Success in Geo P2

SUCCESS IN GEOGRAPHY VOL.
1 DON’T POST IT ON SOCIAL MEDIA
VOLUME ONE - 2ST EDITION – MAY - 2022

Instant Revision from E.C.Z Question Papers
GRADE 10 – 12 2015 – 2021
THIS GEOGRAPHY BOOKLET WILL HELP YOU TO:

▪ Revise E.C.Z Past Papers with answers instantly
▪ Self-Check Examination Questions
▪ Know the Top Examiner’s Mind
▪ Pass exam easily
POSTING / SHARING THIS ON SOCIAL MEDIA IS ILLIGAL THEREFORE,

GET IT FROM THE RIGHTFUL OWNER MUSONDA LAURENT AT K50
WATSAP: 0965038377 OR EMAIL: laurentmsnd@gmail.com
CALL / TEXT: 0954482350 / 0965038377 / 0974794056
SUCCESS ONLY THE BEST IS GOOD ENOUGH
Page 1 of 107 WATSAP 0965038377 OR CALL /TEXT – 0954482350 / 0974794056
LAURENT MUSONDA
SUCCESS IN GEOGRAPHY VOL. 1 DON’T POST IT ON SOCIAL MEDIA
EXAMINATIONS COUNCIL OF ZAMBIA

Examination for Certificate of Education Ordinary Level
Geography 2218/2
PAPER 2
Tuesday 9 OCTOBER 2015 2 HOURS
1 A. On figure 1, name in the spaces provided below the map, the

irrigation schemes marked A and B.

LAURENT MUSONDA
Scheme A : Mpongwe Wheat Scheme

Scheme B : Gwembe Valley Development Scheme
B (i) State the factors that favour irrigation in the areas shown on
the map.
• Availability of water for irrigation from Kafue river and lake Kariba.
• Presence of fertile soils for agriculture
• Easy access to transport both road and railways
• High demand for agriculture products by local market due to large
population in the country and other countries.
• Generally flat land that allows extensive mechanization
• Use of research knowledge to promote high yield
• Plenty labour for cultivation, planting, weeding, harvesting etc.
• Enough capital to buy machinery and irrigation equipment.
(ii) List two irrigation crops for each scheme

Mpongwe — wheat and maize
Gwembe — cotton and wheat
C (i) Explain the factors that favour Zambia's commercial farming

potential in the SADC region.
• Huge piece of arable land for large scale production
• Adequate rainfall to support growth of crops
• Fertile alluvial soils and application of fertilizers
• Ready market for the produce from the SADC countries
• Plenty of private investment in farming for inputs and machinery
• The country is centrally located for easy access by SADC countries.
• Availability of labour for weeding, application of fertilizers, harvesting
• Zambia is surrounded by many countries for easy access to inputs.

LAURENT MUSONDA
(ii) What negative factors are associated with commercial farming

in Zambia?
• Likely to be affected by fluctuations in prices
• Can be negatively affected by climatic changes e.g. drought
• The inputs are expensive e.g. seed, fertilizers, chemicals etc
• Contributes to deforestation especially when practiced on large scale
• May encourage filtration or even soil erosion due to monoculture
practices
2 A (i) What are deciduous trees?

• Deciduous means periodic shedding off of leaves by trees.
(ii) Give four examples of deciduous trees found in Zambia.

• Mukwa, mululu, mubanga, baobab etc.
B Discuss the significance of forests to human beings

• Source of building materials such as poles, grass houses for
homes, schools
• For the curio industry — carvings, fibre, baskets
• Source of fuel e.g. charcoal and firewood
• Food for both people and animals e.g. fruits, grass
• Source of raw materials for industries e.g. sawmills, boat
making, pulp and paper etc
• Purifies air by absorbing carbon dioxide and reduces oxygen
• Acts as shelter for wild animals, birds, insects, snakes etc
• Trees act as a wind breaker to protect crops and young trees
• Protects soil from drying and erosion hence supports farming
• Wood timber is used for rail sleepers, furniture, electricity
poles

LAURENT MUSONDA
C What is the relevance of the Forestry Department in the management of

indigenous forests?
• To reafforest and afforestate in areas where trees have been cut
down
• Educate people on the importance of forests.
• Preserve and conserve forests by employing guards and rangers.
• Establish forest reserves that provide sanctuary for wildlife.
• Teaching people good methods of farming and discourage bad
farming methods e.g. shifting cultivation.
• Protect catchment areas and ensure underground water supplies.
• Encourage sustainable use of forests so that even the future
generations can benefit from them.
3. Study the group below which shows copper production by various mining
companies from 1992 to 2008.
(i) Compare the production of copper by ZCCM and KCM on one hand
and the production by other companies.
• The overall production from 1992 was declining up to 2000.
• Copper production increased or steadily rose after 2000.
• ZCCM/KCM produced almost 21/2 times what other mines produced.
• The overall production of copper in 1969 is higher than between 1992 — 2008.
• After 2000, the ZCCM/KCM production still was unsteady.
LAURENT MUSONDA
(ii) Give reasons that explain the production pattern reflected in the
graph above.
• Most mines were depleted of the minerals.
• Some machines were outdated and breaking down frequently.
• Fluctuation of the prices on the world market.
• In 1969, the economy was dependent on copper hence high production.
• The increase in production after 2000 was due to privatization of mines.
• New technology use with new machinery.
• Better smelters used after privatization.
• Discovery/opening of new mines such as Lumwana, Kansanshi.
• Increased demand for the minerals on the world market etc.
(b) (i) Name two countries which buy most of Zambia's copper.
• China
• Germany
• United Kingdom
• Japan
• Italy
• USA
• South Africa
(ii) Explain how the copper mined in Zambia reaches the overseas
markets
• By road through Dar-es-Salaam
• Road through ports to South Africa
• Water to USA/Asia/Europe
• Railway through ports in South Africa
• Railway through Tazara to Tanzania

LAURENT MUSONDA
4 With reference to tourism in Zambia, write brief notes on the following.
(a) Tourist attractions on the Copperbelt.

• Dag Hammarskjold Memorial Site
• Chingola open pit mine
• Chimfushi chimpanzee orphanage
• Levy Mwanawasa stadium
• Ndola Museum
• Nsobe lodge in Masaiti district
• Mines
• Kitwe airfields at cedricsJ 760
• Simon Mwansa Kapwepwe airport
• South down airport in Kalulushi
(b) Traditional ceremonies

• Zambia's cultural heritage,
• Each tribe (major regional) has its own ceremony
• The Lwindi ceremony for Tonga people in Monze
• Kulamba for Chewa in August
• Kusenfya pa ng'wena for Bemba in August
• The Shimunenaa for the Ila in September
• The Kuomboka for the Lozi February
• The Umutomboko for the Lunda Kazembe
• The Likumbi Lyamize for the Luvale in August
• The ,N'cwala for the Ngoni in February
(c) The Livingstone Museum
• It is found in the heart of Livingstone town
• It is the oldest museum in Zambia, opened in 1951
• Has more than 20,000 cultural related collections
• The Museum has about 5000 historical items
• It has a stock of history specimen
• Stocked with David Livingstone's diaries and personal letters
• Has David Livingstone cap and medicine chest.

LAURENT MUSONDA
5. (a) (i) Name two fisheries associated with the river that starts near
Soiwezi, flows south, then east wards to join the Zambezi
river north of Chirundu.
• Lukanga
• Kafue river
• Itezhi-tezhi lake
• Kafue flats
(ii) Give four examples of the types of fish caught there.

• Bream / Mpende
• Sharp toothed barbel / Mulonge
• Blunt toothed barbel
• Pike
• Bulldog -
• Bottle nose e' _
(iii) What are the threats to sustained fishing to the named fisheries?
• Overfishing due to a large population
• Water pollution by the mines
• Water pollution by nitrogen chemicals of Zambia
• Water pollution by commercial farmers
• The presence of the Kafue weeds (hyancith) which reduces the amount of
oxygen in the river.
(b) Describe the traditional fishing methods used in the fisheries named
in a (i) above.
• Use of dugout canoes for transportation
• Using fishing traps
• Using fishing baskets
• Using of spears in shallow waters
• Hook and lines
• Poison using Sap from trees.

LAURENT MUSONDA
(c) How do the local people process the fish to ensure that it stays a long
time without rotting?
• Fish is scaled, gutted and dried directly in the sun
• Fish is scaled, gutted and thrown into a salt brine for over 24 hours and
then sun dried
• Fish is scaled, gutted and smoked over a fire
• Fish is frozen by refrigeration or adding ice blocks.
6. Study figure 2 (insert) of Malawi.

LAURENT MUSONDA
(a) On figure 2, name in the spaces provided below the map, the subsistence
area A and commercial farming areas B.
A. Northern Province
B. Kasungu- Lilongwe plain
(b) (i) Name two crops grown under substance farming and two crops
grown under commercial farming.
• Subsistence crops: Cassava, rice, sweet potatoes, bananas, (pulses) beans,
maize, sorghum, groundnuts, millet,
• Commercial crops: Tobacco, cotton, groundnuts, maize, sugarcane.
(ii) Explain the factors that favour commercial farming in the shaded area
shown on the map.
• Good road and railways network for easy transportation of goods
(agricultural products)
• Fertile soils (alluvial/rich deep with organic matter)
• Big market for the produce supported by a large population
• The establishment of admarc centre to give credit facilities, fertilizers,
seeds and to buy the crops.
• Relatively reliable rainfall averaging 500mm — 1000mm
• Not climate with temperatures of 18°C — 24°C.
• Plenty of labour for cultivation, planting, weeding, fertilizer application,
harvesting.
(c) State the measures that the government has put in place to boost
agriculture in Malawi
• Agricultural development and Marketing cooperation (ADMARC) buys the
crops from farmers.
• Farmers are given loans for agriculture inputs.
• There is provision of agricultural extension services to farmers.
• Many institutions have been set to do research e.g. Makanga Research
station near Chiromo and Bvumbwe research station in Blantyre.
• Upgrading and construction of roads for easy transportation to markets.

LAURENT MUSONDA
7. (a) Discuss the importance of road and water transport to the economic
development of the sub-region.
• Has opened up rural and remote areas to development
• Source of employment to people such as drivers, mechanics, engineers, etc
• It facilitates exploitation of natural resources which provide raw materials
• Boosting of trade and promotion of trading relations in the region \
Contributed to the in industrialization of the sub-region
• It is easier to import / labour force and expertise due to modern transport
• It has led to international understanding through cultural, economic and
social interactions
• It makes administration easier as social services can easily be provided —
implementation of government policies.
(b) Explain why countries in the sub-region are at different levels of

development of road a water transport.
• There are differences in economic development levels. -
• Countries e.g. South Africa have more money for investing in roads.
• Some countries e.g. Congo are hampered by heavy rains making it
difficult to construct roads.
• Historical factors e.g. South Africa Zambia where, white settlers settled
earlier than some countries have whiter\settlers,
• Some countries are landlocked which makes it difficult to have access to
oceans.
• Presence of rapids, waterfalls, cataracts making it difficult for navigation.
• Some countries have low population concentrations
• Most rivers originate and pass through areas that have no natural
resources and therefore lack development.
• Nature of coastlines facilitates development harbors
• Civil wars in certain countries have led to slow development of road
transport e.g. Angola and Eastern DRC.
• The presence of landmines in areas affected by civil war e.g. Angola.

LAURENT MUSONDA
(c) What are the benefits of using air transport over the use of road
and water transport?
• It is efficient and fast over short and long distances
• It is the most comfortable means of transport for passengers
• It is highly secure and offers the lowest risk in terms of security of passengers
• It is flexible in terms of destination as, long as there is an airport
• It moves according to time schedule along a specific route
• It does not suffer from congestion and traffic jams
• Suitable for transportation of highly valuable and perishable goods, glassware
and other fragile goods.
8. Study-figure 3 (insert) of the sub-region
(a) On figure 3, name two of the hydro-electric power stations shown on the
map.
• Inga H.E.P
• Kariba H.E.P
• Cabora bassa H.E.P
• Hendrik Verwoerd
LAURENT MUSONDA
(b) Explain the factors that favoured the construction of hydro-electric

power stations named in (a) above.
• Abundant water supply (volume) from the rivers ,
• Availability of waterfalls/rapids/cataracts provide swift running of water an
ideal site for construction of
• Having narrow valleys or gorges allow water form a head to develop high
pressure
• Availability of basement rocks along the site areas that allowed a firm
foundation for the stations
• Availability of adequate capital to construct H.E.P Stations and installation.
• Availability of technical skills and machine to set up and operate
• Low population which allows space for construction
• Availability of market from the industries and homes.
(c) (i) What are the positive and negative effects that have resulted from
dam construction?
• Displacement of people and wildlife
• Aquatic life after the dam or below the dam are affected
• It results into silting, affecting water holding capacity
• The dam acts as a water reservoir
• It reduces the flow of the river
• It leads to flooding when that flood gates are opened to abate pressure
(ii) Explain why the sub-region has insufficient hydroelectricity despite the
large potential for generation.
• Small market/demand or inadequate market •
• Availability of other sources of power e.g. solar
• The region is prone to drought and so rivers fluctuate in the volume of
water
• It is very expensive to construct H.E.P stations
• Environmental concern on the impact of darning

LAURENT MUSONDA
9. Draw a sketch map of Kenya and on it:

(a) Mark and name;
(i) One town where a motor vehicle assembly industry is located
(ii) One town where an oil refinery is found.
(b) Of what importance are the two industries mentioned in (a) above?.
• Source of employment for various people like drivers, engineers etc.
• Source of revenue for government -V,
• Source of foreign exchange when the products are exported
• Creation of markets for other products/industries e.g. iron and steel, coal
• Results into improvement of infrastructure such as roads, hospitals,
schools e.t.c.
• Enhances trade and friendship with other countries in the region,

LAURENT MUSONDA
(c) Explain the factors that limit the growth of the agro-industry in Kenya.
• Stiff competition from other countries like South Africa, Japan, German,
USA, United Kingdom
• The high cost of importing raw materials and dependency on them
• Lack of skilled personnel (technically) such as engineers, technicians,
mechanics e.t.c
• Lack of machinery to use to process agricultural raw materials
• High dependency on foreign capital and raw materials
• Limited or lack of foreign exchange required to purchase machinery and
spare parts.
10 Study the table below and answer the questions that follow.
AGES MALE FEMALE AGE STRUCTURE %

0 - 14 3 300 339 3 271 389 46.2%
15 - 24 1 423 026 1 425 654 20%
25 - 54 2 042 023 2 069 511 28.5%
55 - 64 193 753 213 927 2.9%
Over 65 147 705 194 901 2.4%
(a) Calculate
(i) the total population aged 15-64
1 423 026 + 2 042 023 + 193 753 + 1 425 654 + 2 069 511 + 213 927
= 7367894
(ii) the dependency ratio

𝑃𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 5+𝑝𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 64
Dependency ratio =
𝑝𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑔𝑒𝑑 (15−64)
46.2+2.4
× 100 = 94.55%
20+28.5+2.9

LAURENT MUSONDA
(b) Explain the factors that affect life expectancy

• There are better/no medical services provided to the people
• Poverty levels are high due to low standards of living
• Death rates are high or low
• High or low birth rates
• Diseases e.g. HIV/AIDS, malaria, cholera
(c) State factors that affect population distribution

• Political factors e.g. government policy on the development of areas.
• Soil fertility e.g. loamy, sandy promote agriculture.
• Climate i.e. favourable temperature distribution attracts settlements and
enable people to work hard.
• Moderate rainfall supports farming and encourages settlements.
• Relief the presence of valleys and plateaus greet the distribution,
• Availability of water bodies attracts people for they need fresh water for
drinking, washing and industrial usage.
• Easy access to transport: road, railway, water and air
• Presence of industries which offer employment.
11. (a) Explain the characteristics of shanty compounds.

• They have high population density.
• They have no proper service roads due to lack of planning.
• Poor sanitation — use of latrines.
• Lack of piped water many people use shallow wells
• Prone to diseases such as cholera, dysentery, etc.
• There are high crime levels e.g stealing, burglary, murder.
• They have undefined house patterns and they are not approved.
• There is congestion of houses per area and people per room.
• High levels of pollution — noise, air, water, etc
• Poor garbage disposal and collection since they are not on council programme.
• High unemployment levels because many are not educated and have not skills.
• Poor housing e.g. houses made of mud, tins, sun-dried bricks.

LAURENT MUSONDA
(b) What factors influence population growth rate in Zambia?

• High fertility rates of at least 6 children per woman
• Early/unwanted pregnancies among young girls
• Desire for large families among village communities
• Better nutrition and increase in food supply
• High living standards promote long life
• Expanded access to health services leads to high rates of child survival
• Early marriages leads to women having many children by the age of 45 years
• Traditional beliefs e.g. children area a source of wealth
• Religious beliefs that do not advocate for family planning
• Polygamous practices which lead Many children per family
• Low death rates due to; better nutrition, better health facilities etc
• Migration of people to certain areas such as movements from rural to
urban areas; movements from areas of deficient rainfall to high rainfall
areas
(c) Explain why there are more males between the ages of 0-14 years and
more females after the age of 14 years.
• There are more male babies born than females (102 males to 100 females)
• There is more care given to baby boys than girls (Above 14)
• Males are less resistant to diseases and die more
• Men do more risky jobs e.g. digging, mining, construction, mechanics etc
than women
• Males engage themselves into risky behavior than females e.g. taking
drugs, smoking, drinking, fights etc [3]
12. (a) (i) What is urbanization?

The growth and spread of towns and town life.
Urbanisation is the increase of a country's population
percentage living in urban areas/towns.

LAURENT MUSONDA
(ii) State three factors that influences Urbanisation in Zambia

• Lack of jobs in rural areas - formal jobs
• Dislike of traditional ways of life
• Poverty - lack of food
• Limited land to settle in rural areas.
• Looking for modern life styles,
• Search for employment, better education, medical facilities - better social
services/facilities in towns
(b) (i) Give two functions of rural settlements found in Zambia

• Fishing
• Livestock rearing
• Lumbering
• Mining
• Medical services
• Education services
(ii) What functions are associated with both the urban and the rural
settlements in Zambia?
Mining
Medical services
Education services
Livestock rearing
(c) What geographical factors affect the location of a settlement?

• Relief landform (physical features) flat land attracts settlements
• Climate - temperatures and rainfall when these are favourable settlements
develop
• Diseases discourage settlements
• The fertility of the soil: fertile soils attract settlements
• Availability of water, rivers, lakes etc

LAURENT MUSONDA

Geography 2218/2
PAPER 2
Section A: Zambia
1 Study Figure 1 (Insert) of Zambia.

LAURENT MUSONDA
(a) On figure 1: name, in the spaces provided below the map,

(i) Farming Area A,
A is Kawambwa
(ii) Farming Area B

B is Mazabuka
(iii) Main cash crop in Area A is tea.

Main cash crop in Area B is sugarcane.
(b) Explain how the cash crop grown in area B benefits the country.
• The provision of employment to farm managers sugarcane cutters, drivers,
machine operators, etc.
• Provides raw material to sugar processing and refining industry, beer brewing
• The source of foreign exchange when the product is exported.
• The source of beverage when drunk as tea.
• The molasses used for making fuels such as diesel and petrol
• The molasses can be used to resurface the roads etc.
(c) Explain the effects of irrigation farming in area B on the environment

• Soil erosion and sedimentation
• Waterlogged soils lead to loss of soil nutrients
• Encourages the soil salination due to chemical fertilizer and pesticides
• When chemical water spill off - contaminate drinking water
• Breeding of mosquitoes and other insects that spread diseases such as
malaria and bilharzia
2 With reference to energy production in Zambia;

(a) List four sources of energy
- Coal - Wood
- Petroleum - Biomass
- Wind - Solar
- Water

LAURENT MUSONDA
(b) Explain the causes of the energy crisis

• Over exploitation of available energy resources
• Prolonged droughts lower H.E.P production leading to energy crisis.
• Improvement in technology resulting into many machines that consume a
lot of energy leading to shortages causing a crisis.
• Lack of alternative sources of energy that can fit in place of H.E.P especially
• Lack of long-term planning to sustain and maintain machinery.
• Inability to put aside financial resource to support maintenance and
replacement of machinery
• Uncontrolled increase in human population which increase immense
pressure on the need to access energy
(c) (i) Explain the significance of energy production to Zambia.
• It is the basis of industrialization. Many industries have been set up due to

the availability of energy.
• It provides fuel for both domestic and industrial e.g. charcoal for cooking,
solar for lighting and running domestic appliances.
• It is important fuel to transportation system such as vehicles, locomotive
machines, etc.
• It is a source foreign exchange, surplus energy e.g. HEP can be exported to
other countries.
• Petroleum by-products are processed into other products e.g. diesel,
petrol, etc, which can be used for several purposes. Fluctuations in power
generation in dry years and to control floods in very wet areas.
• New power generation sites like Itezhi tezhi, mamba, etc have been set up
to increase power generation.
(ii) What steps has the Zambian government undertaken to sustain

hydroelectric power production?
• The catchment areas and courses of rivers have been protected and no
deforestation takes place.

LAURENT MUSONDA
• Obsolete equipment at HEP stations are maintained and replaced from

time to time.
• Enough storage dams have been constructed to hold water.
• Lack-of tong term planning to sustain and maintain machinery,
3 Regarding forestry in Zambia

(a) State four indigenous vegetation types
• Savanna woodland
• Forests
• Mopane
• Acacia savanna
• Swamp
• Grassland
(b) Explain the factors influencing vegetation distribution in Zambia

• The amount and distribution of rainfall. Areas receiving high rainfall have
forest vegetation while those receiving low rainfall have grassland
vegetation e.g, mountain areas receive high rainfall and therefore have
more vegetation.
• Very hot areas e.g. the Luangwa valley have short and scattered vegetation.
• Warm and wet places encourage the growth of vegetation that is tall and
thick.
• Plants grow in areas that receive sunlight.
• Vegetation varies in height since altitude affect temperature and amount of
rainfall received.
• Steepness of the land influences vegetation growth due to soil erosion and
moisture retention.
• The soils mineral content, organic matter content, soil texture and soil pH
affect the growth of vegetation.
• Fertile and well drained soils support dense vegetation while very poor and
thin soils are almost devoid of vegetation.
• The presence and activities of animals and, human beings may alter or
destroy the composition of vegetation in an area.

LAURENT MUSONDA
• Reafforestation in areas where there trees have been cut down.
(c) What problems is the forestry department facing in forestry conservation?

• Over exploitation of forest species due to the increasing demand for forest
products e.g. fruits, medicine, firewood, etc.
• Natural calamities like drought and bush fires cause large scale destruction
of forests.
• Forest encroachment for settlement and agriculture results into
deforestation.
• Attack of tree species by pests and diseases.
• There is very little government support and funding which makes it difficult
to carry out programmes.
• Lack of adequate awareness on the part of the citizens on the importance
of forests and conservation.
• Current laws for the protection of the forest are not adequate.
• Government policies on conservation does not incorporate community
participation.
4 Regarding transport in Zambia;
(a) Name the main types of transport.
• Water
• Air
• Road
• Rail
(b) Explain the importance of transport.

• To transport farm products from farms to the market
• To transport passengers from one point to another.
• To transport goods and services to the areas where they are needed.
• It opens/develops rural areas as they are linked to the urban areas.
• To transport machinery and equipment to the mines.
• To transport minerals to the market.

LAURENT MUSONDA
(c) Explain the problems associated with transport.

• Very expensive to construct roads and railways on mountainous/hilly area.
• Water transport is hampered by rapids and waterfalls.
• In regions where there is civil war, transport routes have been closed.
• The expensive or shortage of fuel has affected wall transport.
• In areas where the soils are sandy, it is very difficult to construct roads.
Section B: The Sub-Region

5 Regarding energy production in the sub region
(a) State two energy policy objectives adopted by, SADC countries in relation
to HEP development.
• To develop regional electrification and expand the transport and the
agriculture sectors by exploiting the vast hydro-electric power resources of
the region.
• Promote interconnection of the national power grid systems to ensure that
production and distribution capacities are utilized on a more efficient basis
among states of the region.
(b) What are the advantages of the inter-connector regional electricity grid to
SADC countries?
• Repairs of power plants can be effected without interrupting supply as
power can be drawn from areas of surplus.
• Increased demand is met from stations that are producing surplus power.
• There is easy and efficient export and import of power.
• There will be socio-economic development due to surplus power
generation.
• Remote and rural areas are able to use alternative sources of energy e.g.
solar, wind.
• People will continue enjoying solar and wind power for as long as it shines
and the wind blows.

LAURENT MUSONDA
(c) Explain the problems associated with energy production in the sub region.
• Large number of people in the rural areas cannot access electricity even
where the surplus is produced.
• Not all SADC countries are interconnected and this makes it difficult for
countries with power deficiency to access power.
• Southern African Countries have little. This makes importation very
expensive
• Lack of know-how on exploration and exploitation of natural gas deposits
to meet the energy demand.
• Climate change especially drought has led-to the production of hydro
power electricity in the sub region.
• Political interference .on the generation, production and distribution of
energy in the region.
6 (a) Sketch Map of Zimbabwe and mark and name

(i) coal mining area
(ii) iron and steel centre

LAURENT MUSONDA
(b) Explain the factors which have led to the exploitation of coal in Zimbabwe.
• Availability of coal seams near the surface has made it easy to exploit.
• Good transport network both road and railway makes it easier to transport
products.
• The availability of water from rivers, e.g. shangani for washing off coal and
for cooling , machinery.
• Availability of HEP/Power to drive machines and lighting in the mines.
• High demand for coal as a raw material in the manufacture of thermal
electricity/iron-
• Abundant labour due to a high population to work in the mine.
• Huge government investment in the coal mining sector to encourage
production
(c) Describe the negative effects of coal mining to Zimbabwe

• Mining degrades the soil and renders it useless for agricultural activities.
• Valuable tree species are deforested when clearing the land for mining.
• Biodiversity is affected as some animals are forced to migrate or even die in
the process of mining.
• Mining affects the water table as it lowers due to pumping out of water.
• Obsolete machines can lead to water pollution when oils leak. This affects
the water balance.
• Landslides are caused due to hanging overburdens that are left due to open
pit mining.
• Exposed pits once filled with water act as a breeding ground for vectors
such as mosquitoes.
• Mining activities causes noise and dust to people living around them. This
leads to serious illnesses.
• Land tremors due to blasting and excavation has led to houses breaking
down for those living around the mines.

LAURENT MUSONDA
7 Regarding Tourism in Kenya

(a) List four tourist attractions.
• Tsavo East National Park
• Tsavo West national Park
• Masai Mara National Park
• Amboseli National Park
• Sumburu National Park
• Marsabit National Park
• Meru National Park
• Lake Turkana
• Lake Victoria
(b) Account for the large scale tourism industry in Kenya.

• Kenya has several national parks and game reserves
• Kenya-has well develop tourism industry.
• It has beautiful and cheap hotels and lodges that offer excellent
accommodation.
• Kenya has well developed transport system i.e. international airports,
roads, water transport
• Kenya has marine tourist attractions such as national parks, sandy beaches,
water
• The Great East Rift Valley attracts a lot of tourists from allover the world.
• Tourist are free to take pictures in Kenya than in any other country.
• The country has been politically stable since independence. It has
experienced no military coup, large scale unrest or civil war.
• The country has a large coastline, stretching about 300km with plenty of
sandy beaches.
• The presence of historical sites such as hotels, roads, airports, etc.
• Great variety of scenery to see e.g. highlands, mountains, escarpment and
lakes.

LAURENT MUSONDA
(c) Describe the social and economic benefits to the country.

• Development of infrastructure e.g. roads, railway, airports, etc.
• Provides employment to tour guides, hotel staff, drivers, etc.
• Source of forex through transport and hotel accommodation.
• Hotels offer market to farm products such as eggs, vegetables, milk, beef,
chickens, etc.
• It encourages the conservation of culture and wildlife.
• It encourages curio industry such as basket making, wood carving, etc.
Section C: Settlements and Population Studies.
8 (a) Describe the changes shown on the graph for Zambia.

• The population has been steadily increasing every after 10 years.
• The period between 2000 and 2010 recorded the highest increase for
census years. The projected 2020 population is higher than any other
censuses conducted.
(b) What problems is Zambia likely to face due to this growth?
• The high growth rate _will result to a higher dependency lowered income
per capital.
• Lack of accommodation or housing which will lead to the development of
shanty compounds.
• A large population has led to competition for employment.
• There is pressure on education and health facilities.
• There is constant traffic jam and traffic congestion due to too few roads.
• There is constant environmental degradation caused by inability to manage
waste.
• There is an increase in vices such as crime, drugs, prostitution, etc.
• There is overcrowding in market centres e.g. CBD leading to noise pollution.
• Drop in the standard of living due to high poverty levels.

LAURENT MUSONDA
(c) (i) Explain why many towns and cities are spreading to the country side.
• Discovery of minerals has led to the establishment of mining towns. I
• Creation of new administration centres to ease the process of
administration.
• Political will has led to the establishment of ,new districts e.g. Sinda,
Manyinga, Chirundu, etc.
• Not enough land in the city to open up new areas nearby,
• Urban sprawl which has led to the expansion of towns.
(ii) Describe the benefits that have resulted from the growth of cities and
towns in the countryside.
• Creation of employment due to the presence of industries.
• Increase in the provision of social services. Schools and clinics have been
upgraded and constructed to cater for the population.
• Areas have been opened up to development e.g. good roads, electricity,
water supply, etc.
• It has led to the spartial diffusion of ideas such as change in dress code,
food, entertainment, etc.
• There is a general improvement of the standard of living of the people.
• Creation of market by those in formal employment for farm produce.
9 Study Table 1 below and answer the questions that follow.

Indictor Country A Country B
Birth rate per 1000 10 44
Human development index 0.9 0.4
GDP per capita ($) 30,000 340
Patients per Doctor 300 50,000
(a) Identify a developed country and give reasons for your answer
(i) Country A is developed
(ii) Reasons
• The birth rate for Country A is lower than that for Country B.

LAURENT MUSONDA
• The Gross Domestic Product for Country A is higher than that

of Country B.
• The Human Development Index for Country A is higher than
that of Country B.
• The doctor/patient ratio for Country A is lower than that of
Country B.
(b) Explain the main causes-of HIV/AIDS

• Sexual contact either vaginal or oral.
• Sexual contact through anal contact.
• Mother to baby transmission at birth or through breastfeeding.
• Blood transfusions of infected blood.
• Using contaminated sharp instruments e.g. needles, syringes, etc.
• Exchange of body fluid such as semen and vaginal fluids.
(c) Describe the methods which can be used to control the disease.
• Getting tested to know the HIV status.
• Having protected sex with one sexual partner who is not infected.
• Limiting the number of sexual partners in one's life.
• Testing pregnant women for HIV and giving ARVs to reduce mother to child
transmission.
• Using sterile utensils in administering drugs.
• Using condoms when in doubt of the HIV status.
• Abstaining from sexual intercourse especially if one is not sure of the HIV
status.
10 With reference to the towns in Zambia
(a) Explain why urban sprawl has occurred.

• Migration in search for employment
• The presence of educational opportunities e.g. universities, schools in
urban areas, etc
• Urban blight' which tends to attract people to urban areas

LAURENT MUSONDA
• The presence of employment opportunities near the central business

district
• Looking for improved infrastructure such as housing.
(b) Describe the social, economic and environmental problems caused by

urban sprawl.
• Traffic congestion and traffic jams that are caused by too many cars than
the roads available.
• It has led to noise pollution due to overcrowding.
• It has led to housing problems that have led to the development of
shanty/squatter compounds.
• There is pressure on the provision of social services such as schools and
health facilities due to large populations.
• It has led to a drop in the standard of living due to high poverty levels.
• Increase in vices such as crime, drug abuse, prostitution due to lack of
employment.
• Encroachment and settlement on land that would otherwise be used for
agriculture.
(c) Suggest possible solutions to the problems describe d in (b).

• Rehabilitating roads and increasing lanes to dual carriage ways to allow
more vehicles to pass.
• Opening up new roads and creating by-passes to reduce congestion in the
Central Business District.
• Giving plots to individuals as a way of solving housing problems.
• Renting out houses at a cheaper price e.g. Lusaka City Council to civil
servants at reasonable prices.
• Creation of employment by setting up new industries especially in the rural
areas to attract people.
• Electrifying the rural areas in order to encourage industrialization in the
countryside.
• Development of infrastructure to improve on the way of life e.g. road and
railway.

LAURENT MUSONDA

Geography 2218/2
PAPER 2
SECTION A: ZAMBIA
1 Study Figure 1 (insert) of Zambia.

LAURENT MUSONDA
(a) Name, in the spaces provided below figure 1,

(i) National Park A
Kafue notional park
(ii) the traditional ceremony that takes place at B

lumda-lubanza -tongo kwakihzela
likumbi bya mize-chisemva chalunda
(b) Explain the problems associated with the development of the national
park C shown on figure 1.
• is located in a remote area far away from major tourist destinations e.g
Lusaka and any other places
• It has poor road networks that are in accessible especially in the rainy
season.
• there is no railway or direct air service to the national park
• The park lacks adequate accommodation of high standard such as hotels,
motels and lodges.
• The park faces stiff competition from other more accessible tourists
destination like Livingstone and Luangwa south.
• The park lacks adequate services such as banks, entertainment, etc meant
to serve tourists.
(c) What steps has the government taken to develop the tourism industry in
the recent years?
• It has embarked on vast construction of road transport network e g. Lusaka-
Livingstone road
• rising of standards in the hotels to international standards eg sun hotel,
intercontinental hotel, etc.
• Advertising and marketing of the tourism industry in oversee as countries.
• promotion of game ranching
• the tourism agency promotes tourism within the country and abroad
• creation of Lusaka national park

LAURENT MUSONDA
• prohibiting poaching of wild life employing game rangers and game guards
by Zambian wildlife authority
• rehabilitation of international airports e.g harry mwanga nkumbula, etc
• Establishment of Livingstone as a tourists capital where infrastructure has
been developed e,g markets, roads. lodges, hotels etc,
• involvement of the local community in protecting wildlife as scouts.
• importing (Jimmie wild animal from south Africa
• leasing of some national parks to private investors e.g kasaba
• increased awareness through sensitization on the importance of conserving
wild life
2 (a) Briefly explain the various land tenure systems found in Zambia.
• Traditional or customary land:
Land controlled by traditional chiefs on behalf of the people individuals or
families.
Individuals and the community have the right to use but not sell it
• Free hold land:
This is reserved specially on unproductive land.
It was mostly used as collateral before independence.
• State land:
This is the acquisition and control of land by the president in public interest.
This is administered by the ministry of lands which issues title deeds and
collaboration with the council.
• Leasehold land:
This is the statutory lease of land for a minimum period or 99 years
It also requires the consent of the president and certificate of ttle is also
issued

LAURENT MUSONDA
(b) Explain how the Chitemene Farming System is a threat to the environment.
• It involves the cutting of small trees, branches and tops of large trees
thereby depriving the environment of wind breakers.
• the smoke resulting from burning pollute the air.
• The fire used to burn trees destroys living organisms such as the nitrogen
fixing bacteria.
• Trees which are cut disturb the rain cycle bending to droughts.
• Cutting of trees reduces the carbon dioxide sink leading in increased
temperature changes.
• areas experience falling yields in forest products e g wood. fruits, etc
• promotes soil erosion especially by rain water and wind
(c) Explain the farming practices which are aimed at conserving and enriching
the soils.
• Contour ploughing: where ploughing is done at right angles to the hill slope
to reduce the dowmward flow of the water and check soil creep. water
retained by the furrow is absorbed by plants.
• Strip cultivation: which involves the planting of trees and crops in alternate
strips parallel to one another? This protect the soil from soil erosion.
• Fallowing: This is a process of allowing part of the field to lie idle for years
in order to regenerate its fertility
• Soil additive: involve the application of either chemical or organic fertilizers
to replenish the soil.
• Organic farming: This involves the use of legumes and nitrogen fixing
plants. Eg beans. peas. groundnuts, etc to replenish the soil.
• Cover cropping: which involves the planting of cover crops like sweet
potatoes, legumes and creepers between young cassava tree to protected
the soil.
• Aforestation and re-alforestation programmes: that involves the planting of
trees and replanting of trees to improve tree cover.
• Controlled grazing: This involves the grazing of animals from one paddock
to another to maintain the carrying capacity within grassland.

LAURENT MUSONDA
• Crop rotation: which involves the growing of different crops in successive

years on the same piece of land, this restores and replaces nutrients.
• Mulching: This involves the covering of bare land with leaves, sawdust, etc
to prevent moisture from the land to evaporate. The decaying materials
provide manure for the land.
• Terracing: This involves the cutting of flat terraces on steep slopes to create
lowland conditions. This retains moisture and checks the flow of water
downhill.
• Ploughing across the stope: to avoid soil erosion.
• Ago forests: the growing of special tree which once shakes the leaves adds
to the fertility of the soil.
• conservation: where water and manure can add to the soil in the basins
3 (a) (i) Name two hydro-electric power stations in Zambia and where
each is located.
• Kariba north bank hydro-electric power station on lake Kariba
• Kafue gorge hyro electric power station on kafue river
• zingamina hep on Zambezi river
• Victoria falls hydro-electric power station on Zambezi river.
• Mulungushi hep on Mulungushi river
• lusenfwa hydro-electric power station on lusenfwa river
• chishimba HEP on lumbe river
• itezhi - tezhi hydro electric power station on the kafue river or itezhi-tezhi
dam
• chiwangundu hep on mamba river
(i) How is hydro-electric power generated at a power station? Use a diagram

to illustrate your answer.
• it is produced by dropping water from a great height.
• water pass through penstocks at an angle
• the force of the water turns the turbine at the end of the penstocks
• as the turbines rotate, they in turn rotate the generators inside

LAURENT MUSONDA
• the generators produce electrical energy which is then transmitted to the

step-up transformer
• the step-up transformer transmits to the switch the pylons, step down
transformers and eventually in homes.
(b) What other benefits are associated with the construction of an electric
power station to the Zambians?
• power plants control flooding along the river
• water in the reservoir is used for irrigation purposes
• water in the lakes is used as a means of transport
• fishing is done in the lake
• the lakes are used as tourist attraction e.g fishing as a sport, boat cruising.
angling. Etc
• creation of employment e.g engineers, technicians, drivers, accountants, etc
• it had led to the growth and development of copper mining, processing and
manufacturing industries eg solozi, kitwe etc
• water in the lakes is supplied for domestic and industrial purpose eg cooling.
cooking etc

LAURENT MUSONDA
4 Regarding mining in Zambia:

(a) (i) Name two minerals and one place where each is mined.
copper mined in chingola, nkana, ndola, mfulira, kabwe, chililabombwe,
Tuanshya, solwezi mazabuka
coal in mamba
lime =one mining
(ii) What factors positively influence the scale of mineral production?

• high demand for mineral locally
• huge capital investment in the mining sector has increased
production
• improvement in the infrastructure (transport)
• improved research and development have bought new technology
which has enhanced mining activities
• required spare parts have been brought in to make obsolete
machines operational
• a salability of labour skilled and semi-skilled
(b) What are the social and economic benefits that have been brought about
by mining
• It has led to the development of infrastructure e.g roads railways, ete
• it has created employment e.g miners, transporters, etc
• it is a source of foreign exchange when mineral is exported to foreign
countries
• it has stimulated other mineral related industries such as metal and
fabricators,
• helmet making and explosive making industries.
• it has added to the gross domestic products through taxation
• it has enhanced bilateral trade between Zambia and other countries
hence enhancing friendship
• it is a source of income to the local people e g miners

LAURENT MUSONDA
• it has Ted to the development of mining towns e-g lumwana,

kansanshi, etc
• it has led to the development of recreational facilities e.g sports
fields such as soccer, squash, hockey, tennis, etc
• the country has increased towns through mined production.
• provision of social facilities like schools, hospitals, housing through
cooperate social responsibilities
• provision of adequate supply of fresh water for both industrial and
domestic
• improved living conditions of the local people through the income
earned
(c) What problems have been brought about by mining?

• sulphur dioxide from smelters pollutes the air, land and water.
• smoke and fumes from the mining industries reduce visibility leading to
accidents
• mine dumps 85 log
• slug from the smelters take up vast areas of land that could have been used
for farming.
• some abandoned open pits have been filled with water and pose as
dangers people and animals
• sulphur dioxide had destroyed the plants and corroded many roofs eg
Mufulira etc
• collapse of the ground and cracking of buildings due to use of explosives
• presence of mines usually lowers the water table as ground water is
pumped out.
• there is land degradation as open pit mining scars the land.
• variable plant and animal life is lost due to land clearance.
• mining pits when filled with stagnant water encourage the breeding of
mosquitoes leading to malaria, bilharzia etc
• collapse of mines have led of death of mine
• it has led to high crime such copper theft, illegal mining & prostitution.

LAURENT MUSONDA
• it has brought about imbalance between mineral production area of other

green of the count
• relocation of people from their original home.
• encourages infrastructure of airports
SECTION B: SUB REGION

5 (a) Discuss the importance of air transport in the sub-region.
• encourages political unity and understanding among countries in the sub
region.
• it supports the development of trade among countries in the sub region.
• it encourages the development of the tourism.
• it offers employment e g. clerks, drivers, pilots, flight attendants,
meteorologists, traffic controllers, technicians engineers, etc.
• it has facilitated the movement of goods, services and passengers from one
place to another
• Transportation of high value minerals e.g. gold, diamonds, etc.
• transportation of emergency services e.g. airlifting patients, election
materials, relief food, medication, petroleum during war
(b) Explain why countries in the sub-region are at different levels of

development in terms of air transport
• High cost of running airlines have discouraged the development of air
transport in some countries.
• Inadequate facilities at the airports since they are expensive to purchase.
• Political differences restrict movement as countries claim ownership of
airspaces above countries
• Competition from road and rail transport which are cheap and convenient.
• Air transport requires modern technology in handling equipment and other
airport operations which is not available in some countries.
• Air transport has limited carrying capacity as most goods are bulky
• Citizens of different countries experience different levels of poverty

LAURENT MUSONDA
(c) What are the disadvantages of using air transport over road transport?
• Airports are very expensive to build as they require huge sums of money
• buying and maintaining an aircraft is very expensive
• When accidents occur, there are few survivors.
• airfares are very expensive e.g airport departure fees, cost of an air ticket,
baggage fees, elc
• it is expensive too transport good by air
• it is affected by bad weather conditions resulting in delays and rescheduling
• large piece of land are required to construct airports aerodromes, airfield,
etc
• running airlines requires specialized skills and personnel e.g pilots, air
hostesses, chefs, etc
• each aircraft carries fewer passengers and cargo
• plane insurance is very expensive and so discourages investment
• it is threatened by terrorists, suicide bombers, bandits, etc
• Airports take up the much-needed land for agriculture, settlement, etc
• Airports are very noisy to people living near due to landing and flying out of
airplanes.
6 With reference to the mining industry in South Africa

(a) Name two gold mining centres.
- Witwatersrand - Johannesburg
- Klerksdorp - Vereening
- Orange Free State - Gold Field
- Far East Rand - Odendaalrus
- Ladenburg - Welkom
- Benoni - Allan ridge
- Viginia - Foul westland

LAURENT MUSONDA
(ii) Explain why the gold mining industry is located there.

• availability of vast deposits of gold in the area
• There is abundant unskilled, semiskilled and skilled labour
• good road, railway and air transport for quick movement of raw materials
and products
• Availability of thermal and hydroelectric power supply to be used in the
mines.
• Availability of water from the vaal, orange rivers and dams for washing
mineral and cooling machines.
• large market for gold products e.g jewelry medals, ornament provided by
wealthy people on the rand and other foreign marks
(b) What is the importance of gold mining to the country?

• it is a source of employment e.g drivers, facto workers. geologists,
engineers, etc
• south Africa is the largest producer of gold in the world contribute 43%
foreign saving
• it has led to the development of infrastructure such as roads, railway,
schools, health faciliies, etc
• improved living standards of over half a million people
• it earns foreign exchange through exports.
• it is a source of government revenue through taxation.
• it contributes to the gross development product as it accounts for the
largest share of the county 's exports.
• It provides a market to the industries e.g power supply, safety clothing,
mining equipment and spare parts, banking, etc
• Gold bars are a form of security stored in vaults and so gold is used as a
standard against currency.
• It has led to the development of cities and towns e.g Witwatersrand
conurbation.

LAURENT MUSONDA
(c) What are the environmental problems associated with gold mining?
• Pits on the group may be filled with stagnant water which encourages
mosquitoes to breed thereby causing malaria.
• mining disfigures the land leading to the formation of ugly open pits and
underground tunnels
• Rock drilling and blasting causing noise pollution and cracking of buildings.
• Chemical wastes and mine dumps cause land pollution.
• destruction of biodiversity through the clearing of land for mining
operations plant and animal life is lost
• Gold processing produce smoke and fumes which pollute the air and cause
health problems eg chest or respiratory infections.
• death of workers due to collapse of the mines
• pumping of water from the mine usually lowers the water table
7 (a) Explain the factors that have influenced the location of textile
industries in Zimbabwe
• Proximity to cotton produces areas such as kadoma, chegutu, bandura,
shawvwa, Glendale and triangle
• access to transport routes eg routes and railways
• Nearness to the large urban markets e.g. Harare, bulawayo etc.
• the go employment policies to create employment s and reduce import
• Availability of semi -skilled and unskilled labour due to the large population
in Harare bulawayo, mutare, etc.
• availability of both the hydro to run machine
(b) (i) Explain the meaning of the following stages in the manufacturing of
cloth: ginning process, spinning process, and weaving
• Ginning Process
the lint is separated from the seed cotton at the ginnery
• Spinning Process
the lint is made into yarn and cotton in the spinning mills

LAURENT MUSONDA
• Weaving Process
Cotton yarn is weaved and biended with polyester or wool to produce cloth
used for making shirts, dresses, etc
the knitting process items like jerseys, yests and blankets
(ii) Why is the textile industry highly integrated in Zimbabwe?

• because production costs are lower wien gihning spinning and weaving
mills are located close to each other
(c) What are the problems associated with the development of textile
industries in Zimbabwe'?
• long distance routes to export markets makes transport expensive due to
high tariffs and part changes
• high production cost result in lower profitability and closure of some
companies
• political interference had led to unsound economic decision and takeover
of foreign enterprise s resulting into low investment
• high inflation and high bank interest rates make borrowing expensive
• unfavorable exchange rate makes planning difficult
• the policy of economic liberation has resulted in dumping and smuggling of
goods into the country
• the sanctions imposed by the United Nations (1965- 1980) and British and
USA in recent years
SECTION C: SETTLEMENTS AND POPULATION STUDIES.
8 (a) Define the following terms:

• Doubling time, the number of years required for the population of an area
to double its present population size given the current population growth.
• Population explosion a situation that describe the rapid population growth
when birth rate is much higher than death rate

LAURENT MUSONDA
• Urbanisation growth of the proportion of a country's population living in

urban areas.
• Young population. a population with a relatively high proportion of
children, adolescents and young adults, with a low median age and this a
high growth potential
• Brain drain, the migration of a significant proportion of a country 's highly
skilled, highly educated professional usually to other countries offering
better economic and social opportunities e.g. medical doctors leaving to
work in developed countries.
(b) Describe the main problems caused by the rapid growth of population in
urban areas in Zambia.
• lack of housing units causes congestion in homes and leading to the
creation of shanty compounds
• outbreak of diseases eg cholera, diarrhea, dysentery etc
• shortage of social services such as school and health facilities.
• poor sanitation and land pollution due to poor waste management.
• increase in the number of street kids, vendors.
• due to lack of jobs stiff competition and low education level
• unemployed leads to increase in crime e.g drug abuse etc.
• lack of water and presence of pit latrines and shallow walls leads to
consumption of unsafe water
• noise pollution from taverns, bars, markets, etc.
• increase in crime, prostitution etc.
(c) Suggest possible solutions to the problems described in (b) above.

• increase housing units by building schemes like Ben Mwiinga in Lusaka,
Silverest, Kalulushi NAPSA housing.
• giving loans and mortgages for people to build houses.
• upgrading squatter settlements by building roads drainages, etc.
• creating and offering plots in site and services areas.
• developing strong policies and regulations to control squatting

LAURENT MUSONDA
• improving waste collection thro ugh the council and private enterprises,
• encourage entrepreneurship and creation of industries through initiatives
like citizen economic empowerment commission and cooperative
Presidential empowerment funds
• upgrading and building of hospitals, schools and stadiums.
• recreation of skills centre for street kids of OYDC
• rapid population growth can be reduced by educating women.
9 With reference to Zambia:

(a) Explain what is meant by;
(i) Central Business District.
• this is centre of a town or city where a number of shops, business centres
and offices are found
• it is an area with very high rentals since it is a centre of activities
• an area with very where rentals and land values fall with distance from the
centre.
(ii) Peak hour.

• these are times in urban cities where there is traffic congestion especially
from 06:00 to 08:00 hours when people are going for work and children to
school
• between 12:00 hours and 14:00 hours when people4 are going and coming
back from launch
• 17:00 hours and 18:00 hours when people are knocking off from work
(iii) Urban blight.

• This is the aspect of having electricity in urban areas which attracts people
to migrate from rural areas in the hope of enjoying the service.

LAURENT MUSONDA
(b) Explain how the rapid growth of towns has caused problems in rural areas
of Zambia.
• There is low productivity because land is cultivated by the very old, very
young and women.
• Only few educated people are left in the rural areas
• Families break up as most young men go to look for jobs in towns leaving
behind their wives and children.
• There are high levels of poverty due to lack of income
• The economic potential remains undeveloped due to the absence of
educated and skilled human resource.
• Rural areas have become depopulated due to the migration of the young
population.
• The age sex structure of the population becomes distorted because most of
the people who leave are males
(c) What steps are being taken to reduce and control disease outbreaks in
the urban centres?
• provision of clean and safe piped water
• educating people on the dangers of poor sanitation
• the prevision of bins for garbage disposal
• development of drainages along the main roads to control the flow of
water
• employing casual workers to sweep the streets
• upgrading of squatter compounds to planned settlements
• Provision of primary health care e/g ante natal, post-natal under five clinics.
• Encouraging male parents to take children to the clinic and not queuing up.
• Provision of supplementary diet (food) for the children with HIV
malnourished and underweight children.
• Availability of medicines to prevent and treat illness.
• indoor spraying to control mosquitoes and malaria
• Encouraging people to boill water and or add chlorine, klori safe, etc to
make water safe for drinking

LAURENT MUSONDA
10 (a) What are:

• squatter settlements? a residential area which has developed without legal
claims to the land or permission from authorities concerned with building.
• shany eompounds? these are unplanned settlement usually with title or no
access to electricity, running water and sewerage system
(b) Describe the characteristic features which distinguish housing units in low
density areas from those found in shanty compounds.
• house in low density areas are made from concrete blocks while in the
shanty house are made from bricks, cardboard, tin or mud.
• most house in low density areas have protective walls while houses in high
density areas do not.
• low density housing units are supplied with electricity while high density
areas may have illegal connections.
• low density areas have pipe water while, shanty compounds use shallow
wells.
• low density areas have high quality housing units while shanty compounds
have low quality ones.
• in low density areas there are security guards, razor wires, electric fences to
offer security while in the high density are not secured.
• housing units in low density areas are well planned while housing units in
shanty compounds are not.
• the road network in low density areas is well planned while the road
network is unplanned in the shanty compound.
• housing in low density areas are large and sparse while in the shanty
compound houses are small and compact.
• well maintained surroundings in the low-density areas while the grounds
are neglected in the shanty.
• there are fewer occupants in low density housed while there are many
occupants in high density areas.

LAURENT MUSONDA
• house in low density areas are roofed with asbestoses or iron sheets while
houses in high density areas are roofed with plastics, cardboard, iron sheets
or grass.
• well planned sewer systems in the low density areas while pit latrines are
used in high density areas.
(c) Draw and label an internal structure model of a town.

LAURENT MUSONDA

Geography 2218/2
PAPER 2
Tuesday 2 NOVEMBER 2018 2 HOURS
SECTION A: ZAMBIA

LAURENT MUSONDA
(a) Name, in the spaces provided below Figure 1,

(i) the major manufacturing company at Centre A and,
Zambia Metal Fabricators (ZAMEFA)
(ii) two major manufactured products at Centre B.

Iron and Steel
(iii) Second manufactured products at Centre B.

Fertilizer„ Sugar, Yeast. Boats, Nets and Concrete
(b) Explain why centre i was chosen as a manufacturing and

processing centre,
• Capital for acquisition of premises, fixed and current assets for the industry
• Raw materials for the industry to keep running like scrap metals, Iron ore
• Availability of a market where products are sold e.g. Lusaka
• Good transport by road and railway. improved communication
• Availability of labour i.e. skilled, semi-skilled and unskilled
• Government policy to spread development to all parts of the country
• Availability of power from Kafue George H.E.P station and other station
• Adequate housing units for workers built by Indeco Real Estates
• Access to sufficient supply of fresh water for cooling and processing
purpose especially the Kafue river
(c) Account for the decline of manufacturing and processing activities at centre A.
• closure of the mines by new owners
• loss of jobs to many people through retrenchments
• dumping of foreign goods on local market
• relocation of some industries to other countries like Zimbabwe
• decline of manufacturing activities in the country due to shrinking market
• stiff competition from imported goods
• high duty on imported new materials

LAURENT MUSONDA
• high energy costs increased local production costs and made locally
produced goods uncompetitive
• fluctuating currency exchange rates which made planning difficult
• high bank rates made capital borrowing expensive
2 (a) (i) Apart from the Kafue weed, name two other invasive plants
that are found in Zambia.
• jacaranda
• Lantana, Camara, Water, Hycianth
• Nile Cross, Kariba Weed, Mimosa Pigra, Hippo grass
(ii) For the Kafue weed, explain the negative effects it has had on various
geographical aspects in Zambia.
• They inhibit navigation by making it difficult to sail using boats and canoes
• They reduce oxygen needed by aquatic animals e g. fish, hippos, crocodiles
etc
• They kill off and replace indigenous plants
• They pollute water and produce poisonous substances which kill off or
endanger animals
• They clog the penstocks and turbines so that
• Hydroelectric power is not produced
• Removal of the plants is expensive.
(b) Explain how human activities have negatively affected the indigenous
forests.
• Large areas have been cleared of trees for commercial farming e g. along
the line of rail
• Shifting cultivation which is responsible for large land clearance of trees
• leading to soil erosion
• Population growth which demands more trees and woodlands are cleared
for timber, wood fuel etc.

LAURENT MUSONDA
• Forests and woodlands near large urban have been cleared for firewood
and charcoal
• The construction industry is responsible for clearance of many trees for
building houses, roads and railways
• Commercial exploitation of timber has led to large areas being cleared of
trees e.g. Kataba, Mulobezi, Sesheke, Kalulushi etc.
• Overgrazing contributes to reforest and woodland degeneration e.g.
Mazabuka, Kabwe, Mkushi etc.
• Mining activities leave large tracks of land cleared of trees for mining
prompts
• Young trees and old trees are adversely affected by bush fires especially
those fires started in the months of September and October
• Cutting of trees and grass for building materials for houses, maize bans,
chicken runs, cattle kraals
(c) What is the relevance and importance of afforestation and reforestation?

• Constant supply of wood timber for railway sleepers, furniture etc. they act
as wind break to protect houses and plants
• Ensuring supply of wood fuel e.g. firewood, charcoal etc.
• To protect the catchment areas from drying up
• To prevent soil from soil erosion
• Reliable water supply by acting like 'sponge which holds the water and
releases it gradually throughout the year
• They act as shelter to wildlife and produce food to human and animals
• They give/add beauty to the environment
• Source of raw materials for industries e.g saw mills, pulp and paper they
increase rainfall amount to support the rain circle
• Purify air by absorbing carbon dioxide during the day and releasing oxygen
(act as lungs of mature)

LAURENT MUSONDA
3 With reference to traditional land tenure system in Zambia,

(a) (i) What are the main features of this system?
• it is owned communicably
• there is no title to own land
• you cannot sell land
• only the traditional leaders e.g chiefs, headmen can sell land
• parents can apportion parts of their land to their relatives and children
(ii) What are the weaknesses of the system in improving crop farming?
• land cannot be used as collateral to get a loan
• there is less utilization of land as owners know that they do not own it
• there is no development on the land
• normally there are land disputes over who totally owns land
(b) (i) Give examples of different farming practices that fall under this system.
Chitemene system in Northern, Luapula, Central and North Western
provinces
(ii) Explain how the farming practices mentioned in (b) (i) above contribute to
soil improvement
• Chitemene system adds manure to the soil by use of ashes
• The charcoals remain continue to add nutrients to the soil even after a
long period of years
• Crops rotation practiced adds nitrogen into the soil
• Bush furrowing in shifting cultivation replenishes the soil nutrients
• The grass buried into the soil acts as composite manure to improve to the
soil
• The Lozi system uses cow dung as manure for a soil

LAURENT MUSONDA
4 Regarding Hydro-Electric Power production in Zambia:

(a) (i) What is meant by a head of water?
• the water that falls from high to low land at a swift movement
• the waterfalls or steep slope where water flows Swiftly
(ii) Given two examples of Hydro-Electric power stations which have a

natural of water
• Victoria Falls
• Mambilima Falls
• Lusiwasi Falls
• Musonda Falls
• Lunzua Falls
• Chishimba Falls
(b) What is the importance of the rural electrification programme?

• to promote forest conservation as electricity will be the main source of
power instead of wood fuels
• to boast efforts against global warming vas there will be fewer smoke
emissions (carbon dioxide)
• rainfall amounts will be assured as forests contribute to rainfall and
improve communication system i.e. mobile towers
• electricity is clean source of power other than charcoal
• electricity is cheaper and can be used for many other house hold facilities
like TV and fridges
• hospitals and schools in rural areas will greatly be beneficial
• some industries like those which are agro based will be attracted to rural
areas and this led to creation of employment
• rural urban migration will greatly be reduced

LAURENT MUSONDA
(c) Explain the advantages and disadvantages of

(i) hydro electric power stations,
Advantages
• It is clean as it is not polluting the environment
• Construction of the station leads to creation of lakes/dams used for
• fishing, irrigation, tourism, transport etc.
• It is relatively easy to use once installed
• It can transmit power to distant places
Disadvantages
• It produces power in fluctuating manner with fluctuating water levels
(during droughts)
• It is affected by silting of dams due to soil erosion and holding capacity
• It is very expensive to construct and stall
• Once hydro-electric power Is generated, it cannot be stored
(ii) diesel powered generators
Advantages
• It is not affected by drought
• It is not costly to install or buy
• It can be located anywhere you want/near the consuming area
Disadvantages
• It pollutes the environment
• Itis very costly to maintain
• It relays on no-renewable source of power

LAURENT MUSONDA

5 Study Figure 2 (Insert) of Zimbabwe.
(a) Name, in the spaces provided below Figure 2, the mineral found at X, the
iron ore mining town I and the iron and steel centre Z
Mineral at X - Coal
Iron ore mining town Y - Buchwa
Iron and Steel town Z - Redcliff
(b) State the chief raw materials required in the iron and steel industry at Z
and briefly explain the role of each one of them.
Iron ore source of Iron (cast Iron, wrought Iron and Steel)
Coke- Source of heat
Limestone-acts as a flux
LAURENT MUSONDA
(c) How has the iron and steel industry at Z. benefited the local community?
• It Creates employment for people eg. miners, accountants, drivers etc.
• Source of income hence improves the living standards of the people
employed
• Saves the country foreign exchange through a reduction in manufactured
goods that are imported
• It has led to development of manufactured e.g. roads, rails etc.
• It has led to effective exploitation and utilization of natural resources
• it earns the country the much-needed foreign exchange when products are
exported
• it has resulted in the creation of trade unions and establishment of
cooperation societies for people employed
6 (a) Draw a sketch map of South Africa and on it mark and name two coal
mining centres.
(b) How is the coal processed in readiness for usage in South Africa?
• Crushing of the coal, into small, medium and large pieces
• Washing and removal of the dirty
• Sorting out of the coal (grading)
• Packing the sorted coal, to various centres

LAURENT MUSONDA
(c) Describe how coal is used in South Africa.

• To provide power in the processing of metallic ores
• To provide raw materials as tar and benzoyl
• It is used in the cement making industry
• Used in the foundry industry i.e. making bricks etc
• Coal is used as fuel in the steam engines e.g ships and trains
• Coal is used as fuel in the processing industries e.g. breweries/sugar
refining
• Coal is a source of energy in the thermal power stations
• It is the major source of fuel in the iron smelting plants
• It is the raw material in the chemical industry eg gas, tar, Benzole and
Sulphate of Ammonia
7 (a) Mention two important inland ports and four important coastal
ports found in the Sub region.
Inland ports
• Mpulungu
• Mwanza
• Salina
• Karonga
• Nkota Kota
Coastal port
• Durban
• Maputo
• Port Elizabeth
• Cape Town
• Luanda
• Walvis Bay E.T.C
• Port Nolloth

LAURENT MUSONDA
(b) (i) Mention two exports and two imports products and services that are
handled by the ports Listed in (a) above
Exports
• Copper
• Tea
Imports
• Motor Vehicles
• Building Materials
(ii) State the destinations for the imports and exports mentioned in (b) (i) above.
Export Destination
Tea North America
copper China, Europe
Export Destination
Motor Vehicles Kenya, Zambia
Spare Parts Malawi, Zimbabwe
Building Materials Namibia, Angola, Congo Dr
Electrical Appliances
(b) Explain the problems faced by landlocked countries in the sub egion in
utilizing the coastal ports.
• The long distance to the coastal ports e.g Lusaka to Dar-es- Salaam is
1,941Km
• There is no grantee of safety for goods at the ports
• High tariffs charged for docking. packing and storage ot goods
• It takes long time to clear goods at the ports
• There is loss of revenue through taxes when pass through neighboring
countries
• There is loss of goods when accidents occur through damages or thefts
• Political instability in some countries like Angola, Mozambique etc. has
hindered for utilization of the facilities

LAURENT MUSONDA
• Different political ideologies among African leaders has resulted in

differences in priorities, hence lack of cooperation
• Loss oft revenue through smuggling
SECTION C: SETTLEMENTS AND POPULATION STUDIES
8 (a) Explain the functions of Kapiri Mposhi town.

• It is an administrative town i.e Hosts district commissioner
• It serves as an agricultural town 1.e. maize, groundnuts etc.
• It serves as a rail terminal for tazara rail line
• Itis a market centre for the agro-Kapiri glass and grain milling
• It is a market centre for the agro-based raw materials
• lt is a centre of commerce and trade i.e. banks
• It is a education centre, has many secondary and primary schools
• It is a regions centre churches
(b) (i) Explain why there is a large population along the Luapula Valley.
• well several with road and water supply, transport
• the area has fertile soil for growing crops like maize
• the area has a lot of water points for both animals and people
• it was trade route and people settled to fish there
• the presence of rivers and lakes attacks people who engage into fish
• the area receives abundant rainfall and moderate temperature i.e over
1500mm and over 24oC respectively
(ii) What advantages does the dense population offer to the development of
the Luapula Valley?
• A large population constitutes a large manpower reserve leading to development
• It necessitates innovations in an attempt to cater for the large population
• It leads to agricultural development due to high demand from large
population
• It facilitates urbanization band the associated modernization

LAURENT MUSONDA
9 (a) Define the following:

(i) infant mortality rate:
this is the number of deaths of children under one year of age
of very 1, 000 children born alive
(ii) under population.

this a situation where the population is too small for the full
utilization of the natural resources or where a high population
could be supported without any fall in living standards
(b) The population of Zambia grows at a fast rate. Account for this fast growth.
• Unwanted pregnancies
• Early marriages
• Desire for large family sizes
• Better nutrition and increase in food supply
• Expanded access to health services
• Traditional, beliefs i.e. children seen as a sign of wealth
• Religious beliefs like those that do not advocate4 for used for artificial
family planning and control methods
• Sex preferences in children where some societies view male children as
superior to female children
• Polygamous practices
(c) Zambia has a very high birth rate but very few elderly people. Explain why
this is so
• Early and universal marriages i.e. marriage is a social compulsion
• Preference for male children as couples without a son is looked down upon
in society
• Joint/extended family system ensures that a children born causes no
immediate hardships to parents
• High infant mortality encourages parents to have more children
• Inadequate supply of family welfare services e.g contraceptive

LAURENT MUSONDA
• Inadequate recreational facilities i.e. sex is the only entertainment with

most of the people
• Lack of access to age appropriate health services e.g. HIV/AIDS
• Low life expectancy entails very few old people
• high poverty levels
• Low life expectancy
• Bad nutritional habits
10 Study the diagram below.
(a) (i) Name the type of settlement pattern shown in the diagram.
Clustered or Nucleated settlement
(ii) What led to the growth of the settlement in a (i) above?

• Presence of water by the borehole
• Presence of church attracted people of same faith
• Presence of road junction for marking purposes

LAURENT MUSONDA
(b) What factors discourage the growth and development of settlements?

• Mountainous steeps slopes discourage settlement
• Unfavorable dry climates with high temperatures
• Swampy area prone to diseases also discourage settlements
• Inaccessible areas with no roads for easy transport by either road or railway
• Areas with no mineral resources or undeveloped mineral resources do not
attract settlements
• Areas with infertile soils discourages farming and do not attract settlements
• Areas infested with tse-tse flies discourage pastoral farming
(c) Give reasons why the Bulozi Flood Plain has a high concentration of people
• Fertile Zambezi flood plain encourages farming
• The area receives adequate rainfall (above 700mm)
• The absence of tse-tse files encourages pastoral farming
• It is an important fishing area and has attracted a lot of fish mongers
• There are easy means of transport both by road and water (canals)
• Favorable climate i.e. temperatures of 24°C are ideal

LAURENT MUSONDA

Geography 2218/2
PAPER 2
Tuesday 25 NOVEMBER 2019 2 HOURS

LAURENT MUSONDA
(b) Name
(i) the type of wood obtained from Zambia's exotic plantations
and,
Soft wood
(ii) the type of wood obtained from Zambia's indigenous forests.
Hardwood
(c) what advantages do the exotic trees have over the indigenous tree?
− they are grown in pure stands and this makes it easy and cheap to cut them.
− they grow tall and straight and that’s enhances their values,
− they grow very fast. They take 25-30 years to mature while some
indigenous trees take at least 200 years to mature
− Since they are soft, they are easy to work on without damaging a blades at
saw mills.
− they can be treated to make them strong and durable
− they can be grown easily from seeds in a nursery.
− there is a high demand for them for they have a wide range of usage which
includes furniture making, making trusses for roofing making poles for
electricity and other uses.
− Since they grow close to each other, they do not allow much grass to grow
and this makes it easy to prevent destructive fires in plantations
− they are lighter than indigenous trees hence able to float on water
− So they can be cheaply transported where rivers can be used as means of
transport.
− Tree plantations can be conveniently located near areas of high demand to
reduce transport costs.
(d) How do the local people make use of the indigenous forests near them?
− they are sources of fuel particularly fire wood and charcoal.
− they provide food such as fruits, mushrooms, vegetables, caterpillars, roots,
wild game meat etc.

LAURENT MUSONDA
− traditional medicines are obtained form leaves, barks and roots of they
provide poles, fibres, small trees etc which are used to construct village
huts.
− they provide grass that is used to thatch huts.
− they provide grazing grounds for their domestic animals.
− in some areas, trees are cut and when dry they are burnt to produce ash
which is an important source of potash natural fertilizers (Chitemene
system)
2 (a) Explain the advantage of road and rail transport as means of

transporting passengers and goods.
Advantages of road transport
− motor vehicles are able to take passengers and goods to their particular
destinations (door-to-door) delivery of passengers and goods
− road transport is flexible: cars, trucks and buses are able to move over an
area that is flat and has no obstacles even it is not part of a road.
− roads of different qualities are able to reach even the remotest part of the
country. They cover a much wider area of the country.
− motor vehicles are usually owned by individuals who are free to use their
vehicles at the time of their choice and move at the speed they
− road transport is faster than railway transport.
Disadvantages of road transport

− It causes a lot of air pollution through its emission of exhaust fumes.
− It has caused a lot of accidents which have caused many people to become
lame and have cause death
− Each vehicle carries passengers and goods than each train does

LAURENT MUSONDA
(b) What are the disadvantages of using roads and rail to transport
passengers and goods?
Advantages of railway transport
− each train carries a lot of passengers of goods at One time
− each train use less diesel to carry a given number of passengers or
− less air pollution.
− It is safer to use trains as there are fewer accidents than motor
Disadvantages of railway transport

− Zambian trains are much slower and they never follow their time table
some trains run a day or more behind their time table.
− trains provide poor service to their passengers and cargo traders.
− Most trains are dirty, they have poor and out-date facilities and
− they only take passengers and goods up to railway stations which are
usually à long distance to where passengers and goods are finally gone
− Only a very small part of the country is served by railway transport.
3 (a) Which provinces in Zambia are well served with hydro electricity
and why?
− Southern Province
− Lusaka Province
− Central Province
− Copperbelt
Why
− Copper on Copperbelt created the demand for cheap and abundant hydro-
electricity.
− the opening of the lead and zinc mine in Kabwe required the use of plenty
of low-cost power
− the establishment of manufacturing industries along the line-of-rail
required the supply of power to run machines, cool water, heat water and
for lighting up factories.

LAURENT MUSONDA
− the creation of towns and cities along the line-of-rail created demand for
power for domestic use.
− the development of commercial farms along the line-of-rail needed
− the use of power for irrigation, lighting, cooling and run farm machinery.
(b) Name any four forms of energy the other provinces use. What limitations
do these other forms of energy have?
Forms of Energy
− firewood and charcoal
− bio gas
− wind
− solar
− geothermal
Limitations
Firewood and Charcoal
− lead to deforestations and desertification
− through their smoke, they contribute to air pollution
Bio gas
− the technology involved is beyond the ability and understanding of the
ordinary Zambian.
− many people cannot accept the use of toilets as the source of the scale of
production is very low
Wind
− Wind blows only occasionally so power generation would be for short
periods
− in most areas of the country, wind force is too low to be effective
Solar
− energy cannot be produced when there are clouds during the day
− anergy cannot be produced at night due to the absence of the sun.

LAURENT MUSONDA
Geothermal
− very few areas of Zambia have a thin, cracked crust of the earth to a low
rain water to sink down and be heated.
− Zambia experience summer rainfall so in winter there would be no water to
percolate through the cracks and be heated.
− technological understanding and technology are limited to generate
the required energy.
4 (a) (i) Name two crops grown by subsistence farmers in west Province.
− cassava, maize, groundnuts, pumpkins, cow peas, sweet, potatoes, beans,
melons, okra, rice and vegetables.
(ii) Explain how the physical environment influences the farming types
practiced in the various parts of Western Province.
Litapa: it is practiced in shallow depressions of the plains. The crops are planted in
June and harvested in November.
Matema: It is practiced on the plateau where the soils are Sandy and infertile.
the branches of the trees are chopped and dried. when dry, they are burnt and
ash is used to improve the soil fertility.
Mazulu: It is practiced on the fertile termite mounds that rise
above the flood water of the flood plains. Planting or crops is in November and
harvested in February and March
Lishanjo: This is practiced at the edge of the plain. The crops are planted twice a
year in June and November and harvested in November and May/June
respectively.
(b) How have the traditional agricultural systems in Zambia led to soil
impoverishment?
− the clearing land for farming using bush fires leaves the soil bare
and exposing it to the effects of wind and water erosion.
− traditional cultivation like shifting cultivation (cutting9, slashing and
burning) cause the soil fertility to diminish after sometime.

LAURENT MUSONDA
− overgrazing by livestock, reduce the soil cover, hence the soil is, exposed to
wind and water erosion.
− non-sustainable cultivation methods such as making ridges which run
parallel to the slop. This encourages the flow of water which erode the soil.
− Deforestation due to clearing of land for cultivation encourages soil
erosion.
(c) How is the soil conserved for sustainable agriculture in Zambia?

− Crop rotation improves the soil fertility, reduction of pests and
diseases. Rotation can be done by planting a cereal crop after a
legume to get maximum benefit through utilization of residual
nitrogen from a previous season.
− cover crop: these are usually leguminous crops that replenish the
soil by adding leaf litter, build soil organic, protect soil from
pounding rain drops and plant nutrients.
− Use of green manure: the cut-up plants ferment and decompose In
the soil attracting many bacteria and other organism that improve
the soil nutrients.
− plough across the slope to block running water that can erode the soil.
plant the trees and fruits alongside the crops to act as wind breakers
and hold the soil together.
− the use of organic manure such as cow and goat dung, chicken
droppings would improve the fertility of soil.

LAURENT MUSONDA

5 Study figure 2 (insert) of Zimbabwe.
(a) In the spaces provided below figure 2, name coal producing Areas A and
B, and the iron and steel producing centre C.
A Hwange coal Field
B West Sabi Coal Field
C Redcliff
(b) What are the main iron and steel products produced at centre C?
− Steel pipes
− round bars
− deformed bars
− angle iron

LAURENT MUSONDA
− channel iron
− T-bars
− Steel wires
− steel nails
− Iron sheets
− sheets
− iron rods
(c) What are the negative effects of coal mining and usage on the miners, the
local people and the environment?
− coal gas burns with explosion and burns miners to death. Some mines flood
or collapse.
− coal gas causes lung diseases to miners
− abandoned open pits get filled with water and become a danger to
people and animals.
− mining pits, when filled with stagnant water, become breeding areas
for mosquitoes (which cause malaria) and snails which cause bilharzia etc.
− the use of explosives during mining causes nearby houses to crack.
− the use of coal causes air pollution, land pollution and water pollution
− the presence of mines leads to the lowering of water underground as
− much water evaporates from open pit mines and ground water found
in mines is pumped out and open pit mining scars the land destroys its
beauty.
− useful plant and animal life is lost when land is cleared of its vegetation.
− local people, as they are relocated, lose their original homes, their
traditional burial sides and their fields.
− some of the local girls/women become prostitutes while some boys/men
become drug addicts and sellers, and thieves.

LAURENT MUSONDA
6 Regarding petroleum refining in Angola.

(a) why was the pipeline chosen as the means of transport to other
countries in the sub-region?
− It is the cheapest means of transporting petroleum on land as t only
requires the use of a few pumping stations and the force of gravity.
− It is a safer means of moving oil as the pipes carrying it are buried
deep in the ground.
− Pipelines can ensure a constant supply of petroleum to the refining
and consuming centres.
− it is easy to carry out repairs to the pipeline should there be need to
do so,
− through expensive to construct, the running cost is low as it does not
require much fuel to enable petroleum to flow.
(b) Explain how petroleum is refined and state the major products obtained
from the refinery.
Refining
− petroleum is refined by fractional distillation which takes place in a
fractional distillation tower.
− crude petroleum is subjected to very high temperatures of at least
300°C.
− the various groups or fractions of hydro-carbons boil at different
temperatures and evaporate.
− the various fractions that have been evaporated rise up in the tower
and condense at their various temperatures.
− the lighter fractions condense at the top of the tower while the
heavier fractions condense at the bottom of the tower.
Major products
− Chemicals - bottled gas - Petrol
− jet fuel - paraffin/kerosene - diesel
− lubricating oil - candles - polishes
− ointments - bitumen/asphalt/tar

LAURENT MUSONDA
(c) What are the main uses of the refined petroleum products?
− to drive motor vehicles by using petrol and diesel move aircrafts by the use
of jet fuel
− to move trains and ships by using diesel
− lubricants and grease are used to lubricate machine parts/engines to
reduce friction to the minimum.
− used in heaters, boilers and furnaces of factories
− to generate thermal electricity used in homes and industries
− paraffin/kerosene is used as a domestic fuel for cooking, lighting and
heating
− bitumen/asphalt is used for roofing, road-surfacing and water proofing
purposes.
− wax is used to manufacture candles, seals and polishes.
− to produce by-products such as plastics, synthetic rubber, detergents,
insecticides, pharmaceuticals, drugs, varnishes, solvents,
7 Explain how water, road and rail transport in the sub-region have been
influenced by;
(a) physical features,
− the presence of waterfalls and rapids has resulted in a situation
− where only sections of rivers are used for navigation (where there
are no rapids and falls)?
− high and rugged mountains in the eastern part of the country have
resulted in the development of only a few roads of poor quality.
− flat and rolling areas of the country have provided an opportunity for
road construction.
− the narrow coastal plain in the west is made up of depressions which
are water-filled and so account for the absence of roads and railways there.
− railways are confined to the southern part of the country where
there is flat land and land of gentle slopes.
− hilly, mountainous and valley areas require the construction cuttings
and embankments.in order to reduce the gradients of roads and railways.

LAURENT MUSONDA
(b) climate
− the Equatorial climate in the centre of the country (where there is heavy
rainfall throughout the year) makes the construction and
− maintenance of roads and railways very expensive.
− the roads and railways in the savannah lands are cheaper to construct and
maintain.
− motor vehicles often get stuck on muddy roads and earth roads and
this results in the delayed delivery of goods and passengers.
− rivers at or near the Equator have regular flow of water while those
in the savannah lands have low water levels or dry up completely
− during the dry season. But in summer their banks overflow and they
become navigable.
− heavy summer rains sometimes wash away some bridges and make road
transport impossible.
(c) natural vegetation.

− the thick equatorial forests are difficult and expensive to clear thus
they cause a reduction of the number of roads that could be constructed.
− roads and railways are easier and cheaper to build in the savannah areas
where there are very few trees to clear.
8 (a) The youth population grows very fast in Zambia. What problems
have the youths faced as a result?
− they cannot find employment because the economy grows at a
Slower rate than the rate at which the youth population grows.
− some of them cannot find school places since the government
cannot build enough schools to meet the demand.
− Many cannot be adequately supported by their parents due to high
poverty levels. As a result they have run away from their homes to
become street kids,

LAURENT MUSONDA
− some commit crimes because they have nothing to do (eg use of

drugs, sale of drugs, stealing, pick-pocketing etc) and run into
trouble with the Zambian Law.
− they spend most of their time drinking various alcoholic drinks which
have made them alcoholics and social outcasts.
− the large numbers of youths have contributed to shortages of drugs
in clinics and hospitals. As a result, many youths suffer from
different diseases and they die in large numbers.
− many of them are undernourished and have stunted growth. The brain is
also underdeveloped.
− Many do not have adequate housing and live in shanty and squatter
− they have not access to adequate, clean and safe water to drink and
other Uses.
(b) The elderly population in Zambia is very small. Give reasons for
the small number of elderly people in the country.
− the country has low life expectancy. In 2000, the life expectancy for
males were 36.0 years while females were expected to live up to 38.0
years.
− many of them are underfed due to shortage of food. As a result, many dies
before their time.
− the living conditions of the masses of Zambia are poor and the elderly are
affected the most.
− when they were young, they were part of a small population which has
continued to be reduced through natural causes.
− they have low levels of education or are not educated at all.
− the do heavy and risky traditional jobs.

LAURENT MUSONDA
9 (a) Give reasons why the towns of Zambia have low density, medium
density and high-density residential areas.
− during the colonial period, there was racial segregation: low density
areas were for Europeans; medium density areas were for the coloured and
Indians while high density areas were meant or Africans.
− Low density areas today are for the educated, rich Zambians who need
luxury and comfort.
− medium density residential areas are net for middle class, educated
Zambians.
− Low density areas are constructed in areas which are not affected by
Senta (Sulphur dioxide, industrial fumes, noise from taverns/bars etc.
− medium density areas are constructed at a good distance from the
− City and town centres to meet the needs of the middle-class workers.
− high density residential areas are built in the disadvantaged parts of
the cities and towns.
− the three are meant to provide what the people can financially afford to
pay for.
(b) How do the three types of residential areas differ?

− size of houses: low density residential areas have the largest
housing units followed by medium density and the smallest houses
are found in the high-density areas
− size of court yards: low density has the largest, medium have the
second largest and high density has the smallest
− roads: the best roads are in low density, followed by the medium
density and the poorest roads are found in high density areas.
− water supply: low density areas have clean, safe water 24 hours
per day every day of the week, medium density has periods when water Is
supplied each day while high density may have communal taps which
supply water occasionally.
− electricity supply: low density areas have power almost all the time, medium
density most of the time while high density may not even have power.

LAURENT MUSONDA
− Security: Low density are the most secure (electric fence, razor
wires security guards) followed by medium density while most
housing units in the high density areas do not have any form of security.
− Cleanliness: low density area the cleanest followed by the medium density
and lastly the high density.
− Family size: low density has very few family members, followed
− by medium density while the high-density areas have the largest family sizes.
10 (a) What major things characterize a mining town?
− the presence of mine dumps which are made up of rock waste
− the presence of slag heaps which are formed in smelters when lime
combines with rock waste.
− the presence of a head gear and control room to enable the cage to
move up and down the shaft.
− open pits
− the presence of smelters and sulphur dioxide ("Senta") coming from them.
− the presence of miners with helmets, headlamps and mine overalls
− sound of exploding dynamite/explosives at given times of the day.
− sound of siren when miners change shifts.
− cracks in walls of houses caused by explosives.
− The presence of shafts, cages and underground mine tunnels
(b) How are mining towns similar to other towns?

− they have a Central Business District (CBD) with super markets, banks,
offices, post offices etc.
− the have different types of residential areas i.e. high cost, medium cost and
low cost houses.
− they have manufacturing and processing industries.
− they are bordered by a farming/agricultural area
− they are well planned with modern roads, schools, clinics, hospitals, etc.
− they are served with electricity in homes and industries.
− they are supplied with tap water from rivers or lakes or swamps or
underground.

LAURENT MUSONDA

Examination for General Certificate of Education Ordinary Level
Geography 2218/2
PAPER 2
SECTION A: ZAMBIA

LAURENT MUSONDA
(a) (i) the Copper Mine at A;

Kansanshi Copper Mine
(ii) the mineral produced at B;

Nickel or Iron Ore
(iii) the Coal Mine at C;

Maamba Collieries
(b) (i) Importance of copper to Zambia

− it offers employment to miners, shift bosses, engineers, drivers, etc.
− It is a source of foreign exchange when exported to other countries
− It has led to the development of infrastructure such as roads and railways.
− It has led to the development of social services, schools and hospitals,
recreation centres, houses, sports field, etc
− It has led to the development of related industries such as the manufacture
of explosives, helmets, safety boots, head lamps, etc
− it is a source of revenue/income for the government
− It has led to the development of towns like Mufulira, Kitwe, Luanshya,
Chambishi, Kalulushi, Chingola, Chililabombwe, etc.
− It has raw material in the manufacture of copper alloys, electrical cables,
copper coins, ornaments and is used for roofing
(ii) Importance of coal to Zambia.

− Provides jobs to miners, geologists, engineers, drivers, etc
− Used to generate about 600 megawatts of thermal electricity at Maamba
coal
− Use for smelting copper, iron ore nickel
− Provides heat required the making df opaque beer such as chibuku,
chipolopolo, chat beer, etc, and heat for cooking in some schools

LAURENT MUSONDA
(c) Briefly explain how copper is processed in readiness for use or

for export
− Explosives are used to break copper ore from the parent rock and this is
referred to as blasting.
− The large pieces of copper ore are broken into smaller pieces during
crushing.
− Chemicals are added to the fine copper ore (in form of a liquid) and air is
blown through the mixture of liquid chemicals and copper ore to produce
bubbles to which copper particles stick through the process of floatation.
− The collected copper concentrate is then taken for smelting.
− The copper is finally refined by an electrolytic method.
−
2 (a) In recent years, there has been need to increase hydro-electricity

Productions in cambia. Explain how this need has come about.
− New mines have been opened and some old mines have been re-opened
thus creating higher demand for electricity.
− The government has embarked on the program of taking electricity to the
rural areas of Zambia through the rural electrification program.
− Many manufacturing and processing industries have been established and
these require electricity to drive their machines, light up factories and
offices and provide security.
− Many houses have been built in different parts of the country and these
have been connected to electricity supply.
− Drought affected many HEP stations and caused a reduction in HEP
generation thus forcing ZESCO and the private sector to start developing
HEP stations especially in areas which are not very much affected by
drought.
− There has been need to supply power to other countries in the sub-region
where there are shortfalls in supply and also to earn foreign exchange.

LAURENT MUSONDA
(b) With the help of a diagram, explain how hydro-electricity is generated

and distributed to different consuming centres.
Explanation
− Water, which is held back by the dam to create a head of water, is led to
the power house by penstocks.
− The force of water in the penstocks turns hydro-turbines.
− As the turbines turn, they drive the generator which produces electricity.
− The step-up transformer increases the power voltage for easy
transportation.
− Pylons transport power to various consuming centres.
− Near the industrial area large transformers reduce the voltage to that
required by industries,
− Near domestic homes smaller transformers reduce the voltage further to
that required for domestic usage.
3 Regarding railway transport in Zambia;

(a) Explain the problems associated with it
− the trains move very slowly and are often times behind schedule
− the trains are congested with passengers most of whom have nowhere to sit
− Being single track, one train has to stop on the railway siding in order to
allow another train to pass.
− Train signals are inefficient and break down often times
− Train accidents are common and are due to the old track (ZR) and the
narrow gauge of the nails.

LAURENT MUSONDA
− theft of goods in transit are common: thieves rub grease on rails thus
causing train to fall to move/or causing them to move very slowly while
thieve remove cargo from the goods trains.
− There is hardly any communication between the train staff and the passengers
when there are delays, when trains move backward instead of moving
forward, when trains stop moving for hours.
(b) Suggest possible solutions to problems explained in (a) above.

− New, modern, fast locomotives should be introduced to replace the old,
slow ones
− Train drivers should strictly follow the scheduled time table for train
movements
− At least one more track should be laid down near the old one to allow free
train movement. The old tracks should be replaced with new ones.
− Modern means of communicating with the train drivers should be
introduced
− Wider gauges should replace the old, narrow gauges throughout the sub-
region,
− sharp bends on the rail tracks should be avoided and steep gradients
should be lowered to reduce train accidents
− To reduce or stop thefts of goods which are in transit, police officers should
guard the trains and arrest thieves.
− Train staff should be retrained and sensitized on the importance of
informing the passengers on any issue that is of concern to them. Modern
means of communications should be introduced on a passenger rain.
4 (a) (i) List six important products which are manufactured in Lusaka.
− animal feeds
− pipes (plastic, steel)
− steel nails, wires
− Cleaning materials
− confectionery and sweets

LAURENT MUSONDA
− leather shoes
− plastic plates, cups, spoons, etc
− steel/aluminium pots, cups
− door frames, window frames
− toilet tissues
− iron sheets
− angle iron
− bars
− channel iron
− manhole covers
− round bars
− cooking oil
− deformed bars
(ii) List two important products which are processed in Lusaka.

− milk products
− mealie meal
− opaque beer
− soft drinks
− timber
− flour
− Sausage
− food processing
− meat products
(b) why is Lusaka City an important centre for manufacturin9 and processing
activities?
− It has the largest population in the country so it has the largest market for
the manufactured and processed products
− There is plenty of skilled, semi-skilled and unskilled labour due to the large
population and many races training institutions.

LAURENT MUSONDA
− It gets hydro-electric power from HEP stations like Kariba, Victoria Falls,
Kafue lower and many others.
− It is surrounded by commercial farms and mines which provide raw
materials for the industries.
− there is large scale investment in the industries due to the availability of
capital.
− The city has good road, railway and air transport for the movement of raw
materials and manufactured goods.
− Government policy of liberalization and privatisation has attracted many
investors.
− It is near the Kafue River which supplies fresh water to the industries for
washing raw materials and cooling machines.
(c) Write an account of the decline of manufacturing and processing

industries in Zambia.
− High cost of power which raised production costs.
− Stiff competition from developed countries and countries where
manufacturing and processing industries are subsides
− Dependency on foreign capital to invest in the industry
− High poverty levels in Zambia which means that many people cannot afford
to buy manufactured and processed goods
− The textile industry has declined due to large scale importation of second
hand clothes (salaula) which are far much cheaper than new clothes.
− Reliance on foreign expertise which can be withdrawn any time.
− High levels of corruption which leads to misuse and misapplication of
investment capital and employment of under qualified workers resulting in
low productivity.
− Poor road and railway transport which delays the movement of raw
materials and manufactured and processed good
− Dependency on imported raw materials which may be difficult to import
due to shortage of foreign exchange.

LAURENT MUSONDA

5 Study Figure 2 (Insert) of part of Malawi.
(a) (i) the Tea Processing Centre marked A; Thylo

(ii) the Chief Market for Tea marked B, Blantyre/Limbe
(b) Explain the stages involved in the processing of tea for use locally or for
export.
− Tea leaves are weighed on troughs through which hot air is blown.
− Tea leaves are withered to remove moisture by hot air.
− Tea leaves are cut and crushed into small pieces.
− Tea leaves are fermented by passing warm air of high humidity over the
crushed leaves.
− Fermented leaves are passed through a drier to remove moisture.
LAURENT MUSONDA
− Sorting: tea leaves are passed through strainers to get tea of different sizes
in order to get tea of different grades.
− Processed tea is packed in plywood chests which are lined with tissue paper
and aluminium foil.
(c) (i) List four major buyers ot Malawian tea overseas.

− Italy
− Canada
− Germany
− France
− Japan
− USA
(ii) Why is it that only limited quantities of Malawian tea are sold to
Countries within the sub-region?
− Most countries within the sub region produce tea so there is no need to
− acquire tea from other countries.
− Drinking tea is not a culture for most people in the sub-region.
− Many people are too poor to afford buying tea leaves and sugar.
− Malawi prefers to export tea so as to earn foreign exchange.
6 (a) What are the benefits of refining petroleum within Angola?

− it has led to the creation of employment e.g. engineers, maintenance
workers, refiners, drivers, laboratory technicians, etc.
− The country earns more money through the sale of products due to value
addition.
− The country earns foreign exchange through the export of oil products.
− The government has managed to collect revenue through tax from oil
marketing companies.
− Money earned has led to the development of infrastructure e.g. roads,
railway, etc

LAURENT MUSONDA
− Earnings from this industry has also led to the provision of social amenities
e.g. schools, hospitals, etc.
− The oil refinery industry has also led to the establishment of other
industries e.g. tankers for transportation.
− By-products are used to make grease, plastics, fertilizer, etc.
− It has led to the promotion of trade within the sub-region and overseas.
− It has promoted import substitution through the production of her own
products.
(b) How are the different petroleum products used within the country?
− Jet fuel is used to fly aircrafts.
− Diesel oil s used to move diesel oil engine motor vehicles.
− Petrol drives petrol engine motor vehicles.
− Lubricants reduce friction in moving parts of machines and motor vehicles.
− Some stoves in cold countries use gas for providing warmth in houses.
− Grease is used to reduce friction in parts like bicycle chains, etc.
− Insecticides and pesticides are used in homes and crop fields respectively.
− Vaseline is applied to human skin to make it soft and attractive.
− Paraffin (kerosene) is used for lighting and heating.
− Asphalt (bitumen) is used in road construction to make tarmac surfaces.
− Organic chemical products are used to manufacture drugs, varnishes,
polishes, bottled gases and other products.
− Petrol and diesel are used to generate thermal electricity.
− Plastics are used in the making of carrier bags, plastic shoes and slippers.
7 (a) What factors have favored Hwange to become a very important

coal mining area in Zimbabwe?
− Hwange has good quality bituminous coal which is in high demand within
the country and in the sub-region.
− the coal Seams lie near the surface of the land in horizontal layers so they
can be easily mined by open cast mining.
− There is high demand for coal especially in the iron and steel industries

LAURENT MUSONDA
− Coal is cheaply and easily transported by rail to Redcliff and other centres
where it is needed.
− the coal deposits at Hwange are low so coal mining is a profitable economic
activity.
− there Is plenty of skilled, semi-skilled and unskilled labour in the area.
− Plenty of power is available for mining operations, lighting and security.
− Government policy favors coalmining and other related activities.
(b) of what importance is coal to Zimbabwe and countries in the sub-region?

− Coal mining offers employment to miners, engineers, drivers, geologists, etc.
− Coal is exported to other countries to earn foreign exchange.
− Coal is used in the smelting of iron ore at Reddliff.
− Coal is used to generate thermal electricity e.g. Hwange.
− Coal, particularly bituminous coal, is a raw material for the production of
various gases such as benzole.
− Coal is used for heating in various industries such as brewing.
− Has contributed to the construction of roads and railways.
− Coal mining led to the provision of schools, clinics, hospitals, houses for
coal miners, etc.
− Coal mining caused related industries such as the manufacture of
explosives, safety shoes, etc.
8 (a) Draw a well labelled diagram of an internal structure of a sector
modern of a town.

LAURENT MUSONDA
(b) Explain the importance of each sector that you have shown in (a) above.
− The Central Business District (CBD) includes important institutions such as
the post office, supermarkets, banks, insurance houses, etc and has the
most valuable land in town
− The Light Industrial Area includes industries such as milling, brewing, milk
processing, meat processing, publishing, candle making, etc.
− The High-Density Residential Area accommodates people with low incomes,
the houses are small, and roads are in poor condition and include shanty
compounds.
− The Medium Density Area has bigger houses on bigger plots and are fairly
spacious.
− The Low-Density Residential Area has the largest and best constructed
houses with garages, domestic quarters, large gardens with perhaps a
swimming pool or tennis court. the owners are rich ad have at least one
car. The area is well served with feeder roads.
− The Heavy Industrial Area may have steel construction plants, nitrogen
chemicals, textile mills, motor car assembly, fertilizers and blasting
compounds, etc.
9 (a) What are the main features which distinguish the rural population of
Zambia from the urban population?
− The rural population has lower density than the urban density.
− The rural population is mainly made up of very young people, very old
people and women while the urban population consists of middle-aged
population and more young men than women.
− The rural population is mainly made up of uneducated people as the
educated one’s nave migrated to towns and cities where they have gone to
look for employment.
− population consists of mainly poor people who have failed to develop the
natural resources of the villages and lack of income

LAURENT MUSONDA
− the rural population is characterized by broken families as mostly their

women have gone to towns and cities to look for employment and have left
their wives, husbands and children in the villages.
− Rural the areas urban have areas, become depopulated due to the
migration of the young population to urban areas
− In the rural areas the age sex structure of the population has become
distorted because most of the people who have left are males
− In rural areas there are no street kids. The street kids of the urban areas are
drug addicts, alcoholics and they commit different crimes.
(b) (i) Discuss the problems which are brought about by a high
dependency ratio.
− It causes Congestion in the homes so that there are six or more people in
each bedroom.
− it leads to food shortages in the homes and poor quality of life of the
workers and their dependents.
− it leads to disease outbreaks such as TB.
− contributes to shortages of social services such as schools and clinics and
− shortages of medicines in clinics and hospitals.
− It contributes to poor sanitation and land pollution because of high levels of
waste generation.
− It leads to high levels of unemployment due to lack of jobs in urban areas,
− stiff competition and low education levels
− It leads to shortages of water, the use of shallow wells and consumption of
water which is not safe and clean.
(i) Give reasons why the male population in Zambia differs from the
female population.
− At birth, more males (102) are born than females (100).
− Males are less resistant to diseases than females, so males die in larger
numbers than females.

LAURENT MUSONDA
− Males do more risky jobs e.g. truck driving, underground mining, working
for the armed forces, etc, and this physically weakens them.
− In matrilineal society, female infants and young girls are looked after and
cared for much more than the male counterparts and therefore, die less.
− Males are more involved in taking drugs, Fighting, stealing, beer drinking,
etc, as a result of which more die.
− Generally, Women take more nutritious foods than males and this increase
their chances of survival.
− Males carry family problems on their shoulders and this affects them
psychologically.
10 (a) What problems do people who live in shanty compounds face

during the rainy season?
− Houses built of cardboard, mud or mud bricks collapse during the rainy
season.
− People who have illegal electricity connections are affect by lightning and
their house sometimes catch fire
− The shallow wells which they use for water supply
− water mixes with dirt from pit latrines by get Tiled up with water and
− Roads and houses get flooded due to poor drainage or lack of it.
− It is difficult to collect garbage due to roads which become impassable.
− Houses which are roofed with plastics, cardboards, sacks and old iron
sheets allow rain water to soak household items in houses.
− People find it difficult to access schools, clinics, hospitals, markets, etc.
− People suffer from diseases such as malaria, cholera, diarrhea, dysentery,
(b) (i) Explain the efforts which are been made to try and solve the
problems stated in (a) above
− ZESCO workers Sensitizes people about in the shanty compounds about the
need to have proper wiring.

LAURENT MUSONDA
− Councils have introduced water tanks and have laid down pipes so that
occupants of shanty compounds are able to use tap water instead of water
from shallow
− Drainage furrows are dug on road sides to prevent flooding of roads and
homes.
− Schools, clinics, markets are being constructed near shanty compounds.
(ii) why has it been difficult to solve the problems stated in (a) above?
− Lack of resources/money to spend on shanty compounds which are
numerous.
− The negative attitude of the people in shanty compounds who feel that it is
− only the government which should solve all their problems.
− Shanty compounds started as illegal settlements so councils and the
government feel that they are not responsible for them.
− Roads and houses were not planned so it is difficult to access most areas of
the shanty compounds.
− any shanty compounds were built in areas such as dambos, hilly places,
depressions, etc, which are not suitable for settlements so they present
very unusual problems.

LAURENT MUSONDA
Examination for School Certificate Ordinary Level

Geography 2218/2
PAPER 2
SECTION A: ZAMBIA
1 Study Figure 1 (insert) of Zambia.

LAURENT MUSONDA
(a) On Figure 1, in the spaces provided below Figure 1;

(i) name the irrigated area marked P.
Mazabuka, Nakambala,
(ii) name two irrigated crops grown in area P.
Sugar cane
Wheat
(b) Briefly explain the various irrigation methods used in Zambia for crop
production.
Sprinkler irrigation: where water is pumped through pipes from the source
to the farms and supplied on crops using sprinkler.
Bucket irrigation: where water is carried in buckets manually and each
plant watered at a time.
Canal irrigation: where canals are dug to carry water to the farms by
gravity flow.
Drip/Trickle irrigation: where series of pipes with small holes at intervals
are laid on the farm and crops next to each hole to benefit from the water
as it drips.
(c) What are the advantages of irrigation farming used by Zambian farmers?
− Irrigation improves supply of air in the soil as water being added to the
soil increases oxygen and nutrients levels to the soi.
− High crop production as crops tend to grow well especially in dry parts of
the country.
− Irrigation allows the growing of crops throughout the year as water can
supplied anytime.
− Where soils are fertile, irrigation farming is cheaper and more efficient
− Source of employment as many people are employed in irrigated farms
to water crops or maintain pipes even during preparation of land and
harvest
− Irrigation reduced the salinity of soil as water released to the soil
dissolves the salts present in the soil

LAURENT MUSONDA
− Irrigation farming provides a market for various products made to

enable irrigation e.g. watering cans, pumps and pipes
2 (a) Define the following terms:

(i) Game cropping
(ii) Poaching,
(iii) Game ranching,
(iv) Domestic tourism.
(i) Game cropping - Selective killing of wild animals that have become too
numerous in park especially the old ones.
(ii) Poaching, - Hunting and killing of wild animals without permission from
government.
(iii) Game ranching, - The confining of wild animals in a fenced area that is
owned by an individual or a group of people.
(iv) Domestic tourism - This is where citizens of a country travel to areas of
interest for pleasure within the country.
(b) Describe the ways in which Zambia advertises tourism locally and
internationally.
− by the use of internet using websites that inform prospective foreign
tourist of what they would enjoy it they visited the country
− marketing campaigns where officers who work in the industry visit other
countries and advertise the country, attractions.
− use of various media such as newspapers, radio, television and positively
reporting and painting a good image of the tourist industry.
− Appointing a board of directors for Zambia National Tourist Board to
organize forum both locally and internationally and display tourist
attractions that exist in Zambia.
− Participating in international shows where participants display tourist
attractions which exist in Zambia.

LAURENT MUSONDA
(c) How has tourism contributed to the social and economic development
in Zambia?
− It has improved people's standards of living by offering employment to
those who work in hotels.
− Provides markets for products such as curios (artefacts), baskets, mats
− Encourages the agricultural sectors by selling fruits to hotels, lodges,
hostels, guest houses, shopping malls, etc.
− Tourism earns the country foreign exchange through hotel
accommodation
− and air transport which is used to develop other sectors such as
agriculture
− Tourism promotes culture e.g. traditional dancing or ceremonies.
− It promotes the development of infrastructure such as roads, hotel, lodge
− It adds value to the social amenities such as schools, clinics.
− Transportation sectors benefits e.g. tourists hire motor vehicles/car
services.
− It helps to develop the tourist attractions such as the historical sites and
− national parks
QUESTIONS 3 and 4 are missing

LAURENT MUSONDA

5 Study Figure 2 (insert) of South Africa
(a) Name, in the spaces provided below Figure 2 the;

(i) Area marked A,
Witwatersrand Gold Field
(ii) Gold field marked B.
Klerksdrop
(b) What are the problems associated with gold mining in South Africa? [4]
− release of dangerous gases in the atmosphere which affect people's lives
and cause diseases like flu, tubercutosis, etc
− raising temperature through production of heat as a result of the mining
activities
− causing flooding as result of underground or open pit mining
LAURENT MUSONDA
− there is a lot of rock falls due to vibrations in the mining areas

− causes high expenses on the part of government in the provision of
healthcare, clearing floods, controlling pollution, etc
(c) How has the gold mining industry improved the social and economic
aspects of South Africa?
− It is a source of revenue to the government through taxes and loyalties.
− It is a source of employment hence improving the living standards of the
people through salaries and wages.
− Gold mining provides raw materials for other industries like jewellery.
− It leads to the development of infrastructure in South Africa such as
roads, railways to transport the products to other areas.
− Gold mines attract tourists on sight seeing of huge open cast mines and
huge mine dumps.
− It is source of foreign exchange through the export of gold to other
nations.
6 Regarding motor vehicle assembly in Kenya;

(a) Name eight vehicles produced from the motor assembly plants in the
country.
Flat Opel Chevrolet Isuzu trucks, pickups
Toyota Nissan BMW Volkswagen
(b) What factors have influenced the growth of the motor assembly in
Kenya?
− Availability of both skilled and unskilled labour
− Availability of market from both local and international
− Quality control measures which ensure that vehicles produced are of
good quality
− Availability of raw materials which are imported from China and other
industrialized countries
− Favourable government policies on industries which ensure that the

LAURENT MUSONDA
manufacturer contributes to government and are able to make profit in

their business.
− Availability of cheap HEP used in the manufacturing industries
(c) How has the motor assembly industry contributed to the social and
economic growth of Kenya?
− It contributes to the country's GDP leading to economic growth
− It creates employment for the local people who work as engineers,
auto electricians, panel beaters, etc
− Export vehicles and earn the country foreign exchange
− It has a led to the development of other dependent industries e.g.
engineering
− It has contributed to the development of infrastructure in the country
such as roads, hospitals
− It has improved relationships with highly industrialized countries like
China for easy importation or vehicle parties
7 With reference to transport and communication in the sub-region;

(a) What role has the road, rail and air transport played in the economic
development of the landlocked countries? [4]
− Roads have been major means of transporting exports and imports.
− Roads are used by local traders in the region for transporting goods.
− Inter-regional trade amongst land locked countries is made easier by
roads Railway lines have been a major means of transporting bulky
goods.
− Air transport has been significant in the transportation of traders and
investors from outside the region.
− Air transport has been used in exporting perishable and precious
goods/cargo such as flowers, mushrooms, diamonds and gold.

LAURENT MUSONDA
(b) What are the possible solutions to the poor transport and communications
faced by the landlocked countries?
− Provision of internet, phones and computers provided at subsidized
prices can enhance trade within and outside the region
− Encouraging people to embrace technology in communication can
enhance trade and therefore economic development
− Improvements in the number of structures such as telephone masts will
enhance effective communications in the sub-region
− Development of inter-regional all-weather roads will speed up social and
economic development
− Improvements in rail and road connectivity will improve transportation
of imports and exports within and outside the sub-region.
(c) State three problems landlocked countries face due to poor road transport
and communications
− The poor state of roads have resulted into late delivery of imports and
exports especially that these have to pass through other countries
− Perishable goods such as vegetables, fruits, milk go to waste due to the
long time taken for delivery
− Poor communication causes lack of information between the traders and
customers
− Economic development has been limited by the backward technology in
computer

LAURENT MUSONDA

8 Study Figure 3 (insert) of Zambia showing population density of areas
R and Q.
(a) Explain why area R has a higher population density than area Q.
− There are a lot of mines and industries and people go there in search
of employment
− There are good road and rail transport throughout the year
− People are attracted by business opportunities such as selling of
groceries, vegetables, fresh and dry foodstuff, vehicles, etc.

LAURENT MUSONDA
− There are many good social amenities such as schools, colleges,

universities, hospital's
− The soils are fertile on the Copperbelt for agriculture
− While in area Q
− The area is sandy making it difficult for people to move or drive
through
− Te vast portion of the area is a plain and gets flooded in the rainy
season
− The area is not easily accessible by road
− The area is undeveloped, there are insignificant mines and industries
to attract people for employment
− Rural-urban migration has led to lower density as young people
migrate in search of employment
(b) Account for the rapid population increase in Zambia in the recent years.
− High fertility rate among girls and women
− Good nutrition which enables many under five children to survive
− There are good medical facilities to enable children be born
successfully
− There is no government policy on family size and birth control
− Some religions do not allow the use of some birth control methods
− High levels of illiteracy encourage large families
− Large families are favored among many tribes and communities
− High immigration rates as people settle permanently in Zambia
(c) What are possible ways of cutting down the high rate of population
increase in Zambia?
− Through family planning or birth control such as the use of condoms
− Educating the people on the importance of reducing family size and
the advantages of a small family size
− Discourage early marriages by allowing girls to spend more years in
schools

LAURENT MUSONDA
− Discourage unwanted pregnancies in the communities

− Introduce a government policy on family size and birth control
− Minimizing on granting citizenship to foreigners (immigrants)
− Discourage religious teachings that do not allow some birth control
methods
9 (a) Briefly explain the meaning of the following terms:

(i) Settlement,
(ii) Urbanisation,
(iii) Central Business District,
(iv) Sector model.
(i) Settlement,
It is a place where people live
It is unit of organized group of men, women and children making a
living out or their surrounding environment
(ii) Urbanisation,
An increase in the percentage of a country's population living in
towns or urban areas
The growth of towns in terms of human numbers
(iii) Central Business District,
This is the centre of the town
(iv) Sector model.
The settlement pattern which depicts land use in sectors from the
Central Business District to the farming sector
(b) State the push factors for the rural-urban drift in Zambia.
− Lack of employment opportunities discourage people to stay in rural
areas
− Poor living conditions such as no electricity, no internet, etc
− Dislike of traditional way of life
− People are scared of people Practising witchcraft
− Lack of social amenities such as schools, hospitals, markets, etc

LAURENT MUSONDA
− Natural disasters like floods, drought

− Lack of adequate food due to poverty
− Poor sanitation e.g. lack of piped water and electricity
− Lack of proper roads and efficient transport
− Land disputes leading to conflicts among the rural dwellers
− Lack of markets for selling produce like reed mats/carpets
(c) Explain the impact of rural-urban drift on towns in Zambia.

− Creation of squatter compounds due to lack of resources to rent or
construct decent houses
− Inadequate social amenities such as schools, hospitals, markets due
to unplanned settlements
− Shortage of land for construction of houses, schools
− Increase in demand for water, electricity
− Shortage of employment leading to prostitution, theft, etc
− Overcrowding in town centres
− Street vending leading to careless disposal of garbage
10 Study the table below and answer the questions (a) and (b).
YEAR Life Expectancy
Males Females
1980 51.6 53.1
1990 46.1 47.6
1996 43.5 43.5
2000 36.0 38.0
2010 61.3 63.6
(a) (i) Explain the term life expectancy.

The average number of years a person is expected to live from birth
to death.

LAURENT MUSONDA
(ii) why is the life expectancy for females usually higher than that or
males?
− Males are exposed to strenuous and risky jobs like ruck driving
digging trenches, mining, etc
− Some males tend to be overworked through many responsibilities
− Males tend to be more under pressure resulting in hypertension
− Physiological: females tend to live longer because they menstruate
− More males tend to get involved in social vices e.g. drugs, alcohol,
theft, multiple sexual partier.
(b) Why does the life expectancy keep on changing in Zambia?

− Poor or good nutrition levels in the country
− There are better or no material services provided to the people
− Eating habits and dietary intakes that can lead to living longer or not
− Death rates are high or low due to diseases and accidents
− Diseases like HIV/AIDS, malaria, cholera, etc,
(c) Explain the factor that affect population distribution in Zambia.

− Relief: the presence of valleys, hills, mountains, repel settlement while plains, flat land,
plateaus attract many people to settle there
− Climate: Moderate temperature distribution attract settlements and allow
− people to work hard while places with extreme temperatures discourage
− settlement
− Political factors: Government policy on development of areas e.g.in
− provincial headquarters and cities where infrastructure is developed many
− people have been attracted
− Presence of industries which offer employment opportunities
− Historical factors: Early settlers, white settlers occupied good land for long
− periods attracting scores of settlements
− Availability of water bodies attract people for they need fresh water fro
− drinking, washing, fishing and industrial uses.
− Disease prone areas are avoided e.g. Luangwa Valley setse flies
− Areas with easy means of transport are easily settled e.g. rail corridor from
− Livingstone to Chililabombwe.

LAURENT MUSONDA

Success in Geo P2

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Success in Geo P2

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

SUCCESS IN GEOGRAPHY VOL.

1 DON’T POST IT ON SOCIAL MEDIA

VOLUME ONE - 2ST EDITION – MAY - 2022

THIS GEOGRAPHY BOOKLET WILL HELP YOU TO:

POSTING / SHARING THIS ON SOCIAL MEDIA IS ILLIGAL THEREFORE,

EXAMINATIONS COUNCIL OF ZAMBIA

Tuesday 9 OCTOBER 2015 2 HOURS

1 A. On figure 1, name in the spaces provided below the map, the

Page 2 of 107 WATSAP 0965038377 OR CALL /TEXT – 0954482350 / 0974794056

Scheme A : Mpongwe Wheat Scheme

(ii) List two irrigation crops for each scheme

C (i) Explain the factors that favour Zambia's commercial farming

Page 3 of 107 WATSAP 0965038377 OR CALL /TEXT – 0954482350 / 0974794056

(ii) What negative factors are associated with commercial farming

2 A (i) What are deciduous trees?

(ii) Give four examples of deciduous trees found in Zambia.

B Discuss the significance of forests to human beings

Page 4 of 107 WATSAP 0965038377 OR CALL /TEXT – 0954482350 / 0974794056

C What is the relevance of the Forestry Department in the management of

Page 6 of 107 WATSAP 0965038377 OR CALL /TEXT – 0954482350 / 0974794056

4 With reference to tourism in Zambia, write brief notes on the following.

(a) Tourist attractions on the Copperbelt.

(b) Traditional ceremonies

Page 7 of 107 WATSAP 0965038377 OR CALL /TEXT – 0954482350 / 0974794056

(ii) Give four examples of the types of fish caught there.

Page 8 of 107 WATSAP 0965038377 OR CALL /TEXT – 0954482350 / 0974794056

6. Study figure 2 (insert) of Malawi.

Page 9 of 107 WATSAP 0965038377 OR CALL /TEXT – 0954482350 / 0974794056

Page 10 of 107 WATSAP 0965038377 OR CALL /TEXT – 0954482350 / 0974794056

(b) Explain why countries in the sub-region are at different levels of

Page 11 of 107 WATSAP 0965038377 OR CALL /TEXT – 0954482350 / 0974794056

8. Study-figure 3 (insert) of the sub-region

(b) Explain the factors that favoured the construction of hydro-electric

Page 13 of 107 WATSAP 0965038377 OR CALL /TEXT – 0954482350 / 0974794056

9. Draw a sketch map of Kenya and on it:

Page 14 of 107 WATSAP 0965038377 OR CALL /TEXT – 0954482350 / 0974794056

AGES MALE FEMALE AGE STRUCTURE %

(ii) the dependency ratio

Page 15 of 107 WATSAP 0965038377 OR CALL /TEXT – 0954482350 / 0974794056

(b) Explain the factors that affect life expectancy

(c) State factors that affect population distribution

11. (a) Explain the characteristics of shanty compounds.

Page 16 of 107 WATSAP 0965038377 OR CALL /TEXT – 0954482350 / 0974794056

(b) What factors influence population growth rate in Zambia?

12. (a) (i) What is urbanization?

Page 17 of 107 WATSAP 0965038377 OR CALL /TEXT – 0954482350 / 0974794056

(ii) State three factors that influences Urbanisation in Zambia

(b) (i) Give two functions of rural settlements found in Zambia

(c) What geographical factors affect the location of a settlement?

Page 18 of 107 WATSAP 0965038377 OR CALL /TEXT – 0954482350 / 0974794056

EXAMINATIONS COUNCIL OF ZAMBIA

Tuesday 25 OCTOBER 2016 2 HOURS

Page 19 of 107 WATSAP 0965038377 OR CALL /TEXT – 0954482350 / 0974794056

(a) On figure 1: name, in the spaces provided below the map,

(ii) Farming Area B

(iii) Main cash crop in Area A is tea.

(c) Explain the effects of irrigation farming in area B on the environment

2 With reference to energy production in Zambia;

Page 20 of 107 WATSAP 0965038377 OR CALL /TEXT – 0954482350 / 0974794056

(b) Explain the causes of the energy crisis

(c) (i) Explain the significance of energy production to Zambia.

• It is the basis of industrialization. Many industries have been set up due to

(ii) What steps has the Zambian government undertaken to sustain