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Introduction Dr. Ajau Danis

PhD(Liverpool JMU), M.H.Sci.(UKMsia), B.A(Hons.)(UKMsia)
What is
Research? HPY/BHS570 : Research Methodology
Research Faculty of Health Sciences
Characteristics
UiTM Selangor, Puncak Alam Campus
Common Types
of Research

The Importance
of Research

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Introduction

What is
Research? Introduction
Research
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of Research

The Importance
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Introduction

What is
Research? Introduction
Research
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 Introduction
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Introduction

What is
Research?

Research
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 Introduction
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Introduction

What is
Research?

Research
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of Research

The Importance
of Research
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 Introduction
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Introduction

What is
Research?

Research
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 Introduction
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Introduction RESEARCH???
What is
Research?
WHY???
Research
Characteristics

Common Types DAY-TO-DAY???

of Research

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of Research
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 Introduction
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RESEARCH…
Introduction

What is
DIFFICULT…?
Research?
BORING…?
Research
Characteristics
INTERESTING…?
Common Types
NEEDS…?
of Research
IMPORTANT…?
The Importance
of Research
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 Introduction
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OBESITY, CANCER, HIV/AIDS,

Introduction
CRIMINALS, ENVIRONMENT,
What is
Research?
FAMILY STRUCTURES
Research
ECONOMICS, POLITICS,
Characteristics
SOCIAL
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of Research
FOOD, WATER, SHELTER
The Importance
ETC, ETC, ETC………
of Research
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 Introduction
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Introduction As a future
What is healthcare
Research?
workers, what
Research
Characteristics might comes to
Common Types
of Research
your mind?
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 Introduction
COVER PAGE The following questions may come to your mind

▪ How many patients do I see every day?

Introduction ▪ What are some of the most common conditions prevalent
among my patients?
What is ▪ What are the causes of these conditions?
Research? ▪ Why some people have a particular condition whereas
others do not?
Research ▪ What are the health needs of the community?
Characteristics ▪ Why do some people use the service while others do not?
▪ What do people think about the service?
Common Types ▪ How satisfied are patients with the service?
of Research ▪ How effective is the service?
▪ How can the service be improved?
The Importance ▪ Etc.
of Research
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Introduction
What is
Research?
What is
Research?

Research
Characteristics
“If we knew what it was we were doing, it would
Common Types not be called research, would it?”
of Research
- Albert Einstein
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of Research
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Introduction
What is
Research?
What is
Research?

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 What is Research?
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❖ A method to develop a knowledge base.

Introduction ❖ Research is scientific endeavor/attempt to

understand, support, or dispute what is known.
What is
Research? ❖ Research is the systematic process of collecting and
analyzing information (data) in order to increase our
Research understanding of the phenomenon about which we
Characteristics are concerned or interested.

Common Types
❖ A required component to obtain a degree ; i.e
of Research
Master/PhD.
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 What is Research?
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Research is a way of thinking:

Introduction ▪ examine critically the various aspects of your day-to-

day work;
What is
Research? ▪ understanding and formulating guiding principles
that govern a particular procedure;
Research
Characteristics ▪ developing and testing new theories for the
enhancement of your practice;
Common Types
of Research
▪ systematic examination of the observed information
to find answers;
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 What is Research?
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• In sum, research is a process of collecting, analysing
and interpreting information to answer questions.
Introduction

• To qualify as research, the process must have certain

What is characteristics: be controlled, rigorous, systematic,
Research? valid and verifiable, empirical and critical.
Research
Characteristics
OBJECTIVES, MOTIVATION
Common Types & SIGNIFICANCE OF
of Research RESEARCH

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 What is Research?
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What Makes Good Research?

Introduction • Validity
• Reliability
What is • Replicability
Research?
• Consistent
Research application/analysis
Characteristics • “Trustworthiness”
Common Types
• Rigor
of Research

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Introduction

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Research
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Introduction

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Research
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 Basic Characteristics of Research
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• Controlled: in real life there are many factors that
affect outcome. The concept of control implies that,
Introduction in exploring causality in relation to two variables, you
set up your study in a way that minimizes the effects
What is of other factors affecting the relationship.
Research?
• Easily done in the laboratory compared to human
Research
Characteristics
beings living in society; impossible to control
external factors.
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of Research

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 Basic Characteristics of Research
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 Rigorous: ensuring that the procedures to find
answers to questions are relevant, appropriate and
Introduction justified.

What is  Systematic: this implies that the procedures adopted

Research? to undertake an investigation follow a certain logical
sequence.
Research
Characteristics
 Valid and verifiable: this concept implies that
Common Types whatever the basis of your findings is correct and can
of Research be verified by you and others.

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 Basic Characteristics of Research
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• Empirical: this mean that any conclusions drawn are
based upon hard evidence gathered from information
Introduction collected from real-life experiences or observations.

What is
• Critical: critical scrutiny of the procedures used, and
Research?
the methods employed is crucial to a research inquiry.
Research
Characteristics

Common Types
of Research

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Types of
Introduction

What is

Research
Research?

Research
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Types of
Introduction

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Research
Research?

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 Descriptive vs Analytical Research

Introduction Descriptive Research is a fact finding investigation

which is aimed at describing the characteristics of
individual, situation or a group (or) describing the
What is state of affairs as it exists at present.
Research?

Research Analytical Research is primarily concerned with

Characteristics testing hypothesis and specifying and interpreting
relationships, by analyzing the facts or information
Common Types already available.
of Research

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 Quantitative vs Qualitative Research

Introduction Quantitative Research is employed for measuring

the quantity or amount of a particular phenomena
What is by the use of statistical analysis.
Research?
Qualitative Research “Qualitative researchers seek
Research answers to their questions in the real world. They
Characteristics gather what they see, hear, and read from people
and places and from events and activities, … their
Common Types purpose is to learn about some aspect of the social
of Research world and to generate new understandings that can
be used by that social world.” (Rossman and Rallis,
The Importance 1998: p.5).
of Research
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 One-time Research – Research confined to a single
time period.
Introduction
 Longitudinal Research – Research carried on over
What is several time periods.
Research?
 Diagnostic Research – It is also called clinical
Research research which aims at identifying the causes of a
Characteristics problem, frequency with which it occurs and the
possible solutions for it.
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of Research

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 Exploratory Research – It is the preliminary study of an
unfamiliar problem, about which the researcher has little
or no knowledge. It is aimed to gain familiarity with the
Introduction
problem, to generate new ideas or to make a precise
formulation of the problem. Hence it is also known as
What is formulative research.
Research?
 Experimental Research – It is designed to assess the
Research effect of one particular variable on a phenomenon by
Characteristics keeping the other variables constant or controlled.

Common Types  Historical Research – It is the study of past records and

of Research other information sources, with a view to find the origin
and development of a phenomenon and to discover the
The Importance trends in the past, in order to understand the present and
of Research to anticipate the future.
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 Common Types of Research
COVER PAGE Mode of inquiry
Broadly, there are two approaches
Introduction  Structured approach : quantitative research
◦ Objectives, design, sample , and questionnaire is
What is predetermined.
Research? ◦ Appropriate to determine the extent of a problem,
issue or phenomenon.
Research
Characteristics
 Unstructured approach : qualitative research
Common Types ◦ Allows flexibility in all aspects of the process.
of Research
◦ Exploratory in nature.

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Importance
Research?

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 The importance of research
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❑ Throws light on risks and uncertainty.

Introduction
❑ Identify alternative courses of action.
What is
Research? ❑ Helps in economic use of resources.

Research
Characteristics ❑ Helps in project identification.

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 The importance of research
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❑ Solves investment problems.
Introduction ❑ Solves pricing problems.

What is ❑ Solves allocation problems.

Research?
❑ Solves decision making issues in HR.
Research
Characteristics
❑ Solves various operational and planning problems of
Common Types
business and industry.
of Research

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 The importance of research
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❑ Provides the basis for all government policies in our
economic system.
Introduction

❑ Helps social scientists in studying social relationships

What is and in seeking answers to various social problems.
Research?

Research
❑ For students, research means a careerism or a way to
Characteristics attain a high position in the social structure.

Common Types ❑ For professionals in research, it may mean a source of

of Research livelihood.

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 The importance of research
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❑ For philosophers and thinkers, research means the
outlet for new ideas and insights.
Introduction

❑ For literary men and women, research means

What is
development of new styles and creative work.
Research?

Research ❑ For analysts and intellectuals, research means

Characteristics generalizations of new theories.

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of Research

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Introduction
In summary, research need to work
What is within a framework of set of
Research? philosophies, use methods that have
Research been tested for validity and
Characteristics reliability, and attempt to be
Common Types
unbiased and objective.
of Research

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Introduction

What is
Research?

Research
Characteristics

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