Tourism Planning Policy and Development

8
“Policy Implementation”

MS. AIRA MAE PAPA

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“Policy Implementation”

❑ Explain policy implementation and its nature

❑ Know ten conditions for perfect
implementation
❑ Identify the types of policy failure.
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What is implementation?
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▪ The process through which the policy ideas and

plans translated into practice, should be a crucial
aspect of government action (Mazmanian &
Sabatier 1989).
▪ The stage between decision and operations.
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▪ Implementation is further complicated by the fact

that it is rarely executed in a single step by a single
government agency. Mazmanian and Sabatier
(1989) observe that implementation involves three
(3) spheres:
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1. The center- policy-makers directly involved in

analysis, solution-building and implementation.
2. The periphery- other actors and agencies that
have a lesser role to play, and
3. The target group- those whose behavior is to be
changed or who will be affected by the
implementation.
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• Hogwood and Gunn (1984) identified ten

preconditions for perfect implementation from
a managerial point of view:
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TOURISM PLANNING BREAKTHROUGH

10 Conditions for Perfect Implementation
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▪ No crippling or insurmountable external constraints.

▪ Adequate time and resources.
▪ A suitable combination of resources at each stage.
▪ Policy is based on valid theory
▪ Direct links between cause and effect.
▪ A single implementation agency.
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Hogwood and Gunn concede that they are

sympathetic to this top-down approach, they also
acknowledge that ‘implementation must involve a
process of interaction between organizations, the
members of which have many values, perspectives,
and priorities’
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Implementation Gap
- The gap between policy and implementation. It is
also called policy failure.
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Types of Policy Failure

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❑ Non-Implementation- a case wherein the policy is

not put into effect as intended because of various
reasons.
❑ Unsuccessful Implementation- occurs when a
policy is carried out in full and external
circumstances are not altogether favorable.