CE8: HYDRAULICS A.

UBATAY
INTRODUCTION – PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS
I. GENERAL

Hydraulics – used to specify that branch of mechanics which is concerned with the laws of controlling the behavior of water and
other liquids in the states of rest and motion.
Branches of Hydraulics
1. Hydrostatics – study of liquids at rest.
2. Hydrokinetics – deals with the geometry of motion of liquids without considering the forces causing motion, and
3. Hydrodynamics – deals with the forces exerted by or upon liquids in motion including relations between velocities and
accelerations involved in such fluid motion.
II. DISTINCTION BETWEEN SOLID AND A FLUID
DISTINCTION SOLID FLUID
PROPERTIES LIQUID GAS
Intermolecular sufficiently strong Relatively weak Very weak
attraction
When subjected to May be deformed but may be -under compressive force, fluids possess elastic properties
stress restored back to its original
(Tension, compression shape as long as the limit of - application of shear, permanent deformation which gives way to the
and shear) elasticity is not exceeded. fluids’ characteristic ability to “FLOW” (inability to resist shear stress)

- under tensile stress, a fluid could support only up to limit of cohesive

forces (incapable of resisting direct tensile stress)
III. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS
1. Weight (W): The earth’s gravitational pull upon a body. Its dimension is newton (N) in the SI units.
2. Mass (M): The quantitative measure of the amount of matter in a given body. The dimension used for the mass
in the SI units is the kilogram(kg) which is base unit.
W = mg
3. Specific weight (𝜸): The weight of fluid contained in a unit volume. The dimension is (N/𝒎𝟑 ).
𝑾
𝜸=
𝑽

4. Density (ρ): The mass of fluid contained in a unit volume. The dimension is (kg/𝒎𝟑 ).
𝒎
ρ=
𝑽
𝒑
▪ The density of gas is computed through the combination of Boyle’s and Charles’Law :𝛒 =
𝑹𝑻
5. Specific Volume (𝒗): The volume per unit mass of fluid, or the reciprocal of the density. Dimension is (𝒎𝟑 /𝒌𝒈).
𝑽 𝟏
𝝂= =
𝒎 𝛒
6. Specific Gravity (SG): The dimensionless ratio of the specific weight or density of a fluid to the specific weight or
density of a standard substance,
𝜸 𝛒
SG = =
𝜸𝒔 𝛒𝒔
▪
For liquids and solids, the standard substance is pure water at 4°C at which temperature,
𝜸𝒔 = 𝟗. 𝟖𝟏 KN/𝒎𝟑 and ρ = 1,000 kg/𝒎𝟑 .
▪ For gases, the standard substance is either hydrogen or air at 0°C and under pressure of
101.3Kpa. Air at this temperature and pressure has 𝛾𝑠 = 12.7 N/𝑚3 and ρ = 1.29 kg/𝑚3 .
IV. PROPERTIES OF WATER
1. Specific weight of Water (𝜸𝒘 ) – approximately 9810 N/𝒎𝟑 ( specific weight of seawater is 10,100 N/𝒎𝟑 ).
SPECIFIC WEIGHT OF PURE WATER
Temperature Specific Weight Temperature Specific Weight
𝟑
°C (KN/𝒎 ) °C (KN/𝒎𝟑 )
0 9.805 40 9.730
5 9.807 50 9.689
10 9.804 60 9.642
15 9.798 70 9.589
20 9.789 80 9.530
30 9.764 100 9.399
CE8: HYDRAULICS A. UBATAY
2. Bulk modulus (B)- it is the modulus which the compressibility of water or any other liquid varies inversely as its
volume modulus of elasticity. It is analogous to the modulus of elasticity for solids. Dimension is N/𝒎𝟐 or Pa.
- In engineering problems, a value of B = 2070 MPa is used for water.
∆𝒑
𝑩 = −𝒗
∆𝒗

BULK MODULUS OF WATER, MPa

Pressure MPa (abs) Temperature, °C
0 20 50 90 150
0.100 2010 2210 2290 2120
10.340 2070 2280 2360 2200 1710
31.030 2190 2400 2500 2330 1870
103.400 2620 2830 2940 2790 2410
V. VISCOSITY - defined as that property of a fluid which determines the amount of its resistance to a shearing
stress.
𝑑𝑉
𝜏= 𝜇
𝑑𝑦
▪ Where: 𝜏 - intensity of viscous shear
µ - dynamic or absolute viscosity (Pa-s)
▪ µ for water developed by Poiseuille and Reynolds
1.78 𝑥 10−3
𝜇= Pa-s
1+0.03368𝑇+0.00021𝑇 2
VI. KINEMATIC VISCOSITY (𝝂)
µ
𝜈=
𝜌

VALUES OF 𝝁 AND 𝝂 FOR PURE WATER

TEMPERATURE VISCOSITY 𝝁 KINEMATIC VISCOSITY 𝝂
°C (𝒙 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝑷𝒂 − 𝒔) (𝒙 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 )
𝒎𝟐
𝒔
0 1.781 1.785
10 1.307 1.306
20 1.002 1.003
30 0.798 0.800
40 0.653 0.658
50 0.547 0.553
60 0.466 0.474
70 0.404 0.413
80 0.354 0.364
90 0.315 0.326
100 0.282 0.294
VII. COHESION, ADHESION: SURFACE TENSION AND CAPILLARITY

COHESION- property of liquid which enables it to resist tensile stress.

ADHESION- property which enables it to adhere to another body.
SURFACE TENSION- property of the surface of a liquid that allows it to resist an external force, due to cohesive nature of
the water molecules.
TEMPERATURE SURFACE TENSION TEMPERATURE SURFACE TENSION
°C 𝝈 (N/m) °C 𝝈 (N/m)
0 0.0756 60 0.0662
10 0.0742 70 0.0644
20 0.0728 80 0.0626
30 0.0712 90 0.0608
40 0.0696 100 0.0589
50 0.0679
CE8: HYDRAULICS A. UBATAY
CAPILLARITY – a phenomenon which arises when surfaces o liquids come in contact with vertical solid surfaces.
When cohesion has a greater effect than adhesion, the liquid surface will be depressed at the point of contacts.

▪ To determine the capillary rise, h :

2 𝜎 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
ℎ= where: 𝜎 − 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛; r – inside radius of tube;
𝛾𝑟
𝜃(𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑐𝑡) − 0° for water in clean glass tube
− 140° for mercury
0.073𝑁
▪ Gibson give values of 𝜃 = 25°32’and : 𝜎 = for water in contact with glass and air:
𝑚
0.135
ℎ= where h and r in centimeters
𝑟
0.526𝑁
▪ Gibson give values of 𝜃 = 128°52’and : 𝜎 = for mercury in contact with glass and air:
𝑚
− 0.05
ℎ= where h and r in centimeters
𝑟
VIII. VAPOR PRESSURE
All liquids have the tendency to vaporize or to change from liquid state to gaseous state. This is due mainly to
the continual projection of molecules into the space above the liquid surface and the gas molecules, if confined in a
closed space, are capable of exerting a pressure known as the vapor pressure of liquid.
VAPOR PRESSURE AT 20°C
MERCURY 0.0170 N/m² (abs)
WATER 2,340
KEROSENE 3,200
CARBON TETRACHLORIDE 12,100
GASOLINE 55,000

IX. PROPERTIES OF AIR

❖ Air, being a fluid, has all the properties mentioned in previous section, differing mainly from a liquid in terms of
specific weight and density which vary very greatly with changes in pressure and temperature.
SPECIFIC WEIGHT; DENSITY AND DYNAMIC VISCOSITY

TEMPERATURE DENSITY, ρ Specific Weight, 𝜸 VISCOSITY 𝝁

°C (𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟑 𝑷𝒂 − 𝒔) (N/𝒎𝟑 ) (𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟓 𝑷𝒂 − 𝒔)

0 1.293 12.68 1.71
10 1.248 12.24 1.76
20 1.205 11.82 1.81
30 1.165 11.43 1.86
40 1.128 11.06 1.90
60 1.060 10.40 2.00
80 1.000 9.81 2.09
100 0.946 9.28 2.18

SAMPLE PROBLEMS:
CE8: HYDRAULICS A. UBATAY
1. The plate in Fig.1 rests on top of the thin film of water, which is at a temperature of 25°C. When a small
force F is applied to the plate., the velocity profile across the thickness of the fluid can be described as
u = ( 40y - 800y² )m/s. where y is in meters. Determine the shear stress acting on the fixed surface on
bottom of the plate.

2. An amount of glycerin has a volume of 1 m³ when the pressure is 120 kPa. If the pressure is increased to 400
kPa, determine the change in volume of this cubic meter. The bulk modulus for glycerin is = 4 .52 GPa.
3. Air contained in the tank, Fig. 2, is under an absolute pressure of 60 kPa and has a temperature of 60°C.
Determine the mass of the air in the tank.

4. Calculate the density, specific weight and specific volume of chlorine gas at 25°C and under a pressure of
600KPa absolute. The gas constant R for chlorine is 117N-m/ kg-K.

5. The 100-kg plate in Fig.3 is resting on a very thin film of SAE 10W-30 oil, which has a viscosity of µ = 0.0652
N -s/ m² .Determine the force P that must be applied to the center of the plate to slide it over the oil with a
constant velocity of 0.2 m /s. Assume the oil thickness is 0.1 mm, and the velocity profile across this
thickness is linear. The bottom of the plate has a contact area of 0. 75 m² with the oil.

Figure 1 Figure 2

Figure 3