Stoichiometry

Unit 2
MYP5
 Separation of Mixtures
1) Mechanical Separation (often by hand) takes
advantage of physical properties such as color
and shape.

Example: Recycling Plastic, Paper, Metal

 Separation of Mixtures
2) Magnetic Separation takes advantage of
the physical property of magnetism.

Example: Separating
Metals in a Scrap
Yard
 3.Filtration & crystallisation:
Filtration: separates a solid from a liquid

Crystallisation: if a solid is dissolved in water

it can be recovered by evaporation or
crystallisation
 Separation of Mixtures

Residue

Filtrate

Filtration is a technique that

separates the solid from the
liquid in a heterogeneous
mixture based on differences in
particle sizes.
Example: Filtering Coffee, Spaghetti
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vi_SJBnxmH
o
A filter can
also be used to
separate solid
particles of
different sizes.
(ex. a window
screen, an air
filter, a sand
sieve)
 Separation of Mixtures
4) Decanting:
To pour off a
liquid, leaving
another liquid or
solid behind.
Takes advantage
of differences in
density.

Example: To decant a liquid from a precipitate or

water from rice.
Separatory funnel
A separatory funnel is used for
immiscible liquids.
 Separation of Mixtures
5)
Distillation:
The separation
of a mixture of
liquids based
boiling point.

Example: the distillation of alcohol or oil

Simple distillation
Simple distillation is a method used for
separation of homogeneous solid liquid
mixtures. This method is also used for
mixtures containing two miscible liquids that
have sufficient difference in their boiling
points.
The distillation process involves heating a
liquid to its boiling points, and transferring the
vapor into the cold portion of the apparatus,
then condensing the vapor and collecting the
condensed liquid in a container.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eQlnHr9g6Io
Fractional distillation
A simple fractionating column is a tube
packed with glass beads. The beads
provide surface for the vapors to cool and
condense repeatedly.
When vapors of a mixture are passed
through the fractionating column, because
of the repeated condensation and
evaporation, the vapors of the liquid with
the lower boiling point first pass out of
the fractionating column, condense and
are collected in the receiver flask.
A distillation tower or “still” used in crude
oil refining
 Separation of Mixtures
6)
Evaporation:
Vaporizing a
liquid and
leaving the
dissolved
solid(s)
behind. Used
to separate salt
solutions.

Example: Obtaining sea salt from sea water evaporation ponds

When a solution is heated, the liquid will start
to evaporate.
When the solution becomes saturated, the
solute will begin to crystallise and will appear
in the solution
 Separation of Mixtures
7) Density Separation:

More dense components

sink to the bottom and
less dense components
float. The components
cannot be soluble within
each other.
 Separation of Mixtures
8) Centrifuge:
Circular
motion helps
denser
components
sink to the
bottom faster.

Examples: The separation of blood or DNA from blood

 Separation of Mixtures
9) Paper
chromatography:
Uses the property of
molecular attraction
(molecular polarity)
to separate a mixture.
Different molecules have
varying molecular
attractions for the paper
(the stationary phase) vs.
the solvent (the mobile
phase)

Example: the separation of

plant pigments and dyes https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TdJ57SQ6GAQ
Fill the table Fill the table
So how would we carry out a practical to
separate sand, salt and water?

When you are done:

Write a paragraph to describe this experiment.
Make sure all of the following words are used:
dissolve, solvent, filter, filtrate, evaporate,
solute, crystallise, crystal.