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CHAPTER XXVII.
THE SKIN.
It is proposed here to treat only of those diseases of the skin which
may complicate surgical cases or call for surgical treatment.
Dermatitis may be produced by chemicals, caustics, and various
irritants; the former, for instance, by the use of strong antiseptics
upon sensitive skins, and the latter as when fecal matter or urine is
poured over unprotected skin or allowed to remain in contact with it.
Ammoniacal urine will prove irritating, as will also that of diabetes.
When carbolic acid was in general use it gave rise to great trouble
upon the hands of many surgeons, while iodine, iodoform, and other
such remedies, as well as the stronger mercurial preparations, will
cause local symptoms similar to those produced by poison ivy.
This may be prevented, when the condition has occurred, by
applying soothing lotions or mild astringents, with anodynes, in dry
dusting powder or in ointment form. Cocaine in small amounts, or
preferably orthoform with menthol, may be employed in either of
these ways. When an acid discharge is expected the skin should be
protected with an ointment or with collodion or rubber cement; the
latter by drying will leave a thin film upon the surface. Thus around a
fecal fistula the skin will be irritated and more or less macerated, and
should always be thus protected when possible.
Between sixty and seventy drugs are known to produce distinct
forms of dermatitis, such as copaiba, cubebs, the various
preparations of iodine, bromine, and arsenic, some of the aniline
preparations, quinine, etc.; while the various antitoxic serums,
especially that of diphtheria, will sometimes produce a skin
disturbance. In these cases it is only necessary to recognize the
source of the trouble and remove the cause by stopping the drug.
Should dermatitis produce such restlessness as to interfere with the
physiological rest necessary for a wound or fracture an opiate should
be administered.
DERMATITIS CALORICA.
Dermatitis calorica means the varying degrees of irritation which
may be set up by extremes of heat and cold, continuous or alternate,
as in so-called chilblains. These are often seen upon the feet, but
occur upon the hands and even the face, i. e., in places most
exposed and least supplied with blood. The lesion occurs in patches,
often with livid discoloration, and causes sensations varying from
discomfort to acute pain, almost always aggravated by warmth; while
the skin appears inflamed, though to the touch it usually seems cool.
Treatment.—Chilblains occur most frequently in the anemic and
those with uric-acid diathesis, but may be met at any
time. The constitutional treatment should not be overlooked. Much
pertains to good care of the feet, especially after exposure. After
wetting or chilling they should be dried and then rubbed with boric-
acid talcum powder, containing 1 or 2 per cent. of menthol; this may
be dusted upon the feet, before going outdoors, upon return, and
when there is discomfort.
It will often give relief to immerse the feet in warm water containing
sufficient tincture of iodine to give it a mahogany color; or the feet
may be simply dipped in this and then allowed to dry without using a
towel. The use of hydrogen dioxide diluted two or three times has
been highly commended. If this proportion of dioxide be added to
four or five parts of hot saturated solution of sodium bicarbonate the
efficacy of the measure will be much enhanced. In extreme cases
frequent use of the following formula will probably give more relief
than anything else: Carbolic acid 1 part, ichthyol and tincture
calendula each 4 parts, and glycerin 16 parts. With this the skin may
be kept constantly moistened.
The expressions of dermatitis produced by heat may vary from an
efflorescent rash to complete destruction, and will be treated of
under the following head:
Burn by electric current from “live wire” carrying 1200 volts. (Original.)
Fig. 98
“X-ray burn,” result of nine exposures in nine days. Extensive necrosis and
sloughing, with an intractable ulcer. (From collection of Dr. G. W. Wende.)
Fig. 101