Nama : Rahmat Falki

Kelas : TAK B
NRP : 5 7214113790
Mata kuliah : Manajemen Kesehatan Ikan

INTERNATIONAL JURNAL REVIEW

Title Influences of photoperiod on growth and reproduction of farmed fishes

prospects in aquaculture

Author Md Al-Emran, Md Mahiuddin Zahangir, Muhammad Badruzzaman,

Md Shahjahan.

Year of Publication 2023

Journal Identitiy journal homepage

Photoperiodism is a critical environmental factor that influences the

development, growth, feeding, metabolism,
and reproduction in all living organisms. Photoperiod regulates the
biological rhythms which entrain the
circadian clock in association with the sleep-wake cycle, feed intake,
Abstract metabolism, cognition and hormone
secretion which are essential for physiological homeostasis in fishes.
This study summarizes the effect of photomanipulations on early life-
history characteristics, growth, reproductive performance and stress
response in
farmed fishes. Studies found that photomanipulations for long-day
period results in improved growth in larvae,
juveniles and adults in some fish species. Long-day photoperiod also
has a positive effect on the reproductive
performance in fishes depending on the species, photoperiod and
exposure time. In contrast, short-day photoperiod has both positive and
negative effects on growth and reproduction in farmed fish species. In
both cases
(short-day and long-day photoperiod conditions), manipulated
photoperiod exerts a stress response by altering
the hematobiochemical profile of fishes. A number of biomolecules
including melatonin, hypothalamic neuropeptides, growth factors and
sex steroids are involved in regulation of growth and reproduction in
changing
photoperiod depending on the species. Overall, this study is the first
comprehensive review regarding photomanipulations and aquaculture
performance of commercially important farmed fishes all over the
world.
 The environmental control of reproduction is crucial to the future
Introduction development of the aquaculture industry. The reproduction of fish, along
with other vertebrates, is regulated by the hypothalamus-pituitary and
gonadal (HPG) axis in response to various environmental signals,
including photoperiod, temperature, rainfall, and tides. Photoperiod, in
particular, plays a significant role in influencing the reproductive
performance of fish species.

Studies have shown that manipulating photoperiod can impact the timing
of gonadal maturation, ovulation, and reproduction in fish species. By
altering the duration of light exposure, researchers have observed effects
on oocyte growth, maturation, and spawning through the activation of
the HPG axis during germ cell development. However, the outcomes of
photoperiod manipulation on fish growth and reproductive performance
vary depending on the species and developmental stages.

Biological rhythms, such as the circadian clock regulated by

photoperiod, are essential for the survival and fitness of organisms. The
interaction between the circadian clock and environmental cues
influences behaviors like feeding and spawning frequency, contributing
to the overall well-being of fish populations. The rhythmic expression of
circadian regulatory genes and hormone secretion governs processes
related to energy balance, growth, and reproduction in fish.

Understanding the effects of photoperiod on the embryonic and larval

development of fish is crucial for optimizing aquaculture practices.
Long-term exposure to specific photoperiods has been shown to promote
growth, development, metabolism, and immune system function in fish
larvae. By studying the impact of photoperiod on early life-history
characteristics, researchers can enhance the survival and growth of fish
at different developmental stages.

In conclusion, investigating the role of photoperiod in regulating growth

and reproduction in farmed fish species is essential for improving
aquaculture performance. By manipulating light exposure and studying
its effects on biological rhythms, researchers can enhance the
sustainability and productivity of aquaculture operations worldwide.
 The "Materials and Methods" section of a research paper typically
outlines the procedures and techniques used to conduct the study. Here
Materials and methods is a general outline of what could be included in the "Materials and
Methods" section based on the information provided in the excerpts from
the PDF file:

1. Study Design: Describe the experimental design used to investigate

the effects of photoperiod on fish growth and reproduction.

2. Fish Species: Specify the species of fish used in the study and provide
relevant information such as size, age, and source.

3. Photoperiod Manipulation: Explain how the photoperiod was

manipulated in the study, including the duration of light and dark periods,
light intensity, and any control groups used.

4. Experimental Setup: Detail the setup of the experimental tanks or

systems where the fish were housed during the study, including water
parameters, temperature, and feeding regime.

5. Data Collection: Outline the parameters measured during the study,

such as growth rates, reproductive performance, hormone levels, and
physiological responses to photoperiod manipulation.

6. Statistical Analysis: Describe the statistical methods used to analyze

the data, including the software programs employed and the significance
level chosen.

7. Ethical Considerations: Mention any ethical considerations taken into

account during the study, such as animal welfare protocols and approval
from relevant authorities.

8. References: Cite any specific protocols, techniques, or previous

studies that were followed or referenced during the research.

By providing a detailed account of the materials and methods used in the

study, researchers can ensure the reproducibility and transparency of
their findings, allowing other scientists to replicate and build upon the
research.
 1. Growth Performance:
- Observations of improved growth rates in fish exposed to specific
photoperiod conditions compared to control groups.
Result - Variations in growth patterns among different fish species in response
to varying light-dark cycles.

2. Reproductive Performance:
- Effects of photoperiod manipulation on reproductive behavior,
spawning frequency, and gonadal development in farmed fishes.
- Differences in reproductive success and hormone levels between fish
subjected to different photoperiod treatments.

3. Physiological Responses:
- Changes in hematobiochemical parameters and stress responses in fish
exposed to altered photoperiod conditions.
- Hormonal, enzymatic, and cellular responses contributing to the
adjustment of physiological homeostasis in fish under varying light
regimes.

4. Species-Specific Responses:
- Species-specific variations in the influence of photoperiod on growth
and reproduction, highlighting the importance of considering species
differences in aquaculture management.
- Differential effects of long-day and short-day photoperiods on growth
and reproductive performance based on the species studied.

5. Implications for Aquaculture:

- Potential benefits of manipulating photoperiod for improving growth
and reproductive outcomes in farmed fishes.
- Cautionary notes on the potential negative effects of incorrect
photoperiod adjustments on fish health and productivity.

6. Future Research Directions:

- Recommendations for further studies to explore the interrelationship
between external factors like photoperiod and internal factors affecting
growth and reproduction in farmed fishes.
- Suggestions for investigating the mechanisms underlying the effects
of photoperiod on physiological processes in fish.
Conclusion 1. Photoperiod Impact:
- Photoperiod manipulation plays a significant role in influencing the
growth and reproductive performance of farmed fishes.
- Different photoperiod conditions can lead to varied responses in terms
of growth rates, reproductive behavior, and physiological adjustments in
fish.

2. Species-Specific Responses:
- The effects of photoperiod on fish growth and reproduction are
species-specific, highlighting the importance of considering individual
species' characteristics in aquaculture management.
- Understanding how different fish species respond to varying light-
dark cycles is essential for optimizing production outcomes.

3. Physiological Adjustments:
- Fish exhibit physiological adjustments in response to altered
photoperiods, including changes in hormonal levels, enzymatic activity,
and stress responses.
- These physiological adaptations contribute to maintaining
homeostasis and can impact growth and reproductive success in farmed
fishes.

4. Management Implications:
- Manipulating photoperiod in aquaculture settings can offer
opportunities to enhance growth and reproductive performance in farmed
fishes.
- Careful consideration and monitoring of photoperiod adjustments are
necessary to avoid potential negative effects on fish health and
productivity.

5. Future Directions:
- Further research is needed to explore the underlying mechanisms by
which photoperiod influences growth and reproduction in farmed fishes.
- Investigating the interplay between external factors like photoperiod
and internal physiological processes will provide a more comprehensive
understanding of aquaculture performance.

6. Practical Applications:
- The findings of the study can guide hatchery and farm managers in
optimizing photoperiod conditions to improve fish growth and
reproductive outcomes.
- Implementing appropriate photoperiod management strategies based
on species-specific responses can enhance aquaculture productivity and
sustainability.

In conclusion, the study underscores the importance of photoperiod as a

key environmental factor influencing the growth and reproduction of
farmed fishes, emphasizing the need for tailored management practices
to maximize aquaculture performance.