CHEM 102

Lecture 1
Chemistry and Engineering: An Introduction

WS 2023 CHEM 102 1

Course Description
1- Text Book
Chemistry, 10th ed., Raymond Chang, ISBN 978-0-07-017264-7, McGraw Hill.
Chemistry, 10thed., Steven S. Zumdahl, ISBN 0-618-61032-4, Houghton Mifflin
Callister's Materials Science and Engineering, 10th ed., Global Edition, ISBN 978-1-119-45391-8, Wiley

2- Course material
https://cms.guc.edu.eg/

Assessment methods Weight

Quizzes : Best 1 out of 2 quizzes 10%

Presentation 10%

In-class participation 10%

Midterm exam (computer based MCQ exam) 30%
Final term exam (computer based MCQ exam) 40%

3- Practical course: takes place in the beginning of Summer semester 2024, details are sent by
the beginning of May , 2024.

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Course Instructors
Name Room Office hours email Lecture Group
number
Lecturers
Prof. Ezzeldin Metwalli C7.08 Monday 4st and 5th Ezzeldin.metwalli@guc.edu.eg I-X

Dr. Nermin Salah B5-105 Tuesday 1st Nermin.salah@guc.edu.eg I,II, III,IV, IX,X
Thursday 1st
Dr. Nesrine El-Gohary B5-104 Wednesday 3rd Nesrine.elgohary@guc.edu.eg V,VI,VII,VIII
Wednesday 4th
Dr Marwa Hany B5-128 Thursday 2nd and 3rd slots marwa.hany@guc.edu.eg

Dr Islam Eddiasty B5.127 Tuesday 1st Islam.Eddiasty@guc.edu.eg III, IV

Wednesday 3rd
Dr Sherin Ekram B5-134 Tuesday 3rd Shereen.ekram@guc.edu.eg VII,VIII
Wednesday 2nd
Dr Donya Hafez B1.203 Sunday 2nd and 3rd donia.eyad@guc.edu.eg v, vi

Teaching Assistants
Reem Hamed B1.218 Monday 2nd reem.hamed@guc.edu.eg
Monday 3rd
Fady Habib B7.207 Wednesday 2nd Fady.Habib@guc.edu.eg
Wednesday 3rd
Sarah Maged B7.205 Monday 2nd sarah.maged@guc.edu.eg
Monday 3rd
Lobna Abdelrauf B1.222 Tuesday 3rd lobna.masoud@guc.edu.eg
Tuesday 4th
Ghadeer Ashraf B1.218 Saturday 1st ghadeer.ashraf@guc.edu.eg
Sunday 2nd
Yasmeen Tarek B7.207 Saturday 4th yasmeen.alnajjar@guc.edu.eg
Monday 4th
Dalia Tarek
WS 2022/2023 B1.218 Monday 2nd dalia.tarek@guc.edu.eg
CHEM 102 3
Monday 3rd
Attendance Policy

> 25% absence in tutorials leads to a course drop!!!

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Course Content
Lecture Topic
Lecture 1 Chemistry and Engineering: An Introduction
Lecture 2 Quantum Numbers and Electronic Configuration

Lecture 3 Periodic Trends and Intermolecular Forces

Lecture 4 Basics of Chemical Bonding
Lecture 5 Stoichiometry
Lecture 6 Chemical equilibrium
Lecture 7 Materials Chemistry
Lecture 8 Fuel chemistry
Lecture 9 Chemistry of building materials
Lecture 10 Chemistry of semiconductors

Lecture 11 Electrochemistry

Lecture 12 Properties and behavior of gases

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Chemistry & Engineering: An Introduction
Chemistry: A Science for the 21st Century

• Health and Medicine

• Sanitation systems
• Surgery with anesthesia
• Vaccines and antibiotics & Gene therapy

•Energy and the Environment

• Fossil fuels
• Solar energy
• Nuclear energy

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Chemistry & Engineering: An Introduction
Chemistry: A Science for the 21st Century
• Materials and Technology
• Polymers, ceramics.
• superconductors?
• Molecular computing?

• Food and Agriculture

• Genetically modified crops
• “Natural” pesticides
• Specialized fertilizers

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Chemistry & Engineering: An Introduction
Engineering and Studying Chemistry
• Being an Engineer, it is important to have the Sand
knowledge of chemical properties of
engineering materials. Most of these materials
come in contact with other materials and Nanomaterials Polymers
react chemically with each other. Due to this
chemical reaction they may suffer from
chemical deterioration. Therefore it is
important to study their chemical properties
such as: Ceramics
Engineering
Composites
Materials
1. Chemical composition
2. Atomic bonding
3. Corrosion resistance
4. Acidity or Alkalinity Metals and
Alloys
Semi
conductors

www.grundfos.com
Fuels

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Chemistry & Engineering: An Introduction
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Chemistry is an important fundamental topic for civil engineers, e.g. in understanding the properties of building
materials, the natural environment (atmosphere and solutions) and the reaction of building materials with the
environment (corrosion of metals, durability).

Cement, the basic element of any construction, combines chemical elements, including calcium, silicon, clay, chalk,
aluminum, iron, slat, silica, and other ingredients. Engineers should know about its formation through a chemical
process
• “Basics of chemical bonding”
• “Materials chemistry”

Also knowledge of the environment, the material used in construction, and their relation and interaction with each
other is necessary. Calcium Carbide Method
• “Chemistry of building materials’’ Cement Rapid Moisture Meter Method
• ‘’Electrochemistry’’

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Building Material
Chemistry & Engineering: An Introduction
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
Electrical engineering is the branch of engineering science that studies the uses of electricity and equipment for power
generation and distribution and the control of machines and communication.

Transistor, resistor, capacitor, semi-conductors, etc

The current passing through these items is due to the movement of electrons. Hence, Electrical engineers must have
knowledge about electrons and their properties.
• “Quantum numbers and electronic configuration”
• “Chemistry of semiconductors”
• “Periodic trends and intermolecular forces”
Chemical liquids are used in batteries to produce current. Electrical engineers must know the reactions of elements
present in the chemicals of batteries.
• “Electrochemistry”

www.biochemicals.cn https://www.hitachi-hightech.com/global/products/device/semiconductor/history.html
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Chemistry & Engineering: An Introduction
MECHATRONICS ENGINEERING
The study of chemistry guides many important topics in mechanical engineering such as thermodynamics and
thermochemistry.
It also contains knowledge about metals, non-metals and their properties.
When a mechanical engineer uses metal objects to design, build and manufacture gears, cogwheels, and motor
engines, he should know all properties of metals.

• “Properties and behavior of gases”

• “Materials chemistry”
• ‘’Chemical equilibrium’’

Prosthetics www.brightwayholdings.com https://www.northeastern.edu/bachelors-completion/news

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Chemistry & Engineering: An Introduction
COMPUTER ENGINEERING
By understanding the principles of chemistry, computer scientists can develop more efficient and powerful
computers. For example, chemists can work on developing new materials that can be used to create faster and
more powerful processors.
• “Basics of chemical bonding”
• “Quantum numbers and electronic configuration”
• “Materials chemistry”
• “Chemistry of semiconductors”

https://blog-digital.aakash.ac.in/computer-science-engineering

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_engineering
https://www.biomadam.com/importance-of-chemistry-in-engineering
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Chemistry & Engineering: An Introduction
MATERIALS ENGINEERING
It involves understanding material properties and applying knowledge to modify or develop new materials.
Chemistry is needed to understand the various properties of materials and reactions they could undergo.
• “Basics of chemical bonding”
• “Materials chemistry”
• ‘’Periodic trends and intermolecular forces’’
• ‘’Chemical equilibrium’’
• ‘’Electrochemistry’’

Implants Polymers Ceramics Corrosion

https://www.biomadam.com/importance-of-chemistry-in-engineering

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Chemistry & Engineering: An Introduction
DESIGN and PRODUCTION ENGINEERING
It involves manufacturing food, drinks, cosmetics, fabrics, lubricants, etc. This includes designing equipment,
systems, and processes for refining raw materials and for mixing, compounding, and processing chemicals.
• “Stoichiometry”
• “Chemical equilibrium”
• ‘’Materials Chemistry’’
• ‘’Fuel Chemistry’’
• ’’Electrochemistry’’

Fabrics Fertilizers Sugar Medicine

https://www.biomadam.com/importance-of-chemistry-in-engineering
https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-819555-0.00012-1

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Chemistry & Engineering: An Introduction
How do Engineering Students Learn Chemistry Differently from Others?

Engineering Students Mainstream Students

Perform better on Perform better on concept
calculations . problems.
Request additional Request additional concept
calculations. problems.
Think calculations are cool. May find some concepts cool.
Fascination with how things Accept mechanical functions
work. as it is.
Retain concepts from Retain events of the
demonstrations. demonstration.
Often play with or Do not exhibit the curiosity for
disassemble laboratory “what would happen if . . . ?”
equipment .

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Learning Outcomes
By the end of this session the student should be able to:

1.Define the atom and the atomic theory.

2.Identify the components of the atom.

3.Define the term isotope.

4.Determine the isotopic abundance.

5.Identify the main patterns of the periodic table.

6.Know the difference between atoms, molecules and ions

7.Write nuclear symbols of ions.

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Atomic Theory of Matter

The theory that atoms are the

fundamental building blocks of matter
was developed in the early nineteenth
century, by John Dalton.

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Dalton’s Postulates
1. Elements are composed of small particles:
ATOMS.

2. Atoms of the same element are identical,

while atoms of different elements show
different properties.

3. Atoms of an element are not changed into

atoms of a different element by chemical
reactions; atoms are neither created nor
destroyed in chemical reactions. (law of
conservation of mass).

4. Compounds are formed when atoms of more

than one element combine; a given compound
always has the same relative number and kind
of atoms.
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Some Important Laws
I) Law of Conservation of Mass

• “Matter is neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction.”

• The total amount of matter present before a chemical reaction is

always the same as the total amount after.

• Butane (C4H10) + Oxygen  carbon dioxide + water

58 grams + 208 grams  176 grams + 90 grams
266 grams = 266 grams

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Some Important Laws
II ) Law of constant composition (Law of Definite Proportions)

Different samples of the same compound always contains the same elements in the same proportions
by mass [same composition].
Example: CuCO3
Cu : O : C
51% : 39% : 10% (by mass)

Example: HF
H : F
5% : 95% (by mass)

 All samples of a pure compounds contain the same elements in the

same percentages (ratios).

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Some Important Laws
III) Law of multiple proportions
If two elements can combine to form a series of compounds, the ratios of the masses of one
element that combine with 1 gram (of the other fixed mass) of the second element can be
reduced to a ratio of small whole numbers (ex: 1:2 or 2:5) .

Example:

Mass of Carbon(g) Mass of Ratio of O in

Oxygen(g) CO2 to O in
CO
CO 12.01 16.00
CO2 12.01 32.00 2:1

This means that in compound B, Oxygen is twice that in compound A.

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Some Important Laws
III) Law of multiple proportions (Atomic presentation)

 When elements form compounds, they do so with definite units, or portions.

 The above statement is a precursor for the atom.

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Components of the Atom
 Protons and neutrons have essentially the same
mass.
 The mass of an electron is so small we ignore it.
 Protons and electrons are the only particles that
have a charge.

Relative Relative Charge

Particle Mass (g) Mass (amu)
Mass Charge (C)

Proton 1 +1 1.6726x10-24 1.0073 +1.6x10-19

1.6749x10-24
Neutron 1 Neutral 1.0087 0

Electron 0.0005 -1 9.1093x10-28 5.846x10-4 -1.6x10-19

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Atomic Number and Mass Number
Z= atomic number= Number of p+ = number of e-
A= mass number = number of n0 + number of p+

Helium has 2 p+, 2 e-, 2 n0

Z = 2 and A = 4-2 = 2
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Periodic Table of Elements

 The periodic
table is a
systematic
catalog of the
elements.

 Elements are
arranged in
order of atomic
number.

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Periodic Table of Elements

Metals are on
the left side of
the chart (with
the exception of
H).

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Periodic Table of Elements

Nonmetals are on
the right side of the
periodic table

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Periodic Table of Elements

 Metalloids border the

stair-step line.
 There are 6
metalloids: B, Si, Ge,
As, Sb and Te

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Periods and Groups

Groups are numbered from 1 to 18 starting from the left.

• Elements falling in groups 1, 2, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, and 18 are referred to as
main group elements.

• Elements in Periods 4 through 6, which fall in groups 3 to 12 are the

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transition metals. CHEM 102 29
Isotopes
 Atoms that contain the same number of p+ but a different
number of n0 are “isotopes” of the element.

 E.g. Isotopes of Carbon

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Isotopic Abundance

Have you ever noticed that all the average atomic mass
values of the elements in the periodic table contain
decimals?!!

H = 1.008 amu
Cl = 35.45 amu

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Isotopic Abundance

Abundance Atomic mass

Cl-35 75.53% 34.97 amu
Cl-37 24.47% 36.97 amu

When we determine the atomic mass of an element, we must settle for

the average atomic mass of the naturally occurring mixture of isotopes.

Atomic mass (y) =

atomic mass (y1 )x( y1 )% atomic mass (y2 )x( y 2 )% atomic mass (yn)x( y n )%
 
100 100 100

Where, Yn is any isotope of the element and Yn% is the percentage abundance
of isotopes

For naturally occurring Cl:

Average Atomic Mass= (34.97x75.53/100) + ( 36.97 x24.47/100) = 35.45 amu
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Molecules
• A molecule is an aggregate of at least two atoms
in a definite arrangement held together by
chemical forces (called chemical bonds).
• Not all molecules are compounds.

• Some elements exist as “diatomic molecules”;

E.g Hydrogen H2, Nitrogen N2, Oxygen O2

• Most molecules contain more than two atoms,

called “polyatomic molecules”;
E.g NH3, H2O etc.

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Ions
• When an atom loses or gains e-, charged particles called
“ions” are formed.
• When an ion is formed, the number of protons in the
nucleus is unchanged.
• Metal atoms tend to lose electrons to form positively charged
ions called cations.
• Non-metal atoms tend to gain electrons to form negatively
charged ions called anions.
Examples:
• Na atom  Na+ ion + e- Cl atom + e-  Cl- ion
(11p+, 11e-) (11p+, 10 e-) (17p+, 17 e-) (17p+, 18 e-)
• Ca atom  Ca+2 ion + 2e- O atom + 2e-  O-2 ion
(20p+, 20e-) (20p+, 18e-) (8p+, 8e-) (8p+, 10e-)

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 References

1. Chemistry, 10th ed., Raymond Chang, ISBN 978-0-07-017264-7,

McGraw Hill. Chapter 2.

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