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2021 ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code Section V Nondestructive Examinations 1st Edition Asme Full Chapter
2021 ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code Section V Nondestructive Examinations 1st Edition Asme Full Chapter
2021 ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code Section V Nondestructive Examinations 1st Edition Asme Full Chapter
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2019 ASME boiler and pressure vessel code Section VIII
Rules for construction of pressure vessels. Division 1
1st Edition American Society Of Mechanical Engineers
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body in its hollow. A contractile vacuole, here termed a "pusule,"
occurs in many species, communicating with the longitudinal groove
by a canal. Nematocysts (see p. 246 f.) are present in Polykrikos,
trichocysts (see p. 142) in several genera.
The Dinoflagellates are for the most part pelagic in habit, floating at
the surface, and when abundant tinge the water of fresh-water lakes
or even ponds red or brown. Peridinium (Fig. 46) and Ceratium (the
latter remarkable for the horn-like backward prolongations of the
lower end) are common genera both in the sea and fresh-waters.
Gymnodinium pulvisculus is sometimes parasitic in Appendicularia
(Vol. VII. p. 68). Polykrikos[143] has four transverse grooves, each
with its flagellum, besides the terminal one. Many of the marine
species are phosphorescent, and play a large part in the luminosity
of the sea, and some give it a red colour.
CHAPTER VI
IV. Infusoria.
Complex Protozoa, never holophytic save by symbiosis with plant
commensals, never amoeboid, with at some period numerous short cilia, of
definite outline, with a double nuclear apparatus consisting of a large
meganucleus and a small micronucleus (or several),[149] the latter alone
taking part in conjugation (karyogamy), and giving rise after conjugation to the
new nuclear apparatus.
I. Ciliata
Infusoria, with a mouth, and cilia by which they move and feed;
usually with undulating membranes, membranellae, cirrhi, or some of
these. Genera about 144: 27 exclusively marine, 50 common to both
sea and fresh water, 27 parasitic on or in Metazoa, the rest fresh
water. Species about 500.
Fig. 49.—Ventral view of Stylonychia mytilus. a.c, Abdominal cirrhi; an, anus
discharging the shell of a Diatom; c.c, caudal cirrhi; c.p, dorsal cirrhi; cv,
contractile vacuole; e, part of its replenishing canal; f.c, frontal cirrhi; f.v,
food vacuoles; g, internal undulating membrane; l, lip; m, mouth or pharynx;
mc, marginal cirrhi; N, N, lobes of meganucleus; n, n, micronuclei; o,
anterior end; per, adoral membranellae; poc, preoral cilia; p.om, preoral
undulating membrane; s.h, sense hairs. (Modified from Lang.)
At the right hand of the frontal area there begins, just within the
dorsal edge, a row of strong cilium-like organs (Fig. 49, per); these,
on careful examination, prove to be transverse triangular plates,
which after death may fray into cilia.[154] They are the "adoral
membranellae." This row passes to the left blunt angle, and there
crosses over the edge of the body to the ventral aspect, and then
curves inwards towards the median line, which it reaches about half-
way back, where it passes into the pharynx (m). It forms the front
and left-hand boundary of a wedge-shaped depression, the
"peristomial area," the right-hand boundary being the "preoral ridge"
or lip (l), which runs nearly on the median line, projecting downward
and over the depression. This ridge bears on its inner and upper side
a row of fine "preoral cilia" (poc) and a wide "preoral undulating
membrane" (p.om), which extends horizontally across, below the
peristomial area. The roof of this area bears along its right-hand
edge an "internal undulating membrane" (g), and then, as we pass
across to the left, first an "endoral membrane" and then an "endoral"
row of cilia. In some allied genera (not in Stylonychia), at the base
and on the inner side of each adoral membranella, is a "paroral"
cilium. All these motile organs, with the exception of the preoral cilia,
pass into the pharynx; but the adoral membranellae soon stop short
for want of room. There are some seventy membranellae in the
adoral wreath.
The protoplasm of the body is sharply marked off into a soft, semi-
fluid "endoplasm" or "endosarc," and a firmer "ectoplasm" or
"ectosarc." The former is rich in granules of various kinds, and in
food-vacuoles wherein the food is digested. The mode of ingestion,
etc., is described below (p. 145). The ectoplasm is honeycombed
with alveoli of definite arrangement, the majority being radial to the
surface or elongated channels running lengthwise; inside each of
these lies a contractile plasmic streak or myoneme. The contractile
vacuole (cv) lies in this layer, a little behind the mouth, and is in
connexion with two canals, an anterior (e) and a posterior, from
which it is replenished.
Fig. 51.—Carchesium polypinum. Scheme of the path taken by the ingested food
in digestion and expulsion of the excreta. The food enters through the
pharynx and is transported downward (small circles), where it is stored in
the concavity of the sausage-shaped meganucleus (the latter is recognised
by its containing darker bodies). It remains here for some time at rest (small
crosses). Then it passes upward upon the other side (dots) and returns to
the middle of the cell, where it undergoes solution. The excreta are
removed to the outside, through the vestibule and cell mouth. The black line
with arrows indicates the direction of the path. (From Verworn, after
Greenwood.)
The animals collect at that zone where the conditions of aeration are
most suitable, usually just within the edge of the cover, and when
well supplied with food are rather sluggish, not swimming far, so that
they are easily studied and counted. When well supplied with
appropriate food they undergo binary fission at frequent intervals,
dividing as often as five times in the twenty-four hours at a
temperature of 65-69° F. (Glaucoma scintillans), so that in this period
a single individual has resolved itself into a posterity of 32; but such
a rapid increase is exceptional. At a minimum and a maximum
temperature multiplication is arrested, the optimum lying midway. If
the food-supply is cut off, encystment occurs in those species
capable of the process; but when there is a mixture of members of
different broods of the same species, subject to the limitations that
we shall learn, conjugation ensues. Under the conditions of Maupas'
investigations he found a limit to the possibilities of continuous
fissions, even when interrupted by occasional encystment. The
individuals of a series ultimately dwindle in size, their ciliary
apparatus is reduced, and their nuclear apparatus degenerates.
Thus the ultimate members of a fission-cycle show a progressive
decay, notably in the nuclear apparatus, which Maupas has aptly
compared to "senility" or "old age" in the Metazoan. If by the timely
mixture of broods conjugation be induced, these senile
degenerations do not occur.[165] In Stylonychia mytilus the produce
of a being after conjugation died of senility after 336 fissions; in
Leucophrys after 660.