sikkim, India, China.
Nativity : Native to Himalayas.
Description : Erect, perennial herbs; leaves opposite; flower-whorls

axillary, many-flowered, densely woolly; bracts
setaceous, densely hairy, much shorter than calyx;
corolla-tube included or little exserted, hairy outside;
upper lip densely bearded with white hairs, smaller than
lower; nutlets angular, truncate at apex, tuberculate,
brown; seeds not hairy at the ends.
Habitat Ecology : Stony slopes and cultivated areas; Kashlog, 1,450m.
Folk uses : Leaves burnt into ash mixed with butter applied for
itching. Aerial parts cooked as vegetable, also used as
fodder.
Chemical Constituents : 6-octadecenoic acid, cis-13-octadecenoic acid and l-(+)-

ascorbic acid 2,6-dihexadecanoate, lignans, flavonoids,
coumarins, steroids, terpenes, fatty acids, and aliphatic
long-chain compounds (whole plant).
Uses in Literature : Edible; useful for cough, delivery (vet.) (Ambasta, 1986;
Singh, 2003).
Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.
Syn. L. lycopersicon (L.) Britton & Brown; L. lycopersicum (L.) Farwell
Family:Solanaceae.
Vern. Name: Tamatar.
Eng. : Tomato;
Hindi : Tamatar, Vilayati-baingan;
Sans. : Raktamaci;
Ass. : Bilahi Bengena;
Beng. : Bilati Beguna, Tamyato;
Guj. : Tomato;
Kann. : Tomaato;
Mal. : Thakkaali;
Mar. : Belavangi, Vilayati vangi;
P. : Wilaití benga;
Tam. : Ci mai-t-takkali, Koyi-t-Takkali;
Tel. : Takkili.
Distribution : Cultivated throughout India.
Nativity : South American Andes.
Description : Annual herb, branched. Leaves imparipinnate, basally

lyrate; lobes ovate-lanceolate. Calyx lobes triangular-
acuminate, enlarging in fruit. Corolla lobes 5(-6),
trianglar-acute; minutely ciliate. Berry globose,
depressed-globose to pyriform, lobed, up to 8 cm broad,
juicy, brick-red, red to yellowish in colour.
Habitat Ecology : Cosmopolitian; Ganog, 1,339m.

Folk uses : Fruit is commonly used in vegetable, salads; made into
chutney. Used in skin care. The plant is source of
economy for the local people.
Chemical Consti tuents : Caffeoyl-hexoside, Caffeoyl-hexoside isomers, 4-

Caffeoylquinic acid, 5-p-Coumaroylquinic acid,
Quercetin-3-rutinoside (Rutin), Synapoyl derivative,
Caffeic acid derivative, Lycopene , β-carotene (pulp).
Gallic acid, Ferulic acid, Kaempferol, Quercetin, Rutin,
Coumaric acid, Phloridzin, Phloretin, Procyanidin B2,
Apigenin-7-O-glucoside, Kaempferol-3-O-glucoside,
Luteolin-7-O-glucoside, Genistein, Daidzein, Quercitrin,
Epicatechin, Quercetin-3-O-sophoroside, Isorhamnetin-3-
O-gentiobioside, Quercetin-3-O-rutinoside, Quercetin-3-O-
β-glucoside, Isorhamnetin, Naringenin, Myricetin, Caffeic
acid, Vanillic acid, Sinapic acid, Chlorogenic acid, ρ-
cumaric acid, Trans-cinnamic acid, Lycopene cis 1,
Lycopene cis 2, Lycopene cis 3, Lycopene all trans,
Lycopene, β-Carotene, Adenosine, Inosine, Guanosine
(seeds).
Uses in Literature : Anthelmintic, bleaching; used as fodder, fertilizer, salad.

(Ambasta, 1986; Kirtikar & Basu, 1984; Prakash and
Mehrotra; 1987).
Mallotus philippensis (Lam.) Mull. Arg.
Syn.: Croton montanus Willd.; C. philippensis Lam.; Rottlera affinis Hassk.; R.

aurantiaca Hook. &Arn.; R. philippensis (Lam.) Scheff.; R. tictoria Roxb.
Vern. Name: Kamela.
Eng. : Kamala Tree, Monkey Face treee;

Hindi : Kamala, Kambhal, Kambila, Kamila, Kamela,
Kamila, Kamud, Raini, Rohni, Roini, Roli, Rora,
Ruin, Rulu;
Sans. : Bahupushpa, Chandra, Kampilak, Kampilla, Kapila,
Karkasha, Kesara, Lohitanga, Madhuka, Nadivasa,
Pikaksha, Punnaga, Raktanga, Ranjaka, Rechani,
Rechi, Rochana.
Ass. : Joroth, Lochan, Rohini phal;
Beng. : Kamala;
Guj. : Kapilo;
Kann. : Kunkuma-damara;
Mal. : Cenkolli,
kunkumappuumaram,kurangumanjas,Naavatta,
Nuurimaram ;
Mar. : Kesari, Shendri;
Oriya : Bosontogundi, Kunkumo, Kopilogundi, Punago,
Sinduri, Sindurogundi;
P. : Kamal, Kambal, Kamela, Kumila, Reini, Reun,
Rulya;
Tam. : Kapila poti, Kuranku-mañcanari;
Tel. : Kunkuma-chettu.
Distribution : Found on slopes and shola borders and forest clearings

above 800m. Common.
Nativity : Native to South Asia, Southeast Asia, as well as

Afghanistan and Australia.
Description : A shrub or small evergreen tree; leaves alternate or

subopposite; leaf-blades ovate to ovate-lanceolate; male
inflorescences terminal, spicate or racemose; male
flowers subsessile; female inflorescences; female flowers
sessile or subsessile; fruit trilobite-subglobose,
occasionally quadrilobate, densely covered with crimson
granular glands, which rub off, loculicid ally dehiscent;
seeds subglobose, smooth, black.
Flowering & Fruiting : September-April.
Habitat Ecology : Common and often gregarious on stony slopes and rocky
hillsides with sand and thorn scrub; Andheri, 1,706m.

Parts used : Fruit. Root. Leaf. Wood.
Folk uses : Fruit edible and is good for digestion, constipation. Root
paste is applied for joint pain. 4-5 seeds chewed to get rid
off intestinal worms. Leaves used as fodder. Leaves are
also used as bedding for cattle. Wood used for making
agricultural implements, also used as a fuel.
Chemical Constituents : Rottlerin, isorottlerin, kamalins I ansd II, c-methylated

cinnamoylchromene and flavones chromene, 3'-
prenylrubranine, 2', 2', 6'-trihydroxy-2', 2''-
dimethoxylpyrano 6'', 5'', 4', 5'-chalcone and 5, 7-
dihydroxy-6-prenyl flavones, rottlerin, citric acid ,
mallotoxin, kamalin (fruits), fixed oil, camul oil and a
bitter glucosidal betulin -3 acetate lupeol acetate, berginin
acetylaleuritote acid, sitosterol, bergenin, rottlerin resin,
solid hydroxy acid, kamlonenic acid, linoleic, oleic,
lauric, myristic, palmitic acid, stearic acid, crotoxigenin,
rhamnoside, coroghcignin, octa cosanol, iso rottlerin,
rottlerin, homorottlerin, tannins, citric, oxalic acid
(seeds).
Uses in Literature : Alexiteric, anthelmintic, bitter, carminative, cathartic,

cooling, detergent, freckles, heating, maturant, pungent,
purgative, styptic, vermifuge, vulnerary; useful for
diseases of the abdomen, bladder stones, bronchitis,
match boxes, pimples, rafters, rheumatism, ringworm,
scabies, sores, spleen enlargement, stomach heat, tool
handles, tumours, ulcers, wounds, diseases of the
abdomen; as fodder and tannin (Ambasta, 1986; Binu et
al., 2003; Chatterjee & Pakrashi, 1997; Dash & Misra,
2003; Farooq, 2005; Jaish Beg et al., 2006; Islam &
Jha, 2003; Khanna, 2002; Kirtikar & Basu, 1984;
Kumar & Pullaiah, 2003; Kumar & Rao, 2003; 2003;
Mitaliya & Bhatt, 2003; Nayak et al., 2003; Nair &
Jayakumar, 2003; Pal et al., 2003; Parrota, 2001;
Retnam & Martin, 2006; Sah et al., 2003; Singh et al.,
2003; Siwakoti & Siwakoti, 2003; Sood & Thakur,
2004; Subramaniam, 2003; Sur & Halder, 2002; Watt,
1972).
Malus pumila Mill.

Syn.: M communis Poir.; M. dasyphylla Borkh; M. dasyphylla var. Domestica Koidz;
M. neidzwetzkyana Dieckex Koehne; Pyrus malus L.; P. malus var. pumila
Elwes; P. pumila (Mill.) Steud.
Family: Rosaceae.
Vern. Name: Seb.
Eng. : Apple;
Hindi : Seb;
Sans. : Badara, Mushtinanan, Seba, Sevam, Simbitika,
Sinchitika;
Beng. : Seb, Sev;
Kann. : Sebu, Sevu;
P. : Seo.
Distribution : In India grows in the temperate North Western Hills

region and to a lesser extent the North Eastern Hills
region.
Nativity : Native to Central Asia.
Description : Trees; herbaceous, densely puberulous, margin entire,

apex acuminate; corymb, bracts caducous, linear-
lanceolate, membranous, tomentose, margin entire, apex
acuminate; pedicel tomentose; flowers hypanthium
tomentose abaxially; petals white, obovate, base shortly
clawed, apex rounded; pome red or yellow, depressed-
subglobose; fruiting pedicel short and thickened; sepals
persistent.
Habitat Ecology : Woodland Garden Secondary; Sunny Edge; Dappled

Shade; Kashlog, 1,450m.
Part/s used : Fruit. Wood.
Folk uses : Apple is relished by local people and is a good source of

economy. Fruit is made into jam, juice, chutney, cider.
Raw fruit used as vegetable. Chutney is prepared from it.
Fruit is sliced and dried, used as dryfruit. Fruit act as
antioxidant, blood purifier, good source of iron. Wood
used for making tool handles.
Chemical Constituents : Vomifoliol-4-O-b-D-xylopyranoside 3-O-xyloside, 3-O-

a-L-arabinofuranoside, 3-O-rhamnoside & 3-O-b-D-
glucoside, rectin and phloretamide (fruits), hyperoside,
isoquercitrin, avicularin, rutin, and quercitrin (leaves).
Uses in Literature : Acrid, anthelmentic, aphrodisiac, cooling, fattening, heart

tonic, hypotonic, refrigerant; useful in biliousness, vata;
as apple butter, apple juice, apple sauce, apple syrup,
cider, dessert, jams, jelly, marmalade and a source of
pectin; for tool handles, mallet heads, rulers; causes
kapha & constipation (Ambasta, 1986; Kirtikar &
Basu, 1984).
Malvastrum coromandelianum (L.) Garcke.
Syn.: Malva carpimfolia Desr.; M. coromandeliana Linn.; M. tricuspidata R.Br.

Family: Malvaceae.
Vern. Name: Baala.
Eng. : Broom weed, Clock plant, False mallow, Prickly

malvastrum;
Hindi : Kharenti;
Kann. : Sannabindige gida;
Mar. : Chandiri;
Distribution : Tropical regions of both New and Old Worlds.
Nativity : Native to North and South America.
Description : Annual herb; branches with appressed, strigose, stellate,

simple hairs; leaves, acute or obtuse;. Calyx usually fused
below the middle, petals obliquely obovate, hairy at base;
fruit globular; mericarps; seed, brown-black.
Flowering & Fruiting : Flower in summer.
Habitat Ecology : Degraded moist deciduous forests and wastelands;

Sangna, 1,522m.
Part/s used : Flower. Aerial Parts. Leaf.
Folk uses : Flower paste is applied on wounds. Aerial parts used as

fodder. Leaf paste is applied on head as coolent.
Chemical Constituents : Apigenin-7-O-β-6″(p-coumaroyl)-glucopyranoside and

apigenin-8-C-glucopyranoside (vitexin) (leaves).
Uses in Literature : Diaphoretic, emollient, pectoral, resolvent; used for

inflamed sores and wounds; as fibre for making broom
(Ambasta, 1986; Khanna, 2002; Kirtikar & Basu,
1984; Parrota, 2001).
Melia azedarach L.
Syn.: Azedara speciosa Raf.; Azedarach deleteria Medik.; A. odoratum Noronha;
A. sempervirens Kuntze
Family: Meliaceae.
Vern. Name: Darek.

Eng. : Bead Tree, Chinaberry tree, Lilac Tree, Persian Lilac,
Pride of China, Pride of India, Umbrella tree, White
Cedar;
Hindi : Bakain;
Sans. : Mahanimbah;
Ass. : Thamaga;
Beng. : Bakarjam;
Guj. : Bakanlimbodo;
Kann. : Bevu;
Mal. : Malaveppu;
Mar. : Bakan-nimb;
P. : Bakain, Chein, Dhek, Drek, Jek, Kachen;
Tam. : Kattuvembhu;
Tel. : Kali-Vapa, Turkavepa.
Distribution : Cultivated & naturalized throughout India.
Description : Tree; young shoots tomentose; leaflets opposite, elliptic

serrate to sub-serrate, acuminate, often oblique, sub-
sessile; flowers lilac, sweet-scented, in axillary panicles;
pedicel puberulous; petals spathulate to lanceolate,
ciliate, imbricate in bud; anthers sessile; stigma capitate;
drupe, globose, yellow when ripe.
Flowering & Fruiting : March-September.
Habitat Ecology : Disturbed area, upland grasslands, woodlands and riparian

area; Maena, 1,323m.
Parts used : Leaf. Wood. Aerial Parts.
Folk uses : Leaf paste is applied for itching, scabies and ringworm
infection. Wood is used for making agricultural
implements and also for making furniture. Aerial parts
used as fuel. Leaves given to cattle for intestinal worms
also used as fodder (vet.).
Chemical Constituents : Apigenin -5-O-β-D-galactopyranoside (roots), azaridine,
tannin, melistannic acid, benjoic acid and bakayanin
sterol (fruit), benzyl 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-7-
hydroxybenzoate, spathulenol, 1,7,8-trihydroxy-2-
naphtaldehyde, quercetin, astragalin and 2-methoxy-4-(2-
propenyl)phenyl β-D-glucosidel (leaves).
Uses in Literature : Alexipharmic, anthelmintic, anticancer, antiseptic,

antiviral, bitter, demulcent, diuretic, emmenagogue,
insecticidal, poison, resolvent, spasmolytic, tonic,
vermifuge; useful in ascariasis, conception, gout, hairfall,
headache, leprosy, loss of appetite (vet.), rheumatism,
scrofula, spleen enlargement, skin diseases; considered
similar to neem oil; nuts strung as beads (Ahmed &
Borthakur, 2005; Ambasta, 1986; Bhatt et al., 2003;
2005; Ganesan & Kesavan, 2003; Ghosh & Das, 2003;
Islam & Jha, 2003; Jaish Beg et al., 2006; Kirtikar &
Basu, 1984; Kurian, 1995; Mishra & Das, 2003;
Mitaliya, 2002; Pandey, 1995; Pandey et al., 2003;
Punjani, 2003; Retnam & Martin, 2006; Singh &
Srivastava, 2003; Siwakoti & Siwakoti, 2003; Sood &
Thakur, 2004; Watt, 1972).
Mentha arvensis L.
Syn.: Mentha parietariifolia Becker ex Steud.
Family: Lamiaceae.
Vern. Name: Pudina.
Eng. : Corn Mint, Field mint, Marsh Mint;

Hindi : Podina, Pudinah;
Sans. : Pudina;
Ass. : Podina;
Beng. : Podina, Pudina;
Guj. : Podina, Pudina;
Kann. : Chetamargugu, Chetni-marugu;
Mal. : Putina, Puttina, Puttityana;
Mar. : Pudina;
Tam. : Iyeccirkirai, Kumarakamuli;
Tel. : Igaenglikoora, Igaenglikura.
Distribution : W. Himalaya, Kashmir: 1,700-3,350m.
Desctiption : Perennial; stems erect or ascending; flowers all in axils of

middle and upper leaves; verticillasters all distant, many-
flowered, sub-globose, bracts linear-lanceolate; calyx
tubular-campanulate; fruiting calyx scarcely enlarging,
green, brown or pinkish; corolla white or pale lilac, tube
rather broad, as long as calyx or slightly exserted; nutlets,
globose, smooth, rounded.
Flowering & Fruiting : August-December.
Habitat Ecology : Part shade, sun; moist soil thickets, along shores, wet
meadows; Lohara Tikkari, 1,242m.
Part/s used : Leaf. Whole Plant.
Folk uses : Leaves given for indigestion, stomachache and

vomiting. Decoction of leaves given for vomiting. Leaf
extract given to children to stop diarrhea. Plant used to
treat liver diseases. Extract of leaves and that of onion
mixed with mishri and glucose given to stop vomiting, as
it causes pitta shanti. Leaves are shade dried and used in
vegetable and curries for flavouring. Also used for
chutney preparation.
Chemical Constituents : Menthol, menthone, menthyl acetate, isomenthone,

limonene and neomenthol (whole plant).
Uses in Literature : Antibacterial, antifungal, antispasmodic, antiviral,
carminative, choleretic, diaphoretic, diuretic,
emmenagogue, expectorant, refrigerant, stimulant,
stomachic, sudorific, tonic, vermifuge; useful in asthma,
cephalalgia, fever, hair growth, headache, indigestion,
liver and spleen diseases, hair growth, joint pain,
rheumatic pain, skin cracks, vomiting; in sausages,
beverages, chutneys & for flavouring condiments,
pickles, chewing gums, toothpaste (Ambasta, 1986;
Chakraborty, 2003; Chatterjee & Pakrashi, 1997; Das
& Chaudhury, 2003; Islam & Jha, 2003; Kirtikar &
Basu, 1984; Kumar et al., 2003; Masroor et al., 2006;
Pal & Paul, 2003; Rajendran & Aswal, 2003; Retnam
& Martin, 2006; Watt, 1972).
Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers
Syn.: Helvella esculenta (L.) Sowerby; Morchella rotunda (Fr.) Boud.; Morellus
esculentus (L.) Eaton; Phallus esculentus L.
Family: Morchellaceae.
Vern. Name: Guchhi.
Eng. : Common Morel, Morel, Morel Mushroom, Sponge

Morel, True Morchella, Yellow Morel;
Hindi : Guchhi.
Distribution : Very common in the temperate zones or forests in

Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, Jammu & Kashmir and
Uttrakhand.
Nativity : Native to Western Himalaya.

Description : Unique cap with honeycomb like appearance; cap
conical, often globular; stipe (stalk) white or pale cream;
spores deep cream to yellow in colour.
Habitat Ecology : Found as a mycorrhizal or saprobic relationship with

hardwood and coniferous trees; Kharotiyo, 2,361m.
Part used : Whole mushroom.
Folk uses : Mushrooms are considered highly proteinaceous, are

relished by local people as vegetable which is good for
heart diseases, also pickled. Crushed mushroom are
applied on burns. Dried powder of stipe are taken with a
glass of lukewarm cow milk for as aphrodisiac.
Chemical Constituents : Carbohydrates, proteins, polyunsaturated fatty acids,

secondary metabolites like phenolic compounds (whole
plant).
Uses in Literature : Aphrodisiac, narcotic; useful in cough and cold; as

delicious delicacy; contain calcium, iron and phosphorus
(Ambasta, 1986; Nautiyal et al., 2003; Sharma &
Rana, 2003; Singh, 2003; Watt, 1972).
Morus alba L.
Syn.: M. acidosa Griff.; M. intermedia Perr.; M. multicaulis Perr.; M. tartarica L.
Family: Moraceae.
Vern. Name: Tootri.
Eng. : Mulberry, White Mul berry;

Hindi : Chinni, Chun, Tul, Tulklu, Tut;
Sans. : Brahmadaru, Brahmanya, Kramuka, Madasdra,
Madhupippali, Mridusara, Nilarangaka, Nilavrintaka,
Palashika, Puna, Pusha, Shalmali, Supushpa, Surupa,
Tuda, Tula, Tuta, Yusha.
Ass. : Kiskuri, Misturi-goch, Nuni;
Beng. : Tut;
Guj. : Shetur, Tutri;
Kann. : Resh-may-gida;
Mal. : Mulbari, Pattunoolpuzhuchedi;
Mar. : Ambat, Tut;
Oriya : Tuto;
P. : Karan, Tut, Tutri;
Tam. : Kambli, Kambli chedi, Sadini;
Tel. : Putika.
Distribution : Deciduous forests and cultivated.
Nativity : Native to China.
Description : Deciduous tall tree; leaf lamina narrow to broad, ovate;

male catkins with lax flowers. Male flowers: Sepals free,
broadly ovate; staminal filaments equal to sepals, with
ovate, exserted anthers; female catkins ovoid; female
flowers: sepals suborbicular; ovary with glabrous free
styles; sorosis ovoid, white to pinkish-purple or black,
sweet and edible.
Habitat Ecology : Old fields, roadsides, forest edges, urban environments,

and other disturbed areas; Shilahan, 1,459m.
Parts used : Fruit. Wood. Leaf.
Folk uses : Fruit are edible and are a good source of vitamin C,
helpful to cure stomach disorders. Wood is used as fuel,
in making construction material, agricultural articles
and furniture. Leaves are used as vegetable in making
saag. Leaves used as fodder. Leaves used to rear
silkworm.
Chemical Constituents : Main ingredients are heptanoic, caprylic, pelargonic,
capric, myristic, palmitic, palmitoleic, methyl
heptadecanoic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, nonodecanoic,
linilenic, acids, rutin, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid,
quercetin, gallic acid, kaempferol, and apigenin (fruits),
mulberrin, mulbernochromene, cyclo mulberrin, cyclo
mulberrochromene (roots).
Uses in Literature : Acrid, anthelmintic, antidiabetic, anti inflammatory,

astringent, cooling, hypogylcaemic, laxative, purgative,
sour, sweetish, tonic; useful for biliousness, burning
sensation, dyspepsia, fever, fodder, melancholia,
melancholia, nervous disorders, paper making, sore
throat, vata and kapha; used chiefly for agricultural
implements, cricket bats and stumps, furniture, hockey
sticks, house building, rackets, textile fibre; rich in
calcium and good source of vitamin C. (Ambasta, 1986;
Bharate & Oli R., 2006; Kirtikar & Basu, 1984;
Kumar & Nagiyan, 2006; Mitaliya & Bhatt, 2003;
Parrota, 2001; Ranjan, 2003; Singh & Srivastava,
2003; Sood & Thakur, 2004; Subramaniam, 2003;
Watt, 1972).
Murraya koenigii (L.) Spreng.

Syn.: Bergera koenigii (L.) Roxb.; Camunium koenigii (L.) Kuntze; Murraya
foetidissima Teys. & Binn; Nimbo melioides Dennst.
Family: Rutaceae.
Vern. Name: Gondlon.

Eng. : Curry leaf-tree;

Hindi : Barsanga, Gandhela, Kathnim, Kurrypatta, Mitha
neem;
Sans. : Kalasaka, Mahanimb, Surabhinimba.
Ass. : Bishahari, Narasingha;
Beng. : Barsanga, Kartaphulli;
Guj. : Gorenimb, Kadhilimbdo;
Kann. : Karibeva;
Mal. : Kariveppile;
Mar. : Kudianim;
Oriya : Basango, Bassan, Bhursanga;
P. : Gandalu, Gandla, Karipata, Karipatta;
Tam. : Karivempu, Karuveppilei;
Tel. : Karepaku.
Distribution : It is distributed throughout India and is abundantly found

from Sikkim to Garhwal, Bengal, Assam, Western Ghats
and Kerala.
Distribution : Small tree, branches pubescent; leaves imparipinnate;

leaflets ovate to ovate-lanceolate or orbicular, oblique,
acute to obtuse, apex retuse, margin irregularly crenulate;
flowers white, in terminal, branched cymes; calyx lobes,
triangular; petals linear-oblong, glandular; style short;
stigma captitate; berry ovoid, black when ripe.
Habitat Ecology : Plain areas, along roads, railway lines, undergrowth or

among bushes and hedges; Kakog, 1,071m.
Parts used : Leaf. Stem. Fruit. Branch.
Folk uses : Crushed leaves are applied on wound. Stem used as

toothbrush. Fruit edible useful to stop vomiting.
Decoction of leaves is used in bathing to get relief from
vayurog. Leaves are used in flavouring curries and
seasoning vegetables. Branches are used as fuel. Wood is
used in tool handle making. Leaves are used as fodder
and are good for digestion (vet.).
Chemical Constituents : Alkaloids mahanimbine, koenimbine and koenigicine,

cyclomahanimbine and mahanimbine, Linalool, Elemol,
Geranyl acetate, Myrcene, Allo-Ocimene, α-Terpinene,
and (E)-β-Ocimene and Neryl acetate (leaves), carbazole
alkaloids, carbazoles, mahanimbilylacetate,
Girinimbilylacetate, bicyclomahanimbiline (whole plant).
Uses in Literature : Antidiabetic, antidiarrhoel, antidysenteric, antiemetic,

appetizer, carminative, stimulants, stomachic, tonic;
useful in abdominal gripses, agricultural implements,
cholera, chutneys, flavouring, hypertension, malarial
fever, snake bite, vision improvement (Ambasta, 1986;
Bharate & Oli R., 2006; Bora et al, 2003; Chatterjee
& Pakrashi, 1997; Das & Chaudhury, 2003; Devi,
2003; Farooq, 2005; Gogoi et al., 2003; Jaish Beg et
al., 2006; Kirtikar & Basu, 1984; Kurian, 1995; Nath
et al., 2006; Parrota, 2001; Ranjan, 2003a,b; Retnam
& Martin, 2006; Rosakutty et al., 2003; Sarkar &
Sarma, 2006; Singh et al., 2003; Sood & Thakur, 2004;
Subramaniam, 2003; Sudhakar & Vedavathy, 2003;
Watt, 1972).
Musa × paradisiaca L.
Syn.: Karkandela× malabarica Raf.; Musa × acutibracteata M.Hotta; Musa× aphurica

Rumph. Ex Sagot; Musa × bacoba Rottb.; Musa ×chamba Baker; Musa
×chapara Perr.; Musa × corbieri A. Chev; Musa × corniculata Lour.; Musa ×
dacca Horan.; Musa × decrescens De Brieyex De Wild.; Musa × maculata
Jacq.; Musa ×sapientum L.
Family: Musaceae.
Vern. Name: Kela.
Eng. : Banana;
Hindi : Kela, Kell, Mouz;
Sans. : Kandala, Kandali, Rambha.
Ass. : KachKol, Kol;
Beng. : Kala, Kancha Kala;
Kann. : Kallubaale, Kandu, Kanthabalai, Kattubaale;
Mal. : Bala, Bata, Ettakkaya, Ettavala, Kadalam,
Kadalivala, Kalvazha, Karinkadali, Kashthila,
Kodali, Ksetrakadali, Piccha, Vala, Vannan, Vaazha,
Vvala;
Mar. : Kadali, Kaela, Kela, Sonakaela;
Oriya : Vryshapushpa;
Tam. : Arampaimaram, Araparuttam, Arecikam,
Arilatukam, Carataru, Cukumaram, Irampa,
Irattapitta, Vaazha, Vallakai, Vallam;
Tel. : Amrithapany, Ananthi, Ananti, Bontarati, Bontarati,
Bontayarti, Bontharanthi, Chakrakaeli, Kommanatti.
Distribution : Cultivated throughout the tropics.
Nativity : Native to Southeast Asia
Description : Tree-like herb, up to 9 m in height. Leaf sheaths tubular,

forming a thick trunk. Leaf blade c. 1.5 m, oblong,
usually ragged in appearance, splitting between the
transverse parallel veins. Spike c. 1 m, drooping.
Peduncle thick. Bracts opening in succession, 15-20 cm,
ovate, concave, dark red, somewhat fleshy. Outer tepals
22-24 mm, 5-toothed, fleshy, tinged pink. Inner tepals 19-
20 mm, ovate, acute, concave. Stamens 5. Fruit oblong,
fleshy. (In the wild form 5-7 cm with seed; seedless and
longer in the cultivated varieties.)
Flowering & Fruiting : Summer months.
Habitat Ecology : Forested areas; Bayog, 1,398m.

Parts used : Fruit. Whole plant. Aerial Parts. Root.
Folk uses : Fruit is edible, good source of minerals such as calcium,

iron and vitamins, are also consumed as vegetable to
control pitta dosha. Ripened fruit is useful to cure in
dysentery and digestion. Whole plant is considered
sacred. Aerial parts are used for making vedika during
marriage ceremony. Roots are used as magico-religious
for making tabeez. Ripened fruit is made into sweet dish
named kele ka meetha. Leaves are cut into small parts and
used as serving plates.
Chemical Constituents : Two new antiulcerogenic sterylacylglucosides-

sitoindosides I and II, fibre, and minerals such as
potassium, nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium, sodium, and
magnesium, zinc, copper, iron, and manganese (fruits).
Uses in Literature : Acrid, anthelmintic, antidiabetic, antidysenteric,

aphrodisiac appetizer, astringent, blood coagulator,
cooling, edible, indigestible, oleaginous, sweet, tonic,
vulnerary; useful in vata, kapha & biliousness, birth
control, blood diseases, burning sensation, consumption
bronchitis, improves complexion, inflammation, pain in
the ear, menstrual disorders, diabetes inspidus, dysentery,
dyspepsia, kidney troubles leprosy, scabies, strangury,
sore throat, thirst, vaginal and urinary discharges,
thickens the blood; source of carbohydrates and a fair
source of minerals and vitamin B (Ahmed & Borthakur,
2005; Ambasta, 1986; Asolkar et al., 1992; Bharate &
Oli R., 2006; Dagar & Dagar, 2003; Das &
Chaudhury, 2003; Dutta & Nath, 2003; Ghosh, 2003;
Ghosh & Das, 2003; Khanna, 2002; Kirtikar & Basu,
1984; Kurian, 1995; Retnam & Martin, 2006; Saikia
& Nath, 2003; Sharma et al., 2003; Shekhawat et al.,
2006; Shil & Sharma, 2003; Singh, 2003; Singh &
Singh, 2003; Siwakoti & Siwakoti, 2003; Subramani
& Goraya, 2003; Thomas & Britto, 2003; Watt, 1972)
Myrica esculenta Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don.

Syn.: Myrica farquhariana Wall.; M. sapida Wall.
Family: Casuarinaceae.
Vern. Name: Kaphal.
Eng. : Box myrtle, Bayberry;

Hindi : Kaiphal;
Sans. : Aranya, Bhadra, Kaitarya, Mahakumbhi, Purusha;
Ass. : Nagatenga;
Beng. : Kaiphal, Satsarila;
Guj. : Kayaphal;
Kann. : Kirishivani;
Mal. : Maruta;
Mar. : Kayaphal;
P. : Kahela, Kahi, Kaphal;
Tam. : Chavviyaci, chavviyacimaram;
Tel. : Kaidarayamu.
Distribution : Sub-Tropical Himalaya from Ravi eastwards to Assam

Khasi, Jaintia, Naga & Lushai hills; 900-2,100m.
Nativity : Native to the hills of northern India, southern Bhutan and

Nepal.
Description : Small tree; leaves lanceolate with entire or serrate

margin, pistillate flowers small, sessile, solitary and
bracteates; inflorescence catkin, axillary, inflorescence of
staminate flowers compound raceme; fruit drupe, red to
dark brown in colour, ellipsoidal or oval.
Flowering & Fruiting : November-April.

Habitat Ecology : Open, mixed forests, hilly areas; Ludhiyana, 1,760m.
Part/s used : Stem Bark. Stem. Leaf. Fruit. Wood.
Folk uses : 10-15ml decoction of the stem bark taken once daily for
1-2 months to strengthen the liver. Stem used as
toothbrush for toothache. Leaf juice useful for earache.
Fruits are edible and are good source of vitamin C and
good for digestion. Wood is used as a fuel.
Chemical Constituents : β-sitosterol, taraxerol, myricadiol, myricanol,

myricanone, myricanol, glucoside, myricanol and
myricanone (stem bark), tannins, phenolic acids,
flavonoids, terpenes, glycosides, steroids, volatile oils,
and amino acids (whole plant).
Uses in Literature : Antiseptic, carminative, edible, stomachic; useful in

asthma, cough, dyeing, fever, headache, sores,
strengthening liver, tanning, toothache, ulcers (Ahmed &
Borthakur, 2005; Ambasta, 1986; Bora et al., 2003;
Chatterjee & Pakrashi, 1997; Chhetri et al., 2006;
Farooq, 2005; Pandey & Tiwari, 2003; Sood &
Thakur, 2004; Watt, 1972).
Nasturtium officinale R. Br.
Syn.: Arabis nasturtium Clairv.; Cardamine fontana Lam.; Nasturtium fontanum Asch;
Roripa nasturtium-aquaticum (L.) Hayek
Family: Brassicaceae.
Vern. Name: Chhooch.
Eng. : Brown cress, Greencress, Water cress, Winter

watercress;
Hindi : Chhuch, Jal-indushoor;
P. : Priya halim.
Distribution : Semi-Wild state near hill station on the Himalaya.
Nativity : Native to Eurasia & Asia.
Distribution : Perennial, rhizomatous; leaves lyrate-pinnate; racemes,

lax, flowers white; siliquae oblong, subcylindrical, often
slightly upcurved, glabrous, faintly veined, finely headed
due to the pressure of seeds on valves; seeds many, ±
biseriate, ovoid, polygonal depressions on each face.
Habitat Ecology : Streams and small waterways, boggy or marshy ground;

Chadna, 1,296m.
Part used : Leaf.
Folk use : Leaves consumed as salad, and considered as appetizer,

also cooked as vegetable (saag). Used as a fodder for
cattle.
Chemical Constituents : Carbohydrates, reducing sugar, glycosides, flavonoids,

steroids, saponin and phenolic compounds (whole plant).
Uses in Literature : Antiscorbutic, appetizer, diuretic, stimulant, vermifuge;

used in asthma, chutney, cough, goitre, polyps in the nose
and strangury, tuberculosis; as chutney, garnish, salad,
vegetable; source of vitamins and minerals (Ambasta,
1986; Dash et al., 2003; Devi, 2003; Kirtikar & Basu,
1984; Ranjan, 2003; Singh, 2003; Sood & Thakur,
2004; Watt, 1972).
Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.

Syn.: Nelumbium nelumbo (L.) Druce; Nelumbium speciosum Willd.; Nelumbo
speciosa Willd.; Nymphaea nelumbo L.
Family:Nelumbonaceae.
Vern. Name: Kamal.

Eng. : Chinese water lily, Lotus;

Hindi : Kamal, Kanwal;
Sans. : Ambuj, Padma, Sharada;
Ass. : Padma;
Beng. : Komol;
Guj. : Motunkamal;
Kann. : Tavare;
Mal. : Tamara;
Mar. : Kamal;
Oriya : Padam;
P. : Kanwal, Pamposh;
Tam. : Ambal;
Tel. : Tamara.
Distribution : Very wide native distribution, ranging from India & Sri
Lanka (at altitudes up to 1,400 m or 4,600 ft in the
southern Himalayas.
Description : Perennial aquatic herb; leaves simple, solitary; stipulate;

flowers solitary; sepals linear-elliptic, concave, obtuse,
with midrib distinct near at apex; inner stamens fertile,
incurved; fruit berry, seeds globose, brown, spinulose;
spines radiating, tufted at micropylar region.
Flowering & Fruiting : July-November.
Habitat Ecology : Tanks, ponds, ditches, puddles; Siu, 710m.
Part/s used : Seed. Whole plant. Flower. Root.
Folk uses : Makhane (Puffed seeds) are edible during fasting also
control diabetes. Plant is ornamental. Whole plant is
considered sacred. Flowers are offered to Goddess
Luxmi. Garland of seeds (kamalgatte ki mala) is used for
chanting. Flower and roots are given empty stomach as a
cure for jaundice.
Chemical Constituents : 1-4,-dimethoxybenzene, 1,8-cineole, terpinen-4-ol and

linalool (flowers), nornuciferine, nuciferine,
roemerine,dl-armepavine oxalate, pronuciferine, anonaine
and 5-methxy-6-hydroxyporphine (seeds),
megastigmanes, including a new megastigmane,
nelumnucifoside A, and a new eudesmane sesquiterpene,
nelumnucifoside B, eight alkaloids, and 11 flavonoids
(leaves).
Uses in Literature : Antidiabetic, aphrodisiac, astringent, cooling, demulcent,

digestive, nutritive, sedative, slightly bitter, sweet, tonic;
useful in biliousness, cholera, cutaneous diseases,
diarrhea, dysentery, fever, kapha and vata, leprosy, piles,
vomiting, removes worms; as perfume, vegetable
(Ambasta, 1986; Basu, 2003; Bharate & Oli R., 2006;
Chakraborty, 2003; Chatterjee & Pakrashi, 1997;
Devi, 2003; Dutta & Nath, 2003; Dwivedi, 2003; Jaish
Beg et al., 2006; Jha & Kumar, 2003; Katewa et al.,
2003; Khan et al., 2003; Kirtikar & Basu, 1984;
Kumar, 2003; Kumar & Lal, 2003; Kumar &
Nagiyan, 2006; Mitaliya & Bhatt, 2003; Muthy et al.,
2003; Retnam & Martin, 2006; Sah et al., 2003;
Satapathy & Brahmam, 2003; Sarkar et al., 2003;
Singh, 2003; Srivastava et al., 2003; Sudhakar &
Vedavathy, 2003; Watt, 1972).
Nicotiana tabacum L.
Syn.: N. chinensis Fisch. ex Lehm.; N. latissima Mill.; N. mexicana Schltdl.;
N. pilosa Dunal
Family: Solanaceae.
Vern. Name: Tambakhu.

Eng. : Tobacco;
Hindi : Tambaku, Tamaku;
Sans. : Dhumratatrika, Kalanja, Krimighni, Ksharatatra,
Tamakhu, Vajrabhringi;
Ass. : Dhopat, Sada Goch;
Beng. : Tamak;
Guj. : Tamak;
Kann. : Hogesoppu;
Mal. : Pokala;
Mar. : Tamaku, Tambaku;
Oriya : Tamaku, Tambaku;
Tam. : Poghako, Poghu, Pugai-ilai;
Tel. : Dhumrapatramu, Pogak.
Distribution : Common throughout India, cultivated or as an escape.
Nativity : Native to South and Central America.
Description : Plant viscid-pubescent; leaves cauline, oblong to broadly

elliptic-ovate, texture thin; flowers pink, in axillary and
terminal compact corymboid panicles; calyx oblong,
persistent in fruit; lobes unequal; corolla tube glandular-
hairy without, lobes acute to apiculate; anthers oblong;
capsule oblong-ovoid; seeds angled, minutely ruminate,
brown.
Flowering & Fruiting : April-August.
Habitat Ecology : Forests, plains, mountains, wetlands, savannahs, dry

valleys; Lajva, 1,853m.
Folk uses : Plant is sedative and narcotic. Leaves used as

masticatory. Leaf paste applied to cure abscesses and
boils. Dried leaves used as tobacco. Tobacco leaves are
air dried and made into powder, to it boiled jaggary is
added, this mixure is smoked as sutta.
Chemical Constituents : Nicotine, nornicotine, anabasine, l-nicotine, nicotyrine,
L-noricotine, d-nornicotine, piperidine, pyrrolidine, N-
methylpyrroline, 2, 3'-dipyridyl, l-anabasine, N-methyl-l-
anabasine, l-anatabine, N-methyl-l-anatabine, nicotonine,
necotelline and myosmine (leaves), eudesmane-type
sesquiterpenoid and 7 flavones, 6 phenolic acids, and 1
coumarin (flowers).
Uses in Literature : Anthelmintic, antiseptic, carminative, constipative,

disinfectant, diuretic, emetic, heating, laxative,
masticatory, mental stimulant, narcotic, sedative, tonic,
vermifuge; useful for asthma, bronchitis, caries in the
teeth, inflammation on skin, kill head lice, night
blindness, prulent ophthalmia, foul nose, paan
preparation, rheumatic pain, scabies, scorpion bite,
scratching, skin diseases, sores, ulcers, wounds; causes
nausea, giddiness, vomiting, icy coldness and sweat with
the intermittent pulse (Ahmed & Borthakur, 2005;
Ambasta, 1986; Bora et al., 2003; Chakrabarty &
Bala krishanan, 2003; Chatterjee & Pakrashi, 1997;
Farooq, 2005; Nayak et al., 2003; Padhy & Dash,
2003; Parrota, 2001; Ranjan, 2003; Ranjan et al.,
2003; Retnam & Martin, 2006; Singh & Singh, 2003;
Singh et al., 2003; Sood & Thakur, 2004; Srivastava et
al., 2003; Watt, 1972).
Ocimum tenuiflorum L.
Syn.: Geniosporum tenuiflorum (L.) Merr.; Ocimum anisodorum F.Muell.,
O. hirsutum Benth.; O. sanctum L.
Family: Lamiaceae
Vern. Name: Tulsi.

Eng. : Holy Basil, Saced Basil, Shrubby Basil;

Hindi : Kalatulsi, KaliTulsi, Krushna Tulsi;
Sans. : Ajaka, Bahumanjiri, Deodundubhi, Gramya, Krushni,
Manjari, Madhavi, Laxmi, Sugandha, Sulabha,
Surama, Shulagni;
Ass. : Kola Tulasi;
Beng. : Tulsi;
Guj. : Tulsi;
Kann. : Kari tulasi, Sri tulasi, Vishnu tulasi;
Mal. : Trittavu;
Mar. : Tulasa, Tulasi chajadha;
P. : Tulsi;
Tam. : Thulasi;
Tel. : Brynda, Gaggera, Tulasi.
Distribution : Throughout India as well as cultivated.
Nativity : Native to tropical and subtropical Asia.
Description : Perennial, leaves ovate-oblong, crenulate or serrulate,

acute, cuneate, sparsely pilose, gland-dotted on both
surfaces; verticillasters, fruit upper lip suborbicular,
apiculate; lower lip longer than upper; lowermost pair of
teeth long subulate, curved upwards; corolla purplish or
white, pale brown, broadly ovoid-elliptic.
Flowering & Fruiting : July-February.
Habitat Ecology : Abundant in fallow fields. Plains from the coast to 900m;
Kanda koti, 1,732m.
Part/s used : Leaf. Whole Plant. Stem. Aerial Parts.
Folk uses : Decoction of leaves are given to cure cold, cough, fever
and stomachache. Leaves are used to flavour tea during
winters. Leaves are useful for jaundice. The plant is
considered sacred and is dear to Lord Vishnu.
Tulsivivah is organized. Tulsi beads are prepared from
dried stem which are made into tulsimala used for
chanting. Tulsi leaf is put in dyeing persons mouth and
when the person is died its stem is used in funeral (death
ritual). Tulsi leaves are added to cooked food to offer it
to God. Aerial Parts used as incense.
Chemical Constituents : β-carotene and ursolic acid, eugenol (1-hydroxy-2-

methoxy-4-allylbenzene), oleanolic acid, ursolic
acid, rosmarinic acid, eugenol, carvacrol, linalool, and β-
caryophyllene, eugenol methyl ester, caryophyllene,
terpinene-4-ol, (+)-δ-cadinene, 3-carene, α-
humulene, citral, α-pinene, β-pinene, α-camphor,
carvacrol, luteolin, methyl chavicol, limatrol,
decyladehyde, cirsilineol, cirsimaritin, isothymusin,
isothymonin, apigenin, and rosmarinic acid (leaves).
Uses in Literature : Alexiteric, anthelmintic, antibacterial, antidiabetic,

antipyretic, bites of worms and leeches, cholagogue,
demulcent, diuretic, diaphoretic, expectorant, heating,
insecticidal, mosquito repellent, stomachic; useful in
asthma, bachache, bronchitis, catarrh, cold and cough,
cutaneous diseases, diseases of heart and blood, earache,
fever, gastric disorders, genito-urinary disorders, gout,
hepatic affections, hiccough, leucoderma, lumbago,
making rosaries and malas, pains, purulent discharge of
the ear, ringworm, sciatica, vomiting; 4-5 mature leaves
are dropped into a bowl containing water & some
religious chants are recited over it and drunk.(Ambasta,
1986; Arinathan et al., 2003; Balu et al., 2003; Bhatt et
al., 2002; Bharate & Oli R., 2006; Chakrabarty &
Balakrishnan, 2003; Chatterjee & Pakrashi, 1997;
Chaudhury & Neogi, 2003; Dagar & Dagar, 2003;
Dixit & Kumar, 2003; Dwivedi, 2003; Farooq, 2005;
Gopal & Sinha 2003; Islam & Jha, 2003; Jaish Beg et
al., 2006; Kumar et al., 2003; Kurian, 1995; Meena et
al., 2003; Mitaliya & Bhatt, 2003; Mitaliya et al., 2003;
Nath & Maiti, 2003; Nayak et al., 2003; Parrota,
2001; Prasad et al., 2002; Prasad et al., 2003; Rahman,
2003; Rajan et al., 2003; Ranjan, 2003a,b; Rajendran
et al., 2003; Retnam & Martin, 2006; Rosa kutty et al.,
2003; Sahoo & Bahali, 2003; Saikia & Nath, 2003;
Sharma & Sood, 1997; Shekhawat et al., 2006; Shil &
Sharma, 2003; Singh, 2002; Singh, 2003a,b; Singh &
Singh, 2003; Singh et al., 2003; Siwakoti & Siwakoti,
2003; Thomas & Britto, 2003a,b; Watt, 1972)
Ophioglossum pendulum L.
Syn.: Ophioderma pendula (L.) Presl ; Ophioglossum moultonii Copel.; O.

falcatum Fowler
Family: Ophioglossaceae
Vern. Name: Kansua.
English Name:
Eng. : Old world adder’s-tongue.
Distribution : On tree trunks in tropical rain forests.
Nativity : Native to Madagascar, Tropical Asia to Polynesia,

Indochina and South China.
Description : Fronds; sterile lamina sessile, pendulous and ribbonlike,

usually lanceolate, sometimes dichotomously divided;
veins reticulate, without distinct midrib, forming diagonal
and hexagonal areoles; veinlets ± visible; sporophore
arising from near base or middle part of sterile lamina
and never longer than sterile lamina, pendent; spores
colorless or light yellow, quadrangular, surface foveolate.
Flowering & Fruiting : Tropical, Sub-Tropical / Monsoonal.

Habitat Ecology : Growing in moist deciduous, semi-evergreen and
evergreen forests; Tikkari Dasakna, 1753m.
Part/s used : Frond.
Folk uses : Frond paste is applied on burns, itching; its juice poured
into ear for earache.
Chemical Constituents : Homoflavonoids: ophioglonin, ophioglonin 7-O-beta-

Dglucopyranoside, ophioglonol, ophioglonol prenyl
ether, ophioglonol 4'- O-beta-D-glucopyranoside, and
isoophioglonin 7-O-beta-Dglucopyranoside, quercetin,
luteolin, kaempferol, 3,5,7,3',4'- pentahydroxy-8-
prenylflavone, and quercetin 3-O-methyl ether (whole
plant).
Uses in Literature : Hair growth (Ambasta, 1986).
Opuntia stricta (Haw.) Haw.

Syn.: Cactus strictus Haw.; Opuntia dillenni (Ker Gawl) Haw.; O. airampo Phil.; O.
anahuacensis Griffiths; O. zebrina Small
Family: Cactaceae.
Vern. Name: Nagfani.
Eng. : Prickly Pear, Slipper Thorn;

Hindi : Hath hatoria, Nagphana, Nagphand, Wathhataria;
Sans. : Guda, Gula, Kanthari, Nagadru, Nagaphana, Netrari,
Snuha, Snuhi, Snuka, Sudha, Vajra;
Beng. : Nagphana;
Guj. : Chorhathalo;
Kann. : Papaskalli, Chappatigalli;
Mal. : Palakakkali, Nagamullu;
Mar. : Chapal;
Oriya : Nagophenia;
P. : Chhittarhohar;
Tam. : Chappatikalli;
Tel. : Nagajemudu, Nagadali.
Distribution : Common in scrub forests, along roads & on degraded

lands throughout Peninsular India.
Nativity : Native to the Americas.
Description : Shrubs sprawling or erect, leaves subulate, deciduous;

flowers sepaloids greenish with yellow margin, broadly
deltoid-obovate to obovate, margin entire or slightly
crisped, apex mucronate; petaloids spreading, bright
yellow, obovate or cuneate-obovate; fruit purple,
turbinate to obovoid, fleshy at maturity, umbilicus deep;
seeds light tan, irregularly orbicular.
Habitat Ecology : Found in wastelands and roadsides. Plains from the coast
to 900m. Common; Kakog, 1,071m.
Part/s used : Fruit. Whole Plant.
Folk uses : Fruit edible, appetizer, digestable, whole part used for
decoration and fencing.
Chemical Constituents : Betanin, Beta-ionone and terpinolene, protein, calcium,

nitrogen, moisture, energy, fat, copper, iron, magnesium,
zinc, sodium, phosphorus, iron, salt, sucrose, glucose, and
fructose, niacin, and vitamin, ascorbic acid (fruits).
Uses in Literature : Alexiteric, antidote, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, bitter,

carminative, expectorant, hot, laxative, purgative,
stomachic; cures anaemia, ascites, biliousness, boils,
burning, dental caries, inflammation, leucodema, loss of
consciousness, vata, ophthalmia, piles, vesicular calculi,
ulcer, enlargement of the spleen, tumours, urinary
complaints, ulcer, whooping cough; edible; contain
fermentable sugar & could be utilized for manufacture of
industrial alcohol. Coarse fibre obtained could be used as
paper pulp (Ambasta, 1986; Chatterjee & Pakrashi,
1997; Kirtikar & Basu, 1984; Kumar & Nagiyan,
2006; Kurian, 1995; Nair & Jayakumar, 2003;
Parrota, 2001; Retnam & Martin, 2006; Saikia &
Nath, 2003; Singh & Srivastava, 2003; Sood &
Thakur, 2004; Sudhakar & Vedavathy, 2003).
Oxalis corniculata L.
Syn.: Acetosella bakeriana Kuntze; A. corniculata (L.) Kuntze; Acetosella stricta (L.)
Kuntze; Oxalis bradei R. Knuth
Family: Oxalidaceae.
Vern. Name: Khatli.

Eng. : Creeping oxalis, Creeping wood-sorrel, Inda, India

Sorrel;
Hindi : Amrit Sak, Amrul.
Sans. : Amlika
Ass. : Horutengeshikhak, Tengechi-sak;
Beng. : Amrulshak;
Kann. : Hulichikkai;
Mal. : Poliyarala;
Mar. : Ambuti, Anjati;
P. : Amlika, Khattamitha;
Tam. : Paliakiri;
Tel. : Pulichinta.
Distribution : Cosmopolitan in its distribution.
Nativity : Native to southeastern Asia.
Description : Prostrate herbs with creeping stem; leaves digitately

foliolate; leaflets broadly obcordate, base cuneate, apex
emarginate; flowers yellow, solitary or in axillary
umbels; sepals, ovate-lanceolate; petals ovate-lanceolate;
stamens, in two rows; seeds many, minute, brown.
Flowering & Fruiting : March-December.
Habitat Ecology : Forests, grasslands, moist places, irrigation channels.

Kanda Koti, 1,732m.
Part used : Leaf. Aerial parts.
Folk uses : Leaves used to cure constipation. Crushed leaves applied

on wounds to stop bleeding. Leaf juice used to kill
insect if it is in ear. Leaves used in Chutney
preparation. Aerial parts used as fodder.
Chemical Constituents : Tartaric acid, citric acids, palmitic acid, oleic, linolenic
and stearic acids, isovitexine, flavonoids, and vitexine-2-
O-beta-D- glucopyrunoside (leaves), alkaloids,
flavonoids, terpenoids, cardiac glycosides, saponins, and
phlobatannins, along with steroids (whole plant).
Uses in Literature : Antidiarrhoeal, antidote, antidyspeptic, antipyretic,

antiscorbutic, appetizer, astringent, bitter, digestive,
edible, hot, refrigerant, tonic; cures anaemia, chronic
cough, cuts & wounds, diarrhea, dysentery, fevers, kapha,
opacity of cornea, piles, rickets, skin disease, stomach
disorders, vata, warts, corns & other excrescences on the
skin; as mouth freshner, salad, vegetable
(Alagesboopathi et al., 2003; Ahmed & Borthakur,
2005; Ambasta, 1986; Banerjee, 2003; Bhatt et al.,
2002; Chatterjee & Pakrashi, 1997; Chhetri et al.,
2006; Das, 2003; Das & Chaudhury, 2003; Farooq,
2005; Khan et al., 2003; Khanna, 2002; Kirtikar &
Basu, 1984; Kumar & Nagiyan, 2006; Kumar et al.,
2003a,b; Mitaliya, 2002; Nandanakunjidam, 2003;
Nautiyal et al., 2003; Parrota, 2001; Ranjan, 2003;
Retnam & Martin, 2006; Sah et al., 2003; Sarkar
Sarma, 2006; Singh, 2003a,b; Singh & Singh, 2003;
Singh et al., 2003; Siwakoti & Siwakoti, 2003; Sood &
Thakur, 2004; Srivastava et al., 2003; Thomas &
Britto, 2003; Watt, 1972).
Papaver somniferum L.
Family: Papaveraceae
Vern. Name:. Afeem
Eng. : Opium, Poppy;

Hindi : Aphim, Khash-khash;
Sans. : Aaphuka, Ahifen, Ahiphena;
Ass. : Afu, Kani;
Beng. : Pasto;
Guj. : Aphina;
Kann. : Afirm, Biligasgase, Gasagase, Kasakase;
Mal. : Afium, Avin, Karappu, Kasakasa;
Mar. : Afu, Aphu, Khuskhus, Posta;
Tam. : Abini, Gashagasha, Kasakasa, Postaka;
Tel. : Abhini, Gasagasala, Gasagasala-chettu.
Distribution : Widely cultivated, altitude up to 3000 m.
Nativity : Native to Turkiye.
Description : Erect robust annual herbs, glaucous, glabrous; stem

simple or branched; leaves alternate, broadly lanceolate,
ovate oblong; flowers bisexual, solitary, terminal, white,
sepals free, deciduous, ovate-orbicular; stamens
numerous; ovary ovoid-globose, unilocular, superior,
glabrous, ovules numerous, stigmatic rays disc yellow;
fruits capsules, globular-ovoid, base rounded, apex flat
topped, glabrous, dehiscing by subapical pores or
persistent disc; seeds many, globose.

Habitat Ecology : Open areas, forest, rocky areas, Kharotiyo, 2,361m
Part/s used : Whole Plant. Latex.
Folk uses : Plant considered as narcotic, stimulant, sedative.

Opium (afeem) given for paralysis, twice daily for seven
days. For adults the dose size is of the size of wheat.
During the treatment bathing is not done and only warm
water is given to the patient. It is given for cough,
diarrhea. A very small amount of it licked by children to
induce sleep in them. Opium is edible (Afeemdana) and
is used in certain dishes. It is considered as remedy of
every disease.
Chemical Constituents : Codeine, morphine, noscapine, papaverine, and thebaine,

sanguinarine, essential oil, flavonoid, triterpenoid,
steroid, and phenylpropanoid (whole plant).
Uses in Literature : Addictive, analgesic, anodyne, antispasmodic, astringent,

cooling, demulcent, diaphoretic, diuretic, hypnotic,
maturant, narcotic, nutritive, sedative, sudorific, sweetish,
tonic; beneficial in asthma, cough, culinary purposes,
diarrhea, dysentery (Ambasta, 1986; Chatterjee &
Pakrashi, 1997; Farooq, 2005; Kirtikar & Basu, 1984;
Kumar & Nagiyan, 2003; Kurian, 1995; Ranjan,
2003; Ranjan et al., 2003; Retnam & Martin, 2006;
Watt, 1972).
Phoenix sylvestris (L.) Roxb.
Syn.: Elate sylvestris L., Katou indel Ham.

Family: Arecaceae.
Vern. Name: Khajoor.

Eng. : Date Sugar Palm, Indian Wine Palm, Wild Date
Palm;
Hindi : Khaji, Salma, Thakil;
Sans. : Bhumikharjurika, Kakakarkati, Skandhappala;
Ass. : Khaajuri;
Beng. : Kajar, Kejur;
Guj. : Khajuri;
Kann. : Ichalu;
Mal. : Intapppana, Kattinta;
Mar. : Boichand, Sindikajuri;
Oriya : Khorjuri, Khorjuro;
P. : Khaji, Khajur;
Tam. : Ichamanai, Periyayinju;
Tel. : Peddayita.
Distribution : Himachal to west Nepal; Mayanmar 150-1500m.
Nativity : Native to southern Pakistan, most of India, Sri Lanka,

Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar and Bangladesh.
Description : Palm with a large crown and rough trunk covered with
persistent leaf bases; leaves greyish-green; flowers small,
fragrant, borne in spadices; male flowers white, female
greenish; spadix have oblong-ellipsoid berries; seed
deeply grooved with rounded ends.
Habitat Ecology : Open hills. Rocky slopes; Thal Paliyara, 979m.
Part/s used : Fruit. Branches. Leaf.
Folk uses : Fruits are edible and increases the blood content. It also
helps in weight gain. Fruits are boiled in milk and given
to women who has stopped periods (menstruation).
Unripe fruits made to ripe in wheat straw and used after
3 days. Branches are made into brooms. Mats, baskets,
hand fans are prepared from leaves. Leaves are used as a
fodder.
Chemical Constituents : Carbohydrate, phenols, amino acids, flavonoids, tannins,
alkaloids, terpenoids, dietary fibers, essential vitamins
and minerals (Whole Plant).
Uses in Literature : Aphrodisiac, constipating, cardiotonic, cooling, edible,

fattening, oleogenous, restorative, sweet, tonic; useful for
abdominal and heart complaints, fever, fishing net,
fodder, gonorrhea, loss of consciousness, vomiting,
wandering of the mud, water conduits, making bags,
baskets, beams, bridges, brooms, fans, jaggaery, sugar
sap, temporary constructions, toddy (Ambasta, 1986;
Bhatt et al., 2002; Bhatt et al., 2003a,b; Chakaraborty
& Bhattacharyjee, 2003a,b; Farooq, 2005; Hebbar et
al., 2003; Katewa et al., 2003; Kirtikar & Basu, 1984;
Mitaliya & Bhatt, 2003; Muthy et al., 2003; Parrota,
2001; Sood & Thakur, 2004; Sudhakar & Vedavathy,
2003; Watt, 1972).
Phragmites karka (Retz.) Trin. Ex Steud.
Syn.: Arundo karka Retz.; Arundo vallatoria Gray

Oxyanthe japonica (Steud.) Steud.
Family:Poaceae
Vern. Name: Naal.
Eng. : Tall reed;

Hindi : Doka-ghas, Kilak, Nal, Narkul;
Sans. : Dhamana, Nala;
Ass. : Nal, Nalkhagari;
Beng. : Nal;
Kann. : Hulugila hulla;
Mal. : Nain-canna, Nadam;
Mar. : Nala;
Oriya : Potagala;
P. : Nal;
Tam. : Nalam, Perunanal;
Tel. : Eela karra, Nagasaramu- peepalu.
Distribution : Tropical Africa, Polynesia, northern Australia and

tropical Asia.
Nativity : Native to Africa through India and South-East Asia to

Australia and Oceania.
Description : Robust perennial from an extensive creeping rhizome;

culms very stout; leaf sheaths greenish, glabrous; leaf
blades erect-ascending, abaxial surface scabrous, apex
stiff, long acuminate; spikelets, glumes lanceolate-
elliptic, obtuse to acuminate; floret callus with hairs;
bisexual lemmas linear-lanceolate; apex long attenuate.
Flowering & Fruiting : Autumn.
Habitat Ecology : Along streams and river bank; Lagnu, 1,028m.
Part/s used : Stem. Leaves. Whole Plant.
Folk uses : Dried stem are used for writing purpose, kalam is
prepared from it. Leaves are used as fodder.
Inflorescence is used as broom. The plant act as soil
binder.
Chemical Constituents : Cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin (whole plant).
Uses in Literature : Used for baskets, brooms chairs, cordage, fences & fish
trap, flutes and pens, hookah-pipes, fodder, hookah-pipes,
thatching and for making mats, writing and printing
papers. Roots used for fractures (Ahmed & Borthakur,
2005; Ambasta, 1986; Singh, 2003; Watt, 1972).
Phyllanthus emblica L.
Syn.: Cicca emblica (L.) Kurtz.; Dichelactinanodicaulis Hance; Emblica arborea Raf.;
E. officinalis Gaertn.; P. taxifolius D.Don
Vern. Name: Aonla.
Eng. : Emblic Myrobalan Tree, Indian Goseberry;

Hindi : Amalaci, Amla, Amlika, Anola, Anuli,
AnvulaAnvurah, Anwerd, Aonla, Aungra, Aunra,
Daula;
Sans. : Adiphala, Akara, Amalaki, Amamalakam, Amlika,
Amraphala, Amrita, Amritphala, Bahuphali, Dhatri,
Dhatrika, Dhartiphala, Jatiphala, Karshaphala,
Kayastha, Pancharasa, Rochani, Shanta, Shiva,
Shriphala, Tishya, Triphala, Vayastha, Vrishya,
Vrittaphala;
Ass. : Amlaki, Amluki, Sohmyrlain;
Beng. : Ambolati, Amla, Amlaki, Amlati, Amulati, Aunlah,
Yeonlah;
Guj. : Amali, Ambala, Ambri, Amla, Bhoza, Bhozaamali;
Kann. : Amalaka, Nellikay;
Mal. : Amalakam, Nelli;
Mar. : Anvala, Aonli, Avala, Arola, Bhuiawali;
Oriya : Khondona, Onola;
P. : Ambal, Ambli, Ambul, Amla, Aonla;
Tam. : Amalagam, Andakoram, Indul, Kattunelli,
Nelli,Perunelli, Sirottam, Tattiri, Toppunelli;
Tel. : Amalakamu, Amalaki, Nelli, Pullayusirika,
Triphalamu, Usirika, Usirika, Usirikaya, Usiriki.
Distribution : Throughout the tropics.
Nativity : Native to India.
Description : Deciduous trees; leaves simple, alternate, bifarious on

short deciduous branchlets, closely overlapping,
subsessile; stipules minute, lateral, linear; flowers
unisexual, greenish-yellow, densely clustered in leaf
axils; male flowers: tepals, oblanceolate, obtuse;
apiculate; female flowers: tepals, oblanceolate, obtuse;
ovary superior; fruit a capsule, subglobose, disc enlarged
to give an appearance of fleshy yellowish-green,
indehiscent berry.
Habitat Ecology : Sunny slopes in scrub forest. Cultivated along field

margins. Wastelands; Rajana, 1,229m.
Part/s used : Fruit. Branch. Wood.
Folk uses : Fruits are one of the main constituent of triphala, which
is good for digestion. Fruit act as antioxidant has
cooling effect and is a good source of vitamin C. Fruit is
added to henna for blackening hair. Wood is used as
samdha in hawan. The plant is considered sacred. Branch
is kept in vedika during marriage ceremony. Fruits
edible and made into pickle and murraba, considered
good for eyesight. Wood is also used for making
furniture and agricultural implements.
Chemical Constituents : Trigalloylglucose terchebin, corilagin, ellagic acid

(fruits), triacontanol, triacontanoic acid, β-Amyrin
ketone, betulonic acid, daucosterol, lupeol acetate, β-
amyrin-3-palmitate, gallic acid, betulinic acid, ursolic
acid, oleanolic acid, quercetin and rutin (whole plant).
Uses in Literature : Acrid, alexiteric, alterative, antacid, antipyretic, aperient,

astringent, bitter, carminative, cooling, ecpectorant,
laxative, refrigerant, sour, sweetish, tonic, vulnerary;
useful in anaemia, antifertility, anuria, asthma, bronchitis,
incipient blindness, burning sensation, dysentery, thirst,
sweats, vomiting, biliousness, urinary discharges, thirst,
leprosy, liver complaints, constipation, inflammations,
erysipelas, leucorrhoea, ophthalmia, piles, skin diseases,
strangury, tridosha; made into agricultural implements,
dye, poles & inferior quality furniture (Ambasta, 1986;
Asolkar et al., 1992; Balu et al., 2003; Banerjee, 2003;
Beigh et al., 2003; Bhatt, 2002; Bhatt et al., 2003; Binu
et al., 2003; Chakaraborty, 2003; Chatterjee &
Pakrashi, 1997; Das & Misra, 2003; Das & Sharma,
2003; Dutta & Nath, 2003; Dwivedi, 2003a,b; Farooq,
2005; Ghosh & Das, 2003; Gogoi et al., 2003; Guha
Bakshi et al., 2001; Hebbar et al., 2003; Islam & Jha,
2003; Jain et al., 2003; Jaish Beg et al., 2006; Kalita &
Tamuli, 2006; Khanna, 2002; Kirtikar & Basu, 1984;
Kothari & Rao, 2003; Kumar, 2003; Kumar & Lal,
2003; Kumar & Nagiyan, 2006; Kumar & Rao, 2003;
Muthy et al., 2003; Parrota, 2001; Rajendran &
Aswal, 2003; Ranjan, 2003; Retnam & Martin, 2006;
Sah et al., 2003; Satapathy & Brahmam, 2003;
Sharma et al., 2003; Shekhawat et al., 2006; Singh,
2002; Singh, 2003a,b, 2006; Sivakumar et al., 2003;
Srivastava et al., 2003a,b,c; Siwakoti & Siwakoti,
2003; Sood & Thakur, 2004; Sur & Halder, 2002;
Watt, 1972).
Physalis angulata L.
Syn.: Boberella angulata (L.) E. H. L. Krause; Physalis arenaria Hort. ex Nees ;

Physalis capsicoides Bitter; Physalis pendula Rydb.
Family: Solanaceae.
Vern. Name: Jangali Tamatar.
English anf Regional Names:
Eng. : Cold cherry, Dog tomato;

Mal. : Pee-inota-inodien.
Distribution : Tropical Asia, Africa and Australia.
Nativity : Native to the Americas.

Description : Herbs annual, sparsely pubescent or glabrescent; stems
much branched; leaf blade ovate to elliptic, glabrescent,
base cuneate or broadly cuneate, margin entire or dentate,
apex acuminate or acute; calyx divided about halfway;
corolla pale yellow or white, spotted in throat; fruiting
calyx ovoid; berry; seeds discoid.
Flowering & Fruiting : May-December.
Habitat Ecology : Degraded forests and waste places; Baunal, 1,376m.
Part/s used : Fruit. Aerial Parts.
Folk uses : Fruit edible and is good source of iron, vitamins and is
good for stomach disorders. Aerial parts used as fodder.
Chemical Constituents : Physalin A, physalin B, physalin E, physalin P, stigmast-

5-en-3β-ol, ergost-5, 24 (28) -diene-3β-ol, brassicaaterol,
stigmasta-22-en-3, 6-dione, pregn-5-en-3-ol-20-
carboxylic acid, ergost-5, 24 (28)-diene-3β, 23S-diol,
ergosta-5, 25 (26)-diene-3, 24ξ-diol, n-hexade-canoic
acid, and n-heptadecanoic acid (whole plant).
Uses in Literature : Diuretic; useful for fever, stomach trouble (Asolkar et

al., 1992; Kirtikar & Basu, 1984; Kurian, 1995).
Pinus roxburghii Sarg.

Syn.: Pinus longifolia Roxb. ex Lamb.
Family: Pinaceae.
Vern. Name: Chir, Cheed.
Eng. : Chir Pine, Long-Leaved pine, Three leaved pine;

Hindi : Chil, Chir, Chirkagond, Dhupasalala, Gandhabiroza,
Salla, Saral;
Sans. : Bhadradaru, Dhupavriksha, Kshira, Manojna,
Marichapatraka, Pitadaru, Putikas, Putikashtha,
Sarala, Sarala-Drava, Snigdhadarusanjnaka, Srivasa,
Surabhidaruka;
Ass. : Telia;
Beng. : Gandhabireja, Saralagachha, Saralakastha;
Guj. : Saraladeodara;
Mal. : Charalam, Pitadaru, Putikashtam, Saralam, Srivasam;
Mar. : Saraladeodara;
Oriya : Sorolokatho;
P. : Anander, Chil, Chir, Drabchir, Gula, Nakhtar,
Nashtar, Ransuru, Saral, Thansa;
Tam. : Simaidevadari, Surudevadari;
Tel. : Devadaru, Sarala.
Distribution : Throughout the Himalaya from Kashmir - Bhutan,

Shivalik hill, Ooty, Kodaikanal 450-2,400m.
Description : Trees; bark dark red-brown, thick, deeply and

longitudinally fissured, scaly; winter buds brown, small,
ovoid, not resinous; needles slender, flabellate-triangular
in cross section; seed cones shortly pedunculate, ovoid;
seed scales oblong, thick, stiff; apophyses strongly
swollen, conspicuously transversely ridged; umbo
triangular, protruding; seeds winged.
Habitat Ecology : Terristrial; lower altitudes in the Himalayas, from 500–

2,000m; Lajva, 1,853m.
Part/s used : Seed. Leaf. Stem. Wood. Female Cone.
Folk uses : Seeds edible. Needles are made into brooms.

Turpentine is extracted from stem used in paints and
varnishes. Leaves are used for making bedding for
cattle. Leaves are used in making manure. Leaves are
put on arabi (Colocasia esculenta L.) so as to protect it
from direct sunlight. Wood is used for construction
purpose, fuel. Low quality furniture is prepared from it.
Cone is used as fuel and also used in decoration. Wood
used to burn deadbody (death ritual).
Chemical Constituents : b-pinene, car-3-ene, (E)-caryophyllene and eugenol along

with linalool, α- humulene, α-terpineol, and terpinen-4-ol
(leaves).
Uses in Literature : Analgesic, antiseptic, aphrodisiac, bitter, carminative,

diaphoretic, diuretic, emmenagogue, expectorant,
fattening, heating, oleogenic, ozoena, pungent, purgative,
rubefacient, stimulant, stomachic; useful in asthma, blood
and skin diseases, bronchitis, construction purposes,
colic, cough, cracked heel, decoration, diaphoresis,
dyspepsia, ear and eye diseases, fainting, fire wood,
furniture, gleet, giddiness, gonorrhea, inflammations,
itching, lumbago, making kajal, paper-pulp, piles,
railway sleeper, scabies, scorpion sting, snakebite, spleen,
the throat, toothache, tuberculosis, vagina and uterus
diseases, ulcers, wounds (Ambasta, 1986; Arya, 2006;
Chatterjee & Pakrashi, 1997; Farooq, 2005; Kirn et
al., 2003; Kirtikar & Basu, 1984; Pandey & Pande,
2003; Sood & Thakur, 2004).
Pinus wallichiana A.B. Jacks.
Syn.: Leucopitys excelsa Nieuwl.; Pinus chylla Lodd.;

Pinus wallichiana var.manangensis H.Ohba & M.Suzuki;
Family: Pinaceae.
Vern. Name: Kail.
Eng. : Himalayan white pine, Bhutan Pine, Blue pine

Hindi : Kail, Chilla, Dhurasala.
Distribution : Distributed from 1800m elevation to 2500m or above
also.
Nativity : Native to Himalaya.
Description : Tree; leaves in fascicles of 5, basal sheaths deciduous,

often curved at the base, slender, flexible, abaxial side
green, adaxial side with multiple bluish-white stomatal
lines; usually pendant but in some trees spreading; male
strobili on lower branches, often in dense clusters on
younger twigs; female cones erect when young but later
pendant, bluish-green when young, maturing to light
brown with pale brown apophyses; cone scales wedge-
shaped, wide near the apex, apophysis grooved, ending in
a blunt umbo; basal scales usually not, or only slightly,
reflexed, very resinous.
Habitat Ecology : Blue pine occurs in slightly wet areas or moist area;
Devna, 1,905m.
Part/s used : Whole Plant. Seed. Wood. Leaf. Female Cone.
Folk uses : Plant is ornamental. Seeds are edible. Wood is used as

timber. Broom is made from needle. Cone used for
decoration and for fuel. Wood is used for construction,
fuel. Bedding for cattle is prepared from its needles.
Chemical Constituents : Hydrocarbons, terpene acids, organic acids, flavonoids,

flavonoid glycosides, terpene alcohols (whole plant),
kaempferol, rhamnetin, isorhamnetin, quercetin,
myricetin (bark), α- Pinene, Camphene, β –
Pinene/Sabinene/C11, Δ-3-Carene/myrcene, α-
Terpinene, limonene, β- phellandrene, γ- terpinene , p-
cymene, terpinolene, longipinene, cyclosativene,
longicyclene, sativene, longifolene, β- caryophyllene/
terpinen-4-ol, Trans-β-Farnesene/αhumulene, α-
terpineol/borneol (whole plant).
Uses in Literature : Useful in abscess, animal bedding, battery separators,

cheap pencils, compost preparation, construction
purposes and furniture, cracked heels, dyeing wool,
firewood and for interior decoration, internal fittings of
residential houses, internal injuries (vet.), packing cases,
pimple, railway sleepers, violins and match boxes
(Ambasta, 1986; Kirn et al., 2003; Kirtikar & Basu,
1984; Nautiyal et al., 2003; Pandey & Pande, 2003;
Singh, 2003).
Pistacia integerrima J.L.Stewart
Syn.: Lentiscus kakrasinghee (Royle) Kuntze; Pistacia chinensis subsp. integerrima

(J.L.Stewart) Rech.f.
Family: Anacardiaceae.
Vern. Name: Kakkarsighi.
Eng. : Zebra wood;

Hindi : Kaakarasingi;
Sans. : Chakra, Chakrangi, Chandraspada, Ghosha, Karkata;
Ass. : Kakiasingi;
Beng. : Kankda Shringi;
Guj. : Kakadashing;
Kann. : Chakrangi, Kaakada shringi, Karkaataka shringi;
Mal. : Karkkalasrmgi;
Mar. : Kakra, Kaakada, Kaakad shingee;
Oriya : Kakadashringi;
P. : Kakar, Kakarsingi;
Tam. : Kakkata-shinigi;
Tel. : Kakarashingi, Kaakara shingi.
Distribution : E. Afghanistan to Himalaya and NW. India

Description : Single-stemmed, dioecious tree; Leaves large, pinnately

compound; leaves and petioles contain galls that are
horn-shaped, rugose and hollow; flowers small, reddish,
arranged in panicles; fruits purple to blue, globular.
Habitat Ecology : Dry slopes and in valleys along rivers, at elevations up to

2,400m; Nerabag, 1,391m.
Part/s used : Gall. Leaf.
Folk uses : Smoke of galls inhaled to cure asthma, cough. Galls are
burnt into ashes 5g of it mixed with 1tsp of honey given
for cough thrice daily in children. Galls sold and hence it
is economically important. Leaves lopped as fodder.
Chemical Constituents : Alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins and sterols,

phenolic compounds (whole plant).
Uses in Literature : Carminative; employed in asthma, construction work,

dyeing and tanning, dysentery, furniture, phthisis, plough,
diseases of respiratory tract, spinning wheels, tool
handles; for fodder, carving, panels, inlay work, picture
frame, turnery (Ambasta, 1986; Sood & Thakur, 2004;
Watt, 1972).
Pisum sativum L.
Syn.: Lathyrus oleraceus Lam.; Pisum arvense L.; P. vulgare Jundz.

Family: Fabaceae.
Vern. Name: Matar.

Eng. : Dun pea, Edible-pod pea, Field pea, Garden pea,
Green pea, Grey pea, Mutter pea, Partridge pea,
Peluskins, Snow pea, Sugar pea, Syrian fodder pea,
Wild pea;
Hindi : Matar;
Sans. : Renuka, Satila, Triputa;
Beng. : Matar;
Guj. : Patana;
Kann. : Batgadle, Bahtahna;
Mal. : Pattani;
Mar. : Vatane;
Tam. : Pattani;
Tel. : Gundusanighelu, Pantanlu.
Distribution : Throughout India.
Description : Annual, often climbing, stem glabrous, glaucous; leaf

paripinnately compound, rachis ending in a branched
tendril, leaflets entire or dentate; stipules obliquely ovate,
toothed at least below, semi-amplexicaul at the base, 1-3-
flowered; calyx subequal; corolla white or vexillum lilac
and reddish purple.
Flowering & Fruiting : February- September
Habitat Ecology : Cultivated; Andheri, 1,706m.
Part/s used : Seed. Aerial Parts.
Folk uses : Seeds are cooked as vegetable. Dried seeds used as

pulse. Seeds raises uric acid in the body. Aerial part
used as fodder. The plant has economic value as sold by
the local people. Seed are considered as appetizer,
stimulant.
Chemical Constituents : Homoserine, convicillin, flavonoids, polyphenols,

alkaloids, glycosides, terpenoid and absence of saponins
(whole plant).
Uses in Literature : Appetiser, cooling, emollient, fattening, laxative;
suppress cough, reflex; useful in biliousness, bronchitis,
burning sensation, cough, fever, poor lactation reflex; as
vegetable (Ambasta, 1986; Chatterjee & Pakrashi,
1997; Farooq, 2005; Kirtikar & Basu, 1984;
Manandhar, 2003; Singh & Singh, 2003; Watt, 1972).
Plantago major L.
Syn.: Plantago borysthenica Wissjul; P. dregeana Decne.; P. latifolia Salisb; P. major

var. borysthenica Rogow.; P. major f. scopulorum Fries; P. officinarum Crantz;
P. sinuata Lam
Family: Plantaginaceae.
Vern. Name: Isabgol.
Eng. : Englishman’s Foot, Plantain, Ribgrass broadleaf

plantain, common plantain, greater plantain, plantain,
ribgrass, ribwort, white-man's foot;
Hindi : Luhuriya;
Sans. : Asvagola;
Ass. : Singagach
Mar. : Barhang;
P. : Ghuzbe, Isafgol, Karet;
Tam. : Ishappukolvitai.
Distribution : Found throughout most of the world (i.e. cosmopolitan).
Nativity : Native to most of Europe and northern and central Asia.
Discription : Perennial acaulescent herbs; leaves in rosettes, spirally

arranged, petiolate; lamina ovate elliptic or rarely
rotundate, entire, subentire or sinuately dentate; spikes
dense or lax, slender, narrow-cylindric, bracts equalling
or shorter than the calyx, ovate-oblong, ± acute, brownish
with a brown keel, margins scarious; calyx glabrous;
sepals broadly elliptic, oblong to rounded obtuse or
subacute, obtusely keeled, margins broadly scarious;
corolla greenish or yellowish white, glabrous, lobes
elliptic- ovate to narrowly triangular, obtuse or acute,
reflexed; anthers at first lilac, later whitish or yellowish;
capsule globose or subconic, glabrous; seeds minute,
angulate, dull black, rugulose.
Flowering & Fruiting : April-October
Habitat Ecology : Moist locations; Dhamas, 1,567m.
Folk uses : Leaf paste applied on skin affections and for wound
healing. Aerial parts consumed as vegetable and also as
fodder.
Chemical Constituents : Flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, phenolic acid

derivatives, iridoid glycosides, fatty acids,
polysaccharides and vitamins (whole plant).
Uses in Literature : Alterative, antiseptic, astringent, cooling, demulcent,

diuretic, edible, purgative, stimulant, styptic, tonic, warm;
useful in bruises, cough, diarrhea, draw out the thorn or
splinter, dysentery, insect sting, rheumatism, fever,
griping pain, gum boils, piles, sores, toothache, whooping
cough, wounds; useful for child bearing, dyeing cotton,
as an enema to cleanse the intestinal tract of new born
infants, eyewash (Ambasta, 1986; Chaurasia et al.,
2003; Gogoi et al., 2003; Kirtikar & Basu, 1984;
Kumar & Mathur, 2003; Singh, 2003; Sood &
Thakur, 2004; Watt, 1972).
Polystichum aculeatum (L.) Roth
Syn.: Aspidium lobatum (Huds.) Sw.; Polypodium lobatum Huds.;

Polystichum lobatum (Huds.) C. Presl
Family: Dryopteridaceae.
Vern. Name: Furn.
Eng. : Hard Shield Fern, Prickly shield Fern.
Distribution : Perennial and grows primarily in the temperate biome.
Description : Plants evergreen; stipe amber, at base, densely scaly;

scales brown, ovate and lanceolate; lamina bipinnate,
broadly oblanceolate, slightly contracted toward base,
acuminate; rachis without proliferous bulbils, scaly on
both surfaces, scales lanceolate and linear, margins ciliate;
pinnae alternate, slightly ascendant, linear-lanceolate,
obliquely broadly cuneate or nearly rounded, shortly
stalked, pinnate, acuminate; pinnules, alternate, slightly
ascendant, approximate, obliquely oblong, acroscopic
bases indistinctly auriculate, obliquely cuneate, margins
with small spinulose forward-pointing teeth, apices acute
and spinulose; basal acroscopic pinnules largest; abaxially
scaly; microscales filiform, strongly ciliate at base; frond
texture leathery; venation pinnate on pinnules, indistinct.
Flowering & Fruiting : October-March.
Habitat Ecology : Found in disturbed habitats such as road cuts, talus

slopes, and stream banks; Siu, 710m.
Part/s used : Whole Plant.

Folk uses : Plant is ornamental. Aerial parts used as fuel and
fodder.
Chemical Constituents : Flavonoids, phenolics, alkaloids, steroids, triterpenes and

polysaccharides (fronds)
Uses in Literature : Used in the preparation of curries (Ambasta, 1986).
Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre
Syn.: Cytisus pinnatus L.; Dalbergia arborea Willd.; Galedupa indica Lam.;
Pongamia glabra Vent.
Family: Fabaceae.
Vern. Name: Papra.
Eng. : Pongam Tree, Indian Beech Tree, Pongame Oil Tree;
Hindi : Kalinga, Karanj, Naktmal, Papar, Papra;

Sans. : Baddhaphala, Chirabilva, Chitti, Dhvankshavalli,
Kasticharini;
Ass. : Koroch;
Beng. : Karamaja, Kenja, Keram;
Guj. : Kanajhi, Karanja;
Kann. : Honge mara, Huligili mara, Karanja;
Mal. : Pongam, Punnu;
Mar. : Karanj;
Oriya : Bruttaphala, Chhitti, Karanja, Karaka;
P. : Sukhchain;
Tam. : Aciruntam, Akirantam, Alam,;
Tel : Kaadeputhige, Kaanuga chettu, Kaggera, Krovi.
Distribution : Deciduous and mangrove forests, also planted as avenue

tree.
Nativity : Native to Asia and Australia.
Description : Trees; leaflet blades ovate, broadly elliptic, or oblong,

leathery, base rounded, broadly cuneate, or truncate, apex
rounded to acuminate; inflorescences axillary, racemose;
calyx campanulate to calathiform, outside sparsely
yellowish pubescent; corolla white or pink; vexillary
stamen distinct, others connate; anthers basifixed; ovary
subsessile; style inflexed, glabrous; stigma capitate;
legume ellipsoid to oblong, flat, indehiscent, covered
with obscure warts, apex shortly beaked.
Habitat Ecology : Mostly at river banks and ravines up to 1000m; Lagnu,

1,028m.
Part/s used : Seed. Leaf. Wood. Bark. Flower.
Folk uses : Seed oil applied for fungal infection, boils, itching,
leprosy. Leaves used as fodder. Wood is used for
making agricultural implements and as a fuel. Bark
yield fiber. Flower juice prescribed for lowering
cholesterol level.
Chemical Constituents : Oleic acid, stearic acid and palmitic acid, hiragonic and
octadecatrienoic acids (whole plant).
Uses in Literature : Useful for beri-beri, cordage, cutaneous diseases,

cleansing foul ulcers & fistulous sores, cough, diabetes,
diarrohea, dyspepsia, flatulence, fish poison, fuel, herpes,
leucoderma, lubricants, malaria, manure, piles and for
cleaning teeth and strengthening gums, ploughs, soaps
and candles, scabies, stomach troubles, tanning industry
& dressing E.I. leathers, worms, yokes of bullock carts
(Ambasta, 1986; Awasthi & Goel, 2003; Chakraborty
& Bakrishanan, 2003; Chatterjee & Pakrashi, 1997;
Dash & Misra, 2003; Dwivedi, 2003a,b; Ganesan &
Kesavan, 2003; Islam & Jha, 2003; Jain, 2003; Jha &
Kumar, 2003; Khare & Khare, 2003; Kothari &
Londhe, 2003; Kothari & Rao, 2003; Kothari et al.,
2003; Ksirsagar, 2003; Kumar & Lal, 2003; Kumari
& Narasimhan, 2003; Misra & Das, 2003; Nayak et
al., 2003; Pandey et al., 2003; Ravikumar & Sankar,
2003; Reddy & Raju, 2003; Retnam & Martin, 2006;
Subramaniam, 2003; Sur & Halder, 2002; Thomas &
Britto, 2003).
Prinsepia utilis Royle

Syn.: Cycnia spinosa Griff.
Family: Rosaceae.
Vern. Name: Bekhal.
Eng. : Himalayan Cherry Prinsepia;

Hindi : Bhekhal, Bekkra. Bhekhra, Cherara, Dhatila, Jhatela,
Kangora, Krungora, Mhat, Satmuli;
Sans. : Bhekhra;
P. : Bekhul, Gurinda, Kharnglara, Kharnguru, Phulwara,
Tatua.
Distribution : It is distributed throughout Himalayan range from west to

east between 1600-3000m.
Nativity : Native to NE. Pakistan to S. Central China and N. India.
Description : Shrub, branches bearing ascending spines (modified

lateral shoots); leaves elliptic-lanceolate acuminate, base
attenuate or rounded, minutely serrate, glabrous; calyx
lobes suborbicular; petals elliptic or obovate, white.
Stamens filaments crimson at base; drupes, borne on
persistent calyx cup, purplish, style near base due to
unequal growth.
Habitat Ecology : River banks; Dhamas, 1,567m.

Part/s used : Seed. Whole Plant. Leaf. Wood.
Folk uses : Warm seed oil applied for arithritis. Oil extracted from
seeds is used as cooking oil. Plant is considered sacred
and is used in religious ceremonies. Leaves are offered to
God. Plant is used for fencing. Wood used as fuel. Plant
is considered as magico-religious.
Chemical Constituents : Polyphenols, alkaloids, phytosterols, cardiac glycosides,

saponin, anthraquinone, resin, tannin, flavonoid, and
terpenoids (whole plant).
Uses in Literature : Illuminant, rubefacient; useful for burns, cooking, driving

away the ghost, hydrogenation and soap preparation,
making walking stick massage, rheumatism, pain
resulting from over-fatigue (Ambasta, 1986; Farooq,
Pandey, 1995; Sharma & Rana, 2003; Singh, 2003;
Sood & Thakur, 2004; Watt, 1972).
Prunus cerasoides D. Don

Syn.: Cerasus puddum Wall.; Prunus puddum Roxb. ex Wall.
Family: Rosaceae.
Vern. Name: Paaza.
Eng. : Bird Cherry, Himalayan Wild Cherry;

Hindi : Padam, Patmakath;
Sans. : Charu, Hima, Kaidara, Kedaraja, Malaya, Maleya,
Padmagandhi, Padmaka;
Ass. : Dieng-Soh-Iong-Krem;
Beng. : Padmak;
Guj. : Padmak, Padmakathi;
Kann. : Padmaka;
Mal. : Patimukam;
Mar. : Padmaka, Padmakastha, Padmakaashta;
P. : Paja;
Tam. : Patumugam;
Tel. : Padmakla.
Distribution : This species is globally distributed in India, Nepal,

Bhutan, Burma and South West China between an
altitude range of 1200-2400 m. Within India, it has been
recorded in Himachal Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Sikkim,
Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Manipur, Tamil Nadu
(Palni: > 1800 m. naturalized around Kodaikanal). It is
cultivated in Biligirirangan hills of Karnataka.
Nativity : Native to East Asia, South Asia and Southeast Asia.
Distribution : Trees; leaf blade ovate-lanceolate, oblong-lanceolate,

subleathery, glabrous along veins, adaxially dark green;
inflorescences umbellate; involucral bracts, apically
divided, withered after anthesis; peduncle glabrous;
hypanthium red to dark red, campanulate; sepals, erect,
margin entire, apex acute to obtuse; petals white or pink,
ovate to obovate, apically entire or emarginated; stamens
shorter than petals; style as long as stamens, glabrous;
stigma disciform; drupe purplish black, ovoid; endocarp
ovoid, laterally deeply furrowed and pitted, apex obtuse.
Flowering & Fruiting : November-May.
Habitat Ecology : Western Ghats & Eastern Ghats, Cultivated; Bhawai,

1,569m.
Parts used : Whole Plant. Wood. Fruit. Leaf.
Folk uses : The plant is considered sacred. Wood is used as

‘havansaamgri’. The plant is considered sacred. Also
used in ‘mandap’ preparation. Fruit edible. Leaves are
offered to God and also used as a fodder. Wood used in
making agricultural implements, walking sticks and as
fuel.
Chemical Constituents : Flavonoids, diterpenes, cardiac glycosides, flavones and

isoflavones (stem bark), dihydrotectochrysin,
pinocembrin, dihydrowogonin, chrysin, naringenin,
kaempferol47, aromadendrin, quercetin, taxifolin, 7-
hydroxy-5, 2´, 4´- trimethoxy flavanone (Carasinone), 2´-
hydroxy 2, 4, 4´, 6’- tetramethoxy chalcone (Carasidin),
2´,4´ dihydroxy-2,4,6´- trimethoxy-chalcone (Carasin)
(heartwood), narigenin, apigenin, β-sitosterol,
sakuranetin, prunetin, genkwanin (stem), puddumin-A [7-
O-(β-D-glucopyranosyl)- 5-O-methylnaringenin]56,
genistein, prunetin57 , npentacosane, triacontane,
noctacosanol, β-sitosterol, ursolic acid, oleic, palmitic
and stearic acids, afzelin, kaempteritrin, naringenin, β-
sitosterol-β-D-glucoside57 (sapwood).
Uses in Literature : Acrid, analgesic, antipyretic, bitter, blood coagulant,

febrifuge, refrigerant, sedative, tonic, vulnerary; useful in
asthma, cough, boils, brandy preparation, burns, cuts and
wounds, diarrhea, dislocation, fever, fracture of bones,
hiccup, kidney stone, skin ailments, worms/pests
repellent, tanning; as walking stick (Ahmed &
Borthakur, 2005; Ambasta, 1986; Bhuyan, 2003;
Chatterjee & Pakrashi, 1997; Dash et al., 2003;
Farooq, 2005; Kirtikar & Basu, 1984; Pandey, 1995;
Prunus domestica L.
Syn.: Prunus communis Huds.; Prunus oeconomica Borkh.,

Prunus sativa subsp. domestica (L.) Rouy & Camus
Family: Rosaceae.
Vern. Name: Palam.
Eng. : Common plum, Plum;

Hindi : Alu Bukhara, Alucha;
Ass. : Ahom bogori, Plum;
Beng. : Alubukhara;
Guj. : Alubukhara;
Tel. : Alpagodapandu.
Distribution : Cultivated in temperate zones throughout the world.
Nativity : Native to eastern Europe or western Asia around the

Caucasus and the Caspian Sea.
Description : Deciduous tree with rounded crown; usually thorn less

and has a scaly dark brown bark; leaves simple elliptic;
flowers white or greenish white usually grows solitary or
in pairs; fruits globose or ovoid drupes with blossom, red
or dark purple in colour.
Flowering & Fruiting : March-August.
Habitat Ecology : Woodland Garden Secondary; Sunny Edge; Dappled

Shade; Sangna, 1,522m.
Part/s used : Fruit. Wood. Gum.
Folk uses : Fruits good for constipation and given for menstrual
disorders, also made into jams, jellies. Wood used for
making agricultural implements such as tool handles,
walking sticks. Gum used as adhesive.
Chemical Constituents : Galacturmic acid, arabinose, galactose, xylose and

rhamnose, vitamin C (fruits), kaemferol, rutoside and
quercetin-3-rhamnoglucoside (leaves), chlorogenic acid
was the predominant compound. Seven benzoic acid
derivatives, 7 cinnamic acid derivatives, 6 caffeoylquinic
acid derivatives, 2 feruloylquinic acid derivatives, 3
comaroylquinic acid derivatives, 2 shikimic acid, ellagic
acid, 2 propionic acid, 2 abscisic acid, and 3 abscisic acid
derivatives (whole plant).
Uses in Literature : Astringent, demulcent, edible, laxative, refrigerant; useful

in cabinet work, constipation, debility following
miscarriage, gonorrhea, gum, jam prepaeration,
leucorrhoea, irregular menstruation, piles (Ahmed &
Borthakur, 2005; Ambasta, 1986; Farooq, 2005;
Kirtikar & Basu, 1984; Pandey, 1995).
Prunus persica (L.) Batsch.

Syn.: Amygdalus persica L.; Persica platycarpa Decne.; Prunus daemonifuga H.L‚v.
&Vaniot; P. persica var. compressa (Loudon) Bean
Family: Rosaceae.
Vern. Name: Aadu.
Eng. : Nectarine, Peach;

Hindi : Adoo, Shaftalu;
Ass. : Nara bogori;
Kann. : Pichesu;
Oriya : Pishu.
Distribution : It is a deciduous tree upto 10m in height or evergreen

trees and shrubs naturally distributed throughout
temperate regions originally from Asia or Southern
Europe.
Nativity : Native to northwest China.
Description : Trees; leaves simple, alternate, spiral; lamina narrowly

lanceolate or oblong lanceolate, cuneate at base, caudate
acuminate at apex, sharply serrate along margins, basal
glands two; inflorescences in axillary racemes, solitary;
flowers white; pedicels pubescent; calyx ciliate; drupes
yellow, tinged with red, ellipsoid.
Flowering & Fruiting : January-June.
Habitat Ecology : Forested areas, plain areas; Kakog, 1071m.
Folk uses : Fruits are edible used as appetizer, useful in

constipation and gastric problems. Leaf juice
prescribed for killing intestinal worms (anthelmintic).
Wood used for making agricultural implements.
Crushed leaves given to cattle as anthelmintic. (vet.)
Chemical Constituents : HCN, rich amount of phytin, calcium. Mg, Iron, copper,
sulphur, vitamin B complex (fruits), kaempferol (leaves),
phenolic compounds, carotenoids, vitamins, volatiles and
organic acids, cyanogenetic glycosides, amygdalin and
prunasin along with glycerides, sterols and emulsin
(seeds), 6-hydroxy4-methoxy 2-O-β-D-glucopyranoside,
8-O-β-D-glactopyranoside crysophenol, β-sitosterol and
quercetin. The leaves of the plant contain caffeic acid,
chlorogenic acid, p-coumaric acid, kaempferol, quercetin,
quercetin-3- glycoside, quercetin-3-rhamnoside (stem
bark).
Uses in Literature : Abortifacient, anodyne, anthelmintic, digestive,

haemostatic, laxative, sedative, stomachic, tonic; suitable
in case of abdominal troubles like burning sensation,
gaseous formation, hard bowel, overthirst, building
purposes, loss of appetite, cardiac ailments, colic,
constipation, dyspepsia, earache, eye irritation, fever,
gynaecological disorders, indigestion, piles, scurvy,
urinary trouble, weakness, whooping cough, worm
affections; as dye (Ahmed & Borthakur, 2005;
Ambasta, 1986; Baburaj et al., 2003; Farooq, 2005;
Kirtikar & Basu, 1984; Kumar, 2003; Kumar &
Nagiyan, 2006; Nath et al., 2006; Pandey, 1995;
Pandey & Tiwari, 2003; Ranjan et al., 2003; Sood &
Thakur, 2004; Watt, 1972).
Psidium guajava L.
Syn.: Myrtus guajava (L.) Kuntze; P. angustifolium Lam.; P. pyriferum L.

Family: Myrtaceae.
Vern. Name: Amrood.
Eng. : Guava Tree;

Hindi : Am, Amrud, Amrut, Safed Safari;
Sans. : Aprithaktvacha, Dridhabija, Madhuramla, Mansala,
Mridu, Parevata, Perala, Peruka, Pita, Tuvara,
Vastula;
Ass. : Madhuriam, Muhuriam;
Beng. : Goaachhi, Peyara, Piyara;
Guj. : Jamrud, Jamrukh, Peru, Piyara;
Kann. : Sebehannu, Jama phala;
Mal. : Koyya, Malakkapera, Pera;
Mar. : Jamba, Tupkel;
Oriya : Bodojamo, Jamo, Julabojamo, Pidudi;
P. : Amrud, Amrut, Anjirzard;
Tam. : Koyya, Segappugiya, Sengoyya, Sirugoyya,
Vellaikoyya, Uyyakkondan;
Tel. : Ettajama, Gova, Goyya, Jama, Tellajama.
Distribution : Grown successfully in tropical and subtropical regions up

to 1500m (5000 feet) above sea-level.
Nativity : Native to Central America from Mexico to northern

South America.
Description : Small trees; leaves elliptic-oblong, base rounded to

obtuse-cuneate, apex acute-apiculate; cymes axillary,
calyx tube ovoid, densely hirsute; petals white, broadly
ovate, caduceus; stamens many; ovary globose, many-
celled; ovules numerous; style subulate; berry globose
crowned by persistent calyx lobes; seeds many,
embedded in fleshy pulp.
Flowering & Fruiting : April-October.
Habitat Ecology : It is a weed of waterways, pastures, open and closed

forests, forestry plantings, plantation crops, roadsides,
disturbed sites and waste areas; sangrah, 1,573m.
Part/s used : Fruit. Leaf. Wood. Twig.
Folk uses : Fruit edible and are good for digestion and are
recommended for diabetic patient. Leaves are used as
toothbrush and chewed for sore throat. Wood is used as
fuel. Twig used as toothbrush. Leaves chewed as
masticatory to remove foul smell of mouth. Fruit
decoction is given empty stomach as liver tonic. It is a
source of economy. Leaves used as fodder for goat and
sheep.
Chemical Constituents : Oleanolic acid, leucocynidin, quercitin, β-sitosterol, β-

caryophyllene, guajaverin, d and di-limonene, β-pinene,
quercitin-3-arabinoside, niacin, Vit. C and B6 (flowers),
isopropyl alcohol, caryophyllen and its oxide, 1,8-
cineole, eugenol, logocycline, menthol, myrcene, α-
pinene, sesquiguavaene, α-urpenyl acetate, carotene,
vitamin B1, B2 and B6, avicularin, a mixture of
terpenoids like cratagolic acid, guaijavoli c, oleanolic and
urosolic acids, catechol and pyrogallol types of tannins,
2, 3-hexahydroxy diphenyl glucose, 4, 6-
hexahydrodiphenyl glucose, guavins A-D, isostrictin,
strictinin, quercetin, avicularin, apigenin, guaijaverin,
kaempferol, hyperin, myricetin, gallic acid, catechin,
epicatechin, chlorogenic acid, epigallocatechin gallate,
and caffeic acid (leaves).
Uses in Literature : Anthelmintic, antiseptic, astringent, cooling, febrifuge,
laxative, tonic; useful in bleeding gums, bowl complaints,
blood dysentery, bronchitis, cholera, colic, diabetes,
diarrhea, engraving, sore eyes, heels wounds, headache,
jaundice, making jellies and jams, lac turnery, pyrroea,
spear-handles, toothache, tongue ulcer, wounds; as a
gargle for mouthwash in apthae and swollen gums
(Ahmed & Borthakur, 2005; Ambasta, 1986; Awasthi
& Goel, 2003; Balu et al., 2003; Chatterjee &
Pakrashi, 1997; Das & Sharma, 2003; Devi, 2003;
Dutta & Nath, 2003; Farooq, 2005; Islam & Jha,
2003; Jain, 2003; Kalita & Tamuli, 2006; Kirtikar &
Basu, 1984; Kumar & Nagiyan, 2006; Kumar &
Pullaiah, 2003; Kumar & Rao, 2003; Nath et al., 2006;
Panda & Das, 2003; Parrota, 2001; Ranjan et al.,
Sah et al., 2003; Sarkar & Sarma, 2006; Siwakoti &
Siwakoti, 2003; Subramaniam, 2003; Thomas &
Britto, 2003; Watt, 1972).
Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn
Syn.: Pteris aquilina L.; P. capensis Thunb.; P. lanuginosa Bory ex Willd.

Family:Dennstaedtiaceae.
Vern. Name: Lingdu.
Eng. : Brake, Bracken;

Mal. : Tavi;
P. : Deo, Kakei, Kakhash;
Tam. : Parnai.
Distribution : Grasslands of high altitude and in disturbed forests.
Nativity : Native to Eurasia and North America.

Description : Terrestrial herb with long creeping, rhizome, densely
covered with dark brown hairs; fronds tripinnate; lamina
deltoid or rhomboid in outline; primary pinnae elliptic,
acute in outline; secondary pinnae lanceolate-long in
outline; tertiary pinnae ovate or linear subfalcate, acute;
pinnae and pinnules progressively reduced towards apex,
rachis, costa and costules grooved, hispid above, raised
below; sori linear, covered by the reflexed margin of
pinnules; sporangial capsule subglobose; spores
planoconvex, rugulose.
Habitat Ecology : Grows in pastures, deciduous and coniferous woodlands,

and hillsides; Sainj, 1,647m.
Part/s used : Aerial part.
Folk uses : Plant is ornamental. Crushed aerial part along with milk
given for daad (lecoderma) twice daily. Aerial parts
cooked into vegetable.
Chemical Constituents : Ptaquilosides (whole plant).
Uses in Literature : Anthelmintic; useful for beer preparation, rabies and

chronic disorders arising from obstructions of viscera and
spleen, making soup; as fish poison, flour, fodder, dried
ones as packing material, vegetable (Ambasta, 1986;
Bhattacharyya, 2003; Das, 2003; Kirtikar & Basu,
1984).
Pterospermum acerifolium (L.) Willd.
Syn.: Pentapetes acerifolia L.

Family: Sterculiaceae
Vern. Name: Champa.

Eng. : Maple leaved bayur tree;

Hindi : Kanak Champa, Muchkund;
Sans. : Muchukunda;
Ass. : Moragos;
Beng. : Muskanda;
Kann. : Kanaka champaka, Raajataru;
Mal. : Cerukonna;
Mar. : Karnikar;
Oriya : Mushukundo;
Tam. : Vennangu;
Tel. : Matsakanda.
Distribution : Mixed evergreen forest. Grown as avenue tree.
Description : Tree; leaves polymorphous, obovate to orbicular, cordate,

coarsely serrate at margin; stipules multifid, caduceus;
flowers axillary, solitary or in cymes, fragrant; sepals
linear-oblong, obtuse, fleshy, densely tomentose outside,
villous inside; petals linear-oblong, slightly shorter than
sepals, stellate-pubescent outside, white; staminodes
clavate; ovary oblong; ovules many; stigma clavate;
seeds obliquely ovoid, compressed with a large
membranous wing.
Habitat Ecology : Mixed evergreen forest; grown as avenue tree; Thana

Khegua, 886m.
Part/s used : Whole Plant. Flower. Wood. Leaf.
Folk uses : Plant is ornamental. Flower paste is applied on sores,

wound, boils, ringworm. Wood used for furniture.
Leaves employed for thatching purpose. Wood used to
prepare low quality furniture, fuel, slipper, supporting
material, packing boxes.
Chemical Constituents : Methyl protocatechuate, vanillic acid and Protocatechuic

acid, β-sitosterol-3-O-β–D-glucoside (fruits).
Uses in Literature : Acrid, anthelmintic, bitter, laxative, tonic; useful for

abdominal pains, ascites, blood troubles, boats, bridges,
constructional work paneling, furniture, inflammation,
kapha, leprosy, match boxes, mathematical instruments
and brush backs, packing cases, planks, plywood, skin
diseases, small-pox, toys, tool-handles, turnery articles,
urinary discharges and tumours, ulcers, veneers, walking
sticks (Ambasta, 1986; Chatterjee & Pakrashi, 1997;
Kirtikar & Basu, 1984; Retnam & Martin, 2006).
Punica granatum L.
Syn.: P. florida Salisb.; P. nana L.; P. spinosa Lam.
Family: Lythraceae.
Vern. Name: Anar.
Eng. : Pomegranate Tree;

Hindi : Anar, Dhalim, Dharimb;
Sans. : Bijapura, Dadima, Dantabijaka, Granat, Pindapushpa,
Vrittaphala;
Ass. : Dalim;
Beng. : Dalimgachh, Dalimphal;
Guj. : Dadam, Dalimphal;
Kann. : Dalimbe, Darrim;
Mal. : Pumatalam, Uruyapalam;
Mar. : Dalimba;
Oriya : Dalim, Dalimba;
P. : Anar, Daan, Daru, Daruna;
Tam. : Kalumal-adalai, Tusagam;
Tel. : Dadimba, Dadimanu, Dalimma, Purvudanimma.
Distribution : Mediterranean Europe, Africa, and Asia. Also found in
the Kashmir and Himalayan areas. Within India, it is
wild in the western Himalayas between an altitude range
of 900-1800m, and is cultivated throughout the country
for its fruits.
Nativity : Native to Iran.
Description : Tree or shrub; leaves glabrous, lustrous oblong-

lanceolate, apex sub-actue to obtuse; flowers scarlet red
or white, conspicuous; calyx indented slightly above the
middle, reddish; petals broadly obovate, wrinkled,
alternating with the sepal lobes; filaments multiseriate,
persistent; ovary subglobose; style thick, reddish; stigma
simple; slightly bilobed; fruit globose, sometimes
persistent; rind thick and coriaceous; seeds red or pink,
angular, testa thick, fleshy, juicy.
Habitat Ecology : Cultivated; Lana Palar, 1,261m.
Folk uses : Fruit is edible, antioxidant, blood purifier. Shade dried

seeds are used as anardana which is used in preparing
chutneys, useful to cure dysentery, vomiting
indigestion. Daily one fruit is recommended for
removing kidney stone. Fruit raises blood content in the
body. Fruit used for diluting blood. Wood is strong and
is used in making agricultural implements.
Chemical Constituents : Cyaniding-3-gluoside, delphinidin-3-glucoside & 3,5-

diglucoside (seed coat), gallotannic acid (rind), glucose,
fructose, mallose, starch, carotene, thiamine, riboflavin,
nicotinic acid, vitamin, pectin and amino acid,
flavonoids, anthocyanins, punicic acid, ellagitannins,
alkaloids, sucrose, simple organic acids, and other
components (fruit), betulic acid, pelletierine,
pseudopelletierine (bark).
Uses in Literature : Anthelmintic, antidiabetic, appetizer, astringent,

condiment, cooling, edible, laxative, refrigerant,
stomachic, tonic, vermifuge; useful in abdominal pain,
bronchitis, cataract, chronic, cough, dysentery and
diarrhea, impotency, jaundice, making wine, tanning,
vomiting; as dye (Ambasta, 1986; Arinathan et al.,
2003; Arya, 2006; Asolkar et al., 1992; Baburaj et al.,
2003; Bhandary & Chandrashekar, 2003; Bharate &
Oli R, 2006; Chatterjee & Pakrashi, 1997; Das &
Sharma, 2003; Dutta & Nath, 2003; Farooq, 2005;
Ganai & Nawchoo, 2003; Islam & Jha, 2003; Jaish
Beg et al., 2006; Kalita & Tamuli, 2006; Khanna,
2002; Kirtikar & Basu, 1984; Kumar & Nagiyan,
2006; Kumar & Rao, 2003; Kurian, 1995; Muthy et
al., 2003; Parrota, 2001; Rajen dran & Aswal, 2003;
Ranjan et al., 2003; Singh & Srivastava, 2003; Shukla
et al., 2003; Sood & Thakur, 2004; Watt, 1972).
Pyracantha crenulata (D.Don) M.Roem.
Syn.: Cotoneaster crenulatus (Roxb. ex D.Don) K.Koch;

Cotoneaster pyracantha E.Pritz.;
Crataegus pyracantha Brandis;
Mespilus pyracantha Lour.
Family:Rosaceae
Vern. Name: Kaneesh, ghingore.
English Names:
Eng. : Nepalese Firethorn, Hawthorn.
Distribution : It is found in the Himalayas from Sutlaj to Bhutan.

Nativity : Native to the temperate Himalayas.
Description : Shrubs or small trees; leaf blade oblong or oblanceolate,

both surfaces glabrous, base broadly cuneate or slightly
rounded, margin crenulate or sparsely so, apex acute or
obtuse; compound corymb many flowered; bracts
caducous, lanceolate; pedicel glabrous; hypanthium
campanulate, glabrous; sepals triangular, abaxially
glabrous, apex acute; petals orbicular, apex rounded;
ovary densely white pubescent apically; styles nearly as
long as stamens; pome nearly globose; sepals persistent,
erect.
Flowering & Fruiting : March-November.
Habitat Ecology : Shrubberies, open slopes, cultivated areas, slopes,

roadsides, streamsides, among shrubs, grassy places,
valleys; Chiyali, 2,015m
Part/s used : Whole Plant. Fruit. Leaf. Wood.
Folk uses : Plant is used for fencing. Fruits are edible. Leaves
lopped as fodder for goat and sheep. Wood used for
making agricultural implements, apple boxes,
shuttering and as fuel.
Chemical Constituents : β-sitosterol, esculatin and quercetin (fruits).
Uses in Literature : Edible; used for axe-handles, body pain, walking sticks
(Ambasta, 1986; Nautiyal et al., 2003).
Pyrus communis L.
Syn.: Pyrus communis var. sativa (DC.) DC.; P. pyraster subsp. achras (Gaertn.)
Terp¢; P. sativa DC.
Family:Rosaceae
Vern. Name: Nashpati.

Eng. : Bhutan Pear, Common pear, European pear;

Hindi : Nashpati;
Ass. : Nachpoti, Nachpati;
Mal. : Salvag;
P. : Bagugosha;
Tel. : Berikaya, Beripandu.
Distribution : Species native to the central and eastern parts of Europe,

and to the south-western areas of Asia. It thrives in
temperate and humid environments and is able to adapt to
opposite climate situations.
Nativity : Native to central and eastern Europe, and western Asia.
Description : Deciduous tree, narrow; leaves alternately arranged,

simple, glossy green on some species or dense silvery-
hairy in some others, shape varies from broad oval to
narrow lanceolate; flowers white, rarely tinted yellow or
pink; fruit globose.
Flowering & Fruiting : April-August.
Habitat Ecology : Cultivated; Arat, 1,818m.
Folk uses : Fruits are edible, blood purifier, helpful in stomach

disorders. It is a source of economy. Wood is of good
quality and used in making household implements such
as spatula, grinder, sickle handles.
Chemical Constituents : Sorbitol (leaves), triterpenoids, and ursolic acid (fruit

peel), citric acid, shikimic acids, malic acid, arbutin,
quercetin, kaempferol, fredielin, sterols, isoquercitrin,
ursolic acid, sorbitol, astragalin, phloridzin and various
tannins (whole plant).
Uses in Literature : Aphrodisiac, astringent, febrifuge, ingestible, sedative,
sour; useful for beverages and wines, engraving and
turning, especially for mathematical and drawing
instruments and rules, vata & tridosha, improves taste
(Ambasta, 1986; Farooq, 2005; Kirtikar & Basu,
1984; Watt, 1972).
Pyrus pashia Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don

Syn.: P.variolosa Wall.; P. verruculosa Bertol; P. nepalensis Herb. Ham.ex Hort.
Family: Rosaceae.
Vern. Name: Kainth.
Eng. : Himalayan Pear, Indian wild Pear; Wild Pear;

Hindi : Kainth, MehalMol;
Ass. : Chalthei, Soh-Jhur, Soh-Shur;
P. : Batangi, Kaenth Keitha, Kiat, Ku, Shehgal, Tang.
Distribution : Himalayan Pear is found in the Himalayas, from

Afghanistan to SW China and Burma, at altitudes of 750-
2700 m.
Description : Trees; leaf blade ovate or narrowly ovate, glabrescent,

base rounded, margin obtusely serrate, apex acuminate or
acute; raceme umbel-like; linear, membranous, both
surfaces tomentose, margin entire, apex acuminate;
hypanthium cupular, abaxially tomentose; sepals
triangular, both surfaces tomentose, margin entire, apex
acute, acuminate, or obtuse; petals white, obovate, base
shortly clawed, apex rounded; stamens slightly shorter
than petals; styles glabrous; pome brown, subglobose;
sepals caducous; fruiting pedicel subglabrous.
Flowering & Fruiting : February-March.

Habitat Ecology : Shrubberies in the Himalayas to 2,700 metres. Moist
sandy, loamy and yellow red clay, near small streams or
swamp areas; Sangna, 1,522m.
Part/s used : Fruit. Seed. Whole Plant. Wood. leaf.
Folk uses : Fruit are edible. Crushed dried seeds along with black
pepper and sugar added to curd given to cure bloody
dysentry. Plant is used for fencing. Wood usedfor
making walking sticks, and as fuel. Leaves are applied on
fungal infection. Leaves are used as a fodder for goat
and sheep.
Chemical Constituents : Alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, and tannins, lupeol, β-

sitosterol, β-sitosterol—β-D-glucoside (fruits), arbutin,
tannins, phlorhizin, pectin and amygdalin, chlorogenic
acids, flavan-3-ols and arbutin (leaves), chlorogenic acid,
flavan-3-ols, gallic acid, tannins, alkaloids,
hydroquinone, terpenoids (leaves, fruit, flower and bark).
Uses in Literature : Edible, vermifuge; useful in acidity and indigestion,

apple’s grafting, house construction, making agricultural
tools, drum stick, pestle of mortar, scabies; as fodder,
fuel, timber (Ahmed & Borthakur, 2005; Ambasta,
1986; Farooq, 2005; Nautiyal et al., 2003; Pandey &
Tiwari, 2003; Ranjan, 2003; Singh, 2003; Sood &
Thakur, 2004; Watt, 1972).
Quercus suber L.
Syn.: Quercus cintrana Welw. ex Nyman; Quercus occidentalis Gay;

Quercus suberosa Salisb.
Family:Fagaceae.
Vern. Name: Ban.

English Names:
Eng. : Cork oak, Cork Tree.
Distribution : Cultivated in the Crimea, the Caucasus, India and the

Southwestern United States.
Nativity : Native to central and western Mediterranean region.
Description : Broadleaf evergreen tree, equal spread, short trunk,

round crown, thick branches.; trunk and main limbs
covered with thick, corky bark; leaves alternate, simple,
ovate to oval-oblong, acute tip, base rounded to
somewhat cordate, upper surface shiny green, white-gray
tomentose below; fruit-acorn ovoid-oblong, cap cup-
shaped, short stalked.
Habitat Ecology : Found in forests or open woodlands as the main tree

species; Chiyali, 2,015m.
Part/s used : Branch. Wood. Seed. Leaf.
Folk uses : Toothbrush is made from the branches are good for
pyorrhea. Wood is used in making coal and also as fuel
and furniture. Agricultural implements such as plough,
axe handle made from wood. Seeds edible. crushed
Seedspowder is used to make ‘chapatis during famine
period. Leaves are used as a fodder for cattle.
Chemical Constituents : Ash, suberin, lignin, glucose, xylose, arabinose galactose

and mannose (cork).
Uses in Literature : Cork obtained from bark (Ambasta, 1986; Watt, 1972).
.
Raphanus sativus L.
Syn.: Raphanistrum gayanum Fisch. & C.A. Mey. Raphanus candidus Vorosch.;
Raphanus taquetii H. Lév.
Family:Brassicaceae.
Vern. Name: Mooli.
Eng. : Radish;
Hindi : Muli;
Sans. : Mulaka;
Beng. : Mulo;
Guj. : Mulo;
Kann. : Moolangi;
Mal. : Molabham, Mullaanki, Patiram;
Mar. : Moola;
Tam. : Attitantam;
Tel. : Mullangi.
Distribution : Cultivated throughout India upto 4,876m.
Description : Annuals or biennials, roots often fleshy in cultivated

forms; often sparsely scabrous or hispid, sometimes
glabrous. Stems often simple from base. Basal leaves;
blade oblong, obovate, oblanceolate, or spatulate in
outline, lyrate or pinnatisect, sometimes undivided,
margins dentate, apex obtuse or acute; lobes 1-12 each
side, oblong or ovate. Cauline leaves (distal) subsessile;
blade often undivided. Fruiting pedicels spreading to
ascending. Flowers: sepals glabrous or sparsely
pubescent; petals usually purple or pink, sometimes white
(veins often darker). Fruits usually fusiform or lanceolate,
sometimes ovoid or cylindrical; terminal segment smooth
or, rarely, slightly constricted between seeds, not ribbed,
beak narrowly to broadly conical to linear. Seeds globose
or ovoid.
Nativity : Central and western China and India.

Habitat Ecology : Cultivated; Redli, 1,309m.
Part/s used : Root. Leaf.
Folk uses : Root juice considered cooling, diuretic, appetizer given

for jaundice. Roots prescribed for stomach disorders.
Leaves and fruits cooked as vegetable.
Chemical Consti tuents : Glucosilinates comprising a volatile oil, raphanin and

vitamin C (roots), malic acid esters of p-caumaric, ferulic
and caffeic acid (leaves).
Uses in Literature : anthelmintic, appetitzer, bechic, binding, carminative,

cholagogue, diuretic, expectorant, illuminant, laxative,
stomachic, tonic; Useful for amenorrhea, cholera,
diarrhea, earache, gall bladder troubles, headache,
hiccough, leprosy, leucorrhea, piles, sleeplessness,
snakebite, tumours, urinary troubles; as manure. (Ahmed
& Borthakur, 2005; Ambasta, 1986; Kirtikar & Basu,
1984; Kothari & Rao, 2003; Lalramnghinglova, 2003;
Pandey & Tiwari, 2003; Ranjan et al., 2003; Retnam
& Martin, 2006; Shekhawat et al., 2006).
Reinwardtia indica Dumort.
Syn.: Kittelocharis trigyna (Roxb.) Alef.; Linum trigynum Roxb.; Reinwardtia

repens (D. Don) Planch.
Family: Linaceae.
Vern. Name: Vasanti.
Eng. : Golden girl, Yellow flax;

Hindi : Basanti;
Mar. : Abi;
Oriya : Langara;
Tel. : Verriyaadala.
Distribution : Common in dry grass lands and foot hills ascending to

1800 m.
Nativity : Native to The Himalayas.
Description : Shrubs, branches gray, glabrous; leaf blade elliptic to

obovate-elliptic, papery, base cuneate, margin entire or
crenate, apex acute to subrounded and with an apiculate
tip; sepals, distinct; petals yellow, distinct but basally
confluent; staminodes subulate; capsule globose, splitting
into 6 or 8 mericarps; seeds reniform.
Flowering & Fruiting : April-January
Habitat Ecology : Forests, hilly slopes, thickets, along trails, ravines;

Shilahan, 1,459m.
Part/s used : Leaf. Root.
Folk uses : Leaves are good fodder. Root paste applied on wounds
of cattle (vet.).
Chemical Constituents : Phenol, gallic acid, flavonoid (leaves).
Uses in Literature : Used in founder disease (vet.), paralysis, maggot infested

wounds (Ambasta, 1986).
Rhododendron arboreum Smith

Syn.: Rhododendron puniceum Roxb.; R. windsorii Nutt.
Family: Ericaceae.
Vern. Name: Buransh.

Eng. : RoseTree, Nilgiri Rhododendron, Tree
Rhododendron;
Hindi : Baras, Brah, Bras, Burans,Cheo, Cheu, Lalburansh,
LaliGuransh, Parag;
Sans. : Kurvak, Pullasa;
Beng. : Baras;
Kann. : Bili, Bili Mara, Bilipu, Billee, Billi, Poo, Pu;
Mal. : Kattupoovarasu, Kattupuvaracu;
P. : Ardawal, Bras, Mandal;
Tam. : Alingi, Billi, Billi Alingi, Biliimaram, Malai-p-
Puvaracu, Nilakiripumaram, Pumaram;
Tel. : Billi.
Distribution : Distributed throughout the Himalayas.
Nativity : Native to Himalayas and into Southeast Asia.
Distribution : An evergreen tree having rough and pinkish brown bark;

leaves crowded towards end of branches, oblong-
lanceolate and narrowed at ends, glabrous above, white or
rusty brown-tomentose beneath; flowers many in
terminal, large, globose, compact corymbs, deep red or
pink in colour; calyx small with broadly ovate, scarious
pale yellow lobes; corolla campanulate, fringed lobes;
ovary ferruginously woolly; fruits capsular, cylindric,
curved, longitudinally ribbed; seeds ellipsoid.
Habitat Ecology : Found in high rainfall, humid temperate regions of highly

organic well-drained acidic soils and reach their
magnificent development in the high hills and mountains
that have dry, cool summer and rainy seasons; Chiyali,
2,015m.
Parts used : Flower. Wood. Petal. Leaf.
Folk uses : Flowers are edible, made into chutney, squash; Flower
juice raises blood content. Flower juice useful for cough.
Crushed flowers mixed with curd given for dysentery;
Flower juice mixed with honey given to cure asthma.
Flower juice mixed with tulsi (Ocimum tenuiflorum L.)
given for stomach ache. Wood used in agricultural
tools, household implements. Crushed petals used for red
colour in rangoli making. Flowers considered sacred and
offered in temple on saaji. Leaves are used as bedding for
cattle.
Chemical Constituents : Ash content, Extractives, hollocelluloses, hemicelluloses,

alpha-celluloses, pentosans, & lignins, butanoic acid,
pentanoic acid, 4-heptenoic acid, & 8-nonynoic acid
(whole plant).
Uses in Literature : Analgesic, antipyretic, edible; useful in Bhutanese butter

tea, blood dysentry diarrhea, headache, making kukri,
plates, snuff tool handles, boxes; supposed to be home of
certain evils and would invite evil spirit (Ahmed &
Borthakur, 2005; Ambasta, 1986; Bhattacharyya,
2003; Dash et al., 2003; Farooq, 2005; Kirtikar &
Basu, 1984; Ranjan, 2003; Sood & Thakur, 2004;
Watt, 1972).
Ricinus communis L.
Syn.: Cataputia major Ludw.; Croton spinosus L. Ricinus africanus Mill.;

R. badius Rchb.; R. inermis Mill.; R. macrocarpus Popova
Family: Euphorbiaceae
Vern. Name: Arandi.
Eng. : Castor, Castor bean, Castor oil plant,Krapata, Ricin,

Wonder tree;
Hindi : Arandi;
Sans. : Gandharva-Hasta, Panchi’gul, Vitiri;
Ass. : Era-gach;
Beng. : Veranda;
Guj. : Erando;
Kann. : Oudla;
Mal. : Aavannakku, Amandam, Chittamankku,
ErandamKottamaram, Gandharvahastakam;
Mar. : Erand, Erandee;
Oriya : Bheranda;
P. : Erand;
Tam. : Amanakku, Vilakkennai, Kottaimuttu;
Tel. : Amudanu, Amudmuchetu.
Distribution : It is found throughout India, cultivated and found wild

upto 2400m.
Nativity : Native to north-eastern Africa.
Description : Monoecious, branched glaucous shrubs; leaves alternate,

peltate; lobes lanceolate, margin coarsely serrate, apex
acuminate; flowers in terminal paniculate racemes, pale
yellow; male flowers below, female ones above; male
flowers: perianth cupular, lanceolate; stamens many,
filaments connate, repeatedly branched; female flowers:
lanceolate; ovary globose, echinate; styles papillose;
capsule prickly; seeds oblong, smooth, marbled,
carunculate.
Habitat Ecology : Invades grasslands, heathlands, riparian communities,

disturbed land and farmland; Lana mashoor, 907m.
Part/s used : Seed. Leaf. Root.
Folk uses : Seed oil massaged for joint pains. Leaf paste applied for
skin disease. Root juice applied for toothache. Stem
used as fuel. Leaves used as manure.
Chemical Constituents : β-amyrin, stigmasterol, β-sitosterol, ricinine, quercitin,
rutin, hyperoside, n-dimethylricinine, 3-O-b-d-
xylopyranosides, 3-O-b-d-glucopyranosides and 3-O-b-
D-rutinosides, keampferol and quercitin (leaves),
alkaloids, ricinoleic acid, stearic, linoleic, palmitic acid,
sitosterol, squalene, tocopherols and stearic acid, ricinine,
ricin, terpenoids, flavonoids, benzoic acid derivatives,
coumarins, tocopherols, terpenoids and fatty acids (whole
plant).
Uses in Literature : Alterative, anthelmintic, antirheumatic, aphrodisiac,

appetiser, carminative, cathartic, convulsions
elephantiasis, galactogogue, febrifuge, heating,
lactogogue, laxative, lubricants, purgative, sweetish;
useful in anal troubles, arithritis, ascites, asthma, boils,
bronchitis, earache, fever, glands, glandular tumours,
inflammations, pains, intestinal worms, leprosy, disease
of the liver and spleen, lamp and hair oil, lumbago,
migraine, night blindness, paralysis, piles, diseases of the
rectum and the head, ringworm, sciatica, sores,
stomachache, strangury, glandular tumours, toothache,
vaginal pains, menses pain; as fuel; increases kapha,
causes biliousness; Non mulberry silk worm fed on the
leaves of this plant (Ahmed & Borthakur, 2005;
Ambasta, 1986; Baburaj et al., 2003; Bhatt, 2002;
Bhatt et al., 2003a,b; Bhattacharyya, 2003; Bora,
2003; Chatterjee & Pakrashi, 1997; Dixit & Kumar,
2003; Dwarakan & Alagesaboopathi, 2003; Farooq,
2005; Ghosh & Das, 2003; Islam & Jha, 2003; Jaish
Beg et al., 2006; Jha & Kumar, 2003; Khanna, 2002;
Khare & Khare, 2003; Kirtikar & Basu, 1984; Kumar
& Nagiyan, 2006; Kurian,1995; Meena et al., 2003;
Mishra & Das, 2003; Mitaliya, 2002; Mitaliya et al.,
2003; Nath et al., 2006; Nayak et al., 2003; Padhy &
Dash, 2003; Pal et al., 2003 ; Parrota, 2001; Prasad et
al., 2003; Punjani, 2003; Ranjan, 2003; Ranjan et al.,
2003; Retnam & Martin, 2006; Sah et al., 2003; Saikia
& Nath, 2003; Sarkar & Sarma, 2003; Shekhawat et
al., 2006; Shrivastava et al., 2003; Shukla et al., 2003;
Singh, 2003; Singh & Srivastava, 2003; Siwakoti &
Siwakoti, 2003; Subramaniam, 2003; Sur & Halder,
2002; Thomas & Britto, 2003; Watt, 1972)
Rosa brunonii Lindl.
Syn.: Rosa pubescens Roxb.; Rosa clavigera H. Lév.;

Family:Rosaceae
Vern. Name: Jangali Gulab.
Eng. : Himalayan Musk Rose, Kunja, Musk Rose;

Hindi : Karer, Kunja;
Sans. : Sewati;
P. : Tarni.
Distribution : Kujja is a large deciduous perennial shrub of Western

Himalaya.
Nativity : Native to NE. Afghanistan to China and Myanmar.
Description : Shrub with usually climbing stems; leaflets, variable in

size and shape, narrowly ovate; stipules narrow, often
slightly incised, with very narrow, often diverging
auricles; flowers white, in corymbs or panicles; pedicels
pubescent and covered with stalked glands; bracts
narrow; sepals with long, narrow apex, usually with
lateral lobes, reflexed after flowering, finally decicuous;
styles pilose, forming long column; orifice very narrow;
fruit ovoid or subglobose, usually covered with stalked
glands.
Flowering & Fruiting : June-July.
Habitat Ecology : It is frequently seen growing in well drained sunny

habitats and slopes in forest, wastelands, roadsides,
marginal land, shrubberies and slopes of hills upto an
altitude of 2000 m.; Tikkari Dasakna, 1,753m.
Part/s used : Whole Plant. Flower.
Folk uses : Plant is ornamental and used in fencing, as fuel.

Flowers are used in worship, incense and perfumery.
Petals are edible, they are shade dried and put into honey
to make gulkand.
Chemical Constituents : Linalyl acetate, linalool and (E)-8-hydroxy geraniol

(flowers).
Uses in Literature : Used in eye trouble, preparation of rose water &

otto(attar) of rose, walking sticks (Ambasta, 1986; Sood
& Thakur, 2004; Watt, 1972).
Rubia cordifolia L.
Syn.: Rubia munjista Roxb.; R. mungisth Desv.; R. javana DC.; R. secunda Moon.; R.
alata Wall.; R. purpurea Decne.; R. scandens Zoll. &Morr.; R. chinensis
Regel &Maack.; R. mitis Miq.
Family: Rubiaceae.
Vern. Name: Shishra.
Eng. : Dyer’s Maddar, Indian Maddar, Maddar;

Hindi : Majith, Mamjith, Manjeet, Manjestha, Manjit;
Sans. : Aruna, Bhandi, Chhatra, Chitra, Gauri, Kala,
Kandira, Rakta, Vapra, Vijaya;
Ass. : Majetti, Majathi;
Beng. : Manjistha;
Guj. : Majitha;
Kann. : Chitravalli, Manjista;
Mal. : Chovvallikkoti, Man-chetti;
Mar. : Majisth, Manjista, Chitravalli;
Oriya : Rongochero;
P. : Kukarphli, Tiuru;
Tam. : Manjitti, Sevvelli, Shevelli;
Tel. : Chiranji, Manjishta.
Distribution : Throughout India in hilly districts upto 3,750m.
Nativity : Native to Southern India.
Description : Scabrous climber, articulate; leaves whorled, equal or

unequal, cordate at base, acuminate at apex; flowers in
axillary dichotomous cymes; calyx tube turbinate; corolla
lobes ovate, valvate, spreading, white; anthers globose;
ovules solitary in each cell, stigmas capitate.
Habitat Ecology : Semi-evergreen and moist deciduous forests; Bayog,

1,398m.
Part/s used : Aerial Parts.
Folk uses : Aerial parts are used as fodder. Plant juice mixed with a
pinch of black salt is given in menstrual complaints,
stomach disorders. Aerial parts given to cattle for cough
and stomach ailments (vet.).
Chemical Constituents : Purpurin munjisthin, xanthopurein or purpuroxanthin,

pseudopurpurin, alizarin, anthraquinones, combined
anthraquinones, free anthraquinones, alkaloids, steroids,
flavones, flavonoids, phenols, saponins, tannins, proteins,
glycosides (roots).
Uses in Literature : Acrid, alexiteric, analgesic, anthelmintic, antidysenteric,
antipyretic, appetizer, astringent, bitter, heating,
oleaginous, stomachic, sweet, tonic; useful in bilary
affections, blood disorders, bone fracture, chest
complaints, disorders of urine, eye complaints, feckles,
fever, haemorrhoides, dermatosis, diarrhea,
discolourstion of skin, leucoderma, inflammations,
jaundice, liver complaints, menorrhagia, menstrual
disturbances, paralysis, poisonous stings of insects, piles,
skin affections, ulcers, urine complaints, vaginal diseases,
vata, wounds, yields an orange red colour (Ahmed &
Borthakur, 2005; Ambasta, 1986; Binu et al., 2003;
Chatterjee & Pakrashi, 1997; Chhetri et al., 2006;
Farooq, 2005; Kirtikar & Basu, 1984; Nayak et al.,
2003; Pandey, 1995; Retnam & Martin, 2006; Singh et
al., 2003; Sood & Thakur, 2004; Watt, 1972).
Rubus ellipticus Smith

Syn.: R. rotundifolius Wall.; R. gowry-phul Roxb.; R. affinis Madden; R.flavus Ham.;
R. hirsutus Roxb.; R. sessilifolius Miq.
Family: Rosaceae.
Vern. Name: Achchhu.
Eng. : Lean Raspberry, Ceylon blackberry, Cheeseberry,

evergreen raspberry, Golden evergreen raspberry,
Himalayan raspberry, Molucca berry, Molucca
bramble, Molucca raspberry, Wild raspberry;
Hindi : Lalanchu, Hinsal;
Ass. : JoteluPoka, Jotelupoka;
Guj. : Shunumukram;
Mal. : Cheemullu, Mullippazham;
Oriya : Himutau, Jhottomohisia;
P. : Akhi, Akhe.
Distribution : Shrubberies and open hillsides; at elevations up to 2,300
metres in the Himalayas. Dry slopes, montane valleys,
sparse forests and thickets; at elevations from 1,000-2600
metre.
Nativity : Native to India and south Asia.
Flowering & Fruiting : Ramblers; stems covered with red bristles; prickles
recurved, obovate to orbicular, serrulate; hispid below
spiny below; panicle axillary or terminal, fulvous
tomentose; bracts, ovate, acute; flowers white; pedicels
villous; sepals ovate, acute, united at base, pubescent;
petals obovate; torus densely villous; ovaries glabrous.
drupes, glabrous, deep red.
Habitat Ecology : Woodland Garden Sunny Edge; Dappled Shade; Dhamas,

1567m.
Part/s used : Fruit. Bark.
Folk uses : Fruits are edible, good source of vitamin C. Plant is used
for fencing, also used as fuel.
Chemical Constituents : 2-deoxy-D-ribose, potassium ferricyanide, butylated

hydroxyanisole, butylated hydroxytoluene, L-ascorbic
acid, ellagic acid, ellagitannin, quercetin, catechin, 1,1-
diphenyl-2- picryl-hydrazyl and nicotinamide adenine
dinucleotide (whole plant).
Uses in Literature : Abortifacient, antidysenteric, astringent, emmengogue,

nutritive, stomachic; useful in bloody dysentery,
jaundice, stomachache; quench thirst (Ahmed &
Borthakur, 2005; Ambasta, 1986; Das et al., 2003;
Farooq, 2005; Kumar et al., 2003; Manandhar, 2003;
Muthy et al., 2003; Nautiyal et al., 2003; Ranjan,
2003; Singh, 2003; Singh et al., 2003; Sood & Thakur,
2004; Srivastava et al., 2003; Watt, 1972).
Rubus niveus Thunb.
Syn.: Rubus albescens Roxb.; R. bonatii H. Lev.; R. boudieri H. Lev.; R. distans
D.Don; R. foliolosum D.Don.; R. godongensis Y. Gu & W.L.Li; R. horsfieldii
Miq.; R. incanus Sasaki ex Y.C.Liu & Yang; R. lasiocarpus Sm.; R. lasiocarpus
var. ectenothyrsus Cardot; R. lasiocarpus var. micranthus (D.Don) Hook.f.; R.
micranthus D.Don; R. niveus var. micranthus (D.Don) H. Hara; R. pinnatus D.
Don; R. tongchouanensis H.Lev.
Family: Rosaceae.
Vern. Name: Kalachhe.
Eng. : Mysore raspberry, Ceylon raspberry, Hill raspberry,

Snowpeaks raspberry;
Hindi : Kala Hinsalu, Kalianchii;
Kann. : Gomulli, Mulli;
Mal. : Karimcheechi;
Mar. : Gauri Phal;
P. : Ghunanchal, Guncha.
Distribution : They are distributed in Indo-Malaysia, China and India.

In India, it occurs in temperate Himalayas and South
India up to 2400 m above MSL.
Nativity : Native to India, China and Southeast Asia.
Description : Branches glaucous; prickles few; leaflets elliptic, acute

at either ends, subsessile, spinous-serrate, white-
tomentose beneath, glabrous above; racemes axillary;
flowers pink; bracts, lanceolate, entire; pedicels slender,
villous; sepals lanceolate, united at base; petals obovate;
ovaries densely pubescent; drupe, ovoid, acute,
subglabrous.
Habitat Ecology : Evergreen and moist deciduous forests, also in

grasslands; Dhamas, 1,567m.
Part/s used : Fruit. Whole Plant.
Folk uses : Fruits are edible, appetizer, antioxidant, and is a good

source of vitamin C. Whole Plant is used for fencing.
Chemical Constituents : Polyphenolics, flavanols, alkanols, anthocyaninis, lignans

and tannin (whole plant).
Uses in Literature : Used to cure infectious wounds, making jams; as dessert

(Ahmed & Borthakur, 2005; Ambasta, 1986; Kumar
et al., 2003; Nautiyal et al., 2003; Singh, 2003; Watt,
1972).
Rumex hastatus D. Don
Syn.: Rumex dissectus H. Lév.

Family: Polygonaceae.
Vern. Name: Khatla, Unjbda.
Eng. : Arrowleaf Dock, Yellow Sock, Curled sock;

Hindi : Churki, Churka;
P. : Katambal, Khattimal.
Distribution : A fairly common small shrub, growing on dry slopes,

rocks and walls between 700-2500 m sometimes grows as
a pure population.
Nativity : Native to Afghanistan to S. Central China and NW.

India.
Description : Low richly branching shrub; leaves with petioles of the

same length as the balde; blade hastate, glaucous;
panicles terminal with erect-divergent, mostly simple
branches; pedicels thin, filiform, articulate near the base;
external perianth segments ovate-elliptic, obtuse, hardly
longer than the emargination of the valves, appressed to
the margin of the valves; nut brown, broadest in the lower
third.
Flowering & Fruiting : June-October
Habitat Ecology : Wasteland, dry slopes and rocks to elevations of 2400

metres; Dharla, 1,298m.
Part/s used : Leaf. Root.
Folk uses : Leaves crushed with haldi applied for internal injury.
Leaves are edible mixed with spices made into chutney.
Leaves are used as a fodder for cattle. Leaf juice is used
to cure acidity and vomiting. Root bark mixed with
barley made into local wine.
Chemical Constituents : Carbohydrate, moisture content, protein, fiber, ash

content and fats (leaves).
Uses in Literature : Used for internal heat, tanning; in chutney and pickle
(Ahmed & Borthakur, 2005; Nautiyal et al., 2003;
Ranjan , 2003; Watt, 1972).
Saccharum spontaneum L.
Syn.: Imperata spontanea (L.) P.Beauv.; Saccharifera spontanea (L.) Stokes
Family: Poaceae.
Vern. Name: Kans.

Eng. : Thatch Grass;

Hindi : Kans;
Sans. : Ksash;
Ass. : Kohua;
Beng. : Kansh;
Guj. : Kansado;
Kann. : Kadu kabbu;
Mal. : Nannana;
Mar. : Kamis;
Oriya : Pothorokhodi;
P. : Kahi, Kanh, Kans, Sarkara;
Tam. : Accaparam, Achabaram, Kacaram, Kaka, Kakattari,
Pekkarimpu;
Tel. : Kaki ceruku.
Distribution : Warmer parts throughout India, ascending upto 1,828m

in the Himalaya.
Nativity : Native to the Indian Subcontinent.
Description : Perennials; culms erect, rhizomatous, nodes waxy; leaves

linear-lanceolate, base rounded, margins serrulate, apex
accuminate, involute, glaucous; sheaths silky villous at
the collar; ligules ovate, membranous; callus densely long
villous lower glume ovate-lanceolate, subcoriaceous,
margins hyaline, ciliate upper glume ovate-lanceolate,
dorsally keeled, margins ciliate; lower floret empty;
upper floret bisexual; anthers yellow or reddish; ovary
oblong; stigma white; pedicelled spikelets similar to
sessile ones.
Habitat Ecology : Found mostly near the river bank, river islands and also
in hills; Lana Mashoor, 907m.
Part/s used : Aerial Part. Flower.
Folk uses : Aerial parts used for hur formation also in thatching
purpose. Flowers used in mandup prepration. Leaf paste
is applied on cuts to stop bleeding immediately. Young
plant is used as fodder.
Chemical Constituents : α- cellulose, hemicellulose, lower lignin, alkaloids,

carbohydrates, glycosides, phenolic compounds,
saponins, tannins, protein and amino acids, coumarins &
flavonoids (whole plant).
Uses in Literature : Aphrodisiac, astringent, cooling, diuretic laxative, sweet;

useful for biliousness, bodyache, burning sensation,
dianthesis, diseases of blood, dysentery, fever, fodder,
haemorrhage, hybridization, intestinal worms, kidney &
bladder stones, paper manufacture, phthisis, piles, roofs,
increasing sextual vigour, strangury, thatching purposes,
tuberculosis, vesical calculi, diseases of blood (Ambasta,
1986; Bhatt et al., 2003; Chakraborty &
Bhattacharjee, 2003; Dwivedi, 2003; Farooq, 2005;
Kirtikar & Basu, 1984; Parrota, 2001; Ranjan, 2003,
Sah et al., 2003; Shrivastava & Singh, 2003; Singh,
2003; Siwakoti & Siwakoti, 2003; Watt, 1972).
Salix tetrasperma Roxb.

Syn.: Pleiarina tetrasperma (Roxb.) N. Chao & G.T. Gong
Family:Salicaceae
Vern. Name: Sannan.
Eng. : Indian Willow;

Hindi : Bakshel, Bedha, Begas, Bent, Bod, Bains, Jalmala;
Sans. : Nadeya, Vanira, Vanjula, Varuna;
Ass. : Bhe, Pohe, Veh;
Beng. : Boishaki, Panijama;
Kann. : Niranji;
Mal. : Arali, Atrupala,Vanji;
Mar. : Bachcha, Baka, Bitsa;
Oriya : Biasi, Panijamo;
P. : Bashal, Bakshal, Magsheer;
Tam. : Atrupalai, Bayike, Cuvetam,Kantam, Vanci;
Tel. : Etipaala, Etipisinika, Iroda, Konda Ganneru, Vodime.
Distribution : From Afghanistan and the Punjab eastwards throughout
South-East Asia and southern China.
Nativity : Native to Southest Asia, India.
Description : Deciduous trees; young branches silky pubescent; leaves

simple, alternate; stipules lateral, ovate, cauducous;
petiole slender, glabrous, grooved above; lamina ovate,
lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate; base acute or rounded;
apex acuminate; margin serrate, glabrous and shining
above, glaucous beneath, coriaceous; flowers unisexual,
in axillary catkins, minutely silky villous; male
yellowish; female greenish; bracts ovate, densely woolly;
perianth absent; stamens unequal, free; anthers basifixed;
stigma, branched again; fruit a capsule, valved; seeds
oblong, with long deciduous hairs.
Flowering & Fruiting : January-February.
Habitat Ecology : Along riverbanks in semi-evergreen forests; Arat,

1,818m.
Part/s used : Wood. Stem.
Folk uses : Wood is used in making agricultural implements such

as plough are made from it. Stem used as toothbrush.
Leaf- fodder.. twigs used for making basket.. bark paste
mixed with mustard oil and mixed with pinch of black
pepper given for leucoderma.
Chemical Constituents : Alkaloids, carbohydrates and glycosides, phenolic

compounds, saponins, tannins, protein and amino acids,
coumarins, flavonoids (whole plant), quinovic acid,
salicortin, saligenin, phenolic glycosides and
pyrocatechol (bark and leaves).
Uses in Literature : Febrifuge; used for planks and posts, house construction,
agricultural implements, bladder stone, suitable for
cabinet and fancy work, inflammations, epilepsy, fodder,
match-boxes, piles, rheumatism, swellings, tanning,
veneral diseases (Ahmed & Borthakur, 2005; Ambasta,
1986; Chatterjee & Pakrashi, 1997; Kirtikar & Basu,
1984; Kumar & Lal).
Salvia officinalis L.
Syn.: Oboskon cretica (L.) Raf.; Salvia chromatica Hoffmanns.; Salvia clusii Vilm.;
Salvia crispa Ten.
Family: Lamiaceae.
Vern. Name: Jhoong.
Eng. : Garden Sage, Red Sage;

Hindi : Sefakuss.
Distribution : Western Ghats, High altitude.
Nativity : Native to Mediterranean region.
Description : Herbs perennial; stems erect, woody at base, minutely

white tomentose, much branched; petiole leaf blade
oblong to elliptic or ovate, papery, finely corrugate,
minutely white tomentose, base rounded or subtruncate,
margin crenulate, apex acute to mucronate, rarely acute;
verticillasters, in terminal racemes; upper bracts broadly
ovate, apex acuminate; calyx campanulate, dilated
minutely tomentose on veins and margin; corolla purple
or blue minutely tomentose; tube imperfectly pilose
annulate inside, straight; upper lip straight, obovoid;
connectives arms equal; nutlets dark brown, subglobose.

Habitat Ecology : Anthropogenic (man-made or disturbed habitats),
meadows and fields; Satahan, 1,548m.
Part/s used : Whole Plant. Leaf. Seed.
Folk uses : Plant is ornamental and considered sacred. Deccoction

of leaf used in gargle to cure cough. Dried leaf powder
prescribed with a glass of leukewarm milk in gonorrhea.
Seeds used as insect repellent.
Chemical Constituents : Carnosol, rosmarinic acid, and carnosic acid, followed by

caffeic acid, rosmanol, rosmadial, genkwanin, and
cirsimaritin, (whole plant), alkaloids, carbohydrate, fatty
acids, glycosidic derivatives (e.g., cardiac glycosides,
flavonoid glycosides, saponins), phenolic compounds
(e.g., coumarins, flavonoids, tannins), poly acetylenes,
steroids, terpenes/terpenoids (e.g., monoterpenoids,
diterpenoids, triterpenoids, sesquiterpenoids), and waxes
(flowers, leaves, and stems), borneol, camphor,
caryophyllene, cineole, elemene, humulene, ledene,
pinene, and thujone (aerial parts).
Uses in Literature : Carminative, diaphoretic, oestrogenic, spice; used for

adulterant of rosemary and lavender oils, disorders of
women, flavouring, gingivitis, insecticidal preparations,
paints perfumes, sore throat, thrush (Ambasta, 1986;
Kirtikar & Basu, 1984; Kurian, 1995; Watt, 1972).
Saussurea heteromalla (D.Don) Hand.-Mazz.
Syn.: Cirsium heteromallum (D.Don) Spreng.

Family: Asteraceae.
Vern. Name: Kalzeeri.
Hindi and Regional Names:

Hindi : Murang, Kaliziri, Batula;
P. : Batula, Kaliziri.
Distribution : Commonly found in Western Himalayas, at altitudes of

550-4000 m.
Nativity : Native to western Himalaya.
Description : Upper leaves oblong, entire or toothed; lower ones are

mostly deeply lobed, white cottony beneath; flower-heads
are erect, pinkish-purple, borne on long cottony stalks in
open clusters on stems; flower-heads with bracts
lanceshaped, long-pointed.
Flowering & Fruiting : January-April.
Habitat Ecology : Alpine habitats in the Himalayas and East Asia; Bayog,
1,398m.
Part/s used : Seed. Root. Aerial Parts.
Folk uses : Crushed seed powder after keeping in water for hole
night, taken early morning empty stomach for obesity
and high blood pressure. Root paste is applied on insect
bite. Aerial parts used as fodder.
Chemical Constituents : Lactones, isoalantolactones, alantolactones

sesquiterpenoid lactones, santamarin, dehydrocostus
lactones, costunolide, cynaropicrin, 1,3-cyclooctadiene,
phenolics, flavonoids, tannins, polysaccharides,
glycosides, saponins, steroids, alkaloids and terpenoids
(whole plant).
Uses in Literature : Carminative; used for wounds (Ambasta, 1986; Farooq,

2005; Sood & Thakur, 2004).
Senna tora (L.) Roxb.
Syn.: C. borneensis Miq.; C. gallinaria Collad.; C. numilis Collad.;
Emelista tora Britton & Rose;
Family: Fabaceae.
Vern. Name: Panwar.

Eng. : Chakvad, Coffee pod, Foetid cassia, Pot cassia, Ring-

worm plant, Sickle senna, Sickle pod, Tora, Tovara;
Hindi : Pavand, Punwad, Punwadia, Chakavar, Chakunda,
Pamad, Panevar;
Sans. : Edagaja, Dadrughna, Chakramarda, Chakramardah.
Ass. : Kulb;
Beng. : Chavuka, Chakunda, Panevar, Chakunda/
Chakodabeeja;
Guj. : Kovaraya;
Kann. : Tagache, Thagache, Thagatthe;
Mal. : Tagaa, Thakara, Ponthakara;
Mar. : Tankala;
P. : Panwal, Chakunda, Chakwad;
Tam. : Vshittgarai, Senavu, Tagarai;
Tel. : Tagiris.
Distribution : Throughout India.
Nativity : Native to tropical common throughout India, Assam.
Description : Annual, glabrous subshrubs; leaves bearing a slender

cylindric gland on the rachis between the leaflets; leaflets
obovate-oblong, base somewhat oblique, apex obtuse,
pubescent below; flowers axillary racemes; sepals
obovate-obtuse; petals, yellow, obovate-obtuse; stamens
unequal; ovary subsessile, pubescent; ovules numerous;
pods linear, subtetragonous, septate between seeds,
indehiscent; seeds oblong, compressed, chestnut-brown.
Flowering & Fruiting : Flowers in the rainy season and fruits in the winter.
Habitat Ecology : Common in plains from the coast in low lying places,
river banks, fallow fields, wastelands. Found upto
1400m; Lagnu, 1,028m.
Parts used : Seed. Leaf. Twig. Pod. Aerial Parts.
Folk uses : Seeds mixed with turmeric and mustard oil made into
paste applied on affected part to cure eczema. Leaf paste
applied on cuts and wounds. Twig used as toothbrush.
Leaves fried in mustard oil bandages on fractured part.
Leaves and pods cooked as vegetable. Also used in
pickle preparation. Aerial parts lopped as fodder as it
raises fat content of milk.
Chemical Constituents : Chrysophenol, emodin, and rhein (seeds).
Uses in Literature : Anthelmintic, antibacterial, antiperiodic, antiviral,

aperient, diuretic, laxative, purgative, spasmolytic; used
for asthma, boils, bone fracture, chronic fever with
stiffness of muscles, dysentery, eye diseases, labour pain,
liver complaints, ringworm & other skin troubles,
substitute for coffee, wounds (vet.); as a moderant in
dyeing, vegetable (Ambasta, 1986; Dwivedi, 2003a,b;
Bhatt et al., 2003a,b; Bora et al., 2003; Dash & Misra,
2003; Das & Sharma, 2003; Devi, 2003; Deshmukh et
al., 2003; Gogoi & Das, 2003; Guha Bakshi et al.,
1999; Islam & Jha, 2003; Kirtikar & Basu, 1984;
Kumar, 2003; Kumar & Rao, 2003; Kumar et al.,
2003; Kshirsagar & Singh, 2003; Lalramnghinglova,
2003; Manandhar, 2003; Meena et al., 2003; Muthy et
al., 2003; Nayak et al., 2003; Pal et al., 2003; Parrota,
2001; Ranjan, 2003; Retnam & Martin, 2006; Sahoo
& Bahali, 2003; Samvatsar & Diwanji, 2003; Sharma,
2003; Shukla et al., 2003; Singh, 2003; Singh &
Kumar, 2003; Singh & Srivastava, 2003; Siwakoti &
Siwakoti, 2003; Srivastava et al., 2003; Subramaniam,
2003; Thomas & Britto, 2003).
Sesamum indicum L.
Syn.: Dysosmon amoenum Raf.; S. africanum Tod.; S. oleiferum Sm., S. orientale L.,
Volkameria orientalis (L.) Kuntze
Family: Pedaliaceae.
Vern. Name: Til.
Eng. : Sesame;
Hindi : Til;
Sans. : Tila;
Ass. : Til;
Beng. : Til;
Guj. : Tal;
Kann. : Ellu;
Mal. : Ellu, Schit-elu;
Mar. : Tila;
Oriya : Rasi;
P. : Til;
Tam. : Cirrel, El, Tilam;
Tel. : Tilalu, Nuvvulu, Nuvvupuvvu, Telika.
Distribution : Cosmopolitian, cultivated.
Nativity : Native to Indian Subcontinent.
Description : Herbs annual, erect; stems branched or unbranched,

finely pubescent to glabrescent; leaves opposite or
alternate; leaf blade lanceolate to ovate; upper stem
leaves oblong to linear-lanceolate, base cuneate, margin
entire; flowers white, pink, or mauve-pink with darker
markings; calyx persistent; capsule narrowly oblong,
rounded at base; beak broad, short; seeds horizontally
arranged, double fringe conspicuous; testa white, brown,
or black when ripe, smooth.
Flowering & Fruiting : August-October.
Habitat Ecology : Sesame grows best in well-drained, sandy loam soils,

with a pH from 5–8; cannot survive standing water or
high salinity environments; Kandakoti, 1,732m.
Part/s used : Whole plant. Seed. Whole Plant.
Folk uses : The plant is considered scared. Seed oil is considered

dear to Goddess luxmi (luxmi ka nivaas). Seed oil is
used for massage for bodyache. Seed oil used as cooking
oil and also massaged on skin for skincare. Seeds are
edible, warm they are roasted and mixed with jaggary to
make Til laddu during winters. Seeds are used in hawan
samgri. Whole plant is burnt and its ashes are used to
wash clothes. Seed oil massaged over the body of weak
cattle for strength (vet.).
Chemical Constituents : Flavonoids, alkaloids and tannins (whole plant).
Uses in Literature : Anti-aging, anti ancerous, aphrodisiac, astringent,

burning sensation while micturating, cooling, diuretic,
emmenagoguie, emollient, galactagogue, promote hair
growth & make them black, ingestible, lactagogue,
nematicidal, oleogenous, tonic; useful in anti fertility,
asthma, blood purification, calcium deficiency, dandruff,
diarrohea, dry cough, ear and eye diseases, gouty joints,
inflammations, lungs diseases, malaria, marriage
ceremony, menorrhagia, migraine, piles, snake-bite,
scorpion sting, scabies, sore throat, smallpox, spleen
trouble, strangury, syphilitic ulcers, urinary concretions,
vertigo (Ambasta, 1986; Chatterjee & Pakrashi, 1997;
Duhoon & Tripathi, 2003; Farooq, 2005; Jaish Beg et
al., 2006; Jha & Kumar, 2003; Kalita & Tamuli, 2006;
Kumar et al., 2003; Mitaliya et al., 2003; Parrota,
2001; Retnam & martin, 2006; Saikia & Nath, 2003;
Shekhawat et al., 2006; Shrivastava et al., 2003; Singh
& Singh, 2003a,b; Sood & Thakur, 2004; Sur &
Halder, 2002; Watt, 1972).
Shorea robusta C.F. Gaertn.

Family: Dipterocarpaceae.
Vern. Name: Sal.
Eng. : Common Sal, Indian Dammer, Sal Tree;
Hindi : Dhuna, Ral, Sakher, Sakhu, Sakhua, Sakoh, Sal, Sala,

Salwa, Shal;
Sans. : Agnivallabha, Ashvakarna, Ashvakarnika,

Chiraparna, Dhanya, Divyasara, Jaladashara, Kala,
Karshya, Kashayi, kaushika, Kushika, Lalana,
Latataru, Rala, Ralakarya, Sala, Salaniryas, Salsar,
Sarja, Sarjjaka, Shal, Shura, Sidhaka,, Vallivriksha,
Vansha, Vastakarna, Yakshadhupa.
Ass. : Sal, Hal;

Beng. : Sal;
Guj. : Ral;
Kann. : Ashvakarna, Asina, Asu, Bile-bhogimara;
Mal. : Karimaruthu, Kungiliyam, Maramaram;
Mar. : Sal, Guggilu, Rala, Sajara;
Oriya : Sargigatcho;
P. : Sal;
Tam. : Attam, Venkungiliyam, Kungiliyam;
Tel. : Gugal.
Distribution : Subtropical Himalaya (Garhwal to Assam), India. Sal
trees are found from Burma in the East, to Assam,
Bengal, Nepal, the Deccan Plateau, going up to the
foothills of the Shivaliks on the left bank of the Yamuna
river.
Description : Large deciduous tree; bark reddish brown or grey with

deep longitudinal furrows; branchlets stellate pubescent;
leaves simple, alternate, spiral; stipule small, caducous;
lamina elliptic-oblong, cordate at base, acuminate at
apex, margin entire or undulate, coriaceous, glabrous
above and tomentose or pubescent beneath; inflorescence
terminal or lateral drooping, lax panicles; flowers pale
yellow; fruits winged; seed solitary.
Habitat Ecology : Gregarious in savanna woodlands; Siu, 710m.
Part used : Wood. Fruit. Leaves.
Folk use : Wood used for construction, as timber for making high
quality furniture, agricultural implements, also used in
making sports material. Fruits are edible. Leaves used as
fodder for cattle.
Chemical Constituents : Epi-ψ-taraxastanonol, β-sitisterol, hydroxyhopanone,

dammarenediol II, dipterocarpol, dammarenolic acid,
Asiatic acid and α-amyrin, nor-triterpene, dammarenolic
acid, asiatic acid, dipterocarpol, triterpenic acid, tannic
acid and phenolic content (whole plant).
Uses in Literature : Acrid, alexeteric, anthelmintic, aphrodisiac, astringent,

bitter, edible, hot, oily; useful in agricultural implements,
making bidies, chest pain & stomachache diarrhea, doors,
windows and planks, dysentery, weak digestion, ear
troubles, enrich the blood, gonorrhea, complexion
improvement, itching, leprosy, stop perspiration,
stomachache, ulcers and wounds; as insect repellent
Banerjee, 2003; Chatterjee & Pakrashi, 1997; Dash &
Misra, 2003; Farooq, 2005; Islam & Jha, 2003;
Khanna, 2002; Kirtikar & Basu, 1984; Kumar, 2003;
Kumar & Lal, 2003; Muthy et al., 2003; Nayak et al.,
2003; Pal et al., 2003; Paul & Pal, 2003; Sah et al.,
2003; Sarkar et al., 2003; Singh, 2003; Upadhyay &
Chauhan, 2003; Watt, 1972).
Sida cordifolia L.
Syn.: Sida altheifolia Sw.; S. conferta Link; S. herbacea Cav.; S. maculata Cav.;
S. rotundifolia Lam.; S. velutina Willd. ex Spreng.
Family: Malvaceae.
Vern. Name: Kungi.
Eng. : Country-Mallow, Heart-Leaf Sida;

Hindi : Barial, Kharinta, Kungyi;
Sans. : Atibala.
Ass. : BorSonborial;
Beng. : Brela;
Guj. : Junglimethi;
Kann. : Hethutti, Bili kurunthotti, Bili kadeeru;
Mal. : Vellooram, Velluram, Kurunthotti, Anakurunthotti,;
Mar. : Chikana;
Oriya : Bajromuli;
P. : Simak;
Tam. : Mayir-manikham;
Tel. : Tellantisa.
Distribution : Widely distributed along with other species are common

throughout the tropical and sub tropical plains all over
India and Srilanka up to an altitude of 1050 m., growing
wild along the roadside.
Description : Erect, branched subshrubs; leaves ovate, rarely

suborbicular, base cordate, margins serrate to the base,
apex subobtuse or acute, densely stellate-tomentose
beneath with simple hairs on nerves and soft tomentose
above; petiole pubescent; solitary or aggregated
terminally in to congested corymbiform inflorescence;
ovary subglobose, pubescent; stigma capitate, yellow.
schizocarp pubescent towards apex; mericarps trigonous
with acute angles, apically 2-awned; seeds brownish or
black.
Flowering & Fruiting : August-September.
Habitat Ecology : Common on the roadside and slopes; Kakog, 1,071m.
Part used : Leaf. Root. Whole Plant. Aerial Parts.
Folk use : Crushed leaves applied on minor cuts. Root decoction of

root prescribed for urinary infection. Plant juice act as
liver tonic. Leaf paste applied for joint pains. Aerial
parts used as fodder.
Chemical Constituents : Ephedrine (roots), ephedrine and pseudoephedrine

(leaves).
Uses in Literature : Astringent, aphrodisiac, cooling, demulcent, digestive,

diuretic, febrifuge, tonic; useful in blood diseases, cuts
and wounds, cystitis, hemiplegia, diseases of the throat,
excessive blood flow in mensis, frequent micturition,
intermittent fever, leucorrhoea, opthalmia, phthisis &
insanity, piles, pitta and kapha, rheumatic problem,
sciatica and facial paralysis, strangury and hematuria,
urinary troubles; as fodder (Ahmed & Borthakur, 2005;
Ambasta, 1986; Bhatt, 2002; Bhatt et al., 2002; Bhatt
al., 2003; Chatterjee & Pakrashi, 1997; Das & Misra,
2003; Devi, 2003; Gogoi & Das, 2003; Jaish Beg et al.,
2006; Kirtikar & Basu, 1984; Kumar & Lal, 2003;
Meena et al., 2003; Panda & Das, 2003; Retnam &
Martin, 2006; Rosakutty et al., 2003; Shekhawat et al.,
2006; Singh, 2002; Singh, 2003; Singh & Srivastava,
2003; Sood & Thakur, 2004; Srivastava et al., 2003;
Sur & Halder, 2002; Watt, 1972).
Sigesbeckia orientalis L.
Syn.: Minyranthes heterophylla Turcz.; Sigesbeckia caspica Fisch. &C.A.Mey.; S.
gracilis DC.; S. humilis Koidz.; S. iberica Willd.
Family: Asteraceae.
Vern. Name: Gobariya.
Eng. : Eastern St. Paul's-wor, Farmer's Lice, Holy herb,
Indian-weed, Paul's Wort, Stickyweed;
Hindi : Gobariya;
Ass. : GawalBahalgani, Soh-barthud;
Guj. : Pili badakdi;
Kann. : Antuhuvinagida;
Mal. : Katampoo;
Mar. : Katampu;
Tam. : Katampam;
Tel. : Katampam, Kadambu.
Distribution : Found in India at altitudes of 400-2700 m.
Nativity : Native to Eastern Europe, India, Asia as far as Australia,

the Indian Ocean Islands and Southern Africa.
Description : Erect subshrubs; stem scabrous and viscid; leaves ovate,

acute at apex, cuneate and decurrent at base, pubescent,
dentate along the margins; heads solitary, terminal, on
slender, densely hairy peduncles; bracts biseriate, outer
bracts spathulate, viscid hairy; inner ovate, short; flowers:
outer row ligulate, female, inner bracts rows bisexual,
tubular; limb of ligulate corolla yellow; anthers bases
obtuse; achenes curved, truncate at apex; black; pappus
absent.
Habitat Ecology : Fields, thickets, forest margins, forests; Jablog, 1,861m.
Part/s used : Leaf.
Folk uses : Leaf lopped for fodder. Leaf paste applied for skin
affections.
Chemical Constituents : Saponins, alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, oxalates,

cynogenic glycosides and phytate (whole plant), vitamins
A and C, minerals which include calcium, magnesium,
phosphorus, iron and zinc (leaves).
Uses in Literature : Antiscorbutic, antiviral, cardiotonic, diaphoretic,

hypogycaemic, sialagogue; useful in ringworm and other
parasitic infections, skin diseases, sores, diseases of the
urethra (Ambasta, 1986; Chatterjee & Pakrashi, 1997;
Farooq, 2005; Islam & Hasin, 2003; Kirtikar & Basu,
1984; Parrota, 2001; Sood & Thakur, 2004).
Smilax aspera L.
Syn.: Smilax balearica (Willk. ex A.DC.) Burnat&Barbey; S. catalonica Poir; S.

conferta Jord.; S. maculata Roxb. ex D.Don; S. maculata Roxb.; S.
mauritanica Poir.; S. nigra Willd.; S. variabilis Pers.
Family: Smilacaceae.
Vern. Name: Chirkut bel.
Eng. : Common Smilax, Italian Sarsaparilla, Prickly Ivy,

Rough Bindweed, Salsaparilla;
Hindi : Salsa, Kalisar, Magrabu, Kukurdara, Kumardar,
Kukarjari;
Sans. : Chopachini.
Kann. : Namadaberu, Sughanda-palada-gida, Parangichakke;
Mal. : Chennarvalli, Pomburikodi;
Tam. : Kizhanna, Nannari;
Tel. : Pala sugandhi, Sugandhipala.
Distribution : Found in the Himalayas, from Pakistan to Bhutan, at

altitudes of 1200-2500 m.
Nativity : Native to the Himalayas, from Pakistan to Bhutan.
Description : Shrubby climber; leaves broadly ovate, cordate, astate or

cuneate at base; apex obtuse or acute, mucronate; margin
entire or spiny; leaf distinctly, midrib sometimes spiny
below; petiole sometimes prickly with a pair of tendrils at
the base; flowers in umbellate racemes, white, fragrant;
pedicels filiform; bracteoles minute; perianth segments
the outer linear-oblong, the inner linear, with a dark mid-
portion; female flower: staminodes; stigmas oblong;
berry globose, long and broad, red, turning blue-black
when ripe; seed dark brown.
Flowering & Fruiting : September-November.
Habitat Ecology : Found growing in the garrigue; Kakog, 1, 071m.
Parts used : Fruit. Leaf.
Folk uses : Fruits used as vegetable. Considered good fodder for

goat and sheep.
Chemical Constituents : Anthocyanins, pelargonidins and cyanidins (fruits),

steroidal saponins, flavonoids and anthocyanins (root and
rhizome).
Uses in Literature : Tender vegetative portion as vegetable (Ambasta, 1986;

Farooq, 2005; Ranjan, 2003; Sood & Thakur, 2004).
Solanum nigrum L.
Syn.: Solanum adventitium Polgar; Solanum americanum Mill S. humile Lam;
S. nodiflorum Jacq.
Family: Solanaceae.
Vern. Name: Makoye.
Eng. : Black nightshade, Black-berry night shade, Common

Gardenshade, Hound Berry, Nightshade,
Poisonberry;
Hindi : Makoi;
Sans. : Bahuphala;
Ass. : Pichhkati;
Beng. : Gurkamai, Mako, Kakmachi;
Guj. : Piludi;
Mal. : Mulaku-thakkali;
P. : Kambi, KawanSafei, Kachmach, Riaungi, Mako;
Tam. : Manatakkali;
Tel. : Kasaka.
Distribution : Globally distributed weed found throughout the tropics

and subtropics.
Nativity : Native to North and South America.
Description : Annual; branches and shoots subglabrous or pubescent to

glandular-villous; hairs appressed or patent; leaves
sinuate to irregularly dentate, glabrous to puberulous-
pubescent or glandular; petiole, appressed pubescent or
glandular; peduncle, exceeding or shorter than the pedicel
length; calyx lobes glabrous to pubescent; corolla much
exceeding the calyx in length; lobes triangular-acute;
anthers yellow; filaments as long or shorter than the
anthers, pilose; style ± included, pubescent at the base;
stigma capitate; ovary glabrous; berry globose to
subovoid, black or orange-red; seeds discoid, minutely
reticulate-foveolate.

Habitat Ecology : Usually grows in disturbed habitats associated with
human activities; Chadna, 1,296m.
Folk uses : Fruit are edible used to cure indigestion, constipation,

appetizer, bloody dysentery. Leaves cooked as
vegetable. Leaf juice is taken to cure jaundice and
urinary disorders.
Chemical Constituents : Steroidal saponins, alkaloids, phenols, and

polysaccharides (whole plant).
Uses in Literature : Antidysenteric, antiseptic, antispasmodic, cathartic,

diuretic, laxative, narcotic, tonic; used for anasarca,
anthrax, cardalgia, cirrhosis of liver, diarrhea, eye
troubles, gripe, fever, heart diseases, pies & preserves and
making delightful jam, rabies, vegetable, wheezing; as
adulterant of belladonna (Ahmed & Borthakur, 2005;
Ambasta, 1986; Beg et al., 2003; Arinathan et al.,
2003; Asolkar et al., 1992; Bhatt, 2002; Bhandary &
Chandrashekar, 2003; Bhatt et al., 2003; Binu et al.,
2003; Chakraborty et al., 2003; Chatterjee &
Pakrashi, 1997; Dash & Misra, 2003; Devi, 2003;
Dwivedi, 2003; Farooq, 2005; Gogoi & das, 2003;
Hebbar et al., 2003; Kirtikar & Basu, 1984; Kumar,
2003; Kumar & Nagiyan, 2006; Kumar & Pullaiah,
2003; Kumar et al., 2003a,b; Kurian, 1995;
Lalramnghinglova, 2003; Mitaliya & Bhatt, 2003;
Meena et al., 2003; Muthy et al., 2003; Nayak et al.,
2003; Parrota, 2001; Punjani, 2003; Ranjan, 2003;
Rajendran et al., 2003; Retnam & Martin, 2006;
Rosakutty et al., 2003; Singh, 2002; Singh, 2003a,b;
Sood & Thakur, 2004; Srivastava, 2003;
Subramaniam, 2003; Sudhakar & Vedavathy, 2003;
Watt, 1972).
Solanum tuberosum L.
Syn. Solanum andigenum Juz. & Bukasov; Solanum cultum Berthault;

Solanum leptostigma Juz. & Buk.
Family:Solanaceae.
Vern. Name: Aalu.
Eng. : Potato;
Hindi : Alu;
Kann. : Aaloo, Aalugadde, Aaloogedde, Bataata, Bataate;
Tam. : Urulai.
Distribution : Potato is grown almost in all states of India. However,

the major potato rowing states are Himachal Pradesh,
Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat,
Maharashtra, Karnataka, West Bengal, Bihar and Assam.
Nativity : Native to Peruvian Bolivian Andes.
Description : Herbs, annual, erect or ascending; stems subterranean,

bearing tubers, pubescent, unarmed. Leaves compound,
imparipinnate; lamina, obovate-elliptic, shortly cuneate at
base, acuminate at apex, pubescent. Inflorescences in
lateral and terminal corymbose cymes, 7-20 flowered;
pedicel pubescent; corolla lobes, ovate, white, pendent,
pubescent; stamens 5, exserted; anthers yellow; styles
densely pubescent, glabrous in uppermost part above
anthers; stigma minutely puberulent. Berry green or
yellowish green, striped, globose, smooth.
Flowering & Fruiting : December-March.
Habitat Ecology : Widely cultivated; Baunal, 1,376m.

Part/s used : Tuber.
Folk uses : Tubers are boiled and eaten as vegetable. Boiled potato
stuffed in local dish siddu. Potato is a good source of
economy for local people. Slice of potato is rubbed on
burns to get relief burning sensation. Applied on skin
for removing blemishes. Used for preparation of nutrient
media for culture of microbes. Mixture of wheat and
potato used to prepare local wine.
Chemical Constituents : Carbohydrates, proteins, fats, water along with minerals

and trace elements viz. potassium,sodium, iodine and
magnesium, folic acid, pyridoxine, vitamin C, ascorbic
acid and Iron (tuber).
Uses in Literature : Antiscorbutic, antispasmodic, aperient, diuretic,

galactagogue; Eaten boiled or with leafy vegetable; raw
material for manufacture of starch, ethyl alcohol. Applied
on burns, frost bite, in preparation of culture of micro
organismand for potato broth. (Ahmed & Borthakur,
2005; Ambasta, 1986; Beigh et al, 2003).
Sonchus asper (L.) Hill.

Syn.: Sonchus aemulus Merino; S. asper All.; S. asper (L.) Vill., S. australis Hort. Ex
Colla; S. borderi Gand.; S. crocifolius Hort. Ex Sch.Bip.; S. cuspidatus Blume;
S. eryngioides DC; S. fallax Wallr.; S. glaber Thunb.; S. infestus Poepp. Ex DC.;
S. oleraceus var. asper L.; S. spinulosus Bigel.; S. sulphureus Boiss.; S.
tibesticus Quezel.; S. viridis Zenari.
Family: Asteraceae.
Vern. Name: Dudhali.
Eng. : Spiny Leaves show Thistle, Milk Thistle blue sow-

thistle, prickly sow thistle, prickly sow-thistle,
prickly sowthistle, rough sow thistle, rough sow-
thistle, rough sowthistle, sowthistle, spiny sow
thistle, spiny sowthistle, spiny-leaf sowthistle,
spinyleafsowthistle, spiny-leaved sow thistle;
Hindi : Didhi, Dudhi;
Mal. : Varapputhannel;
Mar. : Mhatara;
Tam. : oosithagarai;
Tel. : Ratrinta.
Distribution : Occurs in foothills of Himalayas ascending to 3500 m.
Description : Erect, annual herbs; leaves radical ones attenuate at base,

obovate-oblong, spathlate, margins spinulose-dentate,
apex obtuse; cauline ones alternate, auriculate at base,
runcinate-pinnatifid; those at the apical nodes linear-
oblong and acute at apex; flowers: capitula numerous;
stalk glandular; invol. bracts ovate, lanceolate,
membranous; florets numerous, fertile; pappus hairs
numerous, white; corolla yellow, pubescent; fruits:
cypsels brown, elliptic-obovate, flattened.
Habitat Ecology : Wildflower of urban roadsides, wasteland, arable field

margins and other disturbed ground; Sainj, 1,647m.
Part/s used : Whole Plant. Shoot. Leaf. Latex.
Folk uses : Whole palnt used as fodder. Tender shood cooked as

vegetable. Leaf paste applied on burn scars. Latex
applied on cuts.
Chemical Constituents : Alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, saponins and tannins,

ascorbic acid, riboflavin thiamine and niacin, moisture
content, ash content, crude protein, crude lipid, crude
fibre and carbohydrate (whole plant).
Uses in Literature : Emollient; useful in wounds and boils (Ahmed &
Farooq, 2005; Kirtikar & Basu, 1984; Kumar &
Nagiyan, 2006).
Swertia chirayita (Roxb.) Buch.-Ham. ex C.B.Clarke

Syn.: Gentiana chirayita Roxb. ex Fleming
Family: Gentianaceae.
Vern.Name: Cherayta.
Eng. : Chirayita;
Hindi : Chirayata, Charaita, Chirata;
Sans. : Anaryatikta, Ardhatikta, Bhunimba, Chiratika;
Beng. : Chirayita;
Guj. : Chirayita;
Kann. : Nelabevu;
Mal. : Kiriyatta, Kiriyattu, Nilaveppa, Uttarakiriyattu;
Mar. : Charayatah, Chirayita;
Tam. : Nilavembu, Shirattakuchi, Anariyatittam;
Tel. : Nelavemu.
Distribution : Found at an altitude of 1200–3000 m, from Kashmir to

Bhutan, and in the Khasi hills at 1200–1500 m. It can be
grown in sub-temperate regions between 1500 and 2100
m altitudes.
Description : Tall herb, obscurely angled; cauline leaves subsessile,

elliptic, lower much longer and often petiolate; flowers
on short pedicels in large panicles; calyx lobes lanceolate;
corolla lurid green-yellow with ovate lobes, with purple
veins, each lobe with 2 green glandular depressions at
base, each fringed by white or pink hairs; filaments free.
Flowering & Fruiting : September-November.

Habitat Ecology : Pastures and slopes in the Himalayas to 3,000m; Kanda
Koti, 1,732m.
Part/s used : Fruit. Aerial Parts. Flower. Leaf.
Folk uses : Fruits edible are useful for diabetes. Aerial parts extract
given thrice daily for fever. Flower and leaf paste applied
is on skin diseases, cattle wound (vet.).
Chemical Constituents : Protein, amarogentin, gentiopicrin, isobellecifolin, 1-

hydroxy-3, 5, 8-trimethoxy-, 1, 5-dimethoxy-3, 8-
dimethoxy-(chiratol), 1, 8 dihydroxy-3, 5-dimethoxy-
(swerchirin), swertinin, swestinin, dimeric xanthone,
terpenoids, seco-iridoid glycosides, flavonoids, alkaloids,
and lignan (whole plant), aphelic acid, chiratin,
swertinis, swertianin, dwerchirin, isobellidifolin, friedelin
and β-sitosterol (seeds).
Uses in Literature : Anthelmintic, antidiabetic, antiperiodic, antipyretic,

astringent, bitter, cooling, febrifuge, galactagogue,
laxative, tonic, stimulant, stomachic; cures bad taste in
the mouth, biliousness, body pain, bronchitis, burning
sensation, improves eyesight, cholera, chronic fever,
fever (vet.), inflammations, leucoderma, piles, scabies,
skin diseases, sedative to pregnant uterus, thirst, urinary
discharges, ulcers (Ambasta, 1986; Bharte & Oli R.,
2006; Chatterjee & Pakrashi, 1997; Chhetri et al.,
2006; Farooq, 2005; Jain, 2003; Kirtikar & Basu,
1984; Kumar & Lal, 2003; Pandey et al., 2003;
Sharma, 2003; Sharma & Sood, 1997; Sharma et al.,
2003; Singh et al., 2003; Siwakoti & Siwakoti, 2003;
Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels.
Syn.: Eugenia cumini Druce; E. jambolana Lamk.; Myrtus cumini L.; Syzygium
jambolanum (Lam.) DC.
Family: Myrtaceae.
Vern. Name: Jamun.
Eng. : Black Berry, Black Plum, Jambul, Jamun, Javaplum,

Rose apple;
Hindi : Falanda, Farenda, Jaman, Jamun, Katajaman;
Sans. : Jambu, Jalendra, Jambul, Mahafala, Mahaskandha,
Meghmodini, Nadeyi, Neelphawa, Rajphala,
Shukpriya, Surabhipha;
Ass. : Bor-Jamu, Kola-Jamu;
Beng. : Jam;
Guj. : Jambu;
Kann. : Narala, Nerula;
Mal. : Njara, Hjaval, Porinjara, Naga, Naval;
Mar. : Jambool;
Oriya : Jamo;
P. : Jammu;
Tam. : Nagai;
Tel. : Nerudu.
Distribution : Almost throughout India ascending upto 1,800m.
Description : Trees; leaf blade broadly elliptic, leathery, abaxially

slightly pale when dry, adaxially brownish green to
blackish brown and slightly glossy when dry, both
surfaces with small glands, and gradually extending into
margin, base broadly cuneate to rarely rounded, apex
rounded to obtuse and with a short cusp; inflorescences
axillary on flowering branches or occasionally terminal,
paniculate cymes; hypanthium obconic or long pyriform;
calyx lobes inconspicuous; petals, white or light purple,
coherent, ovate and slightly rounded; style as long as
stamens; fruit red to black, ellipsoid to pot-shaped;
persistent calyx tube.
Habitat Ecology : Secondary forests on level areas, wastelands, streamsides;

below 100 to 1200 m; Thana Khegua, 886m.
Part/s used : Fruit. Bark. Seed. Wood. Leaf.
Folk uses : Fruits edible and is useful for diabetes. Fruit used as
blood purifier and also prescribed for menstrual
complaints. Crushed bark used for jaundice. Seeds are
used to cure diabetes. Wood is strong as is used for fuel,
in making construction material (doors, windows),
agricultural implements. Bark decoction is prescribed
for mouth sore and stomachache. Leaves used as
fodder.
Chemical Constituents : Anthocyanins-delphinidin-3-gentiobioside & malvidin-3-

laminaribioside along with petunidin-3-gentiobioside
(fruits), anthocyanins, glucoside, ellagic acid,
isoquercetin, kaemferol and myrecetin (whole plant),
alkaloid, jambosine, and glycoside jambolin or antimellin
(seeds).
Uses in Literature : Antidiabetic, antispasmodic, aphrodisiac, carmintive,

diuretic, edible; used for agricultural implements, colitis,
atonic and spastic constipation, boat building,
construction, depression and exhaustion, diabetes, dying
and tanning, dysentery, furniture, gargles and
mouthwash, gastric complaints, green manure, nervous
disorders, diseases of the pancreas, sleepers (Ambasta,
1986; Arnathan et al., 2003; Balu et al., 2003;
Banerjee, 2003; Bhatt, 2002; Bharte & Oli R., 2006;
Bhatt et al., 2003a,b; Chakrabarty & Balakrishanan,
2003; Chatterjee & Pakrashi, 1997; Dash & Misra,
2003; Diwakar & Ansari, 2003; Dwivedi, 2003;
Farooq, 2005; Ghosh & Das, 2003; Gogoi et al., 2003;
Hebbar et al., 2003; Islam & Jha, 2003; Kayal et al.,
2003; Khanna, 2002; Kumar, 2003; Kumar & Lal,
2003; Kumar et al., 2003; Kurian, 1995; Mitaliya &
Bhatt, 2003; Muthy et al., 2003; Nair & Jayakumar,
2003; Nath et al., 2006; Parrota, 2001; Prasad et al.,
2003; Rajendran et al., 2003; Rosakutty et al., 2003;
Singh et al., 2003; Rana et al., 2003; Reddy & Raju,
2003; Retnam & Martin, 2005; Sah et al., 2003;
satapathy & Brahmam, 2003; Singh Siwakoti &
Siwakoti, 2003; Sood & Thakur, 2004; Subramani &
Goraya, 2003; Sudhakar & Vedavathy, 2003).
Tabernaemontana divaricata (L.) R. Br. Ex Roem & Schult.

Syn.: Nerium divaricatum L.; Tabernaemontana coronaria Willd.
Family: Apocynaceae.
Vern. Name: Chandni.
Eng. : Crape jasmine, Carnation of India, Moonbeam;

Hindi : Bara tagar, Chandni,Firkitagar, Sugandhabala, Tagar,
Tagari, Taggai, Taggar;
Sans. : Ananta, Ashvathabheda, Gajapadapa, Kshiri,
Nadyavarta, Nandi, Nandivriksha, Tagar, Taravata,
Vanaspati, Visnupriya;
Beng. : Tagar;
Guj. : Sagar;
Kann. : Nandi Battalu, Kokkekaayigida, Kottuhaale,
Kottubale, Kottuhalehoo, Maddarasagida, Mudrasa,
Nandabatlu, Nandi batlahoovu, Nandi batlu,
Nandibatlu, Nandyaavartha, Nanjaapatte,
Nanjaavatla, Nanjaavattu, Nanjabatlu;
Mal. : Belutta-amelpodi, Nandi-ervatum, Nantyarvattam,
Nantyavarttam;
Mar. : Ananta, Anantha, Gondethagara, Nadiavatti, Namdit,
Sagar, Tagar, Tagaravattam, Thagar, Vadhil-namdit;
Tam. : Adukkunandiyavattai, Atukkunantiyarvattai,
Karerduppalai, Nandhi, Nandiyavattam,
Nantiyavattam;
Tel. : Gandhi thagara poo, Gandhitagarapu,
Grandhithagarapichettu, Nandi-vardhanamu,
Nandivardhanamu, Toggari.
Distribution : Cultivated and is ornamental in India.
Description : Shrub; branches divaricate, milky latex present; leaves

opposite, acuminate or caudate, cuneate at the base;
inflorescence 1-few flowered cymes, axillary or terminal;
Flowers white; bract minute or absent; calyx lobes broad,
ovate, acute; corolla tube dialated in the middle, lobes
obliquely ovate, double in cultivated form; ovary
glabrous; ovules numerous; style filiform; stigma
papillose; follicles sessile, glabrous, orange or bright red
inside, curved to form a beak; seeds, oblong or irregular
in shape, striated.
Flowering & Fruiting : April-October.
Habitat Ecology : Montane brushwoods, sparse forests; at elevations of 100

- 1,600m; Thal Paliyara, 979m.
Part/s used : Flower. Leaf.
Folk uses : Flowers are scared and ornamental and offered in

temples. Leaf and flower paste applied on skin diseases.
Chemical Constituents : Tabernaemontanine, dregamine, vobasine, voacamine

and voacangine, ibogamine, coronaridine-hydroxy
indolenine, 5-oxo-,-6-oxo-, 5-hydroxy-oxo-and (+)-
acetate, benjoic acid, campesterol and cycloartenol
(roots), resins, flavanoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, phenols,
tannins, saponins, steroids (whole plant).
Uses in Literature : Anthelmintic, antiseptic, refrigerant; cure diabetes, eye
sore, inflammations, ophthamia, scorpion sting, skin
diseases (Chatterjee & Pakrashi, 1997; Dutta & Nath,
2003; Farooq, 2005; Jaish Beg et al., 2006; Parrota,
2001; Retnam & Martin, 2006; Sarkar & Sarma,
2006; Shukla et al., 2003; Watt, 1972).
Taraxacum officinale F. H. Wigg.

Syn.: Leontodon taraxacum L.; Taraxacum dens-leonic Desf.; T. vulgare (Lam.)
Schrank
Family: Asteraceae.
Vern. Name: Dudhli.
Eng. : Bitterwort, Blower, Canker, Cankerwort, Dandelion,

Common dandelion, Fortune teller, Gowan, Irish
Daisy, Milk Gowan, Monkshood, One O’clock,
Priest Crown, Timetable;
Hindi : Dudhi, Baran, dudal, Dudh-batthal, Dudhal;
Sans. : Dugdhapheni, Lootari, Payasvini;
Beng. : Pitachumki;
Guj. : Pathradi;
Kann. : KadduSeventhi;
Mal. : Dugddhapheni;
Mar. : Batthur;
P. : Baran, BathurDudal, Dudhbathal, Dudi, Kanphul,
Radam;
Tel. : Patri.
Distribution : Widely distributed in temperate and cold regions of the

world.
Nativity : Native to North America, Europe and Asia.
Description : Stems, erect or ascending, glabrous; leaves horizontal to

erect; petioles narrowly winged; blades oblanceolate,
oblong; involucres green to dark green or brownish
green, tips dark gray or purplish, campanulate; phyllaries,
lanceolate, margins scarious, apices acuminate, erose-
scarious, usually hornless callous; cypselae olivaceous or
olive-brown, or straw-colored to grayish, bodies
oblanceoloid, cones shortly terete; pappi white to sordid.
Flowering & Fruiting : March-November.
Habitat Ecology : Roadsides, disturbed banks, shores of waterways, and

other areas with moist soils; Chadna, 1,296m.
Parts used : Whole Plant.
Folk use : Given to cattle to raise milk production (galactagogue).

Arieal parts are eaten raw to get rid of stomach pain.
Chemical Constituents : Acetylated γ-butyrolactone glucoside (roots), taraxacin,

taraxacerine, phytosterols-taraxasterol and
homotaraxasterol, saponins, sesquiterpene lactones,
taraxasterol, taraxerol, chlorogenic acid, butyrolactones
and butanoates namely taraxiroside (whole plant).
Uses in Literature : Antiscorbutic, appetizer, diuretic, hepatic stimulant,

insect repellent, laxative, stomachic, tonic; useful for
preparation of beer, coffee, pickle, stouts, wines, fever,
kidney malfunctioning, liver complications, mouth
blisters, salads, soups; as a vegetable (Ambasta, 1986;
Chaurasia et al., 2003a,b,c; Chhetri et al., 2006; Kala
& Manjrekar, 2003; Kirtikar & Basu, 1984; Nautiyal
et al., 2003; Singh, 2003; Sood & Thakur, 2004; Watt,
1972).
Tectona grandis L.f.
Syn.: Jatus grandis (L.f.) Kuntze; Tectona theca Lour.; Theka grandis (L.f.) Lam.
Family: Lamiaceae
Vern. Name: Shanan.
Eng. : Teak, Teak wood, Indian oak, Teak tree;

Hindi : Sagun, Saigun, Sagwan, Sagun;
Sans. : Bardaru, Bhumisah, Dwardaru, Kharchchad, Saka;
Ass. : Chingjagu;
Beng. : Saguna Segun, Saigun;
Guj. : Sagach, Saga;
Kann. : Jadi, Sagwani;
Mal. : Thekku, Tekka;
Mar. : Sagwan;
Oriya : Singuru;
Tam. : Tekku, Tekkumaram, Tek;
Tel. : Adaviteeku.
Distribution : In India teak is distributed naturally in the Peninsular

region below 24°N latitude.
Nativity : Native to India and Burma to Java.
Description : Deciduous trees; leaves simple, opposite, estipulate;

petiole stout, tomentose; lamina ovate, obovate, base
attenuate, apex acute or obtuse, margin entire, wavy,
glabrous above and pubescent below, coriaceous; flowers
bisexual, white; calyx campanulate, lobes subequal,
ovate, tomentose; corolla lobes, oblong, spreading;
stamens, equal, erect, inserted at the throat, exserted;
anthers oblong; ovary globose, superior, densely hairy;
style slender; stigma linearly bifid; fruit a drupe, globose,
brown.
Flowering & Fruiting : May-January.
Habitat Ecology : Moist deciduous forests, also raised in plantations;

Kakog, 1,071m.
Part/s used : Wood.

Folk uses : Wood is used in making as furniture in construction,
agricultural and household implements, sports articles
etc.
Chemical Constituents : Betulin, betulin aldehyde, betulinic and lupeol (stem

bark), resin, Ca, P, silica, ammonium and magnesium
sulphate and fatty oil (seeds), tectoquinone, lapachol and
deoxylapachol. Naphthoquinones, anthraquinones and
isoprenoid quinones, triterpenoids, steroids, lignans, fatty
esters and phenolic compounds (whole plant).
Uses in Literature : Anthelmintic, astringent, diuretic, expectorant, hepatic

stimulant, local refrigerant, sedative, vermifuge; useful
in bronchitis, biliousness, burning pain over the region of
liver, colouring matting, dysentery, dyspepsia, eczema,
hair growth, headache, inflamed eyelids, inflammatory
swellings, itchness of the skin, leucoderma, prevent
maggot breeding (vet.), piles, ringworm disease, making
plough, scabies, urinary discharges; substitute for linseed
oil (Ahmed & Borthakur, 2005; Ambasta, 1986; Bhatt
et al., 2003; Chatterjee & Pakrashi, 1997; Dash &
Misra, 2003; Deshmukh & Rothe, 2003; Farooq, 2005;
Kumar & Rao, 2003; Nair & Jayakumar, 2003;
Nayak et al., 2003; Parrota, 2001; Reddy et al., 2003;
Retnam & Martin, 2006; Sarkar & Sarma, 2006;
Srivastava et al., 2003; Subramaniam, 2003; Thomas
& Britto, 2003; Watt, 1972).
Terminalia bellerica (Gaertn.) Roxb.

Syn.: Myrobalamus bellerica Gaertn.
Family: Combretaceae.
Vern. Name: Baheda.

Eng. : Belliric Myrobalan;

Hindi : Bhaira, Sagona;
Sans. : Anilaghnaka, Bahira, Behera,;
Ass. : Bauri;
Beng. : Baheda;
Guj. : Baheda;
Kann. : Taare, Taarekaayi;
Mal. : Thaanni;
Mar. : Bibhītaka, Kalidruma, Vehala;;
Oriya : Bahada;
P. : Har, Harar;
Tam. : Tanri;
Tel. : Karshaphalamu, Tadi,.
Distribution : Throughout the greater part of India; 1,700m in the outer

Himalaya &upto 2,000m in Travancore.
Nativity : Native to South and Southeast Asia, Bangladesh,

Cambodia, Bhutan.
Description : Large deciduous tree to 50 m tall and a diameter of 3 m

with a rounded crown. The bark is bluish or ashy-grey
covered with numerous fine longitudinal cracks, the inner
bark yellowish. Leaves large, glabrous, alternate, broadly
elliptic to obovate-elliptical, base rounded to cuneate,
rufous-sericeous but soon glabrescent, with 6-9 pairs of
secondary veins. Secondary and tertiary venation
prominent on both surfaces, clustered towards the ends of
branchlets. Flowers solitary, small, greenish white,
simple, axillary spikes; calyx tube densely sericeous or
tomentulose; flowers appear along with new leaves and
have a strong honey-like smell. Fruit sub-globular to
broadly ellipsoid, densely velutinous or sericeous, light-
yellow, obscurely 5-angled and minutely brown
tomentosa
Habitat Ecology : Open slopes, roadsides; Maena, 1,323m.
Folk uses : Harad, aonla (Emblica officinalis), bahera (Terminalia

belerica), methi and ajwain made into powder (phakki)
given for stomachache, cough and body pain. Wood is
useful in making agricultural implements.
Chemical Constituents : β-sitosterol, gallic acid, ellagic acid, ethylgallate, galloyl

glucose and chebulegic acid, corilagin, chebulagic acid,
galloylpunicalagin, and digalloyl-hexahydroxydiphenoyl-
hexoside, glucoside, tannins, gallic acid, ethyl gallate,
chebulinic acid (fruits).
Uses in Literature : Acrid, anthelmintic, antiperiodic, antipyretic, astringent,

bitter, demulcent, digestible, diuretic, edible, intoxicating,
laxative, narcotic, pungent, purgative, tonic; useful in
asthma, biliousness, bronchitis, corneal ulcers, dementia,
diarrhea, eye diseases, heart diseases, indigestion,
inflammations, inflammatory discharges from the genital
organs, ophthalmia and other eye diseases piles, sore
throat, strangury, thirst, vomiting (Ahmed & Borthakur,
2005; Ambasta, 1986; Arinathan et al., 2003;
Banerjee, 2003; Bhatt et al., 2003; Chakraborty &
Bhattacherjee, 2003; Chatterjee & Pakrashi, 1997;
Dash & Misra, 2003; Diwakar & Ansari, 2003; Dixit
& Kumar, 2003; Dwivedi, 2003a,b; Farooq, 2005;
Gogoi et al., 2003; Islam & Jha, 2003; Jha & Kumar,
2003; Kirtikar & Basu, 1984; Kothari & Rao, 2003;
Kumar & Lal, 2003; Kumar & Nagiyan, 2006; Maya
et al., 2003; Muthy et al., 2003; Nadanakujidam, 2003;
Nath et al., 2006; Nayak et al., 2003; Parrota, 2001;
Ranjan, 2003a,b; Retnam & Martin, 2006; Sah et al.,
2003; Samvastar & Diwanji, 2003; Satapathy &
Brahmam, 2003; Singh, 2002; Singh, 2003; Sharma,
2003; Siwakoti & Siwakoti, 2003; Srivastava et al.,
2003; Subramaniam, 2003; Sur & Halder, 2002;
Terminalia chebula Retz.

Syn.: Myrobalan uschebula (Retz.) Gaertn. Fruct.
Family: Combretaceae.
Vern. Name: Harad.
Eng. : Black myrobalan, Chebulic myrobalan;

Hindi : Har, Harara, Harra;
Sans. : Abhaya, Balya, Chetaki, Girija;
Ass. : Hilika;
Beng. : Haritaki;
Guj. : Harde, Hardi;
Kann. : Halle;
Mal. : Katukka;
Mar. : Hirad;
Oriya : Karedha;
P. : Har, Harar;
Tam. : Kadukkai;
Tel. : Nallakaraka.
Distribution : Throughout the greater part of India; 1,700m in the outer

Himalaya & upto 2,000m in Travancore.
Description : Deciduous trees, surface dark brown to black, fissures

shallow; leaves simple, opposite to alternate, exstipulate;
petiole stout, grooved above, pubescent; flowers bisexual,
greenish-white, in terminal and axillary spikes with
offensive smell; calyx tube villous, constricted above the
ovary, lobes, creamy, triangular; disc villous; ovary
inferior, densely villous; style subulate; stigma terminal;
fruit a drupe, obovoid, woody; seed one.
Habitat Ecology : Grows to be a large tree in good soil, but in one dark
rocky places; Kolva, 1,398m.
Folk uses : Harad, aonla (Emblica officinalis), bahera (Terminalia

belerica) made into powder given for cough and body
pain. Roasted fruit eaten to cure cough; also decocction
of fruit given for the same.
Chemical Constituents : Ellagitannin, terchebulin, punicalagin, terflavins A, B, C

& D, shilimic, gallic, triacontanoic & palmitic acids, β-
sitosterol, ethyl ester of gallic acid arjungenin, terminoic
acid and arjunolic acid, chebulinic acid, tannic acid, resin
and a glycoside of anthraquinone derivative (fruits).
Uses in Literature : Alterative, anthelmintic, antidiarrhoeal, antidysenteric

cardiotonic, carminative, dentrifrice diuretic, edible,
expectorant, laxative, stomachic, tonic; useful in anaemia,
antifertility, ascites, asthma, biliousness, bleeding piles,
carious teeth, constipation, cough, delirium, dementia,
diabetes, diarrhea, dysentery, elephantiasis, eye diseases,
flatulence, gingivitis, diseases of the heart and the
bladder, dyspnea, gout, hiccough, inflammations, itching,
leucoderma, liver enlargement, pains, bleeding piles, sore
throat, strangury, thirst, tumours, typhoid fever, vesicular
calculi, urinary discharges, vomiting; constituent of
triphala (Ambasta, 1986; Arinathan et al., 2003;
Chakraborty & Bhattacharjee, 2003; Chatterjee &
Pakrashi, 1997; Chhetri et al., 2006; Dash & Misra,
2003; Devi, 2003; Dixit & Kumar, 2003; Dwivedi,
2003a,b; Farooq, 2005; Ghosh, 2003; Gogoi et al.,
2003; Islam & Jha, 2003; Kalita & Tamuli, 2006;
Kayal et al., 2003; Kirtikar & Basu, 1984; Kothari &
Rao, 2003; Kshirsagar & Singh, 2003; Kumar & Lal,
2003; Muthukumaraswamy et al., 2003; Nair &
Jayakumar, 2003; Nath et al., 2006; Parrota, 2001;
Prasad et al., 2002; Prasad et al., 2003; Nayak et al.,
2003; Rajendran & Aswal, 2003; Rana et al., 2003;
Ranjan, 2003a,b; Retnam & Martin, 2006; Sah et al.,
2003; Saren et al., 2003; Satapathy & Brahmam,
2003; Sharma, 2003; Shil & Sharma, 2003;
Shivakumar et al., 2003; Shrivastava et al., 2003;
Singh, 2003; Srivastava et al., 2003; Subramaniam,
2003; Sur & Halder, 2002; Watt, 1972).
Thalictrum foliolosum DC.

Syn.: Thalictrum dalingo Buch.-Ham. ex DC.; Thalictrum villosum Jacquem.ex Lecoy.
Family: Ranunculaceae.
Vern. Name: Mamiri.
Eng. : Gold thread, Leafy meadow-rue;

Hindi : Bishkaral, Mamira, Pilajari, Chaitra, Sarphar;
Sans. : Mamira, Pitmula, Pitranga;
Beng. : Gurbiani;
P. : Chitra-mul, Gurbiani Keraita, Mamira, Pash-maran,
Phalijori.
Distribution : Usually on shady slopes along roadsides, in sub-Tropical

& Temperate regions between 800-2,500m.
Nativity : Native to Himalayan region.
Description : Robust bushy herb; leaflets broadly sovate, acute or

obtuse, bluntly toothed or lobed; sepals obovate, white
outside, mauve within, caduceus; anthers acute or
mucronate, ± as long as filaments which are not
broadened at apex; achenes ellipsoid, strongly ribbed,
sessile, glabrous, style deciduous.
Flowering & Fruiting : July-September.
Habitat Ecology : Forests and shrubberies at elevations of 1300 - 3400

metres; Kanda koti, 1,732m.
Material Examined : HPU-EL-RTS-150; 21.08. 2014.
Part/s used : Root. Leaf. Aerial Parts.
Folk uses : Root decoction useful for eye irritation and fever. Leaves
used as repellent for rat flea. Root paste applied for
snakebite. 1-2 drops of root juice poured into eyes to cure
eye infection. Aerial parts used as fodder.
Chemical Constituents : Thalrugosidine, thalrugosaminine, thalisopine,

thalirugidine, oxyberberine- (bertambine) and
noroxyhydrastinine (roots), Several alkaloids such
as berberine, jatrorrhizine, palmatine, thalrugosidine,
thalrugosaminine, thalisopine (thaligosine), thalirugidine,
thalirugine, 8-oxyberberine (berlambine),
noroxyhydrastinine, N,O,O-trimethylsparsiflorine,
thalicarpine, thalidasine, thalfoliolosumines A and
thalfoliolosumines B (whole plant).
Uses in Literature : Aperient, diuretic, purgative, tonic; used as a collyrium in

opthalmia, atonic dyspepsia, improves eye-sight, good in
toothache, in acute diarrhea, opthalmia, piles, malarial
fever nail troubles, toothache, discolouration of the skin,
wounds (Ahmed & Borthakur, 2005; Ambasta, 1986;
Arya, 2006; Farooq, 2005; Kirtikar & Basu, 1984;
Pandey, 1995; Ranjan, 2003; Singh et al., 2003; Watt,
1972).
Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Hook. f.
Syn.: Cocculus cordifolius (Willd.) DC. Syst.; Menispermum cordifolium Willd.
Family: Menispermaceae.
Vern. Name: Saragbel.

Eng. : GulanchaTinospora, Tinospora;

Hindi : Amrita, Amrta, Giloe, Giloy, Gulanca, Gurcha;
Sans. : Amrta, Guduci, Gurnchi;
Ass. : Hoguni-lot;
Beng. : Nimgilo;
Guj. : Gulvel;
Kann. : Madhuparni;
Mal. : Amrthu, Amrutavalli, Chitamrith, Chitamruthu,
Siddamirth;
Mar. : Amritavalli, Amrita, Guduchi,Gulvel;
Oriya : Gulancha, Gulochi;
P. : Batindu, Gilogularich, Garum, Gilo;
Tam. : Amudam, Amridavalli, Kaippuchindil, Kunali;
Tel. : Manapala.
Distribution : Throughout India, ascending upto 300m.
Description : Woody succulent climbing shrub; leaves simple,

alternate, broadly ovate, cordate or suborbicular;
inflorescence axillary or on old leafless stems, slender,
pseudo-racemose cymes; flowers unisexual, fascicled,
yellow, pedicellate; fruits drupes, ovoid or globose,
glabrous, shining; seeds curved or half moon shape,
endospermic, cotyledons flattened, leaflike, radicle short.
Flowering & Fruiting : January-March.
Habitat Ecology : Moist deciduous forests and scrub jungles, also in the
plains; Kakog, 1071m.
Part/s used : Whole Plant. Stem.

Folk uses : Plant extract taken internally empty stomach cures
diabetes, asthma and jaundice. Boiled plant extact taken
with lukewarm water for asthma, early morning.
Decocction of stem is given for dengue fever, and gout.
Stem is given to milch cattle to raise milk production.
Given to cattle for indigestion. Stem made into small
pieces mixed with wheat flour given to cattle for body
pain(vet.).
Chemical Constituents : Cordifole, hepatocosanol, octacosanol protein, calcium

and phosphorus (leaves), tinosporidine, β-sitosterol, a
new furanoid diterpene-tinosporide (stem), alkaloids,
terpenoids, lignans, steroids alkaloids, diterpenoid
lactones, glycosides, steroids, sesquiterpenoid, phenolics,
aliphatic compounds and polysaccharides (whole plant).
Uses in Literature : Analgesic, antidiabetic, antigonorhoeic, antipyretic,

diuretic, emetic, stomachic, tonic; used in bile secretion,
bodyache, burning sensation, cough, cold, general
debility, dyspepsia, feed, fevers, fracture and painful
joints, gout, jaundice, leprosy, malaria, piles, rheumatism,
sextual impotency, skin diseases, snake bite, enlarged
spleen, urinary diseases, vaginal and urethral discharges,
visual obstructions, vomiting, general weakness
(Ambasta, 1986; Balu et al., 2003; Basu, 2003;
Bharate & Oli R., 2003; Bhatt, 2002; Bhatt et al.,
2003a,b,c; Chatterjee & Pakrashi, 1997; Chhetri et al.,
2006; Dixit & Kumar, 2003; Dwivedi, 2003; Farooq,
2005; Ganesan & Kesavan, 2003; Ghosh & Das, 2003;
Gogoi et al., 2003; Goud et al., 2003; Jain et al., 2003;
Jaish Beg et al., 2006; Jha & Kumar, 2003; Khan et
al., 2003; Kirtikar & Basu, 1984; Kothari & Rao,
2003; Kshirsagar, 2003; Kshirsagar & Singh, 2003;
Kumar & Nagiyan, 2006; Kumar et al., 2003; Mitaliya
et al., 2003; Pal et al., 2003; Prasad et al., 2002; Prasad
et al., 2003; Ranjan, 2003a,b; Retnam & Martin,
2006; Samvatsar & Diwanji, 2003; Sharma, 2003;
Shivaprasad & Chandrashekar, 2003; Singh, 2002;
Singh, 2003a,b, 2006; Singh & Kumar, 2003; Singh et
al., 2003; Siwakoti & Siwakoti, 2003; Sood & Thakur,
2004; Srivastava et al., 2003; Sur & Halder, 2002;
Thomas & Britto, 2003; Upadhyay, 2003; Watt, 1972)
Toona ciliata M.Roem.

Syn.: Cedrela microcarpa C.DC.; C. serrulata Miq; C. toona Roxb. Ex Rottler
Family: Meliaceae.
Vern. Name: Tanish.
Eng. : Indian mahogany, Red cedar, Surian;

Hindi : Toon.
Sans. : Kacchapah, Nandikah, Nandi, Tunna;
Ass. : Poma Jatipoma;
Beng. : Tun;
Guj. : Tun;
Kann. : Tundu;
Mal. : Vempu;
Mar. : Kunant;
Oriya : Mohalimbo;
P. : Chiti sirin;
Tam. : Ayil, Madagirvembu, Mali, Sandanavembu,
Sevvagil. SuliTunMaram;
Tel. : Gali, Nandi, Nandichettu.
Distribution : Common in moist deciduous forests. Hills above 1100m.

Eastern and Western ghats of India.
Nativity : Native to Australia and Asia.
Description : Semi-deciduous trees; leaves paripinnate, alternate,

clustered at the tips of branchlets, estipulate; leaflets,
opposite or subopposite, estipellate; lamina ovate, ovate-
lanceolate; flowers bisexual, white, in terminal or axillary
drooping panicles; calyx cupular; lobes 5, ovate,
tomentose, margin ciliate; petals, oblong, spreading,
ciliate, imbricate; stamens 5, free, inserted on the top of
disc; filaments subulate; ovary superior, ovoid,
pubescent, pendulous; style short, stigma discoid; fruit a
capsule; seeds many, oblong, thin, winged at both ends.
Habitat Ecology : Primary as well as secondary forest, often along rivers

and in valleys, up to 1500 m altitude, in areas with 800–
1800 mm annual rainfall; Rajana, 1,229m.
Part used : Stem. Leaf. Wood.
Folk use : Stem is used for timber, fuel. Leaves are used as fodder.
Wood used for making agricultural implements.
Chemical Constituents : B-secotetranortiterpenoids- toonacilin and 6-

acetoxytoonacilin (bark), flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenes
and anthraquinone (leaves), coumarins, flavonoids,
phytosterol, phenols, tannins, alkaloids, triterpenes and
anthraquinons (whole plant).
Uses in Literature : Antiperiodic, astringent, emmenagogue, tonic; useful in

chronic dysentery of infants, dysuria, purifying blood,
toothache, ulcers; for doors, windows (Alagesboopathi et
al., 2003; Ahmed & Borthakur, 2005; Ambasta, 1986;
Chatterjee & Pakrashi, 1997; Guha Bakshi et al.,
1999; Muthy et al., 2003; Parrota, 2001; Ranjan, 2003;
Siwakoti & Siwakoti, 2003; Sood & Thakur, 2004).
Trigonella foenum-graecum L.
Syn.: Trigonella tibetana (Alef.)Vassilcz.

Family: Fabaceae
Vern. Name: Methi.
Eng. : Fenugreek, greek hay, greek clover;

Hindi : Methi;
Sans. : Methika;
Ass. : Mithi, Methi;
Beng. : Methi, Methuka;
Guj. : Methi;
Kann. : Menthya;
Mal. : Uluva, Venthiam;
Mar. : Methi;
P. : Methi;
Tam. : Vendayam;
Tel. : Mentikoora.
Distribution : Cultivated, grows as an escape also. 400-500m.
Nativity : Native to Southern Europe and Mediterranean region.
Description : Erect, smooth, herbaceous plant; stems erect; leaves

alternate, compound, trifoliolate, light green in colour;
leaflets oval, hairy on their lower face; flowers
papillonaceous, borne in leaf axils, white, lemon-yellow
or purplish blue in colour; fruits occur as straight or
sickle-like pods; seeds oblong or square, green-olive,
with a very strong and spicy odour.
Flowering & Fruiting : June-September
Habitat Ecology : Marshy places, wet places; Siu, 710m.
Part/s used : Leaf. Seed.

Folk uses : Leaves cooked with potato to make vegetable. Crushed
seeds are taken with water to get rid of vayu rog. Seeds
are crushed and along with cattle feed make into a ball is
given to cure diarrhea. Seeds used as spice. Seed
powder used in acidity and dysentery. Soaked seeds
overnight prescribed for diabetes. Soaked seeds crushed
and applied on hair for haircare. Boiled seeds are given
to cattle if there is vayu in teats of milch cattle (vet.).
Chemical Constituents : Diosgenin, tigogenin gitogenin, β-sitosterol, kaempferol

and quercetin (leaves), quercitin and luteolin and steroidal
saponins tryptophan and lysine, fixed oils (lipids),
pyridine alkaloids, mainly choline, trigonelline,
gentianine, and carpaine, the flavonoids apigenin, orientin,
luteolin, quercetin, vitexin, and isovitexin, free amino
acids, such as 4-hydroxyisoleucine, arginine, lysine, and
histidine calcium and iron, saponins, diosgenin,
yamogenin, tigogenin, neotigogenin, cholesterol and
sitosterol, vitamins B, A, C, and nicotinic acid, volatile
oils (n-alkanes and sesquiterpenes) (seeds).
Uses in Literature : Anthelmintic, antidiabetic, antipyretic, aromatic,

astringent, carminative, condiment, emollient,
galactagogue, tonic; used for allergies, arithritis and gout,
bad taste from the mouth, bronchitis, colds, cough, curry
powder, diabetes, dysentery, dyspepsia, emphysema,
fever, flu, flatulence, fodder, heart diseases, headache,
inflammation, leprosy, menstrual cramps, migrains, piles,
pot herb, prolapse of anus in infant, rheumatism,
smallpox, sore mouth of children, toothache, vata,
vomiting, contraction of uterus; in salads (Ambasta,
1986; Asolkar et al., 1992; Bharate & Oli R., 2006;
Chatterjee & Pakrashi, 1997; Das & Chaudhury,
2003; Dash et al., 2003; Deshmukh et al., 2003; Farooq,
2005; Ghosh & Das, 2003; Jaish Beg et al., 2006;
Kurian, 1995; Manandhar, 2003; Masroor et al., 2006;
Mitaliya et al., 2003; Pal & Paul, 2003; Parrota, 2001;
Ranjan, 2003; Retnam & Martin, 2006; Sood &
Thakur, 2004; Watt, 1972).
Triticum aestivum L.
Syn.; Agropyron ichyostachyum (Seidl ex Opiz) P.Candargy; Triticum album Gaertn. ;

Triticum antiquorum (Heer) Udachin; T. sativum Lam.
Family: Poaceae.
Vern. Name: Gehun.
Eng. : Bread Wheat, Common Wheat;

Hindi : Gehub, Gehun, Giun, Kunak;
Sans. : Arupa, Bahudugdha, Godhumah, Kshiri, Nistusha,
Rasala, Saman, Yuva, Yavana;
Kann. : Godhi;
Mar. : Gehun;
Tam. : Godumai. godumbaiyarisi;
Tel. : Godumali.
Distribution : Widely cultivated in India.
Description : Culms hollow; nodes glabrous. Leaf blade flat, usually

glabrous. Spike lax or dense, usually narrowed distally,
square or subsquare in cross section; rachis
disarticulating or tough and not disarticulating, margin
ciliate; Glumes laxly appressed or adnate to floret, ovate
or elliptic, sometimes very hard, distinctly or indistinctly
to obscurely keeled, pubescent or glabrous; keel
sometimes prolonged at apex into shortish tooth; tooth
apex subobtuse, acute, or tapering into short awn. Lemma
oblong-lanceolate, pubescent or glabrous, awnless to long
awned; awn usually divergent. Palea subequaling lemma.
Anthers yellow or purplish. Caryopsis usually free from
lemma and palea.
Flowering & Fruiting : October-May.
Habitat Ecology : Cultivated; Rajana, 1,229m.
Part/s used : Grain. Aerial Parts.
Folk uses : Wheat is commonly used to make chapati in Indian

households. Seeds are sacred used in hawan. Wheat flour
is used in making traditional fermented dish “siddu”.
Aerial parts used as good fodder. Straw is made into
broom, sleeping mats; also used as fodder as
galactagogue. Grains are cooling crushed into a coarse
form made into “khichadi” by mixing jaggary and ghee
given to milching cattle for milk production
(galactagogue).
Chemical Constituents : Wheat contains minerals such as calcium, phosphorous,

potassium, iron, magnesium and sodium, vitamins such
as thiamine (B1), riboflavin (B2), pantothenic acid,
inosotol, P-aminobenzoic acid, folic acid and vitamin B6
(Grain).
Uses in literature : Grains useful in vitiated condition of pitta. (Kirtikar &

Basu, 1984; Prajapati et al. 2006).
Urtica dioca L.
Syn.: Urtica dioica var. vulgaris Wedd.; U. galeopsifolia Wierzb. ex Opiz;
U. tibetica W.T. Wang
Family: Urticaceae.
Vern. Name: Kokuan.

Eng. : Stinging Nettle;
Hindi : Bichchhu, Bichchhubuti, Kali, Kandadli;
Sans. : Vrscikali;
Ass. : Chorat;
Kann. : Churachi.
Distribution : Throughout the temperate and tropical areas around the

world. It is found in the Himalayas from Kashmir to
Kumaon at altitudes of 2,100-3,200 m.
Description : Dioecious, perennial, herb; leaf lamina narrowly

lanceolate to ovate, cordate at the base, margin serrate,
apex acute-acuminate; stipules free lateral, oblong-
lanceolate, ciliate; racemes of cymes axillary, often
longer than the subtending petiole, densely appressed
pubescent, with scattered stinging hairs; flowers pale-
greenish, or whitish, bracteate; bracts of male flowers
smaller than those of female flowers; sepals pubescent;
achenes ovoid-ellipsoid, pale green.
Flowering & Fruiting : June-September.
Habitat Ecology : Moist, shaded, nitrogen-rich habitats from sagebrush

deserts to deep woods, and is commonly found in
meadows, steam-banks and open forests. It can also
dominate disturbed sites and forest edges. Jablog,
1,861m.
Parts used : Leaf. Stem. Whole Plant.
Folk uses : Leaf paste applied as antiseptic on cuts and wounds.

Leaf paste applied on poisonous insect bite. Leaves are
used to remove kidney stones. Leaves cooked as saag
(vegetable). Stem used as a fuel. Whole plant is
considered magico-religious. Whole plant crushed in
flour given thrice daily for cough in cattle Aerial parts
given as fodder to cattle for strength (vet.).
Chemical constituents : Phenolic compounds, sterols, fatty acids, alkaloids,

terpenoids, flavonoids, and lignans, lecithin (whole
plant).
Uses in Literature : Anthelmintic, antiseptic, astringent, diuretic,
emmenagogue, nutritious, tonic; useful for asthma,
bleeding, bodyache, boils, wounds, dandruff, fiber,
hematuria, chronic hepatitis, jaundice, severe diarrhea,
gout, regulate the menstrual course, nephritis, odema,
relieving pain, sciatica, swellings, throat disease,
intestinal worms, vegetable; as emergency food plant
(Ambasta, 1986; Arya, 2006; Arya & Prakash, 2003;
Chhetri et al., 2006; Ganai & Nawchoo, 2003; Kirtikar
& Basu, 1984; Kala, 2003; Pandey, 1995; Sood &
Thakur, 2004; Viswanathan, 2003; Watt, 1972).
Verbascum thapsus L.
Syn.: Verbascum thapsus Plenk; Leiosandra cuspidate Raf.; Thapsus linnaei Opiz,
Thaspus schraderi Opiz
Family: Scrophulariaceae.
Vern. Name: Kukkurtambakhu.
Eng. : Aaron's Rod, Adam's Flannel, Blanket Leaf, Great Or

Common Mullein, Flannel Mullein, Hag's Taper, Velvet
Dock,Velvet Plant, Woolly Mullin;
Hindi : Ban Tambaku, GidarTamaku;
Kann. : Kaduhogesooppina gida;
P. : Gidartamaku, Gurganna, Karathri, Phasruk, Vulr.
Distribution : Mullein is a widely distributed plant, being found all over

Europe and in temperate Asia as far as the Himalayas,
and in North America it is exceedingly abundant.
Nativity : Native to Eurasia and Africa.
Description : Biennial herb with grayish-yellow dense, stellate hairs;

basal and lower stem leaves petiolate; leaf blade
oblanceolate-oblong, margin crenate; other cauline leaves
gradually decreasing in size upward, sessile, oblong to
ovate-oblong, base decurrent into wings; spicate panicle
cylindric, dense; flowers usually few fascicled; pedicel
short; lobes lanceolate; corolla yellow; anther lobes
divergent at base; capsule ovoid, as long as persistent
calyx.
Habitat Ecology : Montane scrub jungles; Arat, 1,818m.
Part/s used : Root. Leaf. Flower. Seed.
Folk uses : Crushed root, leaves and flowers applied for dog bite.
Seeds act as narcotic used by local for “hookahs”.
Decoction of leaves used as tonic. Flower paste applied
on cuts to stop bleeding immediately.
Chemical Constituents : Saponins, iridoid and phenylethanoid glycosides,

flavonoids, vitamin C and minerals (whole plant).
Uses in Literature : Anodyne, aphrodisiac, astringent, bactericidal,

demulcent, dry, emollient, febrifuge, heart stimulant, hot,
narcotic; useful in catarrh, chest complaints, cough,
cramps, deafness, diarrhea, enuresis, gout, haemorrhoids,
neuralgia, otalgia, rheumatism, ringworm (Ambasta,
1986; Baburaj et al., 2003; Farooq, 2005; Kirtikar &
Basu, 1984; Kumar & Nagiyan, 2006; Nautiyal et al.,
2003; Sood & Thakur, 2004; Watt, 1972).
Vicia sativa L.
Syn.: Vicia alba Moench; V. bacla Moench; V. communis Rouy;
V. glabra Schleich.; V. intermedia Viv.;
V. pallida Baker; V. vulgaris Uspensky
Family: Fabaceae.
Vern. Name: Matri.
Eng. : Common vetch, tare, the vesce, garden vetch;

Hindi : Chatri, gegla;
Beng. : Ankari;
Oriya : Choni, Rothi.
Distribution : North west India.
Nativity : Mediterranean Region.
Description : Annual herb, pubescent to subglahrous, decumbent, erect

or climbing; leaf pinnately compound; leaflets, linear to
lanceolate to oblong or obovate, acute, obtuse or
emarginate, thinly pubescent or glabrescent; stipule,
semisagittate, dentate: tendril generally branched.
flowers, axillary, subsessile or shortly pedicellate; calyx
pubescent, teeth subequal; corolla pale pink, crimson,
purplish violet, rarely white; fruit narrowly oblong,
pubescent.
Flowering & Fruiting : July-August

meadows and fields, shores of rivers or lakes; Lana Palar;
1,261m.
Part/s used : Whole Plant. Fruit.
Folk uses : Whole plant is used as good fodder. Fruit are edible.
Chemical Constituents : Flavanol,(2R,3S)-3,3'-dihydroxy-4',7-dimethoxyflavanol,
flavones, coumarin, oleanane triterpenoids (whole plant).
Uses in Literature : Astringent, detergent; used for diarrhea; as fodder

(Ambasta, 1986; Dwivedi, 2003; Sood & Thakur,
2004; Watt, 1972).
Viola pilosa Blume
Syn.: Viola poganantha W.W. Sm; V. serpens Wall. Ex Ging.; V. serpens var.
pseudoscotophylla Boiss.
Family:Violaceae.
Vern. Name: Banapsha, Fultu.
Eng. : Himalayan smooth leaved white violet;

Hindi : Banfasha, Banksha;
Sans. : Banafsha, Vanaphsa;
Kann. : Bili Kaamakasthoori;
P. : Banfasha.
Distribution : Kashmir to Sikkim and Nilgiri hills between 1500-2100

m asl.
Nativity : Native to E. Afghanistan to China and Malesia.
Description : Stoloniferous subprostrate to prostrate perennial herb;

leaves simple, in rosette, variable, basal, ovate to deltoid,
base shallow cordate, margin serrate-crenate, apex deeply
acute to obtuse; flowers bisexual, zygomorphic, white,
voilet or purplish; petals, subequal, oblong-obovate;
stamens, hypogynous, filaments short, appendages
pointed; ovary superior, ovoid-globose, sessile, glabrous,
style geniculate at base, subclavate, gradually thickened
upwards, stigma lobed, shortly beaked with small hole at
the beak; fruit capsule, tri-valved elastically, loculicidal;
seeds, ovoid-subglobose.
Habitat Ecology : Along pathways, hill slopes, edges of field, grasslands

and alpine woods between an altitude of 900 to 3000 m.
in shady moist habitat. Banfsa succeed best in well
drained shady moist habitat; Bayog, 1,398m.
Part used : Aerial parts. Flower.
Folk uses : Decocction of aerial parts is given for cough and cold.
Flower decoction is prescribed to alleviate body pain.
Chemical Constituents : Saponin, voiline, quercitrin (roots), methyl- salicylate

(roots, leaves).
Uses in Literature : Antimalarial, antiperiodic, bitter, demulcent, diuretic,

emetic, emollient, expectorant, febrifuge, hot, hypnotic,
pungent, purgative, sedative; cures bronchitis, abdominal
pain, asthma, cold and cough, malarial fever, tridosha
(Ambasta, 1986; Kirtikar & Basu, 1984; Kumar &
Nagiyan, 2006; Nautiyal et al., 2003; Sharma et al.,
2003; Sood & Thakur, 2004; Watt, 1972).
Vitex negundo L.
Syn.: Cissus vinifera (L.) Kuntze; Vitis sylvestris C.C.Gmel.
Family: Lamiaceae.
Vern. Name: Shualu.
Eng. : Five leaved Chaste, Indian Privet;

Hindi : Nirgundi, Sambhal, Sindvar;
Sans. : Indrani, Nilapushpa, Nilanirgundi, Nirgundi,
Shephali, Sinduvara, Surasa, Suvaha, Svetasurasa;
Ass. : Aggla-chita, Pasutias;
Beng. : Samalu;
Guj. : Nagod;
Kann. : Karilakki, Lakkigida, Nochi;
Mal. : Indrani, Karinochi, Karunochi, Nochi, Vellanocchi,
Vennocchi;
Mar. : Nirgundi;
Oriya : Beyguna;
P. : Banna; Marwan; Maura; Mawa; SwanjanTorbanna;
Tam. : Nallanocchi, Nirkkundi, Nocchi, Vennochi;
Tel. : Sinduvaaramu, Thella vaavili, Vavili.
Distribution : Within India, it is found throughout the greater part of

India, ascending to an altitude of 1500 m. in the outer
Himalayas.
Nativity : Native to tropical Eastern and Southern Africa.
Description : Shrubs or small trees; leaflets narrowly oblong or elliptic

to lanceolate, base acute, apex acuminate; panicles
terminal; calyx 5-toothed obconic, teeth triangular;
corolla deep purple to violet in colour, hypocrateriform;
stamens 4, filaments purple; style purple; stigma 2-fid;
drupe globose, purple or black
Flowering & Fruiting : February-July.
Habitat Ecology : Deciduous forests, river banks, villages and cultivated as

hedge plant; Kashlog, 1,450m.
Parts used : Stem. Flower. Leaf.
Folk uses : Baskets (kilta) are prepared. Coal is produced for

domestic use. Root paste applied for inflammation.
Leaves mixed with ‘Haldi’(Curcuma domestica) given
for cough. Compress of decoction of leaves is given for
swelling. Burnt leaves mixed with butter applied for
itching. Leaf paste is applied on affected area for sprain.
Crushed leaves used as eyedrops. Leaves are chewed for
mouth sores. Decocction of leaves bandaged over
injuries in humans and cattle (vet.). Twigs used as
toothbrush to cure dental problems. Twigs used to make
broom. Deccoction of stem mixed with 2-3 black
pepper powder and a pinch of salt is used as gargle to
relief cough and throat pain. Crushed rhizome is used to
cure cough. For ache in leg crushed leaves are tied to leg.
Plant is considered sacred. It is used in marriage during
mehndi ceremony. Leaves used as fodder. Powder of
dried leaves is mixed in cattle feed for good digestion
Dried pills of leaves given to cattle in stomach
disorders.(vet.).
Chemical Constituents : Iridoid glycosides, cucubin, agnuside nishindaside and

negundoside, acetyloleanic acid (leaves) P-
hydroxybenjoic acid, vaniclic acid and luteolin (bark), β-
sitosterol, 5-hydroxyisophthalic acid, 3,4-hihydrobenjoic
acid, 2-p-hydroxy-benxolmussaenosidic acid, carotene,
glucononitol, vitamin C, 4, 4-dimethxy-trans stibene
camphene, caryuphyllene, citral, a pinene, casticin, iso-
orientin, orientin, agnuside, nishindasine and
negundoside, β-sitosterol, 3-formyl 4, 5-dimethyl-8-oxo-
5H-6,7-dihydronaptho (22, 3-b) furan (roots), methyl 3-
(2-(5-hydroxy-6-methoxy-4-oxo-4H-chromen-2-
yl)ethyl)benzoate and 3-(1-hydroxy-2-(5-hydroxy-6-
methoxy-4-oxo-4H-chromen-2-yl)ethyl benzoic
acid (whole plant).
Uses in Literature : Analgesic, anthelmintic, antidote, anti-inflammatory,

astringent, carminative, cephalic, discutient, expectorant,
febrifuge, heating, stomachic, tonic, vermifuge; useful in
asthma, basketry, biliousness, bronchitis, carbuncle and
septic ulcers, catarrhal fever, cold, consumption, diseases
of the eye, ephemeral fever and in impaction, headache,
inflammations, leucoderma, sciatica, enlargement of the
spleen, painful teething of children, repellent for insects
and bedbugs, swellings of joints from acute rheumatism
and of the testes from suppressed gonorrhea, sinuses and
scrofulous sore, stupor and coma, toothache; for
massaging body (Ambasta, 1986; Banerjee, 2003;
Bhatt et al., 2003; Bora et al., 2003; Chatterjee &
Pakrashi, 1997; Das & Sharma, 2003; Dash & Misra,
2003; Deshmukh Rothe, 2003; Dwivedi, 2003;
Farooq, 2005; Ghosh & Das, 2003; Gogoi et al., 2003;
Gopal & Chandra, 2003; Islam & Jha, 2003; Jaish
Beg et al., 2006; Katewa et al., 2003; Kirtikar & Basu,
1984; Kothari & Londhe, 2003; Kumar & Goel, 2003;
Kumar & Lal, 2003; Kumar & Nagiyan; Kurian,
1995; Nayak et al., 2003; Mitaliya, 2002; Mitaliya et
al., 2003; Pal et al., 2003; Parrota, 2001; Prasad et al.,
2003; Rahma, 2003; Ravikumar & Sankar, 2003;
Reddy & Raju, 2003; Retnam & Martin, 2006; Sah et
al., 2003; Sahoo & Bahali, 2003; Samvatsar &
Diwanji, 2003; Sarkar & Sarma, 2006; Sarkar et al.,
2003; Shekhawat et al., 2006; Singh, 2003, 2006; Singh
& Kumar, 2003; Singh & Srivastava, 2003; Singh et
al., 2003; Siwakoti & Siwakoti, 2003; Sood & Thakur,
2004; Subramani & Goraya, 2003; Sur & Halder,
2002; Thomas & Britto, 2003; Upadhyay, 2003; Watt,
1972).
Withania sominifera (L.) Dunal

Syn.: Physalis somnifera L.; Withania kansuensis Kuang & A. M. Lu;
W. microphysalis Suess.
Family: Solanaceae.
Vern. Name: Ashwagandha.

Eng. : Ashwagandha, Indian ginseng, Poison gooseberry,

Winter Cherry;
Hindi : Ashwagandha, Rasbhari;
Sans. : Ashvagandha, Ashvaroha, Balada, Balaja, Haya,
Kala, Kambuka, Priyakari, PunyaShyamala, Turagi,
Vajikari, Vajini, Varada, Vataghni;
Ass. : Ashwagandha;
Beng. : Ashvaganda, Asvagandha;
Guj. : Asan, Asoda, Ghoda, Ghodaasun;
Kann. : Kancshuki;
Mal. : Amukkuram;
Mar. : Ghoda, Tilli;
Oriya : Asugandha;
P. : Ak, Aksan, Asgand, Asgandnagori, Isgand;
Tam. : Achuvagandi, Amkulang, AmukkiraAmukkuram,
Asubam;
Tel. : Asvagandhi, Dommadolu, Penneru, Pillivendramu,
Vajigandha.
Distribution : Throughout the drier parts and in the subtropical and

semi-temperate regions.
Nativity : Native to drier parts of India.
Description : A suffruticose shrub; leaves elliptic-ovate to broadly

ovate, acute, cuneate or oblique, entire to repand; flowers
sessile to subsessile, greenish-yellow; corolla lobes
triangular, tomentose to the outside; anthers sub included;
berry globose, red; seeds sub pyriform to reniform,
minutely reticulate-foveolate, yellowish-brown.
Flowering & Fruiting : July-January.
Habitat Ecology : Open places, disturbed areas; An undershrub in stony

places; Maena, 1,323m.
Folk uses : Fruit is given as stimulant. It is used to kill intestinal

worms. Fruit powder is given with a glass of water
empty stomach in sextual vitality. Decoction of leaf
prescribed for cough. Leaf helpful in digestion.
Chemical Constituents : Anaferine, anahygrina and a pyrazole alkaloid-

withasomnine (roots), withanone, many withanolides,
somnirol, somnitol, other many alkaloids and withaferins,
withanolide F, withanolide G-Y and somnisol (leaves).
Uses in Literature : Adaptogen, alexipharmic, alterative, anthemintic,

aphrodisiac, bitter, diuretic, emmenagogue, heating,
narcotic, tonic; used for arithritis, asthma, bronchitis,
boils, carbuncles, cold and chills, dyspepsia, fodder, gout,
inflammations, insomnia, leucoderma, killing lice,
lumbago, poliomyelitis, psoriasis, rheumatism, painful
swellings, sextual compatibility, syphilis, scabies,
marasmus of children, senile debility, tumours and
tuberculous glands, vata and kapha; as vegetable
(Ambasta, 1986; Arya, 2006; Bhatt et al., 2003a,b;
2005; Gopal & Chandra, 2003; Jain, 2003; Jaish Beg
et al., 2006; Khare & Khare, 2003; Kirtikar & Basu,
1984; Kumar & Nagiyan, 2006; Meena et al., 2003;
Mitaliya, 2002; Mitaliya et al., 2003; Muthy et al.,
2003; Pal et al., 2003; Parrota, 2001; Ranjan, 2003;
Retnam & Martin, 2006; Samvatsar & Diwanji, 2003;
Sharma & Sood, 1997; Shekhawat et al., 2006; Singh,
2003; Srivastava et al., 2003; Sur & Halder, 2002;
Watt, 1972).
Woodfordia fruiticosa (L.) Kurz
Syn.: Acistoma coccineum Zipp. ex Span.; Grislea micropetala Hochst. & Steud.;
Grislea punctata Buch.-Ham. ex Sm.; Lythrum fruticosum L.;
L.punctatum Span.; Woodfordia tomentosa (Roxb.) Bedd.
Family: Lythraceae.
Vern. Name: Daalon.
Eng. : Fire Flame Bush, Shiranjitea, Woodfordia;

Hindi : Dhawai, Dawi, Dhawaiphool, Dhaura, Jaju, Santha;
Sans. : Agnijvala, Agnijwala, Bahupuspika, Dhalaki,
Dhataki, Dhauri, Parvati.
Ass. : Dhai Phul;
Beng. : Dhai, Dawai;
Guj. : Dhawani;
Kann. : Tamrapuspi;
Mal. : Tatiripuspi;
Mar. : Dowari;
Oriya : Dhobo;
P. : Dahai, Tawi;
Tam. : Velakkai;
Tel. : Godari, Jargiseringi.
Distribution : Subtropical Himalaya, In India plant of woodfordia is

distributed in Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram and West
Bengal.
Description : Deciduous shrub; leaves subsessile, ovate-lanceolate or

lanceolate, subcoriaceous, whitish velvety tomentose and
finely orangish- or black-punctate beneath; flowers
crimson, slightly zygomorphic; calyx tube tubular; petals
red, lanceolate-acuminate; stamens, inserted near the
bottom of the calyx tube; ovary oblong, ovules many;
capsule ellipsoid, included in the calyx; seeds numerous,
trigonous-ovoid.
Flowering & Fruiting : January- April.
Habitat Ecology : Woodland Garden Sunny Edge; Dappled

Shade; Cultivated Beds; Chadna, 1,296m.
Parts used : Leaf. Flower. Wood. Fruit.
Folk uses : Leaf paste applied on insect bite. Dried flower powder
mixed in mustard oil applied on cuts. Wood used for
making handles and household implements. Fruits and
flowers are edible. Wood is used as fuel. Leaves as
fodder for cattle.
Chemical Constituents : Ellagic acid, polyslachoside, myricetin -3- galactoside &

pelar gonitin -3,5- dighnoside, cyanidin -3, 5-diglucoside,
detacoganol, -b-sitosterol, chrysophanol-8-D-b-D-
glucopyranoside, quercetin and tannins (flowers), tannins
(especially those of macrocyclic hydrolysable class),
flavonoids, anthraquinone glycosides, and polyphenols
(whole plant).
Uses in Literature : Antidysenteric, stringent, tonic; used for axe-handles,

cooling drink, cough, in derangements of liver, disorders
of mucous membrane, dysentery, erysipelas, malarial
fever, fuel, leucorrhoea, harmorrhages, impaired hepatic
functions, menorrhagia, nausea, piles, rheumatism,
seminal weakness, safe stimulant in pregnancy, ulcers,
wounds (Ambasta, 1986; Bhatt et al., 2003; Chatterjee
& Pakrashi, 1997; Chhetri et al., 2006; Dash & Misra,
2003; Farooq, 2005; Jain et al., 2003; Kothari et al.,
2003; Kothari & Rao, 2003; Kumar 2003; Kumar &
Nagiyan, 2006; Kurian, 1995; Muthy et al., 2003;
Panda & Das, 2003; Pandey & Tiwari, 2003; Parrota,
2001; Sah et al., 2003; Sarkar et al., 2003; Singh, 2006;
Siwakoti & Siwakoti, 2003; Shrivastava et al., 2006;
Sood & Thakur, 2004; Srivastava et al., 2003a,b; Sur
& Halder, 2002; Watt, 1972).
Xanthium strumarium L.
Syn.: Xanthium acutum Greene; Xanthium americanum Walt.;

Xanthium arenarium Lasch
Family: Asteraceae.
Vern. Name: Ghokhru.
Eng. : Burweed, cocklebur;

Hindi : Chota Dhatura, Chota Gokhuru, Ghaghra;
Sans. : Arishta, Medhya, Sarpakshi;
Ass. : Agora, ogora-kata;
Guj. : Godrian;
Kann. : Maruluummatti;
Mar. : Ghagara, Shankeshrvar;
Tam. : Marul-umattai, Ottarachedi;
Tel. : Marulutige.
Distribution : Distributed worldwide, most common in the temperate

zone.
Nativity : Native to S. Central & S. Europe to China and Indo-

China, Taiwan, NW. Africa.
Description : Herbs, annual; median cauline leaves ovate-deltate,

papery, densely scabrid on both surfaces, base shallowly
cordate to broadly cuneate, margin irregularly dentate,
apex acute; capitula monoecious; male capitula in
terminal umbels; phyllaries oblong-lanceolate; outer
paleae oblong-lanceolate, inner paleae lanceolate; corolla
white, tubular; female capitula axillary; phyllaries 1-
seriate, oblong-lanceolate, inner bracts connate with outer
paleae; burs sessile, oblong, ellipsoid, or ovoid, densely
puberulent.
Habitat Ecology : Exposed slopes, wet lands, moist place, irrigation

channels; Thal Paliyara, 979m.
Part/s used : Leaf. Fruit. Root.
Folk uses : Fruit powder is helpful in digestion and as appetizer.

Leaf paste is applied on skin diseases. Fruit decoction is
prescribed as liver tonic. Root paste is applied on insect
bite.
Chemical Constituents : Cis-β-guaiene, limonene, borneol, bornyl acetate, β-

cubebene, sabinene, phytol, β-selinene, camphene, α-
cubebene, β-caryophyllene, α-pinene and xanthinin
(leaves), xanthol (whole plant).
Uses in Literature : Antisyphilitic, astringent, bitter, cooling, demulcent,

diaphoretic, diuretic, edible, emollient, sedative, tonic;
used for abscesses, bladder affections, boils, erysipelas,
herpes, inflammation of thyroid glands, leucorrhoea,
chronic malaria, resolving inflammatory swellings,
scrofula, ulcers, urinary diseases; as pot herb, rich in
vitamin C (Ambasta, 1986; Beg et al., 2003; Bhatt et
al., 2003a,b; Chakraborty et al., 2003; Chatterjee &
Pakrashi, 1997; Dwivedi, 2003; Farooq, 2005; Gogoi
& Das, 2003; Islam & Hasin, 2003; Khan et al., 2003;
Kirtikar & Basu, 1984; Meena et al., 2003; Muthy et
al., 2003; Nagasampagi, 2006; Pal et al., 2003;
Parrota, 2001; Paul & Pal, 2003; Retnam & Martin,
2003; Sah et al., 2003; Shekhawat et al., 2003; Singh &
Srivastava, 2003; Sood & Thakur, 2004; Srivastava et
al., 2003; Viswanarhan, 2003; Watt, 1972).
Zanthoxylum armatum DC.

Syn: Fagara alata Eckl. & Zeyh; Zanthoxylum bungei Hance; Z. kibada Siebold
Family: Rutaceae.
Vern. Name: Timar, Tejbal.
Eng. : Prickly ash, Suterberry, Tumbru, Toothache Tree,

Tejbal, Winged Prickly Ash, Yellow wood;
Hindi : Darmar, Tejphal, Timroo, Trimal, Tumru;
Sans. : Tumburu;
Beng. : Nepalithanya, Gaira, Tambul;
Guj. : Tejbal, Tejabala;
Kann. : Dhiva, Jimmi, Tejpatri, Tejovanti, Tumbura,
Tumburudra, Tumburudu;
Mal. : Thumboonal, Thumbooni, Tumpuni,
Valiyavaluzhavam, Tumpunal;
Mar. : Chirphal, NaepaaliDhane;
Oriya : Arhrikreh, Tundapoda, Ranabelli;
P. : Timal, Timbar, Timru;
Tam. : Timur;
Tel. : Gandhalu, Konda-Kasimi, Tejovathi.
Distribution : Found in the hot valleys of the Himalayas between an

altitude range of 1000-2100 m.
Nativity : Found Native to Indian Subcontinent to Temp. E. Asia

and Malesia.
Description : Shrubs or small trees; bark grey-brownish, scabrate;

leaves compound, imparipinnate; lamina ovate-lanceolate
or elliptic, oblique at base, acuminate at apex, glandular-
crenate along margins, chartaceous, glabrous; cymes
terminal on short lateral branchlets, paniculate,
pubescent; male flowers pubescent; perianth uni- or
irregularly biseriate, yellowish, ovate-lanceolate, acute or
acuminate, glabrous; stamens exserted; anthers, yellowish
or reddish-purple, ovoid-oblong; disk, pulvinate; female
flowers- ovary carpellate, each carpel ovoid-subglobose,
glandular-punctate; stigma capitate; seeds black, ovoid,
smooth.

Habitat Ecology : In evergreen forests, between 90-1000 m. Kakog,
1,071m.
Part/s used : Leaf. Stem bark. Whole Plant. Stem.Wood. Seed.
Folk uses : S2-3 Leaves chewed as masticatory as such to cure

mouth sores. Young leaves are used in curries for
flavouring. Decocction of stem bark massaged on for
body pain. Whole plant is considered sacred, stem
cutting hung at main door to avoid evil spirits. Stem
used as toothbrush. Whole plant used in fencing. Wood
used as fuel. Stem used as grinder. Crushed seeds
prescribed for intestinal problems.
Chemical Constituents : Linalool, limonene, methyl cinnamate, lineole, trans-

cinnamic acid, nevadensin, umbelli, ferone, β-sitosterol
and its glucoside (fruits), dictamnine (bark).
Uses in Literature : Aromatic, anthelmintic, carminative, condiment

digestive, insecticidal, spice, stomachic, vermifuge, tonic;
used in abdominal disorders, arithritis, cholera, making
chutney, cold, cough, dermatitis, eczema, flatulence,
general debility, leucoderma, piles, rheumatism,
snakebite, stomachache, strengthening liver, toothache,
toothbrush, making walking sticks, as vegetable (Ahmed
& Borthakur, 2005; Ambasta, 1986; Arya, 2006; Arya
& Prakash, 2003; Chatterjee & Pakrashi, 1997;
Chhetri et al., 2006; Devi, 2003; Jain 2003; Kirtikar &
Basu, 1984; Lalramnghiglova, 2003; Pal et al., 2003;
Pandey, 1995; Ranjan, 2003a,b; Singh, 2003; Sood &
Thakur, 2004; Watt, 1972).
Zea mays L.
Syn. Mays vulgaris Ser.; Mayzea vestita Raf.; Zea alba Mill.
Family: Poaceae.
Vern. Name: Makki .
Eng. : Indian Corn, Maize;

Hindi : Bara-Jowar, Bhutta, Junri, Kukri, Makai, Makka;
Sans. : Kandaja, Mahakaya, Makaya, Shikhalu, Yavanala;
Ass. : Gomdhan, Makoi;
Beng. : Bhutta, Janar, Jonar;
Guj. : Makkai, Makkari;
Kann. : Makkejola;
Mal. : Makkacholam;
Mar. : Bhutta;
Oriya : Buta, Maka;
P. : Barajuar, Kukri, Kuthi, MakMakkei, Makki;
Tam. : Makkacholam;
Tel. : Mokkajavanalu.
Distribution : Cultivated anywhere.
Nativity : Native to Central or South America.
Description : Culms erect; Leaf sheaths with transverse veinlets; leaf

blades glabrous or with tubercle-based hairs, margins
scabrid, midvein stout; Female inflorescence a cylindrical
"cob," glumes equal, veinless, margins ciliate; florets
hyaline. Male inflorescence a "tassel" of many digitate
racemes; spikelets unequally pedicellate, glumes
subequal, membranous, margins ciliate, lower lemma and
palea hyaline, subequal; upper lemma smaller than lower.
Anthers orange.
Flowering & Fruiting : August-September.

meadows and fields; Lohara Tikkari, 1,242m.
Part/s used : Grain. Aerial Parts.
Folk uses : Corn flour is helpful in digestion. Flour is prescribed for

tuberculosis patients. “Sattu” prepared from seed
consumed during summers. Roasted corn crushed and
served with curd and chutney. Roasted corn flour given to
cattle as cattle feed. “Makki ki roti and sarson ka
saag” is relished by locals. Grains made into popcorns.
Aerial parts used as fodder. Roasted grains are given to
cattle as feed.
Chemical Constituents : Phenolic acids, flavonoids, steroids, alkaloids,

carotenoids, tannins, saponins, anthocyanins, glycosides,
carotenoids, and polysaccharides (whole plant).
Uses in Literature : Appetiser, astringent, chloretic, digestible, diuretic,

fattening, resolvent; Useful for affections of the bladder
and kidneys, asthma, diarrhoea piles, tuberculosis. Maize
silk used in the treatment of hepatitis as it mildly
stimulates bile secretion (Ambasta, 1986; Ahmed &
Borthakur, 2005; Chevallier, 1996; Kirtikar & Basu,
1984; Prajapati et al., 2006, Shrivastava & Singh,
2003; Singh et al., 2003).
Zingiber officinale Roscoe

Syn. Amomum zingiber L.; Curcuma longifolia Wall.; Zigiber majus Rumph.; Z.
missionis Wall.
Vern. Name: Adrak.
Eng. : Ginger;
Hindi : Adi, Adrack;
Sans. : Adraka, Anupama, Apakrishnaka, Ardraka,
Chandrakhya, Gulmamula, Kandara, Katubhadra,
Machhaka, Mahija, Mulaja, Rahuchhana, Sharnga,
Shringahera, Shunthi, Srangavera, Sushakaka, Vara;
Ass. : Ada;
Beng. : Ada, Sonth(dried);
Guj. : Alen (fresh), Sunt (dried) ;
Kann. : Hasisunti, Shunti ;
Mal. : Andrakam, Chinchatakam, Chinchiver, Chukka,
Chukku, Inji, Sringiveram, Tinkshnottham;
Mar. : Ale;
Oriya : Ardroko, Oda, Sunthi;
P. : Ada, Adrakh (fresh), Sonth(dried);
Tam. : Allam, Arttiragam, Attiradam, Inji (fresh),
Kulumamulam, Kodataram, Maruppu, Sangai,
Shukku, Sundi, Ubugallam, Verkkombu;
Tel. : Allam (fresh), Allamu, Ardrakamu, Mahaushadamu,
Sont (dried), Sunthi, Sringaberamu.
Distribution : Ginger is indigenous to Indo-Malayan region and has

been in cultivation in India since prehistoric times. It is
now cultivated over a greater part of the tropical and
temperate regions.
Description : Rhizomes branched, yellowish inside, thickened, fleshy;

leaves sessile; ligule membranous; leaf blade lanceolate
or linear-lanceolate, glabrescent; inflorescences arising
from rhizomes, ovoid; bracts pale green, sometimes
yellowish at margin, ovate, apex mucronate; bracteoles
equaling bracts; corolla yellowish green; lobes lanceolate,
oblong-obovate, shorter than corolla lobes; lateral lobes
ovate; stamen dark purple; connective appendage curved.
Flowering & Fruiting : July-January.
Habitat Ecology : Humid, partly-shaded habitats in the tropics and

subtropics; Sangrah, 1,573m.

Part/s used : Rhizome. Leaf.
Folk uses : Rhizome is considered carminative and appetizer.

Decoction of rhizome along with black pepper,
cardamom, tulsi is given for cough and cold. Powdered
dried rhizome (sonth) is recommended for vayurog.
Powdered dried rhizome is added to mustard oil and is
applied for bodyache. Made into pickle. It is a major
cash crop. Rhizome is used as salad and also in tea
flavouring during winters. Leaves are used as a fodder
for cattle (vet.).
Chemical Constituents : Gingerols I, II, III, gingerols, shogaols, and paradols

(rhizome).
Uses in Literature : Alexiteric, anthelmintic, anti-inflammatory, aphrodisiac,

appetizer, carminative, condiments, expectorant,
flavouring agent, heating, laxative, pungent, stomachic,
sweet, tonic; useful in abdominal troubles, arithritis,
asthma, bronchitis, cough, drive away snakes,
elephantiasis, eructations, headache, diseases of heart and
throat, dyspepsia, inflammations, kapha and vata,
lumbago, pain, paralysis and nerve diseases, piles,
rheumatism, scorpion sting, snake bite, strengthen the
abdominal muscles after delivery, vomitting, remove
worms from the brain, gives lusture to the eye, toothache
and tooth decay (Ahmed & Borthakur, 2005; Ambasta,
1986; Baburaj et al., 2003; Behura & Rout, 2003;
Bhandary & Chandrashekar, 2003; Dixit & Kumar,
2003; Dutta & Nath, 2003; Farooq, 2005; Kirtikar &
Basu, 1984; Kumar et al., 2003; Lalramnghiglova,
2003; Mitaliya et al., 2003; Nath et al., 2006; Pal &
Paul, 2003; Pandey & Tiwari, 2003; Rajendran &
Aswal, 2003; Retnam & Martin, 2006; Ranjan, 2003;
Satapathy & Brahmam, 2003; Saikia & Nath,
2003a,b; Sharma et al., 2003; Singh et al., 2003; Watt,
1972).
Ziziphus jujuba Lam.

Syn.: Rhamnus jujube Lam.; Z. mauritiana Lam.; Z. sororia Schult.; Z. sativa Gaertn
DC
Family: Rhamnaceae.
Vern. Name: Ber.
Eng. : Common Jujube, Indian Jujube;

Hindi : Ber, Beri;
Sans. : Ajapriya, Badara, Badarah, Joli, Kolah;
Beng. : Ber, Bor;
Guj. : Bore;
Kann. : Bore, Baare, Era, Elachi, Elanche;
Mal. : Ilanthappazham, badari;
Mar. : Bir;
P. : Baer, Ber;
Tam. : Elandhai.
Distribution : Dry deciduous forests, also planted in the plains.
Habitat Ecology : Grow in mountain or desert habitats; Thana Khegua,
886m.
Parts Used : Whole Plant. Fruit. Wood. Leaf. Aerial Parts. Root.
Folk Uses : The plant is considered magico-religious. Fruits are

edible, source of vitamin C, removes acidity and
improves digestion. Its wood is of good quality hence is
used for construction purpose for making doors and
windows, also for making agricultural implements.
Leaves are used as a fodder for goat and sheep. Ripened
fruit are crushed and used in making chutney. Aerial parts
used as fuel. Root along with jaggary and wheat used to
make wine.
Active Constituents : Phenolic acids and flavonoids such as catechin, rutin,

quercetin, luteolin, spinosin, gallic acid, and chlorogenic
acid (whole plant), quercetin and rutin (leaves); catechin
and rutin (stems); and catechin, epicatechin, and rutin
(fruits).
References : Reported to be as antibilious, antidote of aconite poisoning,

aperient, aphrodisiac, astringent, blood purifier, cooling,
diaphoretic and stimulant; useful in abdominal pain, bilious
affections, constipation, consumption, delirium, diarrhoea
and dysentery, fever, flatulence, gingivitis, haemorrhages,
indigestion, nausea, thirst, typhoid, ulcer, vomiting and
wounds (Ambasta, 1986; Bhardwaj & Seth, 2017; Bhatt,
2002; Bhatt et al., 2003a; Chatterjee & Pakrashi, 1997;
Dhiman, 2003; Ganesan & Kesavan, 2003; Goel &
Tripathi, 2009; Hebber et al., 2003; Heiser, 1995;
Jadhav, 2009; Jain, 1991; Khanna, 2002; Khanna et al.,
1996a; Kirtikar & Basu, 1984; Kshirsagar & Singh,
2007; Maikhuri 507 et al., 2004, 2007; Mandal et al.,
2021; Nayak et al., 2003b; Parrotta, 2001; Pushpangdan
& Kumar, 2005; Ranjan, 1996; Samant et al., 2007;
Sharma & Devi, 2013; Sharma et al., 2002; Singh &
Srivastava, 2000; Singh et al., 2003c; Sood & Thakur,
2004; Sur & Halder, 2002; Thakur, 2011; Thakur et al.,
1989; Tirkey et al., 2003a; Vartak, 1981; Watt, 1889-
1896, 1972).

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Abrus precatorius L.

Syn.: A. abrus (L.) Wright; A. maculatus Noronha; A. minor Desv.; A. pauciflorus

Vern. Name: Ratti.

English, Hindi, Sanskrit and Regional Names:

Eng. : Abrus, Bead tree, Crab’s eye, Indian liquorice,

Distribution : Common throughout India, ascending upto 1,060m in

Nativity : Native to Asia and Australia.

Description : Lianas; leaves paripinnate; leaflets opposite; blades

Flowering & Fruiting : August-December.

Habitat Ecology : Shrub species common in grasslands, edges of rain

Material Examined : HPU-EL-RTS-001;15-08-2014.

Part/s used : Fruit. Whole Plant. Seed. Root.

Folk uses : Fruit powder considered as abortifacient and emetic.

Chemical constitiuents : Active ingredients are abrol, glycyrrhizin, abrasine,

Uses in Literature : Uses reported in literatures alexiteric, antiphlogistic,

Acacia catechu (L.f.) Willd.

Vern. Name: Khair.

English, Hindi, Sanskrit and Regional Names:

Eng. : Black catechu, Black cutch tree, Catechu, Cutch tree,

Distribution : Scattered on foothills in Western Himalayas, ascending

Nativity: Native to India, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Thailand.

Description : Deciduous, gregarious trees; leaves bipinnate, alternate,

Flowering & Fruiting : March-September.

Habitat Ecology : Common in the drier regions on sandy soils of riverbanks

Material Examined : HPU-EL-RTS-002; 25.04.2014

Part/s used : Whole Plant. Wood. Bark. Leaf.

Folk uses : Plant is considered magico-religious. Kathha obtained

Chemical Constituents : Catechin, epecatechin, epigallocatechin,

Acacia nilotica (L.) Willd. ex Delile.

Vern. Name: Babul.

English, Hindi, Sanskrit and Regional Names:

Eng. : Black Babool, Indian Gum Arabic Tree;

Distribution : Common all over India.

Nativity : Native to native to Africa, the Middle East and

Description : Tree, variable in shape; bark on trunk rough, fissured,

Flowering & Fruiting : July-December.

Habitat Ecology : Withstand extremely dry environments and can also

Material Examined : HPU-EL-RTS-003;

Folk uses : Dried bark powder is massaged on gums to relieve

Chemical Constituents : Epigallocatechin (bark), hentriacontane, lapachol, n-

Uses in Literature : Antidiabetic, antidysenteric, astringent, cooling, styptic;

Vern. Name: Puthkanda, Puthkandi, Apamarg.

English, Hindi, Sanskrit and Regional Names:

Eng. : Prickly –chaff flower;

Distribution : This species is globally distributed in the Pantropics.

Nativity : Native to southern Asia, Australia, and some Pacific

Description : Herbs perennial; stem tetragonal, pubescent with nodes

fruits capsules, orange to reddish purple or brown.

Material Examined : HPU-EL-RTS-004; 15.08.2014.

Folk uses : Roots used as a cure for snakebite. Leaf paste is

Chemical Constituents : Constituents isolated are ecdysterone (Polypodine A) and

Uses in Literature : Antidote, antiseptic, astringent, depurative, diuretic,

Syn.: A. capillus Sw.; A. formosum R. Br.; A. modestum Underw.; A. remyanum Esp.

Vern. Name: Hansraja.

English, Hindi and Regional Names:

Eng. : Black maiden hair fern, Maiden hair fern, Maria’s

Distribution : Subcosmopolitan worldwide distribution. Common in

Nativity : Native to Temperate and tropical regions.