Chapter 3

Clause
Performed by: Group 1
Members

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 Nominal
Nominal relative
relative clauses
clauses
1. A nominal relative clauses is introduced by what, whatever, whoever,
where and how:
Ex: What you need is a long holiday.
Take whatever you want.
Whoever scores first is the winner.

2. In nominal relative clauses, the relative pronoun acts like a

NOUN + RELATIVE PRONOUN TOGETHER
“I need a bed and idea had exactly what I was looking for”.
3. Structure:

+) A nominal relative pronouns what, where, when, how, who can

be followed by an infinitive.
Nominal relative clauses + to V
Ex: I don’t know where to find the book I wanted.

+) Nominal relative clauses “what” can be followed by a noun.

Ex: What enjoyment we had came from books.

+) “Which” can refer to a whole clause, not just the preceding noun.
 That-
That-clauses
clauses
A that-clause is introduced by Complementizer that:
Everyone knows that smoking is dangerous .
Paul has decided that he wants to live in Canada .

The structure of a that-clause:

01 A zero subordinate clause:
=> The new ruling means pensioners will suffer.

02 The Complementizer cannot be omitted when the that-clause

functions as Subject:
=> That the government is weak (S) is obvious.

03 That-clauses functioning as Subject of the sentence:

=> That the government is weak is obvious. → It is obvious
that the government is weak.
 Comparative
Comparative clauses
clauses
Comparative clauses function as
Complements of the prepositions
than or as. With preposition as,
comparative clauses express
equivalence.

The adjective is premodified

Premodified by so
by too => postmodified by a
=> postmodified by a to-clause.
that-clause.
 The
The functions
functions of
of clauses
clauses
in
in the
the sentences
sentences

Subject
Subject Direct Object
Complement
Nominal relative Nominal relative
Nominal relative
clauses clauses
clauses
-ing - clause -ing - clause
-ing - clause
to - clause to - clause
to - clause
that - clause that - clause
that - clause
 The
The functions
functions of
of clauses
clauses in
in phrases
phrases
When a subordinate clause occurs as a constituent in a phrase, it most commonly functions as a
Postmodifier. Subordinate clauses may occur as Postmodifiers in the following phrase types. The
phrases are bracketed and the subordinate clauses are in italics.

Postmodifier in a noun phrase Postmodifier in an adjective phrase Complement in a prepositional phrase

relative clause that - clause: -ing - clause:

I wasn’t [aware that I had to register]. She has a reputation [for being difficult].
to - clause
That - clauses function as to - clause: nominal relative clause:
Complements in noun phrases. Chelsea were [reluctant to He's still coming to terms
. admit defeat]. [with what happened].
 Coordination
Coordination
Coordination involves using the coordinating conjunctions
and, but and or to link constituents.
Coordination can also be used to link clauses.
Conjoins must have the same grammatical function
[Paul] and [Amy] have arrived.
-> coordination of Subject.
The house was [old] but [very beautiful].
-> coordination of Subject Complements

Conjoins usually have the same form. In the two

examples above, we see coordination of noun phrases
and coordination of adjective phrases
 Types
Coordination normally uses
one of the coordinating
conjunctions and, but, or to
create a link between
Conjoins.
Syndetic coordination:
[Quickly], [resolutely],
he strode into the bank.
Asyn detic coordination:
We need [bread], [cheese],
[eggs], [flour], and [milk].
Polysyndetic coordination:
He just [talks] and [talks]
and [talks].
Meanings
AND: simplest form, and
expresses inclusive meaning.
+ and also has other meanings,
often supported by so or yet.
OR: The conjunction or
expresses exclusive meaning.
+ With negative condition, the
meaning is ‘If you don’t do X, a
negative result will follow’.
BUT: Unlike and and or, the
conjunction but can only
coordinate two Conjoins.
+ Use of but as a preposition,
with no coordinating function
Correlative
The correlative Coordinators
are:
+ Either . . . or expresses
exclusive meaning.
+ Neither . . . nor expresses
inclusive meaning, in that both
options are ruled out.
+ Both . . . and cannot
coordinate whole clauses.
+ Not only . . . but also
expresses inclusive meaning.
Quasi
The quasi-coordinators
include: as well as
as much as
in addition to
rather than
The quasi-coordinators have
a specific discourse function:
they focus on the fi rst NP,
which is given emphatic
stress in speech. In contrast,
Conjoins always have equal
stress.
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