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Chapter 9
Network Theorems
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9.2 SUPERPOSITION THEOREM

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The current through, or voltage across, an element in a linear bilateral network is

equal to the algebraic sum of the currents or voltages produced independently by each
source.

Step 1: Select a single source acting alone. Short the other

voltage sources to make voltage is zero and open the
E=0
current sources to make current is zero, if internal
resistance/impedances are not known. If known, replace
them by their internal impedances.
Step 2: Find the current through or the voltage across the
required element, due to the source under consideration,
using a suitable simplification technique.
I=0
Step 3: Repeat the above two steps for all the sources.
Step 4: Add all the individual effects produced by individual
sources, to obtained the total current in or voltage across
the element.
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Solution: Consider E then and I = 0 A (open).

Consider I then and E = 0 V (shorted).

According to Superposition Theorem:

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Example 9.2.1 Using superposition, find the voltage V3 for the following network.

R2 R3
R p1 = = 4.29 
R2 + R3
R p1
V31 = E1 = 12 V
R1 + R p1

Consider E2 then E1 = 0 V (shorted) and I3 = 0 A (open).

Solution: Consider E1 then E2 = 0 V (shorted)
and I3 = 0 A (open).

V31 I3 = 0
E2 = 0

R1R3 R p2
R p2 = = 6  V32 = E2 = 21 V
R1 + R3 R2 + R p 2

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Consider I3 then E1 = 0 V (shorted) and E2 = 0 V (shorted).

V33
E1 = 0 E2 = 0

1 1 1
G p3 = + + = 0.333 S
R1 R2 R3

1
R p3 = =3 
G p3
According to Superposition Theorem:
V33 = R p3 I 3 = 12 V V3 = V31 − V32 + V33 = 12 V − 21 V + 12 V = −21 V

Practice Book [Ch 9] Problem: 1 ~ 6

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9.3 THÉVENIN’S THEOREM

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Any two-terminal, linear bilateral network can be replaced by an equivalent circuit

consisting of a voltage source and a series resistance, as shown in the following figure.

RTh: Thevenin’s equivalent resistance

ETh: Thevenin’s equivalent voltage

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Step 1: Remove that portion of the network where the Thévenin equivalent circuit is found.
Step 2: Mark the terminals of the remaining two-terminal network. (The importance of this
step will become obvious as we progress through some complex networks.)
Step 3: Calculate RTh/ZTh by first setting all sources to zero (voltage sources are replaced by
short circuits, and current sources by open circuits) and then finding the resultant
resistance/impedance between the two marked terminals. (If the internal
resistance/impedance of the voltage and/or current sources is included in the original
network, it must remain when the sources are set to zero.)
Step 4: Calculate ETh by first returning all sources to their original position and finding the
open-circuit voltage between the marked terminals. (This step is invariably the one that
causes most confusion and errors. In all cases, keep in mind that it is the open circuit
potential between the two terminals marked in step 2.)
Step 5: Draw the Thévenin equivalent circuit with the portion of the circuit previously
removed replaced between the terminals of the equivalent circuit.

Step 6: Do the remaining required calculation

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Example 9.6 Find the Thévenin equivalent circuit for

the network in the shaded area of the network in Fig. 9.26. Step 3: Calculate RTh by first setting all sources to zero
Then find the current through RL for values of 2 , 10 , (voltage sources are replaced by short circuits, and
and 100 . current sources by open circuits) and then finding the
resultant resistance between the two marked terminals
(a and b).

Step 1: Remove that portion of the network where

the Thévenin equivalent circuit is found.
Step 2: Mark the terminals (such as a and b) of the
remaining two-terminal network.

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Step 4: Calculate ETh by first returning all sources to their

original position and finding the open-circuit voltage
between the marked terminals (a and b).

Step 5: Draw the Thévenin equivalent circuit with the

portion of the circuit previously removed replaced between
the terminals of the equivalent circuit.

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Example 9.8 Using Thevenin’s Theorem calculate
the current passing through the resistor R4.
Step 3: Calculate RTh by first setting all sources to
zero (voltage sources are replaced by short circuits,
and current sources by open circuits) and then
finding the resultant resistance between the two
marked terminals (a and b).

Step 1: Remove that portion of the network

where the Thévenin equivalent circuit is found.
Step 2: Mark the terminals (such as a and b) of
the remaining two-terminal network.

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Step 4: Calculate ETh by first returning all Step 5: Draw the Thévenin equivalent circuit
sources to their original position and finding the with the portion of the circuit previously removed
open-circuit voltage between the marked replaced between the terminals of the equivalent
terminals (a and b). circuit.

Step 6: Calculate the current passing through the

resistor R4.

ETh 4.8 V
I R4 = = = 0.89 A
RTh + R4 2.4  + 3 

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Example 9.3.1: Find the Thévenin equivalent circuit for Step 3: RTh calculation
the portions of the following network to points a and b.

Step 4: ETH calculation

Step 1 and Step 2:

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Step 5: Draw the Thévenin equivalent circuit

Practice Book [Ch 9] Problem: 7 ~ 15

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9.4 NORTON’S THEOREM

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Any two-terminal, linear bilateral network can be replaced by an equivalent circuit

consisting of a current source and a parallel resistance, as shown in the following
figure.

RN: Norton’s equivalent resistance

IN: Norton’s equivalent current

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ZTh = ZN

ETh
ETh = ZNIN IN ZN=ZTh
ZTh

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Step 1: Remove that portion of the network where the Thévenin equivalent circuit is found.
Step 2: Mark the terminals of the remaining two-terminal network.
Step 3: Calculate RN/ZN by first setting all sources to zero (voltage sources are replaced by
short circuits, and current sources by open circuits) and then finding the resultant
resistance/impedance between the two marked terminals. (If the internal
resistance/impedance of the voltage and/or current sources is included in the original
network, it must remain when the sources are set to zero.)
Step 4: Calculate IN by first returning all sources to their original position and then finding the
short-circuit current between the marked terminals. It is the same current that would
be measured by an ammeter placed between the marked terminals.

Step 5: Draw the Norton’s equivalent circuit with the portion of the circuit previously removed
replaced between the terminals of the equivalent circuit.

Step 6: Do the remaining required calculation

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Example 9.11 [P364] Find the Norton Step 3: Calculate RN by first

equivalent circuit for the network in the setting all sources to zero and
shaded area in Fig. 9.61. then finding the resultant
resistance between the two
marked terminals (a and b).

Step 5: Draw the Norton

equivalent circuit with the portion
Step 1: Remove that portion of the network
of the circuit previously removed
where the Norton equivalent circuit is found.
replaced between the terminals of
Step 2: Mark the terminals (such as a and b).
the equivalent circuit.

Step 4: Calculate IN by first

returning all sources to their
original position then finding the
short-circuit current between the
marked terminals. (a and b).

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Step 3: Calculate RN:

Step 4: Calculate IN: Since there are two sources

Step 1 and Step 2: Superposition theorem has to be applied. Consider 7 V:

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Consider 8 A:

Step 5: Draw the Norton equivalent circuit:

According to Superposition Theorem

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Example 9.12 [P365] Using the Norton Theorem

to terminal a and b of Fig. 9.67, find the value of
current which is passing through 9  resistor.

Step 3: Calculate RN by first setting all sources to

zero and then finding the resultant resistance
between the two marked terminals (a and b).

Step 1: Remove that portion of the network

where the Norton equivalent circuit is found.
Step 2: Mark the terminals (such as a and b).

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Step 4: Calculate IN by first returning all sources to their original position then finding the short-
circuit current between the marked terminals. (a and b).

Step 5: Draw the Norton equivalent circuit with the portion of the circuit previously removed
replaced between the terminals of the equivalent circuit.

RN
I RL = I N = 2.78 A
R N + RL

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Problem 23 [P392] Find the Norton equivalent circuit for the portions of the networks in Fig. 9.136(b) external
to branch a-b.
Step 3: Calculate RN:

RN
RN

RN = 4 //2 + 4 // 4 = 2 Ω

Step 1 and Step 2: Step 4: Calculate IN: Since there are two sources Superposition theorem
has to be applied. Consider 6 V:

IN1 IN1

6V
I N1 = = 1.5 A
4

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Consider 2 V: I2 I4
According to Superposition Theorem
IN2 IN2 I N = I N1 + I N 2 = 0.75 A

V2
Step 5: Draw the Norton
equivalent circuit:
2V
I4 = = 0.5 A
4
(2 // 4 ) 2 300 
V2 = 2 V = 0.5 V IN
(2 // 4 ) + 4 RN
0.75 A
0.5 V
I2 = = 0.25 A
2
I N 2 = − I 4 − I 2 = −0.75 A

Practice Book [Ch 9] Problem: 18 ~ 23

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9.5 MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER THEOREM

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A load will receive/consume/absorb maximum power

from a network when its resistance is exactly equal to
the Thévenin resistance of the network applied to the
load. That is:

When RL = RTh, the maximum power delivered to the load can be determined by first finding the current:

Power can be calculated as follows:

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For the Norton equivalent circuit in Fig. 9.84, maximum power will be delivered to the
load when

Power can be calculated as follows:

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Example 9.5.1 For the following network , find the
value of RL for maximum power to RL and determine the
maximum power to RL.
Step 3: Calculate RTh by first setting all sources
to zero (voltage sources are replaced by short
circuits, and current sources by open circuits)
and then finding the resultant resistance
between the two marked terminals (a and b).

Step 1: Remove that

portion of the network
where the Thévenin
equivalent circuit is
found.
Step 2: Mark the
terminals (such as a and
b) of the remaining two-
terminal network.

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Step 4: Calculate ETh by first returning all sources to Step 5: Draw the Thévenin equivalent circuit
their original position and finding the open-circuit with the portion of the circuit previously removed
voltage between the marked terminals (a and b). replaced between the terminals of the equivalent
circuit.

RL = RTh = 5 Ω

2
ETh (6 V ) 2
Pmax = = = 1.8 W
4 RTh 4  5

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Example 9.5.2 For the following network , find Step 3: Calculate RTh
the value of RL for maximum power to RL and
determine the maximum power to RL.

Step 1 and Step 2: for Thévenin equivalent circuit

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Step 4: Calculate ETh

Since there are two sources Superposition theorem has
to be applied. Consider E then E = 0 V (shorted).
1 2

R p1 = R2 // R3 Step 5: Draw the Thévenin equivalent circuit

= 2.4 k
R p1
ETh1 = E1
R p1 + R1
= 4.5 V

Consider E2 then E1 = 0 V (shorted).

R p 2 = R1 // R3 RL = RTh = 2 kΩ
= 0.706 k
2
ETh 2 =
R p2 ETh (3V) 2
Pmax = =
( ) = 1.125 mW
E2
R p 2 + R4 4 RTh 4  2  103 
= 1.5 V
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Example 9.5.2 Step 3: Calculate RN

(a) Find the Norton equivalent circuit for the Step 5: Draw the Norton
network external to the resistor R for the equivalent circuit:
network in Fig. 9.127.
(b) find the value of R for maximum power to
R and determine the maximum power to R.

RN = R3 + ( R1 // R2 ) = 7.5 
Step 4: Calculate IN
RL = RN = 7.5 Ω

I2 R
Pmax = N N
4
Step 1: and Step 2 for the Norton (1.34A) 2  7.5 
=
equivalent circuit. RT = R1 + ( R2 // R3 ) = 7.5  4
E = 3.367 W
a IT = = 2.67 A
RT
b Practice Book [Ch 9]
I
I N = T = 1.34 A Problem: 18 ~ 23
2
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