2.2b Exit Approach – Pavement Markings 3.

Auxiliary Lanes
NOTE: Spacing is based
on DESIGN SPEED

Auxiliary Lanes

6.0 m Broken White Lane Line

3.0 m

Typical Layout of PAVEMENT MARKINGS

at Exit Approach
DESIGN ELEMENTS OF AT-GRADE INTERSECTION DESIGN ELEMENTS OF AT-GRADE INTERSECTION

3. Auxiliary Lanes 4. Turning Roadways

Auxiliary Lanes are additional lanes
on entry/exit approach of intersection
LEFT Through Right

Increase CAPACITY and

reduce CRASHES/CONFLICT
R at an intersection
Turning
Roadways

After right-turn maneuver, AUXILIARY LANE

is necessary to provide safe and efficient For AUXILIARY LANE and REGULAR ENTRY LANE
ACCELERATION, WEAVING and MANEUVER with Right-turn movement
from Auxiliary Lane to Regular Lane

L T R
DESIGN ELEMENTS OF AT-GRADE INTERSECTION DESIGN ELEMENTS OF AT-GRADE INTERSECTION

4.1 Types of Turning Roadways 4.1a Minimum edge-of-travelled way design

The boundaries of the turning paths of each design vehicle for its sharpest turns are established by the
outer trace of the front overhang and the path of the inner rear wheel.
1. Minimum edge-of-travelled way design
▪ Particular for unchannelized intersections and shall be
based on minimum turning path of the design vehicle
2.Design with a corner triangular island
▪ For intersections with excessively large pavement area
3.Free-flowing design using a simple radius or
compound radii
▪ Usually designed with simple or compound curves
preceded by a right-turn deceleration lane
based on minimum turning path of
the design vehicle (example:
Passenger Car)
DESIGN ELEMENTS OF AT-GRADE INTERSECTION DESIGN ELEMENTS OF AT-GRADE INTERSECTION
4.1b Minimum edge-of-travelled way design 1/2 4.1b Minimum edge-of-travelled way design 2/2
Table 9-15. Edge-of-Traveled-Way Designs for Table 9-15. Edge-of-Traveled-Way Designs for
Turns at Intersections—Simple Curve Radius with Turns at Intersections—Simple Curve Radius with
Taper Taper

Offset

20
Simple Curve Simple Curve
19

DESIGN ELEMENTS OF AT-GRADE INTERSECTION DESIGN ELEMENTS OF AT-GRADE INTERSECTION

4.1c Minimum edge-of-travelled way design 4.1d Minimum edge-of-travelled way design
Edge-of-Traveled-Way Designs for Turns at
Intersec-tions—Three-Centered Curves

Offset

Effect of curb radii on

right-turning paths of
various design
21
vehicles
Three-Centered-Compound Curve
21
(Symmetric)
DESIGN ELEMENTS OF AT-GRADE INTERSECTION DESIGN ELEMENTS OF AT-GRADE INTERSECTION

4.1d Minimum edge-of-travelled way design 4.2 Design with a corner triangular island

Minimum turning roadway width =

4.2 m
Minimum area of corner island:
5 sq. m. (urban intersection)
7 sq. m. (rural intersection)
Speed of turn = 25 kph

Effects of large pavement areas at intersections:

Effect of curb radii on • uncontrolled vehicle movements,
right-turning paths of
• long pedestrian crossings
various design
vehicles • unused pavement areas

DESIGN ELEMENTS OF AT-GRADE INTERSECTION DESIGN ELEMENTS OF AT-GRADE INTERSECTION

4.2a Design with a corner triangular island 4.2b Design with a corner triangular island

4.2 m turning roadway width

( 45m – 15m – 45m ) 6.4 m turning roadway

width

DESIGN ELEMENTS OF AT-GRADE INTERSECTION DESIGN ELEMENTS OF AT-GRADE INTERSECTION

4.2c Design with a corner triangular island 4.2d Design with a corner triangular island
Design Classification:

A. Primarily passenger vehicles; permits

occasional design single-unit trucks to turn
with restricted clearances

B. Provides adequately for the SU-9 [SU-30]

and SU-12 [SU-40] design vehicles; permits
occasional WB-19 [WB-62] design vehicles
to turn with slight encroachment on
adjacent traffic lanes

C. Provides fully for the WB19

7.6 m turning roadway 27 28
width
[WB-62] design vehicle
28

DESIGN ELEMENTS OF AT-GRADE INTERSECTION DESIGN ELEMENTS OF AT-GRADE INTERSECTION

4.3 Free-flowing design using a simple curve radius or compound radii 4.3a Free-flowing design using a simple curve radius or compound radii

Design considerations: Simple Curve,

▪ Allows drivers to avoid abrupt deceleration, Radius = 35 m
▪ Permits development of some super-elevation in advance of
the maximum curvature,
Compound Curve,
▪ Enables vehicles to follow natural turning paths Radii = 70 m and 35 m

Three-Centered Compound Curve,

Radii = 140 m – 70 m – 35 m
High speed RIGHT-TURNING
MANEUVERS Design speed:
20-30 kph < through speed

DESIGN ELEMENTS OF AT-GRADE INTERSECTION DESIGN ELEMENTS OF AT-GRADE INTERSECTION

4.4 Turning Roadways – Pavement Markings 4.4 Turning Roadways – Road Signs

Intersection
Area
2nd set Directional Arrow Markings 1st set

40.0 m
Transition Line w/ Chevron
Markings
Broken White Transition Lines

Typical Layout of PAVEMENT MARKINGS Typical Layout of ROAD SIGNS

at Turning Roadways at Turning Roadways
DESIGN ELEMENTS OF AT-GRADE INTERSECTION DESIGN ELEMENTS OF AT-GRADE INTERSECTION

4.4 Turning Roadways – Road Signs 5. Channelization

Channelization

Used alongside May be erected at Usually located in

exclusively right channelized signalized conjunction with
turning lanes intersections islands at channelized
Where right turning intersections
lane is segregated by Plate type is for urban
traffic island areas only

DESIGN ELEMENTS OF AT-GRADE INTERSECTION DESIGN ELEMENTS OF AT-GRADE INTERSECTION

5. Channelization 5.1 Channelization

Separation/regulation of conflicting traffic movements into Purposes of Channelization
definite paths of travel by traffic islands or pavement marking ▪Separation of conflicts
to facilitate the orderly movements of both vehicles and pedestrians. ▪Control of angle of conflict
▪Reduction in excessive pavement areas
▪Regulation of traffic and indication of proper use of
intersection
▪Arrangements to favour a predominant turning movement
▪Protection of pedestrians (at least 1.20 m wide)
▪Protection and storage of turning and crossing vehicles
▪Location of traffic control devices

DESIGN ELEMENTS OF AT-GRADE INTERSECTION DESIGN ELEMENTS OF AT-GRADE INTERSECTION

5.2 Channelization 5.3a Channelization – Triangular Island
Notes on Use of Channelization
Design of Channelized Islands
▪Curbed islands generally should be reserved for multilane highways or
streets and for the more important intersections on two-lane highways.
▪Curbed islands generally should not be used in rural areas and at isolated
▪ Minimum area of corner island:
locations unless the intersection is lighted and curbs are delineated. 5 sq. m. (urban intersection)
▪A few large islands are preferable to a greater number of smaller islands to 7 sq. m. (rural intersection)
avoid confusion.
Preferable area = 9 sq. m.
▪Where islands separate turning traffic from through traffic, the radii of curved ▪ Curb height = 150 mm
portions should equal or exceed the minimum for the turning speeds
expected.
▪Marked channelization (painting or striping) can increase efficiency and has the
advantage of easy modification when warranted by driver behavior.

DESIGN ELEMENTS OF AT-GRADE INTERSECTION DESIGN ELEMENTS OF AT-GRADE INTERSECTION

5.3b Channelization – Triangular Island 5.3b Channelization – Triangular Island

Design of Islands (Urban) Design of Islands (Urban)

DESIGN ELEMENTS OF AT-GRADE INTERSECTION DESIGN ELEMENTS OF AT-GRADE INTERSECTION

5.3b Channelization – Triangular Island 5.3c Channelization – Triangular Island

Design of Islands (Urban) Design of Islands (Rural)

DESIGN ELEMENTS OF AT-GRADE INTERSECTION DESIGN ELEMENTS OF AT-GRADE INTERSECTION

5.3c Channelization – Triangular Island 5.3c Channelization – Triangular Island
Design of Islands (Rural) Design of Islands (Rural)

DESIGN ELEMENTS OF AT-GRADE INTERSECTION DESIGN ELEMENTS OF AT-GRADE INTERSECTION

5.3d Channelization – Triangular Island (Pavement Markings) 5.3e Channelization – Triangular Island (Road Signs)

Broken White Lines

Typical Layout of PAVEMENT MARKINGS
at Approaches with Triangular Island
Pedestrian Zebra
Crossing
(Signalized)

Stop Transition Line w/ Chevron

Broken White Lines Directional Arrow Markings
Bar Markings
15.0 m 1st set 15.0 m 40.0 m
2nd set

Yellow Box
Pedestrian
Crosswalk
Typical Layout of ROAD SIGNS
at Approaches with Triangular Island (Signalized)
DESIGN ELEMENTS OF AT-GRADE INTERSECTION DESIGN ELEMENTS OF AT-GRADE INTERSECTION

5.3e Channelization – Triangular Island (Road Signs) 5.4 Channelization - Median Islands

Placed where Placed directly Usually Requires give- Used May be erected
there are at the stop located in way-to-the- alongside at channelized
dedicated lines or at the conjunction right rule and exclusively signalized For AUXILIARY LANE (Left-turn movement)
wheel chair approaches to with islands at controls traffic right turning intersections
ramps at stop a zebra channelized at locations lanes where right
lines near or pedestrian intersections such as turning lane is
at crossing Plate type is channelized segregated by
intersections for urban intersections traffic island
areas only

Typical Layout of ROAD SIGNS

at Approaches with Triangular Island
DESIGN ELEMENTS OF AT-GRADE INTERSECTION DESIGN ELEMENTS OF AT-GRADE INTERSECTION
5.4 Channelization - Median Islands
Design of Median Islands
▪ Minimum median island width:
If used as refuge (bicyclists) = 1.8 m
If used as refuge (pedestrians) = 1.2 m
If space is limited = 0.5 m
▪ Minimum median island length = 6 m
Curb height = 150 mm
▪
DESIGN ELEMENTS OF AT-GRADE INTERSECTION
5.4 Channelization - Median Islands
A median left-turn lane is an auxiliary lane for
storage or speed change of left-turning vehicles
within a median or divisional island.
DESIGN ELEMENTS OF AT-GRADE INTERSECTION
5.4 Channelization - Median Islands
Storage length based on the
number of turning vehicles likely to
arrive within the peak hour.
DESIGN ELEMENTS OF AT-GRADE INTERSECTION
5.4 Channelization - Median Islands
Purpose of Median Islands
to provide protection for the opposing/conflicting traffic
Usually, median islands are
provided for
LEFT-TURN AUXILIARY LANE/
Median Left-turn Lane
DESIGN ELEMENTS OF AT-GRADE INTERSECTION
5.4 Channelization - Median Islands
W (min) = 1.20m
Exclusive left-turn lanes are required
at signalized intersections where:
◦ Left-turn signal phasing is provided. M
◦ Left-turn volumes exceed 100 vehicles
w = 3.0 – 3.6m
per hour. (1 exclusive LT lane)
◦ Double left-turn lanes should be
considered where left-turn volumes
exceed 300 vehicles per hour
M = 4.2-4.8m (median width left turn design)
DESIGN ELEMENTS OF AT-GRADE INTERSECTION
5.4 Channelization - Median Islands
For unsignalized intersection:
◦ Based on an average two-minute
Design of MEDIAN OPENING are based on traffic volumes,
period within the peak hour urban/rural area characteristics, and design vehicle
◦ At least two (2) passenger cars should fit
in the storage bay
◦ With over 10% turning truck traffic, to ensure no
provision should be made for at least
one car and one truck.
encroachment on
adjacent lanes
For signalized intersection:
◦ Determined by an analysis which
considers the signal cycle length,
signal phasing arrangement, and
the rate of arrivals and departures
of left-turning vehicles.
DESIGN ELEMENTS OF AT-GRADE INTERSECTION
5.4 Channelization - Median Islands 5.4 Channelization - Median Islands
Design of MEDIAN OPENING are based on traffic volumes,
urban/rural area characteristics, and design vehicle

Large DESIGN
VEHICLE

Large TURNING RADIUS requirement

SU-9 Control radii at
intersections for 90-degree
WIDER INTERSECTION AREA Median left turns
Island
MEDIAN OPENING
DESIGN ELEMENTS OF AT-GRADE INTERSECTION DESIGN ELEMENTS OF AT-GRADE INTERSECTION

5.4 Channelization - Median Islands 5.4 Channelization - Median Islands

Minimum design of
median openings
using P design
vehicle

SU-9

WB-19 Control radii at

WB-20
intersections for 90-degree
left turns

MEDIAN OPENING Median

MEDIAN OPENING
Island

DESIGN ELEMENTS OF AT-GRADE INTERSECTION DESIGN ELEMENTS OF AT-GRADE INTERSECTION

5.4 Channelization - Median Islands 5.4 Median Islands – Road Signs

Minimum design of
median openings
using P design
vehicle

Used alongside Used in Erected at Placed at the Used where Used at

exclusively left conjunction intersections stop lines or on vehicles are signalized
turning lanes with special controlled by approaches to disallowed to intersections
when instruction traffic signals a marked turn to the where left turn
pavement such as “use where there is School reverse movement is
markings are overpass” and no control on Children direction permissive, left
obscured by “use left turning crossing turner must
vehicles ahead pedestrian movement give way to
due to heavy crossing” through
traffic movements

MEDIAN OPENING
DESIGN ELEMENTS OF AT-GRADE INTERSECTION DESIGN ELEMENTS OF AT-GRADE INTERSECTION
7. Pedestrian Facilities 7.1 Typical Pedestrian Facilities at Intersection
At-Grade
SIDEWALK
PEDESTIRAN REFUGE
Pedestrian Crossing on Sidewalk
on Channelized ISLAND Channel
Pedestrian Crossing
Refuge Island
Pedestrian Crosswalk
Facility
Grade - Separated
Pedestrian Footbridge/
Overpass
Pedestrian Underpass

Continuity of PEDESTRIAN
PATH must be ensured.

DESIGN ELEMENTS OF AT-GRADE INTERSECTION DESIGN ELEMENTS OF AT-GRADE INTERSECTION

7.1a Typical Pedestrian Facilities at Intersection 7.1b Typical Pedestrian Facilities at Intersection
S = 1.45
SIDEWALK
UNSIGNALIZED meters SIGNALIZED Pedestrian Crossing on
PEDESTIRAN REFUGE
on Channelized ISLAND Channel

W = S = 300-600 mm
L = ≥ 4.0 m

DESIGN ELEMENTS OF AT-GRADE INTERSECTION DESIGN ELEMENTS OF AT-GRADE INTERSECTION

8. Loading and Unloading Facility 8. Loading and Unloading Facility

L/UL Facility DO no. 58,
series 2010

DESIGN ELEMENTS OF AT-GRADE INTERSECTION DESIGN ELEMENTS OF AT-GRADE INTERSECTION

8. Loading and Unloading Facility
DO no. 58,
series 2010
30.0 m 50.0 m
500.0 m
DESIGN ELEMENTS OF AT-GRADE INTERSECTION
9. Inside Intersection Area
DESIGN ELEMENTS OF AT-GRADE INTERSECTION
10. Indirect Left-turn and U-Turn
Normally, U-turns should not be permitted from through lanes. However,
where medians have adequate width to shield a vehicle stored in the
median opening, through volumes are low and left-turns/U-turns are
infrequent, this type of design may be permissible.
Medians of 5.0 m and 15.0 m or wider are needed to permit U-turn
maneuvers by passenger and single-unit truck traffic, respectively.
The optimum location for the median U-turn roadway is 200 m from the
main intersection with preferred spacing of 0.40 to 0.80 km.
Use of a median U-turn crossover intersection may also be considered
but additional right-of-way and geometric improvements are needed.
DESIGN ELEMENTS OF AT-GRADE INTERSECTION
9. Inside Intersection Area
Inside
Intersection Area
DESIGN ELEMENTS OF AT-GRADE INTERSECTION
10. Indirect Left-turn and U-Turn
Vehicular movements at an intersection with U-turn roadways for
indirect left turns
DESIGN ELEMENTS OF AT-GRADE INTERSECTION
10. Indirect Left-turn and U-Turn
Where U-turn openings are proposed for access to the opposite
side of a multilane divided street, they should be located 15 to
30 m in advance of the next downstream left-turn lane.
For U-turn openings designed specifically for the purpose of
eliminating left-turn movement at a major intersection, they
should be located downstream of the intersection, preferably
midblock between adjacent crossroad intersections.
This type of U-turn opening should be designed with a median
left-turn lane for storage.
DESIGN ELEMENTS OF AT-GRADE INTERSECTION