1

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MEDICOMAMA question-bank.
• For knruhs some shorts are appeared as vsqs so we merged
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-Team MEDICOMAMA

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KNRUHS BIOCHEMISTRY
PAPER-1 2K22 INSTANT OUR STRIKE RATE. 14/15=93%
PAPER-2 2K22 INSTANT OUR STRIKE RATE. 15/15=100%

PAPER-1 2K22 REGULAR OUR STRIKE RATE. 13/15=87%

PAPER-2 2K22 REGULAR OUR STRIKE RATE. 12/15=80%

YSRUHS BIOCHEMISTRY
PAPER-1 2K22 INSTANT OUR STRIKE RATE. 12/12=100%
PAPER-2 2K22 INSTANT OUR STRIKE RATE. 12/12=100%

PAPER-1 2K22 REGULAR OUR STRIKE RATE. 11/12=92%

PAPER-2 2K22 REGULAR OUR STRIKE RATE. 12/12=100%

LINK FOR THE APP: PW MED ED+ 1ST& 2ND YR

USE CODE : “MEDIMAMA”
INTERESTED MEDICOS CAN START THE PREPARATION FOR
FOR NExT EXAM BY ENROLLING IN PwMedEd+ platform.
For maximum discount & benefits!

3
 BIOCHEMISTRY INDEX PAPER-1
TOPIC PAGE NUMBER
ENZYMES 5-6
BIOLOGICAL OXIDATION 6
DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION 6
DETOXIFICATION 7
CARBOHYDRATE CHEMISTRY & 7-8
METABOLISM
VITAMINS 8-10
FREE RADICALS& OXIDANTS 10
NUTRITION 10-11
LIPID CHEMISTRY & METABOLISM 11-12
HEME METABOLISM 12-13
ORGAN FUNCTION TESTS 13-14
PREVIOUS PAPERS 15-28

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ENZYMES
ESSAYS
➢ Classification of Enzymes*****

SHORTS

➢ Therapeutic Enzymes*
➢ Isoenzymes, Identification, Lactate Dehydrogenase*****
➢ Clinical Enzymology, Biomarker, Cardiac Biomarkers, Enzyme
Profile In Liver Diseases (ALT, AST, ALP, NTP, GGT), Prostate
Specific Antigen, Acid Phosphatase, Glucose- 6 Phosphate
Dehydrogenase, Amylase, Lipase, Ceruloplasmin, Enolase*****
➢ Metalloenzymes****
➢ Mode of Action of Enzymes***
➢ Thermodynamic Considerations***
➢ Enzyme Kinetics**
➢ Enzyme Inhibition, Competitive Inhibition, Non Competitive
Inhibition, Suicidal Inhibition, Clinical Importance*****
➢ Enzyme Markers In Myocardial Infarction
➢ Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity*****, Michaelis Constant***
➢ Diagnostic Importance of Enzymes*
➢ Specificity of Enzymes**
➢ Coenzymes*
➢ Enzyme Poisons*

5
 ➢ Serum Enzymes And It’s Clinical Importance And Significance*

BIOLOGICAL OXIDATION
ESSAYS
➢ Citric Acid Cycle*****
➢ Respiratory Chain, Chemiosmotic Theory*****

SHORTS

➢ Chemiosmotic Hypothesis***
➢ Uncouplers And Inhibitors of Oxidative Phosphorylation****
➢ Electron Transport Chain*****
➢ High Energy Compounds***
➢ Inhibitors of Respiratory Chain**
➢ Classify The Mechanisms By Which ATP is Produced in the cells,
Describe in detail the one operating the mitochondria*

DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION

SHORTS

➢ Monosaccharides****
➢ Homoglycans
➢ Mechanism of Sugars From The Absorption of Gut
➢ Digestion of Protein In The Gastrointestinal Tract And Absorption of
its end products

6
DETOXIFICATION

SHORTS

➢ Detoxification, Various Mechanisms of Detoxification In The Human

Body*
➢ Phase I Detoxification, Phase II Reactions (Detoxification By
Conjugation)*****
➢ Xenobiotics
➢ Biotransformation*

CARBOHYDRATE CHEMISTRY AND ITS METABOLISM

ESSAYS

➢ Blood Glucose Values, Regulation, Diabetes Mellitus Diagnosis**

➢ Glycogenesis, Glycogenolysis, Glycogen Storage I Disorders,
Polysaccharides*****
➢ Gluconeogenesis**
➢ Glycolysis****
➢ HMP (Hexose Monophosphate) Shunt Pathway****Glucose
Transporters**
➢ Biochemical Changes In Carbohydrate And Lipid Metabolism In
Prolonged Starvation*

7
SHORTS

➢ Lactose Intolerance****
➢ Cori’s Cycle or Lactic Acid Cycle****
➢ Rapapory Leubering Cycle (Bisphosphoglycerate Shunt)***
➢ Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex, Regulation, Significance of
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase****
➢ Glycogen Storage Diseases, Glycogen Storage Diseases Type I*****
➢ Glucuronic Acid Pathway*
➢ Regulation of Blood Glucose (Glucose Tolerance Test)****
➢ Insulin*
➢ Diabetes Mellitus (Type I&II)****
➢ Metabolic Syndrome***
➢ Galactose Metabolism****
➢ Galactosemia***
➢ Mucopolysaccharides*
➢ Hereditary Fructose Intolerance
➢ Synthesis of N- Acetylneuraminic Acid (NANA)

VITAMINS

ESSAYS

➢ Vit.A, Chemistry, Absorption, Wald’s Visual Cycle, Dark Adaptation,

Biochemical Functions, Deficiency Manifestations, Daily

8
 Requirements, Dietary Sources, Therapeutic Use,
Hypervitaminosis*****
➢ Vit.D (Cholecalciferol) Formation, Activation, Deficiency, Effect on
Renal Tubules, Clinical Features, Requirement, Source,
Hypervitaminosis*****
➢ Vit.B12 ***
➢ Vit.C*

SHORTS

➢ Thiamine, Co Enzyme Functions, Deficiency Manifestations***

➢ Pyridoxine, Functions, Deficiency Manifestations**
➢ Folate Trap (Methyl Trap)*
➢ Niacin, Coenzyme Functions, Deficiency Manifestations**
➢ Vitamin E*
➢ Folic Acid, Biochemical Functions, Metabolism, Role And
Deficiency Manifestations***
➢ Rickets****
➢ Coenzymes of Niacin And Thiamine And Give Two Metabolic
Functions of Each**
➢ Scurvy*****
➢ Pellagra***
➢ Vitamin K Cycle**
➢ Biotin***
➢ Beri Beri**

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 ➢ Riboflavin
➢ FAD Dependent Enzymes*

FREE RADICALS AND ANTIOXIDANTS

SHORTS

➢ Antioxidants***
➢ Superoxide Dismutase
➢ Detoxification of Hydrogen Peroxide
➢ Free Radicals***
➢ Free Radical Scavenger Mechanisms

NUTRITION

SHORTS

➢ Nitrogen Balance, Factors Affecting Nitrogen Balance**

➢ Dietary Fiber, Beneficial And Adverse Effects, Normal Value***
➢ Specific Dynamic Action*****
➢ Glycemic Index***
➢ Calorific Value****
➢ Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) Factors Affecting BMR*****
➢ Protein Calorie Malnutrition, Types, Salient Features, Kwashiorkor,
Marasmus*****
➢ Biological Value of Proteins*****

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➢ Net Protein Utilisation*

LIPID CHEMISTRY AND METABOLISM

ESSAYS

➢ HDL, LDL, Reference Interval For Lipid Profile,

Hypercholesterolemia*
➢ Beta Oxidation Steps, Energetics*****
➢ Pathway of Ketone Bodies Synthesis, Formation, Excretion,
Utilization, Ketoacidosis, Ketonemia, Ketosis*****,
➢ Fatty Acids, Examples, Fatty Acid Synthesis, Regulation of
Cholesterol Synthesis,
➢ Degraded Products or Derivatives of Cholesterol**

SHORTS

➢ Lipids, Digestion And Absorption**

➢ Alpha Oxidation, Refsum Disease, Infantile Refsum Disease**
➢ De Novo Synthesis of Fatty Acids****, Fatty Acid Synthase
Complex****
➢ Triglyceride Synthesis*
➢ Fatty Liver, Causes****
➢ Cholesterol, Structure, Functions, Absorption, Biosynthesis,
Regulation****
➢ Plasma Lipids, Classification of Lipoproteins****

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➢ Chylomicrons***
➢ Formation of Bile Acids*
➢ Atherosclerosis***
➢ Cardiac Biomarkers**
➢ Candidate Markers For Myocardial Infarction*
➢ Hypolipoproteinemias**
➢ Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids*****
➢ Prostaglandins, Classification, Biosynthesis, Biological Actions And
Clinical Importance*****
➢ Leukotrienes
➢ Lipid Storage Diseases**

HEME METABOLISM

ESSAYS

➢ Breakdown of Heme To Bilirubin And It’s Regulation*

SHORTS

➢ Porphyrias And It’s Important Types,Acute Intermittent

Porphyria*****
➢ Sickle Cell Anemia*****
➢ Hemoglobinopathies With Examples**
➢ Abnormal Hemoglobin*****

12
➢ Abnormalities Associated With Bilirubin Metabolism, Bile Pigments
Metabolism**
➢ Thalassemia*
➢ Met Hemoglobin*
➢ Glycosylated Hemoglobin**
➢ Hemoglobin Structure*
➢ Structure, Biosynthesis, Regulation, Disorders of Heme
Synthesis***
➢ Hemolytic Jaundice of New Born**, Differential Diagnosis of
Jaundice**
➢ Catabolism of Heme**
➢ Criggler Najjar Syndrome, Gillbert’s, Dubin Johnson Syndrome*
➢ Transport of O2 And CO2 By Hemoglobin*
➢ Hemoglobinopathies
➢ Myoglobin
➢ Causes of Anemia

ORGAN FUNCTION TESTS

SHORTS

➢ Liver Function Tests, Excretory And Metabolic Functions of

Liver*****
➢ Van Den Bergh Test**

13
➢ Renal Function Tests, Classification (Glomerular Filtration
Rate)*****
➢ Inulin, Creatinine, Urea Clearance Test*
➢ Proteinuria
➢ Urine Analysis
➢ Creatinine Coefficient
➢ Measurement of Urine Specific Gravity
➢ Albumin Globulin, Albumin Creatinine, Ratios
➢ Fractional Test Meal
➢ Serum Bilirubin Level Clinical Significance
➢ Hyperchlorhydia

14
YSRUHS BIOCHEMISTRY MODEL PAPER-1
I. Structured Essay Questions: 2x15=30 M

1. Write the sources & RDA of Vitamin D. Describe the synthesis of

active form of Vitamin D. Explain the biochemical functions and
deficiency manifestations of Vitamin D. Add a note on hypervitaminosis
D. (1+1+4+4+3+2)

2. Name Lipoproteins and mention their functions. Explain the LDL

metabolism. What is normal serum cholesterol level? What are the
derivatives of cholesterol and add a note on atherosclerosis.
(2+2+4+1+3+3)

II. Short Questions: 10x5=50 M

3. A 5-year-old boy was admitted to a medical ward in a comatose

condition. The boy maintained good health till very recently. His father
said that the boy complained of thirst and increased urination. He lost
weight and became very thin. His breath had fruity odor. His lab report
as follows

Blood glucose: 800mg/dL, Blood urea: 40mg/dl, Serum creatinine:

1.8mg/di Benedicts Test++, Rothera's test:

a) What is the probable diagnosis in the above case

b) What are the point's in favour of such a diagnosis?

15
c) What is the reason for the fruity odour.

d) Name two non-sugar compounds that give a positive Benedicts test

4. Enumerate the types of Heteropolysacharides and write their

functions

5. Explain Competitive inhibition and give 2 examples

6. Describe the types of Haemoglobinopathies

7. Describe Chemiosmotic theory and give two examples for

uncouplers

8. Describe the types of Protein Energy Malnutrition

9. Describe the steps in Heme synthesis

10. Describe the Liver Function Tests

11. A 4-year-old boy came to the hospital and his serum ALP levels are
high

a) Enumerate physiological and pathological conditions for raised ALP

in this age group.

b) List the isoenzymes of ALP.

c) Reference range of serum ALP

12. Metabolic adaptation during starvation

16
YSRUHS 2K22 INSTANT PAPER-1
STRUCTURED ESSAY QUESTIONS:2X15=30

1) A 40 year old man is brought to the hospital in a comatose state. On

examination, he was found to be dehydrated and toxic with a
characteristic breathing pattern with sweet smell. He was admitted
and investigated. Following are his lab investigations.

RBS: 380 mg/dl , S.HCO3-:80 mg/dl, S.Ketones: 15 mEq/L, pH:7.25

Urinary Benedictis test: ++++ ,Urinary Rothera's test: Positive

Answer the following:

a)What is your diagnosis?

b) What are the favourable points for your diagnosis?

c) Explain the metabolism of Ketone Bodies?

d) Write about the hormonal regulation of blood glucose e) What are the
differences between types of Diabetes Mellitus

2) Name the lipoproteins and classify them. Explain the LDL

metabolism? Write about Atherosclerosis?

SHORT ESSAY QUESTIONS: 10x5=50

3) Describe the types of PEM (Protein Energy Malnutrition)

17
4) Define BMR. What is its normal value? What are the factors affecting
BMR?

5) HMP shunt and its significance

6) What are isoenzymes? Write about cardiac isozymes

7) Enumerate the types of Heteropolysaccharides and write their

biochemical significance.

8) What are antioxidants? Give two examples of

a) antioxidant enzymes

b) Antioxidant Vitamins

c)Antioxidant minerals

9) Write in detail about ETC. Add a note on its inhibition and uncouplers
of oxidative phosphorylation.

10)What are the factors affecting enzymes activity? Add a note on

competitiveinhibition

11) What is clearance? What are the different types of clearance tests
you know and write their significance?

12) Describe the steps of heme synthesis. Add a note on AlP (Acute
Intermittent Porphyria

18
YSRUHS 2K22 REGULAR PAPER-1
STRUCTURED ESSAY QUESTIONS: 2X15=30

1) A young man of 45 years who is slightly overweight and has a

sedentary job had a health check up and he was told that his lipid profile
is abnormal (5+3+5+2)

a. What are the parameters included in lipid profile and mention their
reference values

b. Explain the biochemical basis of type II hyperlipoproteinemia

c. What is the most common complication of hypercholesterolemia

d. What are the lifestyle modifications suggested?

2) Describe chemistry, sources, RDA, bio chemical functions and

deficiency manifestation of vitamin-D (2+2+6+5)

SHORT ESSAY QUESTIONS:10X5=50

3) A 30 year old woman during her second pregnancy had a Glucose

Tolerance Test (GTT) and the results are as follows:

Fasting blood glucose level: 125 mg/dL

1 hour blood glucose level: 210 mg/dL 2 hour blood glucose level: 170
mg/dL, Plot a GTT graph with these results and interpret?

19
4) A 20 year old male presented with right hypochondrial pain and
erosions, vesicles, bullae on the sun exposed areas of skin. Symptoms
exaggerated after alcohol intake. Uroporphyrins present in the urine
examination. What is the disorder? What is the enzyme that is
deficient?

5)Explain glycogenolysis

6) Explain detoxification by conjugation

7) Explain factors affecting Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) and name

conditions for decreased BMR

8)Electron Transport Chain and uncouplers of oxidative

phosphorylation

9) What is porphyria? Classify different types of porphyria's. Give an

account of acute intermittent porphyria

10) Name the bile pigments. Give the significance of their presence in
blood and urine. How are they detected in blood and urine?

11), Define dearance tests. How is creatinine clearance done? What is

its diagnostic significance?

12) What is a balanced diet? How do you prepare a diet for a normal
young adult male of sedentary habits

20
YSRUHS 2K21 INSTANT PAPER-1
STRUCTURED ESSAY QUESTIONS:

1) Write the sources and RDA of Vitamin A. Name the three different
compounds of Vitamin A activity along with absorption, transport and
uptake by tissues. Explain Wald's visual cycle and biochemical
functions of Vitamin A. Add a note on deficiency manifestations of
Vitamin A (1 + 1 + 5 + 5 + 3)

2) What are the different types of oxidation of fatty acids. Describe B

oxidation of fatty acids. Add a note on energetics of ẞ oxidation of fatty
acids. What is Refsums disease and its clinical features (2 + 6 + 2 + 3 +
2)

SHORT ESSAY QUESTIONS: 10X5 = 50

3) A 2 years child presented with liver enlargement. On investigation

blood sugar 50mg%, uric acid 10 mg%, lactic acid 15 mg% and plasma
cholesterol 300 mg%. Ketone bodies were present. What is the likely
diagnosis? What is the biochemical basis of the disorders ? What is its
treatment? (1 + 2 + 2)

4) A 30 years old male presented with symptoms of abdominal pain,

itching all over the body with passing of yellowish urine. Lab
investigations showed serum Bilirubin - 9mg \% 1 conjugated Bilirubin
7.5 mg%, unconjugated Bilirubin 1.5 mg%, ACT-80 U/L, ALT-90 U/L, ALP

21
440 IU/L, urine bile salts ++, Bile pigments ++, urobilinogen negative,
feces stercobilinogen negative. What is the diagnosis? What are the
causes of this condition? (2+3)

5) Define and classify enzymes with examples

6) What are disaccharides? What do you mean by Invert sugar

7) Classify liver function tests. Add a note on Vandenberg test

8) What are the steps in heme synthesis

9) What are coenzymes. Add a note on applications of enzymes

10) What is oxidative phosphorylation? Describe chemiosmotic theory

of oxidation phosphorylation

11) What is dietary fiber and its importance in diet

12) What are antioxidants. give examples

22
YSRUHS 2K21 REGULAR PAPER-1
STRUCTURED ESSAY QUESTIONS: 2X15=30

1) A diabetic patient during a periodic checkup was found to have

elevated plasma cholesterol levels. a) What are the biochemical
parameters measured under lipid profile? Write their normal values.

b) How is cholesterol transported in plasma?

c) Explain the clinical importance of controlling plasma cholesterol in

a diabetic patient.

d) Name two drugs to lower plasma cholesterol levels (4+5+4+2)

2) A 6 year old child was brought to hospital with complaints of slow

growth and pain in bowing bones of legs On examination, and swelling
he was anemic, had frontal bossing, of costochondral junctions.
investigation results were as follows: Laboratory

Serum Calcium: 6.2 mg/dL

Serum Phosphorus: 2.8 mg/dl.

Alkaline phosphatase (ALP): 720 U/L

a) Interpret the findings and suggest the likely diagnosis.

b) Mention the reference range and dietary sources of the nutrient.

c) Describe the deficiency manifestation

23
d) Explain biochemical functions of the nutrient (3+3+4+5)

SHORT ESSAY QUESTIONS: 10X5=50

3) Define enzymes. Enumerate the major classes of enzymes, giving one

example for each.

4) Define oxidative phosphorylation. Explain the chemiosmotic theory

5) Define basal metabolic rate (BMR). What are the factors that affect
BMR 6) What is porphyria? Classify the different types of porphyria.
Give an account of the acute intermittent porphyria.

7) Enumerate liver function tests and describe in detail any two of them
with Clinical significance.

8) Define clearance tests. Give details of any one of them.

9) What are the irreversible steps in glycolysis? How are these blocks

Circumvented?

10)Define Jaundice. Explain the types and classification of jaundice

11) Describe the significance of HMP shunt pathway

12) Describe transport mechanisms of glucose

24
KNRUHS 2K22 REGULAR PAPER-1
Essay/Long Answer Questions: 2X15=30

1. What are Lipoproteins. Classify Lipoproteins. Expiam the transport of

TAG (Tri Acyl glycerides) in the body. Discuss the clinical significance of
LDL and HDI.. Add a note on dyslipidaemias. (2+3+5+2+3)

2. What is Glycogen. How is Glycogen broken down in the body. Explain

the hormonal regulation of the pathway. Write about glycogen storage
disorders.

Short Answer Questions: 7X6=42

3. What are the different types of enzyme inhibition. Explain about

competitive inhibition with two examples of its therapeutic
significance.

4. Write about inhibitors and uncouplers of electron transport chain.

5. Justify Physician role in Health Care System.

6. Enzyme profile in liver diseases, and write about their clinical

significance.

7. Describe the sources, daily requirement and functions of Vitamin C.

8. Describe the regulation of calcium homeostasis.

9. Define BMR, what is its normal value, and what are all the factors
affecting BMR

25
Very Short Answer Questions: 6X3=18

10. Write about classification of lipids with suitable examples.

11. Principle and applications of Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay

(ELISA).

12. Antioxidant Vitamins.

13. Describe about transport systems with examples.

14. Essential Fatty acids.

15. Compare and Contrast Kwashiorkor and Marasmus.

26
KNRUHS 2K22 INSTANT PAPER-1
Essay/ Long Answer Questions: 2X15=30

1. How the Fatty acids are oxidized in the body. Explain beta oxidation,
give its energetics and explain the regulation of beta oxidation in the
body.(2+7+3+3)

2. An 8-year-old child was brought to the hospital with c/o slow growth
and pain in bones. On examination, he was anemic had frontal bossing,
bowing of legs and swelling of costochondral junction, Laboratory
results were serum calcium-8.2mg/dl, serum ALP: 720U/L, serum
phosphorous-2.8mg/dl

a) What is your diagnosis

b) What are the biochemical effects of vitamin D

c) Causes for vitamin D deficiency

d). Sources and RDA vitamin D.

e) What are the clinical features of vitamin D deficiency

Short Answer Questions: 7X6=42

3. Describe the Hexose Mono Phosphate shunt path way and add a note
on its significance.

4. What is Substrate Level Phosphorylation and explain with suitable

examples

27
5. Clinically important enzymes and their significance

6. Mucopolysaccharides

7. Write about Anti-oxidants and their role in health.

8. How does the Physician improves the Health Care System.

9. Absorption of Iron and its regulation.

Very Short Answer Questions:6X3=18

10. Dietary fiber.

11. What is Michaelis Menten (Km) value. Explains the concept by using
suitable example.

12. Glycosuria and Renal Glycosuria.

13. Structure and functions of Lipoprotein.

14. Rothera's test.

15. Mention the clinical features of the following diseased conditions

a. Keshan disease

b. Wilson's disease

c. Hemosiderosis

28
 BIOCHEMISTRY INDEX PAPER-2
TOPIC PAGE NUMBER
PROTEIN CHEMISTRY & METABOLISM 30-31
MINERAL METABOLISM 32
NUCLEOTIDES CHEMISTRY & 33
METABOLISM
DNA 33-34
TRANSCRIPTION & TRANSLATION 34-35
INHERITANCE 35
RECOMBINANT DNA 35-36
MOLECULAR DIAGNOSIS 36
MECHANISM OF ACTION OF HORMONES 36-37
AIDS & HIV,EXTRCELLULAR MATRIX 37
PLASMA PROTEINS& IMMUNOLOGY 38
ORGANELLES & MEMBRANES 39
CANCER 39-40
ACID BASE BALANCE 40
WATER ELECTROLYTE BALANCE 41
PREVIOUS PAPERS 42-55

29
PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND METABOLISM

ESSAYS

➢ Sulfur Containing Amino Acids **

➢ Tyrosine Metabolism, Albinism****
➢ Urea Cycle, Disorders (HyperAmmonemia), Ammonia
Detoxified*****
➢ Tryptophan Metabolism**
➢ Transamination, Deamination, Transmethylation**
➢ Phenylalanine Metabolism, Phenylketonuria, Associated Inborn
Disorders***
➢ Glycine Metabolism, Diseases****
➢ Proteins, Structural Organization of a Protein Molecule and protein
importance

SHORTS
➢ Classification of Amino Acids*
➢ Isoelectric Point*****
➢ Amino Acids General Reactions**
➢ Structure of Proteins or Organisation of Proteins (Primary Structure,
Secondary, Tertiary, Quartenary)***
➢ Proteins Classification**
➢ Digestion of Proteins, Intracellular Protein Degradation

30
➢ Nitrogen Balance*
➢ Formation of Ammonia (Transamination, Transamination, Oxidative
Deamination of Glutamate)*****
➢ Disposal or Detoxification of Ammonia (Trapping of Ammonia)**
➢ One Carbon Metabolism**
➢ Serine*
➢ Alanine*
➢ Methionine****
➢ Cysteine****
➢ Cystinuria, Homocystinuria, Cystathioninuria*****
➢ Glutamic Acid**
➢ Glutamine*
➢ Polyamines***
➢ Asparagine Synthesis*
➢ Melanin Synthesis*****
➢ Metabolism of Arginine And Ornithine*
➢ Branches Chain Amino Acids (Maple Syrup Urine Disease)*
➢ Alkaptonuria***
➢ Albinism****
➢ Hartnup’s Disease***
➢ Histidine*
➢ Proline And Hydroxy Proline*

31
MINERAL METABOLISM

ESSAYS

➢ Calcium, Sources, Daily Requirements, Functions, Calcium in Blood,

Deficiencies, Parathyroid Function Tests,*****
➢ Iron, Distribution, Sources,Mucosal Block Theory, Regulation,
Deficiency, IDA, Laboratory Findings, Treatment, Toxicity
(Hemosiderosis)*****

SHORTS

➢ Parathyroid Hormone**
➢ Calcitonin**
➢ Hypocalcemia**
➢ Hypercalcemia***
➢ Pagets Disease*
➢ Osteoporosis*
➢ Phosphorus*
➢ Sulfur*
➢ Copper***
➢ Zinc***
➢ Selenium***
➢ Manganese***
➢ Molybdenum*

32
NUCLEOTIDES: CHEMISTRY AND METABOLISM

ESSAYS

➢ Purine Catabolism***
➢ Uric Acid**

SHORTS

➢ Nucleotides, Nucleotides**
➢ Biosynthesis of Purine Nucleotides**
➢ Salvage Pathway****
➢ Degradation of Purine Nucleotides*****
➢ Uric Acid****
➢ Gout, Primary, Secondary, Clinical Findings, Treatment*****
➢ Lesh- Nyhan Syndrome*
➢ Hypouricemia
➢ Denovosynthesis of Pyrimidine***
➢ Orotic Aciduria****

DNA

ESSAYS

➢ DNA Replication*****

33
SHORTS

➢ DNA Structure*
➢ Watson Crick MODEL of DNA***
➢ Nucleosomes****
➢ DNA Polymerases****
➢ Inhibitors of Replication***
➢ Comparison of Eukaryotes And Prokaryotes*
➢ DNA Repair Mechanisms***
➢ Telomere And Telomerase*
➢ Phases of Cell Cycle*

TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSLATION

ESSAYS

➢ Transcription,RNA Polymerases, TATA Box, Goldberg- Hogness Box,

Initiation, Elongation, Termination, Post- Transcriptional Processing,
Inhibitors*****
➢ Translation, Charging Reaction, Initiation, Elongation, Termination,
Post-translational Processing, Inhibitors*****
➢ Genetic Code (Wobbling Phenomenon)*****
➢ Lac Operon***
➢ Watson And Crick Model, DNA And RNA Differences, DNA
Replication**

34
➢ Synthesis of DNA*
➢ Types of DNA, Structure of B DNA, DNA organized in the nucleolus*

SHORTS

➢ t RNA (Transfer RNA)*****

➢ Ribosomal RNA**

INHERITANCE, MUTATIONS, CELL CYCLE AND

CONTROL OF GENE EXPRESSION

SHORTS

➢ Autosomal Dominant, Recessive

➢ Sex Linked Dominant, Recessive
➢ Mutations*****
➢ Cell Cycle (Retinoblastoma, p53 Oncosuppressor Protein)*****
➢ Apoptosis**
➢ Regulation of Gene Expression*

RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY & GENE THERAPY

ESSAYS

➢ Recombinant DNA****

35
SHORTS
➢ R-DNA TECHNOLOGY***
➢ DNA Molecule Cloning, Applications
➢ Restriction Endonucleases**
➢ Gene Therapy**

MOLECULAR DIAGNOSIS

SHORTS

➢ Western Blot
➢ DNA Microarray Technique
➢ RFLP**
➢ PCR, Applications, Multiplex PCR*****
➢ SSCP
➢ Protein Truncation Test

MECHANISM OF ACTION OF HORMONES

SHORTS

➢ Mechanism of Action of Hormones****

➢ Secondary Messenger*****
➢ Pregnenolone Synthesis
➢ Mechanism of Action of Hormones (Steroid)****
➢ Cortisol Synthesis***

36
➢ Mineralocorticoids Synthesis*
➢ Sex Hormones Synthesis
➢ Thyroid Hormones, Iodine Metabolism, Synthesis And Secretion,
Thyroid Function Tests, Hypothyroidism, Hyperthyroidism, TSH
Stimulation Test, T3 Suppression Test****
➢ Protein Kinases, Phosphatases

BIOCHEMISTRY OF AIDS & HIV

SHORTS

➢ Hiv Structure
➢ Aids, Immunology, Laboratory Diagnosis, Strategies For Prevention,
Window Period, Anti Retroviral Therapy (ART)

EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX

SHORTS

➢ Collagen, Structure, Disorders*****

➢ Prions**
➢ Theories of Aging
➢ Protein Misfolding Diseases
➢ Abnormal Connective Tissue Proteins Diseases
➢ Extracellular Matrix, Composition*

37
PLASMA PROTEINS

SHORTS

➢ Electrophoresis*****
➢ Albumin**
➢ Transport Proteins****
➢ Acute Phase Proteins (C-Reactive Protein, Ceruloplasmin, Wilson’s
Disease, Alpha-1 Antitrypsin)****
➢ Clotting Factors***

IMMUNOLOGY

SHORTS

➢ Cell Mediated, Humoral Immunity****

➢ Immunoglobulins Structure*****
➢ IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, IgD****
➢ Multiple Myeloma (Plastocytoma)*****
➢ Bence Jones Proteinuria*****
➢ Complement System
➢ Transposition of Genes
➢ Interlukins
➢ Monoclonal Antibody*

38
SUBCELLULAR ORGANELLES & CELL MEMBRANES

SHORTS

➢ Cell Membrane Structure***

➢ Fluid Mosaic Model*****
➢ Active Transport****
➢ Facilitated Transport****
➢ Symport**
➢ Altered Lysosomal Function
➢ Mitochondria****
➢ Golgi Apparatus
➢ Endoplasmic Reticulum

BIOCHEMISTRY OF CANCER

SHORTS

➢ Mutagens***
➢ Oncogenic Viruses***
➢ Oncogenes****
➢ Oncosuppressor Genes***
➢ Tumor Immunology (Oncofetal Antigens)**
➢ Tumor Markers (Alpha Fetoprotein, Carcinoembryonic Antigen, Beta
Chain of Chronic Gonadotropin, CA-125, PSA, Estrogen,
Progesterone Receptor, HER2/ neu)*****

39
➢ Anticancer Drugs (Methotrexate, 5- fluorouracil)**

ACID- BASE BALANCE & pH

ESSAYS

➢ Buffer, Acid Base Balance***

➢ PH Homeostasis**
➢ Metabolic Acidosis***

SHORTS

➢ Acids And Bases**

➢ Buffers, Bicarbonate Buffer, Alkali Reserve, Phosphate Buffer,
Protein Buffer*****
➢ Henderson Hesselbalch Equation*****
➢ Respiratory Regulation of pH (The Second Line of Defense)**
➢ Renal Regulation of pH**
➢ Respiratory Alkalosis***
➢ Metabolic Alkalosis***
➢ Respiratory Acidosis****
➢ Metabolic Acidosis (Anion Gap, High,Normal Anion Gap Metabolic
Acidosis, Osmolal Gap)*****

40
WATER- ELECTROLYTE BALANCE

SHORTS

➢ Renin Angiotensin System***

➢ Sodium (Hyponatremia, Hypernatremia)**
➢ Potassium (Hypokalemia, Hyperkalemia)***
➢ Chloride
➢ Magnesium (Hypomagnesemia, Hypermagnesemia)*
➢ Milk (Lactose Synthesis, Lipids, Proteins, Minerals, Colostrum)*

41
YSRUHS BIOCHEMISTRY MODEL PAPER-2
I. Structured Essay Questions:2x15=30M

1) Write the sources & RDA of Calcium. Describe the functions of

calcium. Explain the regulation of serum calcium level. What is normal
serum calcium level and add a note on deficiency manifestations
(1+1+5+5+1+2)

2) What is the normal blood pH. Describe the buffer mechanisms

regulating blood pH. Explain about metabolic acidosis and add a note
on Anion Gap. (1+8+4+2)

II. Short Questions: 10x5=50 M

3) A three-month-old child was brought to the hospital by the parent

with the complaint of the child's diapers becoming black.

a) Which metabolic pathway is affected?

b) what is the biochemical cause behind the black diapers.

c) This analyte can give a false positive with which urine test?

d) What complication can be expected in middle age in this child due to

this compound?

4) A 50-year-old alcoholic man came with the complaints of

excruciating pain in his great toe. He gave a history of taking a heavy
non-vegetarian meal and alcohol the night before. What is your

42
diagnosis. Enumerate the primary and secondary causes of the disease.
What is the drug of choice for this condition?

5) Define and describe the different types of mutations

6) Describe the mechanism of action of Group I hormones

7) Describe the structure of collagen

8) Discuss the steps of PCR and its applications

9) Describe the types of acquired immunity and their functions

10) Enumerate the tumor markers and their role in cancer diagnosis

11) Describe the synthesis of melanin

12) Explain the transport mechanisms across the cell membrane

43
YSRUHS 2K22 INSTANT PAPER-2
STRUCTURED ESSAY QUESTIONS: 2X15=30

1) What is the normal blood pH? Describe the regulatory mechanisms

of blood pH. Explain about renal regulation of blood pH. Add a note on
the anion gap.

2) A 3 years old child was brought to the hospital by the parent with the
complaint of the child's diapers becoming back. Answer the following:

a) What is your probable diagnosis?

b) Which metabolic pathway is affected?

c) What is the biochemical cause behind the black diapers?

d) What are the important compounds derived from tyrosine?

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS:10X5=50

3)Classify hormones? Describe the mechanism of action of group I

hormones

4)Describe the steps of PCR and its applications

5) Define immunity. Describe the types of immunity and add a note on

acquired immunity

6) Explain the transport mechanisms across the cell membrane

7) Define and describe the different types of mutations with examples

44
8) Write about sources, RDA functions and regulation of Calcium in our
body

9) Enumerate the tumor markers and their role in cancer diagnosis

10) Enumerate the steps of Uric acid synthesis and add a note on its
clinical importance

11) Describe transcription of mRNA in Prokaryotes and add a note on

post-transcriptional modifications

12) Describe the structure, functions of collagen

45
YSRUHS 2K22 REGULAR PAPER-2
ESSAY QUESTIONS: 2X15=30

1) A 14 year old girl presented with tingling sensation in the hands and
feet and carpopedal spasm. On examination, Trousseau's and
Chvostek's signs were positive. Laboratory results revealed reduced
serum calcium levels

a. What is the normal serum calcium level?

b. Explain regulation of serum calcium level

c. Write the sources and daily requirement of calcium

d. Write the biochemical functions and deficiency manifestations of

calcium

e. What is the significance of ionic calcium? (1+5+2+5+2)

2) A 6 month old infant was bought to hospital with complaints of

irritability and failure to thrive. Blood investigations revealed elevated
plasma phenylalanine levels. Discuss the metabolism of
phenylalanine. Write briefly about inbon errors related to
phenylalanine

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS:10X5=50

3) A 50 year known alcoholic male patient came with complaints of

severe pain in the right big toe and right ankle. On examination swollen

46
big toe redness over the joint and restricted movements. On blood
examination uric acid levels increased. What is the disease? Discuss
regulation of uric acid metabolism

4) A 8 year girl visited a plant nursery with parents. Girl suddenly

developed sneezing, running nose, rashes over the body itching and red
eyes. What is your diagnosis? Explain mechanism of action of steroid
hormones

5) Name five (05) plasma proteins and write their functions

6) Name five (05) tumor markers and write their significance

7) Enumerate different immunoglobulins. Describe the structure of

immunoglobulin and compare salient features of different classes of
immunoglobulins

8) What are different types of blotting? Indicate the applications of

southern blotting in medicine

9) How are purine nucleotides degraded? Add a note on abnormalities

due to excessive purine catabolism

10) Name the important buffer systems in the body. Describe the role of
kidney in balanceacid base

11) What are the posttranslational modifications taking place in

collagen?

12) Mitochondria

47
YSRUHS 2K21 INSTANT PAPER-2
ESSAY QUESTIONS: 2X15=30

1) Name aromatic amino acids. Describe in detail about phenylalanine

metabolism. What are the important substances synthesized from

phenylalanine. Add a note on phenyl ketonuria (2+6+4+3)

2) Discuss iron under following headings

Sources and RDA,Absorption, transport and storage Disorders

associated with iron metabolism,Biochemical functions.(3+5+5+2)

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS: 10X5=50

3) A 4 years old boy presented with hypotonia, developmental delay

irritability and self mutilating behavior, On examination, there was
testicular atrophy and hematuria. The serum uric acid level was 10.0
mg/dL. What is the likely diagnosis? Name the enzyme defective in this
condition. What is the biochemical basis of this condition?(1+2+2)

4) A 50 years old previously healthy man presents with 2 to 3 months

back pain. Over last 3 weeks, he has developed cough and increasing
fatigue. On examination he has evidence of Pneumonia and on
radiography to have osteolytic lesions. Blood examination revealed
anemia Serum electrophoresis showed abnormal mono clonal
proteins. What is the diagnosis? What is the principle of
electrophoresis? Name 4 different plasma proteins. (1+2+2)

48
5) What do you mean by wobble hypothesis? Illustrate with diagram

6) What are post transcriptional modifications of MRNA

7) Describe mitochondria with a neat labelled diagram

8) What are tumors makers? Give examples

9) What are blood buffers and add a note on bicarbonate buffer

10) Discuss steps of Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and its

application

11) Describe the mechanism of action of group I hormones

12) Name five major classes of immunoglobulins with a note on

Immunoglobulin G (IgG)

49
YSRUHS 2K21 REGULAR PAPER-2
ESSAY QUESTIONS:2X15=30

1) A patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease was admitted

with respiratory infection. The arterial blood gas (ABG) results are as
follows: pH: 7.2, PC02: 65 mmHg, HCO3: 32 mmol/L,p02: 70mmHg

a) What is the acid-base status of thepatient?

b) Explain the role of buffers in the regulation ofacid-base balance

c) What is the role of lungs in the regulation of acid-base balance?

d) Enumerate the primary changes and the secondary compensatory

changes in the different types of acid-base disorders (2+4+4+5)

2) A 70-year-old man with complaints of passing smoky urine in small

quantities was brought to the emergency department. He was
disoriented and had nausea and hiccough. Laboratory results showed
elevated urea levels.

a) How is urea formed in the body?

b) What is the normal blood urea level?

c) How is urea handled by the kidney and how much urea is excreted per
day?

d) Give two causes of uremia (5+2+6+2)

50
SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS:10X5=50

3) Describe the sources, daily requirement, biochemical functions and

deficiency manifestations of iron.

4) What is codon? Describe the salient features of genetic code.

5) Synthesis and functions of thyroid hormone

6) Describe the structure, classification and functions of

immunoglobulin

7) Tumor markers

8) Explain degradation of collagen and write briefly on abnormalities in

collagen.

9) Describe transcription

10) What are the importance functions of albumin. Give the major
causes and manifestations of hypoalbuminemia.

11) Write about functions and deficiency manifestations of calcium

12) Enumerate the inbom errors of metabolism associated with the

degradation pathway of purines. Mention the major clinical features
and biochemical basis of management

51
KNRUHS 2K22 INSTANT PAPER-2
Essay/ Long Answer Questions:2 X 15=30

1. Why is ammonia toxic to the body. Describe the metabolic reactions

involved in the detoxification of ammonia. Add a note on the defects in
the metabolic cycle associated with detoxification of ammonia(4+7+4)

2. What is the normal blood P". Explain the role of plasma buffers and
renal mechanism in the maintenance of acid base balance of the
body(1+7+7)

Short Answer Questions: 7X6=42

3. Describe the metabolism of polyamines; functions and clinical

importance.

4. Describe on biosynthesis of Haem, add a note on regulation of Haem

synthesis.

5. Describe the purine salvage pathway. Add a note Lesch Nyhan

syndrome.

6. Mention about the principles, basic mechanism and tools of

recombinant DNAtechnology.

7. Discuss on the classification of liver function tests in detail. And

explain the mechanism of Vanden Bergh test reaction.

8. Discuss how lifelong learning helps the growth of a physician.

52
9. Explain the mechanism of Hormone action.

Very Short Answer Questions:6X3=18

10. What is genetic code? Describe the characteristics of genetic code.

11. Detoxification by conjugation.

12. Structure of Immunoglobulin.

13. Describe the composition and functions of extracellular matrix.

14. Mention anticancer drugs used in chemotherapy and their mode of

action.

15. Orotic Aciduria.

53
KNRUHS 2K22 REGULAR PAPER-2
Essay/ Long Answer Questions:2X15=30

1. A 15-year-old boy complained of swelling and pain in the distal

phalangeal joints. Blood investigations showed the following results.
On diagnosing the pathology, the physician decided to treat patient
with allopurinol. a. What is your probable diagnosis in the above
patient, b. Write the synthesis of Uric Acid, c. What is the normal uric
acid level, d. What are other blood investigations would you suggest, e.
Comment on the serum uric acid level and explain the cause of pain in
joints, f. Write the ways for lowering serum uric acid level, g. What is
the biochemical explanation for the treatment given in the above
patient. (1+3+2+3+3+3)

2. Describe the steps of catabolism of Phenylalanine and Tyrosine.

Indicate the inborn errors of metabolism. What are the Biomedically
important compounds derived from tyrosine. (8+5+2)

Short Answer Questions: 7X6=42

3. Name the enzymes measured to assess liver functions. Discuss the

clinical significance of Alanine transaminase and Alkaline
phosphatase in assessing liver function.

4. Discuss the Watson and Crick model of DNA. Add a note on different
forms of DNA.

54
5. Write on the classification of Acid-base disorders in the body and
also mention the compensatory mechanisms for each type,

6. Justify the statement "Physician is a lifelong learner".

7. Describe the formation of bilirubin. Name the different types of

jaundice.

8. What are tumour markers. Discuss the clinical utility of any three
tumour markers.

9. Write about structure, classification and functions of

immunoglobulins.

Very Short Answer Questions: 6X3=18

10. Orotic aciduria.

11. List the thyroid function tests. Mention the laboratory findings in a
case of hypothyroidism.

12. What is Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Mention two clinical

applications of PCR technique.

13. Importance of cytochrome P450 in detoxification.

14. What is foctal haemoglobin. How does its structure differ from adult
haemoglobin and explain how it is useful to the foetus.

15. ACTH.

55