1.

The Epicurean ethic emphasizes pursuing the joy of life by fulfilling natural
and essential desires, while steering clear of excessive and futile pleasures. It
values peace, personal autonomy, and the mindful management of one's
pleasures and needs.

2. Epicureans primarily sought simple and necessary pleasures, such as

satisfying hunger and thirst, and enjoying sensory delights like good food,
pleasant sounds, and aesthetic beauty.

3. The Epicurean philosophy aims for fulfillment by cultivating pleasure

thoughtfully, overcoming irrational fears, and embracing life's mortal and
material nature.

4. Epicureans had a positive view of wealth if it was used generously to meet

natural needs and not hoarded unnecessarily.

5. Epicurus argued that while every pleasure is inherently good, sometimes it

is necessary to temporarily restrict them to avoid greater long-term harm.

6. Epicurus distinguished a miserable life from a fulfilled one by noting that the
former is dominated by fear, anxiety, and a desire for power, whereas the
latter is balanced, free from these fears, and content with simple pleasures.

7. Epicurus emphasized the importance of simple diets for promoting health,

resilience in life's necessities, and the ability to enjoy abundance without fear.

8. Epicurean philosophy stood out for its materialism, rejection of irrational

fears (like those of gods and death), and emphasis on the measured
enjoyment of natural life, contrasting with Stoic asceticism and Eastern
mysticism.
1. The central idea of Stoicism, according to Zeno of the Citium, is the Logos
(universal reason). It defines the purpose of human life as living in harmony
with this reason.

2. Zeno turned from a merchant to a philosopher after a shipwreck landed him

in Athens. There he became acquainted with Xenophon's Memoirs, which
detailed the teachings of Socrates and inspired him to devote himself to
philosophy.

3. From Crates of Thebes, Zeno learnt moral rigour; from Stilpo of Megara, he
understood the importance of not giving in too quickly to the demands of a
peaceful life.

4. The teachings of Socrates, discovered through Xenophon, were decisive in

Zeno's decision to leave trade for philosophy, which led to the founding of the
Stoic school.

5. Zeno believes that the pursuit of pleasure never truly satisfies a person, as
it leads to an endless, anxious pursuit of desires or fear of losing what one
has.

6. Zeno suggests using reason and recognising the impermanence of things

to achieve peace and freedom from passions.

7. By the "state of enlightened apathy" Zeno means liberation from the

enslavement of passions, which allows a person to live without being subject
to irrational desires.

8. Zeno's teachings influenced the Greeks and Romans, enlightening the mind
and helping people to detach themselves from material desires, promoting a
life of pleasure and simplicity.

9. Self-awareness, according to Zeno, allows us to recognise our true needs,

free ourselves from unnecessary desires and focus on the main thing.

10. Zeno argues that a simple life leads to satisfaction because it satisfies
needs in a balanced way, without disturbing the constant pursuit of excessive
pleasure.