Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Cancer
Cancer
Cancer
Hadil S. Subih,
Ph.D.
What is cancer?
0
Prefix Meaning
0
adeno- gland
chondro- cartilage
hepato- liver
lipo- fat
lympho- lymphocyte
myo- muscle
osteo- bone
Fast facts about cancer
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G
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Cell cycle
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• G0: A resting phase where the cell has left the cycle and has
stopped dividing.
• G1: Cells increase in size in Gap 1. The G1 checkpoint control
mechanism ensures that everything is ready for DNA
synthesis.
• S: DNA replication occurs during this phase.
• G2: During the gap between DNA synthesis and mitosis, the
cell will continue to grow. The G2 checkpoint control
mechanism ensures that everything is ready to enter the M
(mitosis) phase and divide.
• M: Cell growth stops at this stage and cellular energy is
focused on the orderly division into two daughter cells. A
checkpoint in the middle of mitosis (Metaphase Checkpoint)
Cell cycle checkpoints
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Cell cycle checkpoints
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• Cell lifespan
• Born
• Proliferation and differentiation
• Function
• Die (through necrosis and apoptosis)
• Apoptosis is a form of programmed cell death
designed to eliminate senescent cells or unwanted
cells.
Benign and malignant neoplasms
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No
Benign neoplasms
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Metastatic Spread
• Seeding of serosal surfaces
• Mechanical transplantation
• Via the lymphatics
• Via blood vessels
Metastasis
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Angiogenesis is the
physiological process
through which new
blood vessels form
from pre-existing
vessels
Intravasatin: invasion
of cancer cells through
the basal membrane
into a blood or lymph
Extravasatin: cancer
cells entering another
organ.
of
because
0
Tumer cell
transformation
An oncogene is a gene
that has the potential
to cause cancer
W
product
End
Etiology
0
r
T S
1
2
3
Etiology
0
• Heredity
• Hormones
• Chemical carcinogens
• Radiation
• Oncogenic viruses
• Sun exposure
• Tobacco
• Physical inactivity
• Obesity
Etiology
0
Loss of normal growth
several
happen
Sureshould
0 11s
Cancer
development
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Cancer staging
0
spread
didn't
Treatment
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• Surgery
• Radiation therapy
• Chemotherapy
Accordingtothe
casewedecide
thetreamentmay beonetreatmentor
twoor or c
t hree t hem naivaiuai.es
Lung cancer
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e
0
Lung cancer symptoms
0
0
Colon cancer
0
E
of
Risk factors for colon cancer
0
Sigmoidoscopy Colonoscopy
Breast cancer
0
Mammary gland
Types of breast cancer
0
• Yearly mammograms
are recommended
starting at age 40.
• Clinical breast exam
• Breast self-exam
Prostate cancer
0
Bladder
Normal prostate
urethra
Prostate cancer
Risk factors for prostate cancer
0
i
Diet
0
Woman Man
•Breast (postmenopausal) • Prostate
•Endometrium • Colorectal
• Cervical • Kidney
•Ovarian •Liver/ Gall Bladder
•Colorectal •Pancreatic
• Kidney •Esophageal
• Liver/ Gall Bladder •Hematopoietic
•Pancreatic risk
Obesity the
increase
and
men
both
•Esophageal
cancerfor
of
women
• Hematopoietic
Body weight, cont.
0