males Water Pollution and Control Wateris elixir of life. Life cannot exist without water. About three-fourths pat of our earth is made up of water sphere. Although there is water everywhere, very little water is in usable form. Again, in search of better quality life,-man has introduced lots of toxic materials into the water, making it unsafe for many purposes, including drinking. Itnow becomes the responsibility of all the citizens especially the scientific community, to think about the problem and solve it. If this is not done there might be a day when we may be surrounded by water but die without it. 51 WATER RESOURCES: HYDROSPHERE (WATER SPHERE) The hydrosphere includes all types of water resources like oceans oe cent), polar ice and glaciers (~2.0 per cent), underground (0.005 .60 per cent), fresh water lakes (~0.01 per cent), saline lakes Det ent) cent), inland seas (~0.003 per cent), soil moisture (~0.006 Vater 2” T¥erS (0.0001 per cent), streams (~0.00001 per cent) and “pour in the air (~0.001 per cent). inion Uses of water are for irrigation, in thermal power plants bathin, ‘stries and for domestic purposes such as drinking, cooking, ® cleaning, etc, ting BE Source of surface water are oceans and seas that have Purposes nes id thus, isnot drinkable and can be used for less practical i Water i ‘te Cooling of thermal power plants and sink for pollution. “Sually hag Water resulting from melting of ice on high mountains 4 no dissolved salts. Water of ponds, most of the rivers and = Within Very little amount of salt. The underground water contains wa Water, Olerable limits. These waters are sweet water. Spring and alts an 1S ky ‘Own as mineral water. This water contains many soluble SOUS minerals,7 Water Pollution and ¢, ano ‘The ground water is usually of good quality and thus, can be drinking and for day-to-day use. The other sweet or mineral y, 2 often contains suspended matters, undesirable dissolved saltsas wee ! microorganisms harmful for health, This water is not drinkable potable), In the rainy season, the surface water sources become mugs : while bathing of men or other animals, washing of clothes, housetel : utensils throughout the year contaminate the surface water and makgs : | itunsafe for drinking and other practical purposes. However, the surface ! water can be purified by filtration and killing of harmful microorganisns 1 using chemicals and then can be reused. 1 Hydrologic Cycle (Water Cycle) ‘ The components of hydrologic cycle are 1. Evaporation { 2. Transpiration 3. Cloud formation ‘ 4, Condensation ' 5. Precipitation ' 6. Runoff, ; a ‘ ————> / C® iy SQ =o Evaporation Sea aha Fig. §.1. Hydrologic or water cycle a: Scanned wth amSeannet> a polation 2” removes water from the oceans, sea and from the leaves of plat id Control 221 wat rivers, lakes, by transpiration. solar enerey 4 js, ct0. DY evaporation ‘The resulting water vapours in the atmosphere form clouds and are transported by moving air masses. The clouds meet the cold air in mountainous regions, above forests, etc., condense and fall as ecipitation (mainly rain) due to the gravitational pull. A part of the precipitation reaches through the soil to the impervious layer of rock or clay and is collected as ground water. Some part runs down the drains andultimately reaches the ponds, rivers, lakes and oceans. The cycle is repeated again and again. However, the rapid rate of deforestation and other activities contributing to global climate change has detrimental effect on the hydrologic cycle, i.c., the balances have been altered. 52 WATER POLLUTION Water the most abundant and wonderful of all natural resource: extremely essential for the survival of all living organisms. Water that is found in nature is called natural water. The natural water (sea water, rivers, lakes, polar ice and glaciers) contains numerous organisms like Phytoplankton, zooplankton, fish and many other things. Water contains dissolved gases like oxygen, essential for aerobic aquatic organisms, peter dioxide for small plants to bloom so as to be utilized by aquatic oem Pure water ‘on the other hand, means water free from living inthe Oy. microbes, all sort of toxic substances, having salts tnd cooks le limits. The pure water is absolutely necessary for drinking Buttoda ing, besides for industry, agriculture and various other activities. aut Pr waters becomes precious commodity and its quality Shodan cue 1 pollution. The water pollution thus, can be defined of Water ihe of physical, chemical and biological characteristics &xtent that rie natural as well as anthropogenic activities, tO, such an ater Pollut I become harmful for all living organisms including, man. deeloped ot h2s now become a global problem affecting both the Ie fae developing countries. figs are the signs of water pollution: ®) unchecked tensive odour (©) decten ed growth of aquatic weeds 8 oat | BUMber of fish 6 Of oil and grease on water surfaces s, is Scanned with amSeanner>> i mn Water Pottution and. Cong, 5.2.1 Water Pollutants: Their Origin an d Effects ‘There are large humber of water pollutants, For OUF conv enienge & have been classified into five different categori (/) Organic pollutants (i) Inorganic pollutants (ij) Suspended she and sediments (iv) Radioactive pollutants and (1) Thermal pollutsny. Organic pollutants: The organic pollutants Present in water may classified into five different categories such as: (i) 0) ‘ygen demangsy Waste (ii) disease causing waste (iii) 5 nthetic organic compos (iv) oil (vy Sewage and agricultural runoff, Oxypen demanding Wastes: Water quality is the amount ofd saturated value of DO in Water is in the order of § to 15 mg /. DO required for healthy fish and other aquatic life in natural wat to 8 mg/l. IrDO drops, fish and other Aquatic life is threatened sad s The other affect of reduced DO is und ‘ Ng its use for domestic and recreation! he oxygen demanding was Organic matter cont Te enerally biodegrse _ tes from fe riculture retum, be é Strate for the luxuriant gewe! cria which decompose the waste and deplete the 0% , The bacterial decomposition dissolved oxygen (DO) ained in sey ige, industrial y Ng, Paper mills and tanneries, a of organic wastes in the prs “an be Tepresented as: | in Q Organic matter 4. DO(CO,) weet, CO, +H.0 The two most important me; res of o; Oxygen. demand (COD) (2) biological oO xygen demand (COD) i vad {0.0 * the amount of oxygen require! “ Wastes chemi ally. BOD is the amount of ox gen require Organism to decompose the was Pathogens Pathogens are d ; iscase Causing microorganisms which Within the host, T , a known ag ost The Sulting growth of microorgani ne ome infection, Water is the carrier of such pa phe fcr Causing immense harm to public health. wie ™CT0-organisin r stic Sew: S enter water Mainly from domestic s Scanned with Camscannersizer Pollution and Control on wastes: Generally, these microorganisms occur in the faeces or urine ofthe infected person and finally discharge into the water body. The discharge of an infected individual may contain billions of these pathogens and if they enter the water body, epidemics might occur. Epidemics of infectious diseases generally occur in a crowded population and under poor sanitary conditions. The infectious diseases associated swith water can be classified into four groups according to the mechanism oftransmission. 1. Waterborne diseases: They spread through ingestion of contaminated water. Example: cholera, typhoid, paratyphoid, bacillary dysentery. 2. Water-wastes diseases: They spread through unclean water. Example: trachoma and scabia. 3, Water based diseases: They spread through water contact, where the larva of the parasitic worm get attached to the human skin, penetrate itand ultimately enter the blood stream. They get mature in liver and lay eggs in the intestine. The intestinal discharge contaminates the water and large number of parasitic worms spread causing epidemics. Example: schistosomiasis and dracunculiasis. 4 Water-related diseases: In such diseases, human contact with water 1 | isnot needed, It is the host which depends on water for its habitat. Example: (mosquitoes) —> malaria, filaria, dengue, ete. _Dilferent discases are caused by different pathogens. For example, “its is responsible for hepatitis, meningitis, myocar lis, ete, Bacteria Te responsible for cholera, typhoid, paratyphoid, etc. Protozoa are "sponsible for diarrhoea, dysentery, etc. Parasitic worms such as “nthesare responsible for diseases like ascariasis, trichuriasis, etc. Nutrients Nitiens are chemicals essential for the growth of living things. Hee Toya sixteen elements required for theit healthier ge nl ae carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, (obtained ‘mainly through CO, = from the soil), nitrogen, phosphorus, potsssit a bor “sium, sulphur and micronutrients such as iron, cobalt, ‘on, Tolybdenum and co a eir enrichment allows thiges SUttients can become a pollutant when th ver up “kerowth or blooms of aquatic weeds, especially algae a Scanned wth amseannermm Water Poltution and ¢, ‘n water. This prevents the entry of sunlight into Water bodies plants, along with algae, thus die, the bacteria Present in Water ps, decompose all these dead plants and ultimately Teduce the disso, oxygen (DO) in water. The decayed organic matter adds Unvians color, odour, taste and turbidity to the water and acceptability for dons purpose is reduced. The depletion of dissolved oxygen leads to the dex of fishes, other aquatic animals and plants. The process of utrier, enrichment is known as eutrophication, Among the sixteen clements, carbon, nitrogen and Phosphorus a the most important nutrients which control the growth of algae bloom Carbon is available from the atmosphere as CO, and decaying of ote: organic matter cannot be controlled, It is nitrogen and phosphorus whist can be controlled to check algae growth rates. The major sources of nitrogen and phosphorus polluting water bodis are soaps and detergents, chemical fertilizers like urea, ammonitt sulphate or nitrate, super phosphate, etc. Besides eutrophicatve problems, if water contains enough nitrates (NO,>) and is consumeddy children, certain bacteria in the intestinal tract of infants can convet pitateso highly toxic nitrites (NO,_), Haemoglobin has higheralit for nitrites compared to oxygen, therefore it leads to replace oxygen by nitrites Causing a bluish discoloration of the infant at Commonly referred to as ‘blue baby’ syndrome. rel tine eons om chemical fertilizers as well as ceter arein the formot ting in enormous blooms. In detergents, sly reat With water fens "polyphosphate, This tripolyphosphate rio “romning orthophosphate and is used by plants forthe Ou” +2H.0 — spo, 44H" Tipolyphosphate Orthophosphate Salts Wat ate passé througysctmlates 4 Variety of dissolved solids or salts wir inthe salty od "Ocks and on its way to the sea, Generally. igs at chloride, gu pe” POtssium, calcium and magnesium i twit is usually ton Phe and bicarbonate The nevure of sali) : er having jor Ue OF concentration of total dissolved 50! wal? Ving legs bavg Ei 'So0 mg/l of” TDS isc fre’ onsidered ote ? Saline water, eer Scanned with amSeannerfytion and Control ws ier Poll inking water has the recommended maximum TDS concentration 500 ‘mg/l. With concentration of TDS exceeding 2100 mg/l, irrigation wv if the sulphate and chloride salts of calcium pecomes difficult. Again, if tl and magnesium are present in excess amount, it is very expensive to wash clothes as jt consumes excess soap. Again, if such water is used jn the steam boilers, it will cause scaling due to precipitation of salts resulting inreduced lifetime of the boilers due to corrosion. Thermal Pollution etely converted into work. Hence, waste heat Heat cannot be comp! willalways be produced where heat is converted into mechanical work. In thermial power plants, nuclear power plant, etc., where water from the nearby river or lakes is used as a coolant, the waste hot water is retuned to the original water body and on an average the temperature is raised by 10°C. The rise in temperature decreases the amount of dissolved oxygen (DO) in water, adversely affecting the aquatic life. With rise in temperature the metabolic rate increases, whereas supply of DO decreases (with rise in temperature, solubility of O, decreases andthe dissolved O, escapes, further bacterial decomposition of organic Wastes goes on a rapid rate). ee the fish and other aquatic animals may be sucked into sits, ty pipe killing them in large numbers. Incase of nuclear power clert ere always remains the possibility of release of radioactive id s into the water body and with prolonged time it may buildup to \gerous level. HEAVY METALS tec are referred to as metals with s 8), lead (Pb), The most important heavy me's *C4 ang ), cadmium (Cd) and arsenic (As). &p and Hg are non-typical transition element ), With electronic configuration, *8Cq <5 [Kx] 4a!°5s? a, Sh on wie > [Xe] 4ft5a!5s? MA ith electro! > WXe] ap sq semen ava) with specific gravity greater | pollutants aremercury ts. They belong to onfiguration, nic Scanned with amseanner= 7 Water Pollution and ¢, ‘my 33As is group 15 element (VA) with electronic confi 33,5 — [Ar] 3d!°4s24p3, Buta Biochemical Effects of Heavy Metals Cadmium (Cd) Sources of Cadmium: 1 Industrial effluent 2. Cadmium nickel batteries 3. Nuclear fission plants 4. Water pipes Cadmium occurs in nature in association with zine minerals, Plantstile up zine (Zn?*) and along with trace amounts of associated Cd (ca) are also acquired. The Cd?* thus absorbed, replace Zn?* as they hart same charge and almost similar size and get attached to the activesits of enzymes which leads to cadmium toxicity inhibiting its ess suzymes function. Cd* ion has greater affinity for sulphur contsiaitg ligands, eg, SH in cysteine amino acids and SCH, in methionine. SH S- * Cm at Game) in + 2? su = iS - SO aw —s = Fig. 5.2. Enzyme-cadmium interaction The enzymes inhibi P r ited by Ca2+ (2) alkaline Phosphate (3) carboni Effects of Cadmium; 1, Kidney damage z pisorder of liver and brain : Gan natOw disorder ~astric and intestinal disorder a pba include: (1) adenosine triphe? ic anhydrase, etc. TL Scanned wth amScannerfution and Control 27 lh rater Pol ‘The outbreak of Cd poisoning occurred in Japan in the form of “Itai- ior Enzyme SH 0— ge +200 Fig, '8:5.5. Complexation of arsenic with enzyme Scanned with Camscanneri \d Control ter Pollution an . ‘Thus, pytuvate-oxidase system becomes less effective in generation afmain energy source, Ze., adenosine triphosphate (ATP) due to its complexation with arsenic. Some biochemical processes involvin; snosphorous are also hampered due to the interference of atseate pecause of its chemical similarity to phosphorous, preventing ATP generation. Arsenic (III) compounds coagulate protein at higher concentration levels. One of the major contributions of arsenic pollution is contamination of ground water. Contamination of ground water has become a global shenomenon. If arsenic polluted water is used for drinking and cooking purposes for a prolonged time, a person may suffer from anaemia, melanosis, keratosis and conjunctivitis. Major Effects of Arsenic: L Affects liver 2. Causes central necrosis and cirthosis 3. Damages bone marrow and cellular elements of the blood 4. May lead to skin cancer PESTICIDES Chemicals which prevent, destroy bacteria, viruses, etc.) are called pesticides. the basis of (i) chemical structure (ii) bio! Pests they combat. Some chemicals, however, fall into more than one category. Fo" example, parathion, while being an insecticide, is also amematicide and are insecticides. With crease agricultural t only improved the or mitigate any pest (insects, fungus, Pesticides are classified on Jogical action (iff) class of i The main groups of pesticides of our concer | pirise in population growth man had to in luctivity. Use of insecticides, like DDT has no! pattetvi i tecting crops from pests but ity of agricultural goods by pro! ne 0s ich once W2S ko contributed in curbing diseases, like av pidemic. However, the extensive use 0 insecticide ns effen S¢ is not entirely in the interest of map due 0 ty “cts. There are three main groups of pestich hlorines, organophosphates and carbamates. sical and ae wae Variety of insecticides, under different tec ns ae used. Although the targets of, pesticides are Bae | Scanned with Camseanner232 Water Pollution Ad Ca, rodents which damage crops, they also targeting id nematodes an we beneficial organisms like earth worms, fish, birds, mammals mi The killing of such species disturbs the balance of natural Citas also the evolution of new species, necessitating more = environmental control measures. The harmful effects of insect thus, have been a great cause of concern and persistence of; insecticidy in the environment after application is not at all desirable fig, environmental considerations. The most widely used organochlorine pesticide is DDT (dieblog diphenyl trictiloroethane), which has controlled insects carrying diseass like malaria (mosquitoes), plague (fleas) and typhus (body lice). Tre ~ organochlorine insecticides are highly toxic to insects, but acute hum toxicity is low. It is the bio-accumulation of organochlorine pesticiés such as DDT in the food chain which creates toxicity. Such typed! insecticides persist longer in the environment before under goin degradation to other substances and are quite soluble in ydrocarbos and, easily accumulate in the fatty tissues. And so, because of thet build up in the food chain, they get magnified to higher trophic level Birds are high on the food chain and thus, more accumulation Dot has adverse effects, interfering with enzyme regulating distribution calcium, resulting in thinning of egg shell that supports its weight. 3 satiny difficulty to reproduce due to high levels of DDT, us tunting birds like bald eagle, ospreys and brown pelicans ° verge of extinction, ' : saith venen Saushits of DDT in human body is through food Plankton epee Pray of DDT is absorbed on tet ( ee fth , milk (animals like cows, buffaloes Clam a “cumulated vegetables and so the milk also gets contaminated ste Consume milk, Set affected), thus get severely affected and breast fed babs" The other o} in on™ ‘ Nr ‘ ; rin dieldrine, Keone widely used are chlordane, al Z Some veoh ia i rand ‘9Pes of insecticides show birth det ceo finds its a Te Cause liver cancer, Kepone, aclass ofplantinns ff Cockroaches, Resto” in controlling Robaecd wire WO 08 : *“*Posures to this insecticide can cause seve" Scanned with CamScannerSe Pollution and Control os water damage and when they undergo de- composition and are i .d into water, they can ultimately be jncor-porated into the food chain. As far as the effect of organochlorines is concemed, they pose Fig. 5.6 aserious threat to the “ eco-system, human heal chemicals is no longer found to b to the biological assistance devel pesticides. Thus, another class of ins ecticid | have been developed and are being replaced. | dass are Malathion, Phosdrin. Guthion, Diorom, ete. insecticides are not accumulated in the food ¢ threat. They get absorbed rapidly through skin, lungs trattand become acutely toxic than the organo chlo’ replaced. Excessive amount of such types of insectici discomfort, vomiting, headache, nervous disorder, e¢- The third category of insecticides. carbamate: | sarbamic acid (NH, COOH). These insecticides are HOt Pers { orm chlorines, but they get absorbed as org2n° phospi using acute toxicity. Some of the carbamate insectici weet, ete, Exposures to such chemicals cause blurred tnnite: The accumulation of DDT in the body tissue of an av ae is much greater than anyone in the world. te other pesticides commonly used t Kill pests are fumigsots te teres The insects die inhaling poisonovs gaseous e niente: ie vapour, CH;Br. PH;. pare dichlorobenzene- = ‘erin, etc. ie Fungus on plants an Pactericig ‘ury and its compounds and phenols. 1 is checked OF Tove, OF antibiotic: Bacterial growth in plant ‘completely by streptomycin SPAY Ith and moreover the long term us 2 effective in controlling tt Jopment in these p ich are not nate vision. n2use4, erage ii d crops are killed by quinones. Scanned wth Camseanneri SS - Water Pony, 234 ©" Potion guy Rodenticides: Rats like animals are killed by thallium sug phosphide, etc. ha PESTICIDE POISONING The indiscriminate use of pesticides in agriculture h, threat to human and animal life, Non-biodegradable in the food chain and biodegradable Pests leavin; side products, have produced health hazards exceeding the safe tolerance level, 1S Posed a ga Pests, ey 1& behind more tog, with Concentrate © Mh | CFC Cl-C—C_H CL 0 ca cl PP-DDT o-p'-DDT Two isomers of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) °—CH,—COoH —0—cH,—COOH Or cl , cl ro Cl 24D 2,4, 5-T 2, 4 dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 4, S-trchlorophenoxyacetie acid 2,4, 5-1) Fig. 5.7. Some different types of pesticides Newt es oFehe oloey mist be introduced to safeguard roel 'YPES Of chemicals having no side effects or mini sil esearch jg vt Ped insecticides could be 4 seedy fother common attied out it could be utilized as eco4 ly used pesticides, ay Scanned wth Camscanneree ater pollution and yoLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (voc) sthe name implies these organic compounds have low boiling point and evaporate quickly into the atmosphere. These chemicals are either ayathesized directly or may be obtained as side product. From the atmosphere it comes down to the surface along with rain or from the industry it can £0 directly into the near by river or sea or other water resources. From the surface it can get evaporated into the atmosphere causing air, pollution and if it seeps underground, its evaporation process will slower down resulting in high degree of ground water pollution. Chlorinated hydrocarbons can also be used as herbicides. For example, 2,4, Setrichlorophenoxy acids or 2, 4-dichlorophenoxy acid. They are ‘eel forkilling weeds and undesirable vegetation. However, such types of chemicals are banned or need to be banned as the side-products obtained during their synthesis are highly toxic dioxin. Herbicide like paraquat used to destroy marijuana. The volatile organic compounds are found to be either carcinogens or mutagens. Five such compounds are generally found to be highly toxic. Control 235 ¥ cl Cl cl Ch a Ph Ps — cc ce =< Te = Tetrachloroethylene Vinyl Chloride Trichloroethylene ‘Tetrachloroethline Vay! Chloride Jrichloroethylene cl H | | ci— c—Cl ca— cota | | cl H OH Carbon tetrachloride 1, 2-Dichloroethane Fig. 5.8. Toxic volatile organic compounds y, i ehloride: Its used to produce polyvinyl chlori loxic as it is a sus} . i pected carcinogen. . "ichloroethylene: A commonly used cleaning: agent andis4 suspected ‘Mogen and. - nt. _ ground water contamina! production of chontHoroeth lene: Maj onen! roth iylene: Major comp: lworocarbons and causes tumors in animals. esis fire extinguisher, sya! rt in water and trace amo de resins and is t in the Arbo, a Tver aehloride: Finds application in omg in vy ctemicals, fumigants. Insoluble ater and is toxic when ingested. Scanned with amseanner er | | | | |= Mater Pollution ng 1, 2-Dichloroethylene: Used to produce Various pro, vinyl chloride, tetraethyl UCtS ined. lead and Soap compounds, Itcan Mel nervous system, liver an ~ d kidney if it exceeds tolerance evel EUTROPHICATION The word eutrophication is originated from Gree and trophes = ‘food’. Thus, it means ‘well fed’ or “nutrient Tich’, we can define eutrophication ag excessive nutrient load ina waterbed, or enrichment of water body by nutrients, : Nutrients may become Pollutants if their toallow excessive growth of aquatic plants, system may be categorized into three clas: nutrient status, i, €., concentration of nutrient: plants. © Oligotrophic: Water with poor nutrient status and very lov Productivity of, aquatic plants. (ii) Mesotrophic: and moderate Pro k words en = ie ‘Oncentration is suffice especially algae, Anaquty Ses in accordance with the is and productivity ofaquais Water with moderate (not low not high) nutrient stats ductivity of aquatic plants. 7 . jent slats (Gi Eutrophic: Water with rich (sufficient concentrations) nutrients! and high Productivity of; aquatic plants. A young lake or a newly formed lake has low nutrient a i thus, low plant Productivity. Such types of lakes (oligotrophic rt with time acquire Nutrients from surface runoff, drainage areit and exudates of. animals using the water source, which ultimately: "i ual jitatic growth. In this way the oligotrophic water bodies turn into Mesotrophic water bodies, 0 increase With time, the nutrient Status of the water bodies gradually iy The biological Productivity thug enhanced, leads water 10 beets with Phytopl; ISy : "; 1.€., algae blooms to occur. The lake thu! eutrophic (well-feq), v dof Eutrophication is a natural process and may take paint se However, this is Sreatly enhanced through human act ri aff as accelerated of cultural eutrophication. The indo ie ve aste Water, run-off from agricultural lancs Pr ih water, Flat i pretosDhates, nitrates and Various minerals stimulating 82% i Ne tO Which, the wate: body becomes green. In due Scanned with Camseannerition and Control rater Poll 237 algal blooms may die abruptly. The decaying organic ton of oxygen level, destroying fish habit and oer amine Frits bad odour, turbidity, thereby greatly reduce its accepabilty asa domestic water source. Again, because of the silt and organic | ebris the lake slowly. becomes shallower and shallower, more plants | spread roots along the shallow edges and the lake slowly transforms jntoa marsh and finally converts into a dry land. Thus, a water body so useful for us becomes totally useless within a short span of time, due to anthropogenic activities. Controlling Eutrophication Themain causes for the production of algae are the available nutrients. The three main nutrients are carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus. If the supplies of such nutrients are restricted, growth will be reduced. Carbon isusually available from natural sources and can be less restricted, so is nitrogen, as certain bacteria and blue-green algae fix atmospheric nitrogen. However, it is phosphorus which has least available natural sources and can be restricted. Anthropogenic activities provide enough phosphorous for algae bloom. The main anthropogenic sources of phosphorous are agricultural run off and domestic sewage. In domestic Sewage, the source of phosphorus is the human faeces and detergents. Human faeces cannot, however, be restricted but the use of phosphorus indetergents can be limited. Waste water containing detergents, reacts with water to form ortho- Phosphate ion (PO, 5) and is directly used by plants for their growth. ) +2H,0 + 3P0,° +4" Orthophosphate ation are recycling of P,O,,* (from detergents The other steps used i ing eutrophic j = 2ps used in controlling eutrop! 5 ie through harvest, removal of algal blooms by: snide applying 'aecides like copper sulphate, chlorine, etc. oP water - a is observed that phosphorus in excess of 0.015 mg/l and nitros e380 0.3 me/I are sufficient to cause algal bloom. wasTE WATER 8 > BIOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF isso ved Oxygen (DO) the water ody is on€ of in e th jt f dissolved oxygen (DO) presen! MTG gepends on te it measures of water quality: bo a Scanned wth CamseannerWater Polly, 238 Ollution and Cry physical, chemical and biological activity of the Water bg measurement of DO gives an idea about the Purity level of, maintaining aerobic conditions in water bodies and aerobic tains sewage and industrial waste water. it The DO contents of a water sample can be determined iodometi by Winkler method as well as by polarographic method. ul 5.3.1 Biochemical Oxygen Demand or Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) The amount of oxygen required by microorganisms to oxidize orga wastes aerobically is called biochemical or biological oxygen demintt is expressed in milligrams of oxygen required per liter of waste watt (mg/l). The BOD can be categorized into two parts (1) Carbonacews Biochemical Oxygen Demand (CBOD) (2) Nitrogenous Biochemit! Oxygen Demand (NBOD). BOD test is important as far as the analysis of waste watts concerned. The aerobic decomposition of organic matter by dissohed oxygen can be represented as below Organic matter + ©, Microorganism. CQ, + H,O + Stable pro on (NO-,,PO,380,*...) tn" The aerobic decomposition produces non-objectionable produ Theresults of such oxidation is the rapid depletion of dissolve m the water body affecting the aquatic life as well as add! iy oheable odour, taste and colour ultimately reducing the “ee : see fer for domestic Purpose. Thus, oxygen demanding ea i a Be iutants and require special attention and care. ing 0! f pollution pbortant for analysis of waste water for assess" iy . BOD test provides information regarding purification especi ato tie, ot Streams and serves as a guideline for the we at systems, .° Cheek the quality of effluents discharged in? Five-q, ly BOD Test sai for routine a take several weeks for completion, making a Tealizing that theese: AS 2 result, five day BOD test ‘he ultimate demand is quite high. > Scanned wth CamscannerFr quater Pollution and Control 239 five-day BOD, or BOD implies the total amount of o; - by microorganisms in the first five days of biodegradati oa utilized gample of waste water is kept in the stoppered bottle and y In this testa ofdissolved oxygen (DO) is measured at the beginning 7 onweatition ain after five days. The difference in DO divided by the ‘amo and age ofthe sample water gives the result of the five-day BOD test. Essential tutrients Sceded dilution water “Bacteria FH Waste water Distilled water, Bottle with waste ‘water and seeded dilution water Seeded Blank 300-mL dilution water BOD bottles Fig. 5.9. Five-day BOD test The following precautions must be taken while performing the periment: if a Stopper of the bottle must be fixed prop 7 ne biodegradation is not filled up by oxy! vit 'e bottle must be kept away from the sunlight oth in roduce oxygen by photosynthesis by absorption process must be carried out at 20°C for its standa , ited ee oC js 9.0 m/l, the sample must D& dit Value of DO at 20°C is 9.0 mg/l, n i inata 'o keep final DO above zero otherwise the experiment will be Wvalig i : more een bie” more oxygen would have been removed had erly so that the replenished gen from air again. erwise the algae f this sunlight. rdization. The BOD of diluted solution can be given #5 BOD, = DO, — DOs e Scanned with CamseannerWater ; 240 ater Pollution and . where, DO, = initial DO of the diluted waste water DO, = DO after five days, Volume of waste Co ae ‘aste watey /= dilution fraction = — uct ’ Total volume of water (volume of waste water + Volume of dilution water) Astandard BOD bottle holds 300 ml, thus - Volume of waste water ‘ 300 ml In our calculation for BOD, we have assumed that the water used for dilution has no BOD of its own. It is only possible if we use tt boiled distilled water and keep it air tight prior to addition. Ifitisnotsi, then we must seed the water for dilution with microorganisms s0 tht there is sufficient bacterial population to carry out the biodegradation So, in such cases, the actual BOD of the waste water will be ; = (BOD of the mixed sample-BOD of the water for dilution) To carry out such an experiment two BOD bottles will be taken. h one, there will be seeded dilution water and in the other the mist Waste water and seeded dilution water, The change in DO of| the es Containing seeded dilution water (called the ‘blank’) and that theca i . ‘ of DO in the mixture is noted. The BOD of the waste then will beg" BOD, = (00, ~ DO,)~ B= Bs)“ z Don DO in the seeded dilution water i She in the Seeded dilution water after five days- cenetl ‘ecm 1 ‘Xperiment is not carried out just in five days, the 8 3 fead of BOD, or DO, or B, can be BOD,; po, oF Pe. BOD Reaction Rate The simplified repr se ie . 2 Fat be tiene sentation of aerobic decomposition of Organic matter + ©, —Mieroomanism products Scanned wth Camscanneree yoter Pollution and Control 241 assuming first order reaction -de —ec dt ade _ ite o dt -de . Z where, —- 1S the rate of change of concentration of oxygen, c is concentration of oxygen at anytime ¢, and k is a constant, called the relocity constant or BOD reaction rate constant (time ~), if the initial concentration of oxygen is cy, then at time *=0, c=cy From the equation, or Now after integrating we get, -Ine=ktt+z Now at time = 0, ¢ = Co and hence, —Inc = +42 or z=—Incy or — Inc = kt — Incy or & In2=kt c or =oott c= Coe Also, wy “’ .Wecanwrite, ¢—c=0(l-e") wont ms 2 i mas d i icroorganis! toggt8the total amount of oxygen required by the Tn ‘te tine ae organic wastes and c is the amount of © yg la~o;, ; Tha is the biological oxygen demand after time f *%—e= BOD, = eg(1 - &*) Scanned wth CamscannerWater Pollution and ¢ ht 242 Concentration of organic matter > Fig. 5.10. Kinetics of biological degradation For simplifying calculation, we can use logarithm to the base I0is stead of e. BOD, = ¢9(1 — e*') Under this condition, k is the reaction rate co-efficient to the bas: 10. It can be shown that k=K Inl0 = 2.303 K. The BOD reaction rate constant K depends on number of factos, |. Nature of the waste (i.e., simple sugars degrade easily, wheres cellulose takes longer time) 2. Nature of microorganisms 3. Temperature A eh ia The rate of biodegradation of wastes increases with increas? temperature. Und hae ° : tion ler this circumstance, the modified equation for re Tate constant is K,p= Ky Q(7- 20) , . ratory Kyo is the reaction Tate constant at standard 20°C ie at " nce temperature and K, is the reaction rate con oud t ae C. The value of 9 is generally taken as 1.047, mewhat temperature de listo be ependant. Noted t] ering (BO. oa . ulatio® tour discussion and mathematical for ye is ; ical 0%! ) is Solely due to carbonaceous biochemict! ie d not nity BOD)! ‘genous biochemical en demand (NI Oxyger ‘ochemical oxygi Ben needed to Convert biochemical ammonia to nitrate. 2NH, +30, f \ 0 Me bec atrosomonas)_, ppQ,--+ 2H + 2H Scanned wth Camscannet~~ oer pollution and Control . 2NO, +0, —_Ritrte bacteria (nitrobacte)_ onic), - ‘Thereason being, NBOD does not normally begin for the initial five ipeight days. hemical Oxygen Demand (COD) 532 ¢ There are substances which are biodegradable as well as substances which are not biodegradable. Non-biodegradable substances may be cellulose, phenols and pesticides, etc. and are toxic to microorganisms. inBOD test, only biodegradable substances are taken into account. In COD, both biodegradable and non-biodegradable substances can be taken into account. Thus, COD does not depend on the ability of micro- organisms to degrade the waste or on the knowledge of the particular substance in question. In a COD test, a strong oxidizing agent, such as dichromate is used to oxidize the waste, itis not Jeft to the microorganism tooxidize the matter. American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM), defines coD as the amount of oxygen (mg/l), required to oxidize the organic and axidizable inorganic matter, under specified conditions, corrected for ‘heinfluence of chlorides. ln COD determination, the waste water sample is refluxed with ee amount of K,Cr,0, in 50 per cent H,SO, solution in the presence 80, catalyst and HeSO, (to eliminate interference due © chloride). st excess dichromate (untreated) is now titrated with a standard Mohr’s Solution. The COD, thus is 00 COD in mg/l= G= BN” It solution 0D normality NV, Where, Vie gpa: ©, V\ is the initial volume of Mohr’s s@ i treated dichromate. Sis "qui te the blank and V, for remaining un! om ee the solution taken for testing. Cop test obviously, is much quicker tha 1 nD because of the nature ofthe test cannot different Sotion aad d felt ina natural environment duc (© biodegra ides the Wh yrovides cal oxidati te of pir adation o na BOD test. However, Scanned wth Camscanneraa Water Pollution and ¢, 244 the COD value will be greater than BOD value, though fg 0 ty biodegradable substances the value will almost be same, 5.4 THE EFFECT OF OXYGEN DEMANDING WASTES ON RIVERS One of the most important criteria for a river’s health is dig oxygen (DO). With decrease in DO, survival of life becom difficult. In extreme cases under anaerobic conditions, the right forms fl can get extinguished. Under such conditions, fungal growth and fain sludge can create noxious conditions. There are many factors which attribute to the deficiency of Dt: 1. Temperature: With the increase in temperature, especialy s summer, the solubility of oxygen decreas: temperature, especially in winter, the floating ice preveds penetration of atmospheric oxygen. . wastes reduces DO até *° 2. Presence of oxygen demanding : increasing temperature rate of aerobic biodegradation ince and DO drops drastically. i I as in sedi we . Respiration of organisms living in water as wel removes oxygen resulting in DO drop. - gf 4. The green plants in the water body although add DO: par? through photosynthesis, they reduce DO at night causing the living organisms. i Jna simplified model, the two most important parameten 5 ‘oO Most tant to assess DO are: ax? ane : isos hi & deoxygenation, the removal of DO by mictoorear eit bet ‘gradation (4) re-aeration, replenishment of oxygen at = the river and the earth’s atmosphere. ert explain the effect of the above two proces # mee Water and the wastes flowing down the Ver od 20 diene wY Si¥eN cross section of the river (point so ON) ion of wastes in the direction of the flow (PS Scanned with CamSeanner J isi tral ter pollution and Coutro' -” Waste water flow Point Source Upstream, Plug o— flow River flow Fig, 511. Plug flow model for dissolved oxygen () Deoxygenation Therate of deoxygenation at any point is proportional to BOD remaining atthat point, Mathematically, we can express this as Rate of deoxygenation oc C, or R=k,C, where kis the deoxygenation rate constant (time™) and C, is the BOD (ng!) remains after t days. For deep, slowly moving rivers, the rate at 4 gecified temperature is approximately same to that obtained for lboratory test and under that conditiou R= k, Ce": But for shallow "ers the flow is turbulent and under that condition the rate will be ‘Much different, (® Re-reration he, ofreplenishment of oxygen at any give! ono erence (D) between the saturated @ tation and actual dissolved oxygen at any point, ‘ —e of re-aeration = k,D * esenation constant (time™) D = deficit in dissolved oxygen (DO, - PO) 0, = saturated value of dissolved oxyse™ : one “dissolved oxygen at a given point at 88 a a . . iti “atime, ae Tate constant k, , varies with the i at Com st moving white water river will have a pated to a sluggish river. n location is propottional ted dissolved oxygen ata given time. ven time n of the river re-aeration Scanned wth amscannerWat ' 246 or Polltion ang Saturated value of dissolved oxygen depends on key temperature, atmospheric pressure and salinity. Atthe point of disposal of wastes, decomposition of the. higher of organic material leads to a greater drop in oxygen leve| nd ih of removal of oxygen is greater than the rate of Te-aeration to other oxygen to the same level. With distance, the oxygen, top dere but continues and a point arrives, the critical point, where the ray removal of oxygen equals the rate of addition of oxygen by aera And beyond this critical point, the re-aeration rate Superseds " deoxygenation caused by microorganisms and dissolved oxygen reat to the previous saturation value and the river recovers. When the rate of deoxygenation exceeds rate of re-acration, drops. At critical points, both are equal. Beyond the critical poia aeration exceeds decomposition, DO curve goes upward andD! Teaches saturation value. (Fig. 5. 12) Parag Rate of deoxygenation 7 1 Rate of rearation (rate of removal/ate of re-teration Oxygen rate istance and/or time ‘oxygen sag curve Dissolved oxygen Xe ut, Distance and/or time ‘ Fig. 5.12, Plug flow model for dissolved oxYB2? The lowest vat visit Ne of DO is found to be 6.0 mg/l, an amON" oi sah Ate life. BOD is added in excess, DO sri fan tS wthealthy conditions, killing fishes #4 ter quality Scanned with amSeanneryy ion and Control er Potion a” . sion of toxic gases like ammonia, hydrogen sulphide, ete, Due to ecomposition by microbes, which in long run creates feless condition, the DO level falls to zero, : pyen ifthe pollutant load is constant the drop in DO mightalso vary swith seasons, temperature and time of the day. With increase in temperature, solubility of oxygen decreases, aerobic decomposition of wastes becomes faster and re-aeration slower. Thus, a particular river which has sufficient DO in winter will have umieceptable deficit in summer. Photosynthesis also affects DO. Algae and other aquatic plants which ai DO in day time due to photosynthesis, use oxygen for respiration at right due to which DO drops. Thus, for a river which is already loaded withexcess BOD and choked with algae, at night it becomes unfavourable forsustaining life. Theidea regarding deoxy genation, re-aeration and the effect of BOD nthe condition of the health of a river will be helpful in taking decisions ante extent of on-site-waste treatment and the maximum amount of BOD which can be allowed to a river or generally to water resources. pa0r 0016 de completely li _ 55 OIL POLLUTION i a __Thichcarry petro, diesel and their derivatives on Oilpoltution generally takes place due to oil spills from cargo tankers, the high seas, oil spill ‘ on a : “0 off-shore exploration of petrol, accidental fires in ships and oil contd leakage from oil pipe Lines erossing WalerWays The oil spill *sthe water surface preventing light to pass, thereby the process ‘ arr © OXY: « 0 mr ocsathesis carried on by marine plants is hampered. Les oxy ee me i red oxygen and endanger! i ‘ough, thereby reducing dissolved oxyz© ae fishes and other aquatic organisms. On the whole, t ‘ food are endangered. 58 Te ACIDIFICATION OF WATER (EFFECT OF x Wee! carbon dioxide in water forms a solution af a “ngy2 03) With a pH of about 5.6: But due 10 aia, the Mob var attic acid, sulphuric acid as well as iydrochlorie 22 a Uiggt resources falls to around 5.0 to 4.0 and ine Tssion of go, Le Source for acid rain ig of course, anthroP 2» NO, and Cl). Water ti and se, pH) weak carbonic Scanned wth amscanner et248 Water Pollution a & Hd Ci ty Aquatic organisms are pH sensitive. Very few a are able to survive below pH 5.0. Secondly, when acidified conditions toxic elements like Pb, Hg, insoluble and therefore harmless, enter the solution and become)es, to aquatic organisms. However, itis the gift of nature that the icerbons which is formed in the solution, can act as a buffer, Buffers, as isa: are substances capable of resisting the pH of a solution, ice, preves alteration of pH due to added acid or base. The buffer action can}: explained from the following chemical equilibrium QUatic Orpen. PH drops, ie, As, Cd, tC, Whig H,CO, (carbonic acid) == H* HCO,~ Bicarbonate anion Ifan acid is received by water from any source, the concentration increases and to maintain the equilibrium H* and HCO, reac form less ionized H,CO,; resisting pH. 4 HCO, has limiting buffer Capacity. With increased concentrain® acid, there will be more and more removal of HCO; anda Lt Teach when such small amount of HCO,” which remains, can ve change 1m pH and the solution becomes acidic. So to ‘maintain ie action, new Source of HCO; has to be generated. This can b? by adding lime to water resources, it) H"+ Caco, (lime stone) > Ca®* + HCO,” (bicarbonate am HCO, +H*== yOco. The i ming acid solution bicart ime Stone reacts with the incoming acid solu . lakes wien anion which helps buffer action to sustain oe vst invulne ic have an abundance of calcium carbonate am! idiot a table to acidification, Thus, to nullify the effects ofa eo that bio when can be treated with limestone. This is to be" arbonate buffer ig effective for pH values above For lower H “7 kaolinite, © effective butter ‘ea 5), components of soil ka0 AUShOS On), + 6H" 2Al* +251 (OH) 4+ 20 linite) to fu ie Butinth oa e ‘ a ie parrot isms, °°°SS: it releases toxic Al?* which is Organ;water pollution and Control Wal 57 AQUIFERS formation of underground water is: mainly due to two Processes: 1, Seeping of river and stream water 249 2, Direct secping of rain water ‘The number of intermolecular spaces between the soil particles is quitehigh and water percolates down thro ugh a region called unsaturated gone(the region is not fully saturated with water but contains lot of air with water). Water in the unsaturated zone is called Vadose water. Due founsaturation this water cannot be pumped out, although plants utilize itfully. Below the unsaturated zone, there is a saturated zone where all the spaces between the soil particles are occupied solely by water molecules. This water in the saturated zone is underground water. The boundary above the saturated zone is known as Water Table. The transition region between the unsaturated zone (Vadose water) and salurated zone (groundwater) is called the Capillary Frinze. In this region, water rises into the unsaturated zone in small cracks, due to intermolecular attraction between water and soil-rock particles. An aquifer can be defined as the saturated geologic layer, which is Pemeable cnough to allow,water to flow with ease through it. An aquifer Sls-on the top of less permeable layer which greatly restricts the Movement of ‘ground water. This less permeable layer is called confining ‘dor aquitard or aquiclude. _. en ground water is sandwiched between two confining layer itis Wn as confined aquifers. Unsaturated zone Va abe p-surface Fig, 5.13, Various regions of su! Scanned with Camseannethelpsto find 250 Water Pollution ang ‘ny Artesian well Piczometric surface — wel} Lnconfined aquifer LEZZEEEZ, + Confined ZZELXZZELELEELLLLEZEEEEA,. wiler Fig. 5.14: Confined and unconfined aquifer Ina well drilled into unconfined aq as atmospheric pressure. On the other water pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure and a well drill! into this confined aquifer water will rise above the upper surface oftte confined aquifer, such well is called an artesian well. ‘The surface upt which water would rise in an artesian well is known as piezometti surface or potentiometric surface, In certain cases, excessive prestt might occur ina confined aquifer causing water to flow automatics ‘-e., pumping is not required. Such well is called flowing artesian uifer, the water pressure is sane hand, in a confined aguifert: 5.8 HYDRAULIC. GRADIENT In an unconfined a: : rection! quifer, the slope of water table in the direct? Steepest chan, ! is oa 8c is called hydraulic gradient. Knowledge of ON oni Out at What rate ground water will flow and in whicl Ground surface Water table Unconfined hy Ground aquifer ‘Water flow ‘ Datump level | (sea level) i 3 \ ined #4 ‘ Fig. 5.1 . ; \ "FSS. dt Bradient (showing head and gradient in an u°™ t : _ de Scanned with CamSeanner~~ ter pollution and Control 7 ydraulic gradient can be measured by drawing a very simple picture ig 515)- qwowells are drawn of the same unconfined aquifer. The horizontal gistance between these two wells is | meter (may be measured in feet also). . Now, let the vertical distances of the water table with reference to datum plane (generally sea level), be A, and h,, respectively. The hydraulic gradient will then be given as Ah Hydraulic Gradient = ; Forsmaller values it is given as s d Darey’s Law Onthe basis of laboratory experiment of flow of water, in rough porous media such as sand filters, Henry Darcy, a French engineer concluded thatthe flow rate (7) is directly proportional to the cross-sectional area (0), the surface media through which water flows and the hydraulic sadient (steep slope of flow). Combining all this together, fat op f=katt fe dl dl , "ate of flow (m°/day); k= coefficient of permeability (m/day)- a= ; ; th “T0ss-Sectional areas (m”); 2 = hydraulic gradient. Ie: . . _ edi se equation holds good for streamline motion of Liquid, porous Coarse grains and it also varies with temperature- Ing, as : . © of turbulent motion and porous media with very fine grains as a - ‘tog rata clays, the equation does not hold good, Fe. there #58 Aguie.o" fom experimental determined quantities. bomgtifers tare called With same i ility throughou! er coefficient of permeability : PmetitOus aquifers and heterogeneous if the coefficicn” of bility a: a y ‘ i Pemeayy ters from place to place. Aquifers with same coeftickey te gely in any direction of flow are called isotropic a0 ‘on, then it is an gg ecient Se ‘icient of permeabili directi “topic aga of permeability depends YPom Scanned with amSeannet252 Water Pollution tad ny, 5.9 WASTE WATER TREATMENT “Water, water everywhere, not a drop to drink,’ We are ve fi with this term. So far, we have discussed how the anthropogene degrade our environment. Contamination of water TOW has reag such a height that it is very unsafe to drink as well as cook fonda such water and even water meant for washing purpose should alk taken care of. The waste water collected from various SOUFCeS sha be treated so as to remove contaminants in order to be released ans into their origin. The treatment must remove pathogens, BOD materik excessive nutrients and toxic chemicals. The drinking water stand can be categorized into: 1. Primary standard, specifies maximum allowed contaminant, liz organic and inorganic chemicals, radio nuclides like radon gas and mica biological contaminants levels relating to health. , 2. Secondary standard is related to taste, odour and colour, comosiiy and hardness and is less related to health. The type of contamina are, excessive sulphate for laxative effect, excessive fluoride a inbrownish discoloring of teeth, excessive iron and manganese" ‘aste and odour, due to gases like CH,, H,S, SO,, etc. eon The water, therefore, must be treated so that raw water a drinkable. The two sources of drinking water are both sos : and surface water. The main characteristics of these two 0" Ground Water 1. Little suspended materials 2. Less chances of contamination i 3. Less hardness aissoWved 4. Chances of greater concentration of objectionable Surface Water thy, 1. High concentration of suspended materials 2. Greater chances of pollution 3. Greater chances of hardness 4. Objecti ing on the SP? » Objectionable dissolved gas, depending iTces Scanned wth Camscanneryp. fet pollution and Control . 540 SURFACE WATER TREATMENT gyfioe water has turbidity, large floating and suspended materials, lot ful pathogens and metal ions causing hardness of water, ofharm! Following sequence of steps should thus, be followed to make surface yaterpotable: 0 Screening Parallel steel bars followed by wire mesh screen with small openings, are generally used to remove relatively large floating and suspended materials. (i) Coagulation The screened waste water might contain suspended particles, including tacteria which are too small to be screened and to settle ina reasonable time period and if the particles are of colloidal dimensions they will neversettle down. Under these circumstances, the water is mixed with chemicals which help small suspended materials to coagulate into larger Paticles, thereby facilitating precipitation. Colloidal particles carry the same charge and thus repel each other. The repulsion of the similar charged particles does not allow them to come closer. The particles buace remain suspended or scattered throughout the solution, Ifby any Means the charges are removed the particles will come together to fom bigger aggregates and will settle down under the influence of ne The intended action of coagulant is to neutralize the charges ie one Particles can come together to form bigger aggregates to settle by which colloidal The coagulation i gulati the process Dy ion is thus, defined as the Pp! Coagulation ean be ti 6 Saadh bo Come closer resulting into precipitation. @) about in many different ways such as: adding electrolytes ©) te oppositely charged sols cisbolng ‘Ough electrophoresi phoresis, etc. ded for tape treatment process, usually the alectrolytes at eating Renta on. The electrolytes used for coagulation are CH ylating “they make the Bagger particles 10 oeculate: T° Scanned with CamScanneri | 254 Mater Pottig ae capacity depends upon the valency of the added ion, ie, ete valency of the ion the more is the Capacity and na Sl Lyophobic colloids are much easily coagulated compared colloid. The usual coagulant is alum (AL(SO,),.1 8H,0). The use of such coagulant is based on the strong power to coagulate negatively charged colloidal impurities Present j water. When alum is added, the positively charged A] upon the surface of the colloidal Particles, as a result the o colloidal particles is neutralized and thus the Particles get ca, The coagulating Power of trivalent ion is much hi igher ion and is comparable to that of bivalent ion but still high electrolytes which can be used are FeC FeSO,. ete, The coagulating or floceula: into a tapid mix chamber having rapidly rotating paddles # detention time of approximately 90 seconds. In this chambe: water and the flocculating agent are mixed well. After proper the mixture is allowed to pass through another chambe Agitation for about 30 minutes. In this time period, thes Neutralization of colloidal Particles takes place and they fom colloidal par Oe oe floccutent. The time of agitation must not be so high that 2 Particles breg apart. lp ting agent is added to th (iii) Sedimentation a flocculation, the water is allowed to flow through a in or Clarifier. Sedimentation basin is a concrete tank i time angular 'n shape. The concrete tank can hold water f0° fromone oot 8tY damage. The usc detention time for we one te hours, Obviously, with greater detention eae “¢' materials is much efficient. The solids settled so Of the tank 5% the tank ean be “moved manually or mechanically by ® (iy) Filtration seine ce . soft The ga Teconsists of multiple Wve io . ‘ the y bigger In 2 atthe lowest layer a Then lay Sine between ese to the size of flow particles § ‘er to be filtered. > Pass Out, all lowing wat Scanned wth amscanner