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    LAPORAN PRAKTIKUM KIMIA FISIKA, ERMUKAAN TEGANGA Nama Roma Suumna | Begigale Ralnnandtany ¢ / Nadia Dwi S NIM 9600220043 | DS00220048 | WDOD200%5 Kelompok/kelas D Hari, tanggal percobaan ——:Sajob , 24 OWMGber 2075 Asisten RD Alviony Aci Sehawan Dosen + Ir. Nur Hidayah, M. T., Ph.D., P.M. LABORATORIUM TEKNIK KIMIA. PROGRAM STUDI TEKNIK KIMIA FAKULTAS TEKNIK UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAII SURAKARTA 2023 iii DAFTAR \si TUJUAN PEaOBAAN TIDAUAM PUSTAKA A-Tegangen Rermukaan B. Kapilaritac , c. Goya Adhesi D. Gaya kohesi ... Sah wo gae E. Metode Kepilaritas ALAT DAM BAHAN A: Alat game a5 8. Bahan fs oe we C- Gambar Alak. . . Diageam ALR Haste PERCOBAAN DATL PEMBAKASAN . A. Masi Reccolaan © Rembahasan - Kesimpuran .. DAFTAR PUSTAKA - LeEmBaAR PENGESAHAM OsEN vil. LAMPIRAN A. Data Pescdoaan @. Pechutungan ce Analisis Gata LaroRAN SeMErTARA qURAL - i ten A gt he es we 1 Wounw PERCOBAAN 1 Maloasiswa tangy mteraiatai acti teqnnqan yeruutiaan dan beberagn metode genquiucan Arqangan cemukaan Meloasiswy vaniqa mogghitung besamya nila Aegengan FEeMUMAAN capagel dengan wmenggunavan cuekode Uagiler T.-Wsnuan eustaun Re Teqangan fermuvaan “Hopman gerauuaan (7) suadi carvan daa diderinisiean Sebagai vanyaknya Kerja yanc, divutHWleda UNM temgorluas eCuUKeaarn COLCA yer sory cAMAN WUAs - Raga caruan cas , T dinynrazon dalam erg crv" atau Ayne cti', sedanejtan alaea Sadan ot, don 7 diquat alan dotees Wai" (mutimad Aan Veinardi rei) Tesangan gectiukaan dari 204 coir adalon verarnya enern potential yang, Avil oleh (agi sunk gorueAN gexsadyan Tuas gecmulraannya . Penqan adanya Aeanqan cecmutaan , 204 cae condocuna momgorkectl uas eectruemannye OLIN\AY doi oakuan Yang, dimiikinya Aejanqjan KecMurAA dopey diayatalea sebagai TvetAmya AAUA geCAkinn Ranjan. Sean Tt, AenARAAN gactUlsaON Gogat Arnyoracan wuran Aaya eashs Gada germukaan 2k calc Tennaan Verukaan mocugacan sieAr Recuilman dari zak cate YP HeKuga selrgua ARIS Yang \enT Aiba yenagcuts dori Hoya Woles, Aan ACMANAAG (MUR AK, 2022) TOOANAAN FECMUEAAN KrotaReNgacUlr ESAcTYyA KenAiKAN aon penucunan rak cole dalana grea Wailer: TeAaaqan cerulaan ekeria pada seganyang pica Wamiler Yann menari 20% carr dengan HAYA Tet lan Gade giga akan wenqadaean (ener SeRAAAL Palacan Adds asi Man monarii tak Cale Me Akas donaan gaya yang set veer Kemaudian pada sane Weadaran sek avans VerAfowon vert AYA KAGK Ahnctian, s@anding, denon era aie Yana waite (EAM AEE, 20%) « Thanqan (ecruraan Malan gaya yersatran ganiens, yong, Wan AMerjatan SEAIAC RETMUEA AN URN Mengiaboanas gaye ANOKA Me dagen yada CANA. KO Reece Hecqads Vacena 4ade Femauragn gaya ater, Lantaca caican Gan udaca) dria Vecit AoC. (aka qrys VUvH anjaga uoleest Caivan selrianga UAryeeeleran Arryadinyya oaya Me datirny gaa cenmicaan CAA (6(,2015) Magalaritac Kailadias merugaan agqata aaie Nounniya tr cai dear WEA MARKET. Renyebab Cari Aeradinnys cexstinun INA adda OuAA AACE aNKAKH UARUL CIC dialaur 2a cae HPA Atvedatenn METAR: AMES Adi MOET. KANG MECUQAEAN gaya Aacte MORAL ANAC MOLE Yang cama eRKGAYA seagHUAN adler aelarala SMA Ani POGAK AOAAE udleeH ype, ela KeRIiNys (UaTeYsRi, 20) Feri und UagiLacikas Ais@edolean adanya saya adluesi dan Aaya HORE YANG, URN EMrAFAN Aedangan RoceruFAan Zak cans CeAUEAAN AAC dan Gecnaueane AiC CHIESA YAK, HOKALAM' KRNALEAR ARAM FEN CUNAN jum MOE LAAN ATER ALDAEAAN RRCEAUIRAN (Wie, ZH) Menerriean aenanqian eonuiaan deronn MeAqunaeAN Monseg MARiIOTIAGS YALL RECSAIWA waite orm AACUANYA tak CIC Aidaionn qiga UARET Lata sett). Mebode Kenaiean Yager muda Anaeueag, don gcaeAs Cengmanaannya 44H CerARUYA AEHCAST YAR KAA Dengan aennpundéAn Iga Fagier devon exenen tra APda NAN geaucann FedyReacan CALAN dates REAR chasing, ‘onlown Yekien air Ageragatinn davon wadah aca Verken tae alinder Selualr qenowena vagniveus enuincull (gumtno dan Torfuc ,ao18) Gaya Rabe Gop adwesi ada sayadace enaRKC Wang AeA AMARC, mrekul- Mol@eul ana Ada efenic Whats ASAE don aig. WA adlnes, ‘eile Meet dave. VolNes., MAIEA. Yan errata ae Aan Sy WeNreKaies: dona asoon Cand dF, 2010), Gana adn adalaw anya Aacie Wenace atdana molekul 44nd ae SeIRNIE CORLL Ai dengan AUFoHOl. GAA adarny Akan MeRqarioAttan Aun ant Akg, Calinn, wolerat Hla dicatdgucean ones umecul- herYL AC (Brit WOKE AWARdanean, dave dren CNW, LOWOS aig yuq 4 (eile vetar Abaadleatan day adic antica ac an altel (8A, 204) Moeeur meniity daua ace wonacl antaca, uolgeut Yang AAO seems yore, diceous Aongan anya advesi(with dee, acer) Gaya, Korey WORE, adalatn dou Ana MENACE Ankaca FaChWEl alan Aaa, Artyatoean datans satvon vecnk Ree sation (Has. Koes, Vekvatding Nicus dengan Kecngnkan sua Ponda, seINGAa WA Worazatan Solin Wear Wolen Veet Mans AEA did Semon osm (Nicgo de) Vorest adalil, gaya Anis Menai Aakaca MeleeUl Yane Cnag, SEROCA ai enopN ais Akay alana dengan aivedns(. Keke Aigenqaculi dee KOCARAIIN dan {aKa avkar Eartikel dalan 20h. Coy Volnesi wengateivartenn Aya tak An dicampurean Adule cena saluee, Weterat. Wolvem woteculranlerul Ale Lai Weine Aiomndnagan das KORE: Neva. Karastan ecac dhivand ing Aya aAwes ANMacA ALE AengAA avolnel (ea, B14) Gaya Vokes Yard Aaya AACE menaRte ANkACG uoleEUl CEES sedanagan gaya adivest wally anya 400 Menace Ankara Wwoleeul- maigeul yang Ate ceyonys ta asaer dao mi BIA ave (Eo, ect, dy Oe wags a aad sulk Toe oder Reagan asa (Fania a8) ‘Mebde en uagiler to otecaga uetode genentuan Keqanqjan Hue diandaciny 9 Adalow wetnde KOraiean xiga Uaeiler. Mode KonniTee Yi eA Kailer Worugaican wetocle lA sunka una Kagtter Aedasuleean We dolor caiGan Yoo, wem'enca, india, Maieg CHICANO nih Ue Calan vagher waren abivun Actin MAA. KENATRRN CRAG SGA ay Aang Keene JINN HeryenEAN Aeadiays VESEMeATG An ankaca gaya ke akat dun to eawatn (M0 Ate, 2046) W.ALAT DAN BAKAN AL ALAT Berthit merupakan olet yang, digurakan pada Peaktitum Tegangan Permukaan , Tabel 1, Alat Yang cligunakan pada prartikum _tegangan Peomukoan to | Namo Alat Ueuran (mu) ‘Suma’ |Pyo Kapiler > S 2. | Geto; Berar 250 mL 5 3. | Pinometer somL ‘ 4. | Batang pengadur - i 5 |Cawem petei - 5 Lb: [Renggarie = tl 8. BAAN Beribat ini memupakan bahan yang di gunokan fade Praktikum Tegangan Recmukaan Tobe s. Bahan Yang diguravan pada prartikum teqangay Rermutoon. No [Nama Gavan | Masse (| vot cme) [kadar (af P Core) | t. [lawton Gapun | 4S 3h BS oh MS cA 30 rk 3h Ish. 2. | Aquadas - 2amt 10009) C. Gambar Alat Berka iwi mempakan gambar alat yang dt Gunakan pada prarnkum teqangan pemukaan. - 1. pa kapiter —! _ RI (. Pipa Kapier 2. Cavan Peeci Ganias 1. Ride Fagiler 2. Prenometer Gambar 2. Prenomeber. WW. DiAGRAM ALe Berar menuyaran diagiam air dalam yraftitam Keqangan permukaan. \. Menentukar beak jenis samyel ge Aquudis Timban 9 ——? [Pitnomerer vorong (Wo)} | Timbvan Tenor Fabrast Cif sampe\ 3 | Benometes Lavbrasi (Wr) (5.05.06) | Tooting Pirnomertr sampet Gay Garrbur 3. Digoram ali Morutukan Betat Senis 2, Menesthikan wile tegangan germulaan Sampel >| Gelas beker 250 mt] (46s 52K fe) Pipa waiter Masurean pips kapiler Fe datam geros beter WNGS4 Kagier fercelup Ytem v Ukr Emagi permukaan Salran Serta bechenti Mucambat naik v lanai seloanyae 9 vali v hutuns lai tegangen Veennucaan saynpeh Geastloar 4. 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Koncprratt Semel, make Semakrn Terdal tegangan Permukoannyc . bb, Semarein bingg! kenentraw’ somnpey, Mea Selatan Hrggi quga qusut Rontatenys . 44. erick Ini rerapOKan FoRfor Get: IC mL @ V aquodas : V Fefar - Vsobun am -1g +238 mL. kontntras’ 3% V Sabon 3.4900 5 22,6 me. 28 V Aquads: Veotal ~V caboun aco - Ws = 220EM. + Ronéntrast [2% V Sahun s [2250 > Bowl 3 V Gtaads: Vfota(- \Vsabun 2OD- OF 2LOWL. - Ronsenteag (7% \/ Sawn: 1 xag0 32,5 WL. leo V aquedss Viotal- Vselun BEO- BPS 2 UAE ML 2. fenentoon Perak fants / Denstets Aquadtes Ditekofas = plerometee Kotary (40) + (bor % frenoueter caquacs(et)- 2,6" 9 pitroneere y gahportr). Gc 9 Dionya =? crunchs ? jauole +P aquodes + tw! w tow * 6,658 - [6,04 6,26 ~ 1G,GOY tg rm, 3. Penenituan berot genes / Penitos Samper. A> Komenttan” 3% Ortaca’: P'verometer katong (sol? (6,604 Pikoteer + aquatatui) 2,6 3 piteroneter = compa) (02) 6.4095 9 Ditamge +P Sompel Konsentras’ 3% fawalo 0+ Wave ea 1G.COM GO = L001 Yim. B. kensentraw 6 % Diatomas’ = Plknoneter Kowong (10) lG.coury Picrameher aguas loi: Goae 4 Priewoneter’ + COMM) 66,5035 9 Dianya +7 somper ouenHon’ 6% Jawa = ¢ + Yano = 40039 G/me, C. Konsenteol 3% Diketobur : prenenster foxy (vo) sla, GoM 9 Pikvioncket + aguadas(o \ 66,356 9 Pllemowelar * Compete), OSES Ey Difango . CSM! Kontenbrow’ ye 7 fprab » 2 svar we oA mes * Ge seee~ 1¢,coy GATS ~ GG + bO04O JS/ac D.kontenttoc” (2% Diketanar’ ; pitenoncter eotoeglaio)> (6, Coug pikeneneter + aquodee (ai) 66,369 Premometer’ Compas (2). 66.6 29-5 Diengyer + POM yeovramiroe” (Ye 7 fob LPs ward t-wo 2 ©G6PA6 “1G, Go + 1000S 3 /ut, E. Konientraa’ (S % Ditebonu’ —§ plinaneter Roorg Coo}: LqyGo4 g) Pienomaer + oguesteat) 66,30 5 Pikcnaweter + xcanypet Cart) 465g Bilenga + 0 tanipey komnteons et%7 faad + P*Ua-wo wt-a6 + & pst ~ (e604 GAG ~1g, Coy +1008 g/ml. 10 4, Penentuan Tegorgon ferameaan - B. Kontentroti 3% Drotahat © PAPA Kopiler +0, (>cm P Samper ortentrace’ >to + 1,8 S/oye. 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    c= a AIP (etc The effects of gravity and surface tension on the circular hydraulic jump for low- and high-viscosity liquids: A numerical investigation Cite as: Phys. Fluids 33, 012105 (2021); https://dol.or9/10.1063/5.0032369 ‘Submitted: 07 October 2020 . Accepted: 17 December 2020 . Published Online: 12 January 2021 ®unpeng Wang (Ez), and (© Roger E. Khayat ARTICLES YOU MAY BE INTERESTED IN The planar spread of a liquid jet and hydraulic jump on a porous layer Physics of Fluids 33, 012104 (2021); https://dol.org/10.1063/5.0033640 Comparing flow characteristics of viscoelastic liquids in long and short capillaries (entrance effects) Physics of Fluids 33, 013105 (2021); https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0037975 Experimental study of the effects of a viscous liquid layer on the cavity dynamics of vertical entry by a sphere into water at low Froude number Physics of Fluids 33, 013308 (2020); https://doi,org/10.1063/5.0052818 Nema a Voy athe) aU AL Roun eos slob Phys. Fluids 33, 012105 (2020; https://dol org/10.1083/5 0052569 35, 012105, © 2021 Authors). orn ‘citation orgjournaipht The effects of gravity and surface tension on the circular hydraulic jump for low- and high-viscosity liquids: A numerical investigation Cite as: Phys. Fluids 33, 012105 (2021); doi: 10.1063/5.0032369 ‘Submitted: 7 October 2020 - Accepted: 17 December 2020 - Published Online: 12 January 2021 ‘Yunpeng Wang (\/ii)'* @ and Roger E. Khayat AFFILIATIONS Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6ASB9, Canade “Guangdong Provincial Key oratory of Turbulence Research and Applications, Center for Complex Flows and Soft Matter Research, Department of Mechanics and Aeraspace Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technolagy, Shenzhen 51805, People's Republic af Chine “Author to whom correspondence should be addressed: 2) ABSTRACT ‘The present work investigates the causes of the circular hydraulic jump for both low- and high-viscosity liquids in an effort to address & recent dispute in the research community. We first validate our numerical model against existing experiments and then study the effets of different parameters involved in the prablem. The influences of viscsity gravity. and surface tension on the formation of the jump are ‘comprehensively explored. We observe a significant difference in the mechanisms behind the hydraulic jump for low- and high-viscosity liquids, which have rarely been reported, Surface tension i found to be responsible forthe low-viscosity jump, while gravity dominates the high-vscosity jump, which partially resolves the recent noise regarding the cause of the jump in a consistent manner, Published under license by AIP Publishing. hips! /do.org 10.1063/5.0032369 L INTRODUCTION When a circular liquid jet impacts a solid plat, itis expelled cout radially as a thin film uatil a critical location where the thick- ness of the liquid increases abruptly, as illustrated in Pig. 1. This phenomenon is known as the circular hydraulic jump, which can bbe observed daily atthe bottom of our kitchen sink in the tap water flow. The region before the jump is characterized as having. large flow velocity and is formally defined asthe supercritical region, The region after the jump is defined as the subcritical region where the flow speed drops significantly due to the sudden jump inthe liquid thickness. Tmpinging jet flow plays important roles in many industrial applications such as jet cooling, jet quenching, chemical reactions, and surface leaning. The high-speed flow inthe supercritical region [provides a high rate of heat and mass transfer, while the hydraulic jump and the downstream flow can significantly harm the perfor ‘mance.! Consequently, the prediction ofthe jump location (radius) is of great importance in the design of the relevant processes. Phys. lds 38 0121052021; 100698 0082388, Published under icense by AP Pubiing In the past few decades, extensive experimental, theoretical, and ‘numerical efforts were made to find the cause of hydraulicjump and, in tur, to predict its location. However, successes are sil limited until now. To the best of our knoveledge, two major branches of studies exist on the circular hydraulic jump. To start with, i i natural to expect thatthe subcritical thickness should have a tangible effect on the jump location since a larger subcritical depth should result ina smaller jump radius asa result of the large adverse hydrostatic pres- sure gradient across the jump. The first work based on this idea is bby Watson.” Neglecting gravity and surface tension in the supercrit- ical region, Watson developed a similarity solution with a boundary layer method.* By assuming thatthe subcritical thickness is known, ‘Watson captured the location ofthe jump using a force and momen- tum balance approach across the jump. Watson's theoretical pre Giction agreed reasonably well with experiments and became the basis for numerous later studies. Bush and Aristoff” observed that Watson's theory is less accurate at alow flow rate (ie, a small jump radius) for which sueace tension effet is important. In this egard, ss0r2084 FIG. 1. ston of ha cular hykaul jump. estas bythe anows ace the Incoming aud he Sl sutace, andthe hear hau jump. The asym ‘nat: cemgtlalonal domains eaiadon te cross sect pane tag Brcugh ‘eas of et as incate they incorporated surface tension fa the momentum and force rel tion at the jump and achieved better agreements with experiments It should be noted here that the Watson-Bush approach assumes ‘that the subertial thickness is known and this assumption i stil ‘commonly adopted in the literature." In experiments, this thick: ness was often artlicially conteolled by a barrier downstream of the jump. However, the impingement surface in practical problems is often fee of such artificial controls. To avoid this issue, Wang and Khayat!> proposed a theory that the subcritical thickness can be approximated by the static thickness of a large liquid drop based ‘on empirical observations since the fuid velocity downstream of the jump is indeed small. Consequently, the height ofthe jump can be approximated using the existing relations. While this method yields satisfying results for low-viscosity liquids, its accuracy drops Tor liquids of high viscosity since the viscous effects neglected at the jump. "The other branch of works originates from the study of Tani and was later comprehensively extended by Bohr, Dimon, and Putkaradze."” The basic idea in these works is that the hydro- static pressure causes an infinite vertical velocity inthe supercritical region. Based on this theory, a scaling law forthe jump radius was deduced in tetas ofthe iquid viscosity low rate, and gravity. While this method predicts well the trend in experiments, discrepancies are ‘observed, especially for water (i.e. low viscosity but high surface ten sion). More recently, Bhagat eta highlighted the role of surface tension inthe circular hydraulic jump using an approximate surface ‘energy approach, Based on their analysis, Bhagat ef al. concluded that surface tension isthe dominant effect forall circular jumps and gravity plays litle role. However, Wang and Khayat" found that for high-viscosity liquids, the jump location can be well predicted inthe absence of surface tension, Therefore, the cause ofthe circular jump ‘can be mostly attributed to gravity for highly viscous liquids. They also concluded that the surface tension effect is more dominant for low-viscosity liquids oF liquids witha relatively strong surface ten sion. More recently, Femnandez-Feria, Sanmiguel-Rojas, and Benilov showed that gravity remains important for the circular hydraulic jump using combined numerical and shallow-seater approaches." “Even though these studies seem contradictory, thet predictions areall supported by experimental measurements. We therefore infer thatthe reason for these disputes sin the thin-film treatment, which assumes that the low varies much slower inthe radial direction than in the vertical direction and the change inliqui thickness is gradual. Phys. lds 38 0121052021; 100698 0082388, Published under icense by AP Pubiing ‘citation orgjournaipht Infact, this assumption is not valid near the hydraulic jump where the low varies on equal orders of magnitude in both the radial and vertical directions. In this case, a numerical method possesses the advantage that it solves the full Navier-Stokes equations with no truncation of any term, However, onlya limited number of numeri- cal studies on the circular hydraulic jump exist due tothe complexity ofthe multiphase low. Ellegaarde al” numerically studied the low separation behind the hydraulic jump. To circuravent the difficulties associated with the free surface, they replaced the hiquid-ar interface by a fixed stres-free surface at prescribed locations based on expeti- smicnts, Consequently, they can fix the fece surface and only solve for the flow. In other words the location ofthe jump was not predicted, ‘but imposed, Passandieh-Fard, Teymourtash, and Khavart" also ‘proposed a numerical method using the volume oftluid” approach. In their calelation domain, however, the downstream depth must ‘be prescribed near the disk edge. In fact, most of existing works focused only on the combined effect of gravity and susface tension. Few have singled out the indi- ‘vidual contributions and weights. From the aforementioned cantra- dictory findings, we infer that the mechanisms of circular hydraulic jump for low and high-viscosity liquids are different. In this con- text, a numerical method is adopted to avoid the limitations in the existing theoretical predictions. The governing equations are given in Sec. followed by the introduction ofthe mesh domain and the boundary conditions in Se. i. The results are presented in Sec. 1: we ftst report the transient behavior of circular hydraulic jump, sthich provides some practical implications on the solution process then, we validate the current numerical model using existing expe ‘ments; and finally, we investigate the effects of gravity and surface tension for both high- and low-viscosity liquids. The conchisions and future perspectives are given in Sec. V I GOVERNING EQUATIONS AND NUMERICAL METHOD ‘The flow is assumed to be axisymmetric so thatthe polygo- nal jumps? and pial waves are not of consideration inthe curent work ASshown ns Ithe axis taken along the radial direction tl theo ris pati upto nly the ol axis the oppet= direction of gravity. For laminar aiepmmeiric flow inthis contig. uration of the coordinate, the govering equations for mase and momenta are gen by" a , @ 84 Bt Bet ag OM) + pelomd + co) 8 one 3 1a Seon) +22 (ronne) + 2S (rpnird) op 1 9f, (,9%)) 10 oraleOae)] + Fale ond Booms 2eonva+t A tron 1 8 (% 2) ox * ar 330121082 where U-F= 28 + 28 + %, y, andy; are the velocity components inthe axal (vertical) and radial direction (horizontal) p represents density, p isthe pressure, and is the dynamic viscosity. Here, F, and F, are the components ofthe body force in the x and r direc tions, respectively." In the current problem, Fy = ~pg and F, = 0. Since the flow is assumed to be axisymmetric, no azimuthal veloc: ity appears in the governing equations, These equations are solved using a finite volume appreach for which the primary unknowns are the varlables atthe centroid of the cell. The mass and momen. tum balance foreach control volume (cell) are constructed with the fluxes calculated based on the interpolated values at the cell faces.” For two-phase flow, the fre surface is tracked by the volume of uid (VOF) method” for which the volume fraction is governed by an additional scalar transport equation given by @ a 5 Bayt 0 (ais where ay is the volume fraction of the liquid phase and 1 — a, is the volume fraction of the gas phase. In the VOF approach, as shown in Eqs. (1)=(3), a single set of momentum equations is solved in the flow domain, and the volume fraction of the liq- uid phase is tracked in each computational cell by using Ea. (4). ‘The values of varibles and fluid properties in cach cell represent vollume-averaged values calculated based on the volume fraction of the two phases. In this case itis not surprising that all the variables can still vary spatially including density although both phases are incompressible. In the current problem, the finite volume-based solver ANSYS Fluent 160 is used to compute the two-dimension axisymmetric problem, The standard SIMPLEC™ scheme is selected for pressure correction. The QUICK" method (second-order), which consid- fers two values upstream and one value downstream in the inter polation of the face values of control volume, is adopted for the spatial discretization since the low is predominantly influenced by the upstream flow (Le, no obstacle downstream). From a mathe: ‘matical point of view, the QUICK scheme is based on a weighted average of a second-order-upwind and central interpolation of the variable, and it is typically more accurate on structured meshes ‘citation orgjournaipht aligned with the flow direction where unique upstream and down- stream control volumes and faces can be identiied.” We also emphasize here that the flow after the jump is much slower, 30 the QUICK scheme is more appropriate fr the examination of the downstream inftuence, especially when compared with an upwind scheme, which completly neglects the downstream feedbacks (ie the valucs of the variable at the cell faces, where the fux is ale culated, are completely determined or extrapolated based on the upstream values). ‘As we do not have distinct boundaries for each individual ‘phase, the transient solver is preferred over the steady solver to lower the risk of divergence. Indeed, the flow always diverges with the steady solver based on our tess, In tis case, an implicit second- order time advancing scheme is selected forthe best stability. The volume fraction equation is spatially discretized by a compressive scheme (second-order) for which the face values ofthe vohumefrac~ tion ae calculated as ¢, = 4, + BV0,, where ¢, is the volume frac- tion at the cell face, 4, is the volume fraction of the donor cel, and B = 2 (B= 0 corresponds toa first-order upwind scheme). For meshes of good quality the compressive scheme usually provides beter accuracy compared with other schemes. More importantly, it provides a sharper interface when used together withthe implicit time scheme of second order. The convergence criteria for mass, ‘momentum, and volume fraction equations are 10", 10°%, respectively Il MESH DOMAIN AND BOUNDARY CONDITIONS ‘The axisymmetric domain and the adopted mesh are illustrated in Fig, 2. A uniform velocity of flow rate Q is injected into the domain through the inlet nozele of radius a, The impingement sur- face of radius Risata distance Daway from the nozzle. The pressures are set to be atmospheric at all the outlets (f. Fx, 2). To capture the edge effects, aside wall near the trailing edge of the domain is constructed. The upper boundary is set to be a no-slip wall instead of the pressure outlet, as we found that over-prescribing the pri sure can drive the low to an unrealistic state. In other words itis more appropriate to use a wall congition that allows the pressure to [+ 8mm ——________,. iter (© Sg {5m ypper wall (n0 slip) f+ _ bottom wall (no slip) a axis + 40mm + edge wall (no slip) Phys. lds 38 0121052021; 100698 0082388, Published under icense by AP Pubiing (gauge pressure = 0)) FIG 2. Pays domain and cont rain. Unlarm veloaly Imposed ‘he inet based onthe given ow rat ‘al he outs, the pressure i et be equal fe sincepnerc pressure (ie, aso gauge pressure). The nest ‘zion are enoroad at al the sold als, ae the axis cavesponds o be ‘iene ofthe et 33,0121083 freely adjust itself based on the momentum transport. In fact, using a wall instead of an outlet should not alfect the flow in a practi= cal system as the viscosity of the gas phase is much smaller than that ofthe liquid, The surface tension effect is modeled using the continuum surface force model proposed by Brackbill, Kothe, and ‘Zemach.** For comparison purpose, the static contact angle thatthe toro phases form at the wall is taken to be 90° in all cases inves- tigated in the current work, We note here that the dynamic con- ‘act angle is still not well understood yet and thus not available in ‘commercial software. Consequently, the contact angle is invariably approximated by its static value ia Fluent. We emphasize that even though the recent study argued that the contact angle has no effect ‘on the hydraulic jump,” other experiments,” in contrast, showed that the contact angle can have a tangible effect on the jump. In this case iti not trivial to incorporate the contact angle. The flow ficld is initialized as follows: the pressure (gauge pressure) is set to zero everywhere in the domain: all the velocity components are set to be zero; and the domain is initially fully occupied by air (Le the voltame fraction of liquid ay is zero everywhere). At = 0, the liquid phase is injected into the domain through the nozzle with ‘constant uniform velocity calculated based on the flow rate and nnozale radius ‘The structured square-shape mesh is used throughout the domain except for the region very close (within I mm) to the bot ‘tom wall where the meshes are constructed increasingly finer toward the wall, as shown in the zoomed-in view of Fig. 2. The details of the mesh configuration and the grid independence test are given in See. 1V. IV, RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS In this section, we first perform a grid independence test to ‘examine the relative numerical error. Then, the transient evolution ‘of the hydraulic jump is investigated, followed by the validation of the adopted numerical model. We shall compare the location and height ofthe jump with that of the existing experiments. In addition, ‘we also report the wall shear stress and compare it with the exist ing theoretical predictions. After the validation, the influences of the {gravity and surface tension for both high- and low-viscosity liquids are explicitly explored. The implications ofthe numerical result are alse discussed, A. The grid independence test Toexplore the suitable size of control volume (cell forthe cur rent problem, we perform a grid independence test forthe location of the jump with the dimension configuration shown in fig. 2. For simplicity, only square-shape uniform meshes are examined in the arid independence test. Once the proper size is chosen, it will be taken asthe default (maximum) mesh size except fr the region near the bottom wall (within 1 mm to the wall) where the grid i further refined since the velocity gradients ac typically larger near the bot- ‘tom wall for inerta-dominated thin-film flow. In particular, within Imm from the bottom wall 15 layets of cells are deployed with a (growth rate of 1.1 such thatthe meshes are finer near the wall which Is expected to yield better accuracy. ‘The three set of tested sizes (the side length of the control volume) for the coarse, medium, and fine grids are 032mm, 0.16 mm, and 0.08 mm respectively. Here, we take the steady location of Phys. lds 38 0121052021; 100698 0082388, Published under icense by AP Pubiing ‘citation orgjournaipht ‘TABLE L. Gf independence test Grid Size(mm) ry(mm)_—_Relativeerror(%) 032 14a 016 139) 4 08 138 07 the jump 1 as the variable of interest. The liquid in use is silicon oil with density p = 950kg/m’, viscosity y= 19mPa s, and surface tension y= 20dyn/cm. The liquid is injected into the domain with a volume flow rate of Q = 17 milfs through a nozae of radius a = 1.6mm, corresponding to the experiment of Duchesne, Lebon, and Limat” but with a shorter radial range of the domain (see Fig. 2. The results are reported in Table | As can be seen, with ‘the fine mesh, the relative error ofthe jump location is well below 1%. Consequently, the medium mesh size should be adequate. In this case, all the simulations in the current work are based on this ‘maximum mesh size hereafter. We should note that in the ct rent work, the horizontal mesh size isnot refined near the bottom ‘wall since the large velocity gradient near the wall is only domi- nant in the vertical direction (Le, the velecity changes more sharply in the vertial direction). As we shall see later, the agreement with experiment also suggests that the adopted grids are appropriate in the current study. B. The transient behavior ‘The transient behavior of the hydraulic jump is demonstrated in ig. 3 Again, the liquid in use is the same silicon ol as used inthe grid independence tert. The liquid is injected into the domain with volume flow rate of Q= 17 m/s through a nozzle of radius a= 1.6 ‘mm, The plate is of radius R = 150mm and the disk-to-nozzle di tance is at D = 16mm, These parameters correspond exactly to the experiments of Duchesne ef al who did not report the transient ‘behavior. Interestingly, the location of the hydraulic jump seems ‘not to vary much once the jump is formed even though there is a slight decrease in the jump radius with a larger downstream extent of the flow. In this case, the size of the solid plate has negligible effects on the location of the jump i the flow is allowed to drain | the o asi LL 170m | ae l eens FIG. 3. The ransent ehavor of he cher hyrauleump nthe 20 axisyrmet- 1c pane The fow conégraton she same as nthe experiments of Duchesne wat 330121084 {rely at the edge ofthe disk, This automatically confirms the find ings of Wang and Khayat’” The observation in Pig 5 indicates that the location of the jump can, a it should, be determined without the knowledge of the flow in the sub-critieal region unless a bar: ter is artificially imposed somewhere downstream. In this case, one can stop the solver in practical problems once the jump is fully formed, especially in the cases where only the location ofthe jump is of interest. . Validation of the current model ‘To validate the current model, we compare our steady-state ‘numerical predictions with the experiments of Duchesne et al.” in Pig. 4. As ean be seen, both the location of the jump and the ‘overall liquid thickness agree reasonably well with the experimen: tal measurements, which simultancously confirms the accuracy of the adopted numerical scheme. Here, the radial coordinate rand the film thickness lt are both scaled by the nozzle radius a. We also com: pte the radius of the jump for a lage range of the flow rate and ‘compare them with the measurements of Duchesne etal” in Fi. 5 ‘As can be seen, a roughly linear behavior with flow rate is obtained. ‘Again, reasonable agreements were achieved fr the complete range ‘of flow rates. The slightly larger prediction ofthe jump radius might bbe due to the fact that we have stopped the solver once the jump has formed and the inherent numerical errors associated with the adopted scheme (second order) “The radial wall shear stress is reported in Pig. 6 ina dimen sionless form. Also shown in the figure isthe theoretical prediction cof Wang and Khayat.” We note that the region very cose to the jet (ra < 3) is not included since the theoretical prediction is not valid near the jet due tothe neglection ofthe stagnation region. The ‘numerical result generally isin agreement with the theoretical pre- diction. More importantly, the shear stress almost vanishes after the jump, as observed in the figure and the inst. This indicates that in any jet rinsing jet etching, or surface cleaning applications, the flow ‘citation orgjournaipht + eveinet cea?g'%) FIG. §. Tho variation into jump rads wit he fow rie Aso shown are fa Imozswromens of Duchesne ea” Numerical 6 Experiment we FIG. 4. The qui iknes in boty the supecrtcal and suber rans. Aso ‘Shown athe measurement of Duchesne ea Phys. lds 38 0121052021; 100698 0082388, Published under icense by AP Pubiing FIG. 6 Radial wall sear stress distbuon Aa shown the ececapreicon of Wang and Kyat Inst shows te loaton othe jenp cloweotean of the jump a lino zr impact ie tothe ons of inertia Interestingly the behavior of the shear tess in Fie 0 reveals the reaton behind the diference in the slope ofthe fre surface before and ater the jump (see F.° and Obvious, the slope before the jump is positive (ie, an accumulating thickness) due to val shear ressance. This positive slope, in turn, indaces an adl- tional resistance duc to the hydrostatic pressure. As the slope afer the jump becones negative the jump sn ature, a location where ‘he inertia almost vanishes du othe wpstream consumption by our shear and revere pressure. Dowrtrenm ofthe jump, while inertia negligible, the Mprosaticprcieare becomes diaaat and serves a the new driving force of the low. In this ese the slope 330121085 ‘turns negative and flow becomes lubrication type reflecting the bal: ance between the driving pressure (hydrostatic) and a weak shear resistance. Its also worth noting that the boundary layer theory is applicable in most parts ofthe super- and subcritical domains where the change in the thickness is gradual. However, it indeed breaks down very close tothe jump where a large slope occurs. This const tutes the major advantage of the curvent numerical method over the «existing theoretical predictions since it solves the fll Navier-Stokes ‘equations. D. The influence of gravity and surface tension “The effect of gravity and surface tension forthe high-viscosity liquid sillustratedin Fi. 7. The liquid in uses the same silicon oil and the low is under the same inlet condition s that in fig. 4. To lower the computational cost, we have shortened the radius ofthe plate to R= 40 mm and reduced the nozale-to-disk distance to D=8 ‘mm. Ascan be een, when the low i ree from both surface tension and gravity, no hydraulic jump forms. The thickness of the iid sridually increases due tothe accumulating viscous effect unt it leaves the edge of the disk where a bending is observed du to the low pressure cause by flow detachment atthe tralling edge (ike that ncar awake). Interestingly, the jump can form in the presence of either gravity or surface tension, confirming that both gravity and surface tension can cause a hydraulic jump. Here we note that when surface tension is present alone (Le, without gravity, the low wil not be steady. The thickness after the hydraulic jump will continue to ineease. Therefor, for this and later simula cates, we alo top the solver once the jump is formed as already discussed. We als emphasize that the location ofthe jamp may change after it forms unde this condition (ie, with surface Lenson ony) However, this {snot the focus ofthe carrent work ‘A more important observation isthe fact that when both gravity and surface tension are incorporated, the location the jump remains imost unchanged when compared with the case where only grav ity is inclced, eventhough the downstream flow s smoothened by the Laplace pressure when surface tensions incladed. This indicates that, forhigh-vscosity liquid, there sno simple argument regarding Nogmiy Nowa taioa ‘wat erty No fie tenon No grmiy ‘With rice tenion wit eri Wah ice tmion FIG. 7. Tho eet of gravity and surface tension on te hysaule jmp ofthe igh sisosty iq (oo o. Phys. lds 38 0121052021; 100698 0082388, Published under icense by AP Pubiing ‘citation orgjournaipht whether gravity or surface tension isthe dominant cause of the jump. However, gravity is indeed dominant on the overall film thickness in both the super- and subcritical regions, as illustrated in Fg 7 In other words, the surface tension does not have much effect on the hydraulic jump for a high-viscosiy liquid as long as gravity is present. Nevertheless, surface tension does dominate the flow when sraity is excluded. The thickness after the jump im that case can be infinite just ikea liquid drop inthe outer space where gravity is absent ‘We now investigate the effect of gravity nd surface tension on the hydraulic jump of a low-viscosity iguid under the same flow configuration. Figice © depicts the influence of gravity and surface tension for an impinging water jet. Similarly, the hydraulic jump does not occur in the absence of both gravity and surface tension. ‘The growth of the film thickness due to viscous retardation is aso negligibly small ue tothe low viscosity of water. Unlike silicon oil (cl Fi the bending ofthe water film in this case (i.e. no grav- ity and no surface tension) after flow detachment is negligible since inertia is till dominant neat the trailing edge fr a lve-viscosity lig- uid. Interestingly, the hydraulic jump is stil not identifiable even ‘when gravity is included. This behaviors significantly diferent from that ofa high-viscosity liquid, with which gravity alone can trigger the jump. For water, here, only a bending observed aftr the lguid Teaves the disk edge. In contrast tothe effect of gravity, a significant jump appears once surface tension is included. This can be easily observed when a horizontal waterjet impacts a vertical wall More- cover, adding gravity tothe flow fed does not affect the location of the jump much even though it does significantly lower the height after the jump. Nogerity ‘Nowe tension L ‘Nowrfic ion Noga ‘Wi fie trion Ll a — FIG. 8. The ef of gravy and sutace tension on the hytaule jp of lo vison ui (ates). With gray With fie eon 330121088 Physics of Fl Poured \V. CONCLUDING REMARKS In the current study, the influences of gravity and surface ten sion on the formation of circular hydraulic jump are comprehen: sively explored using a numerical method, The evolution of the hydraulic jump with time is reported, The influence of gravity and surface for low- and high-viscosity liquids is explored. Our results corroborate well with the existing experimental and theoretical predictions. ‘The transient behavior indicates that the variation inthe jump location is negligibly small once the jump completely forms. This ‘confirms thatthe hydraulic jump can be determined independent of the dovenstream conditions when the impingement surface is free from an artificial obstacle. Therefore, we can stop the numerical solver in practical applications if only the location ofthe jump is con cerned, A roughly incar variation in the jump radius with the flow rate is observed and isin reasonable agreement with experiments ‘We also found that wall shear stress downstream of the jump is almost negligible, indicating the bad performance ofthe subcritical flow ia relevant applications, Finally, we conclude that the mechanisms behind the circular hhydraulc jump are significantly different for low- and high-viscosity liquids, The hydraulic jump for high-viscosty liguid is predoms: nantly caused by gravity due to the strong reverse hydrostatic pres: sure gradient, whereas the low-viscosity jump is mainly induced by surface tension (i.e, reverse Laplace pressure gradient, in agreement with recent findings." ACKNOWLEDGMENTS “The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support of| [Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada. DATA AVAILABILITY ‘The data that support the findings of this study are available {from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. REFERENCES 8, Mobafr and .L, “Circular hydraulic jmp om ite surfaces with apilry im." Pss ids 27, L7I02 G15) 3K. Choo and S.J Kim, “The infence of morale dameter on the cicaar Ideal Jomp of liquid Jet impingement Esp. Ther. Faid Sc 72,1217 016, suber M.R. Mabpeyla, and A. K Teymourtas, “Expetmental measue- ment of aso cue bya jap: et of radi of conve age pat” Fw Sens, nm 68, 274-299 (2019. SKC. Visanath, R- Dasgopt, R Govindan, and KR Seng “The ct finial momentum But onthe cular yeaa amp" Hans Sng 37, st801 2018) Phys. lds 38 0121052021; 100698 0082388, Published under icense by AP Pubiing ‘citation orgjournaipht *y. Wang and RLF. 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Khayat ARTIKEL YANG MUNGKIN ANDA TERTARIK Penyebaran planar pancaran cairan dan lompatan hidrolik pada lapisan berpori Fisika Fluida 33, 012104 (2021); htips:/doi org/10.1063/5.0033640 ‘Membandingkan karakterstik alan cairan iskoelastk pada kapllerpanjang dan pendek ( efek masuk) Fisika Fluida 33, 013105 (2021); htips:/doi.org/10.1063/5.0037975 Studi eksperimental tentang pengaruh lapisan cairan kental pada dinamika rongga masuknya bola secara vertikal ke dalam air pada bilangan Froude rendah Fisika Fiuida 33, 013308 (2021); hitps//doi.org/10.1063/5.0032818 Physics of Fluids Tribute to Pru Van eee sts uur) Fis Caan 33, 012105 (2021); hs 06315 0032369 33, 012105 02021 Penuls Machine Translated by Google i eMac fon sitasi.org/journalipht Pengaruh gravitasi dan tegangan permukaan pada loncatan hidrolik melingkar untuk cairan dengan viskositas rendah dan tinggi: Investigasi numerik Dikutip sebagai: Fis. Cairan 33, 012105 (2021); coi: 10.1062/5.0022369 Dik: @ th ® 1 Oktober 2020 Dterima: 17 Desomber 2020 Diterbitkan Oniine: 12 Janae 2021 ‘Yunpang Wang © anroger€.rnayatis) © AFILIAS! " DepenamenTekik Masi dan Met, Unversity ef Western Crt, Lndon, Cra NBA S80, Kanada 2 Labertriom Ulam Pena dan Apas Tuten Pros Qungrong. Pit Aan Korplks dan Mae Luna Poraian Departmen Kkavs dan Tear Digantaa, Unhersias Sas dan Tenoiog| Seatan ‘Shorahan 818085, Repuik Raya! Tonge PPenetan in menyeli penyebab lompatan hoik melingkar unuk eran dengan vskostas rendah dan ting! dalam upaya untuk mengaias\perselisnan bons bor in dela komunitas rest. Pertams tam kami memwalsas model numark kami eraden ekepeten yang aca dan kemudan memp ja otek ‘dat berbagai parameter yang leit dalam masala torsebut Pengaruh viskostas, grate, dan tegangan parmusaan arhadap pembentkan lompatan doksplcras! secarakomprehonsi Kami mengamat perbedaan sgitkan dalam mekarisme dl balklomgatan holk untuk caran dengan vskosias rendah dan tragl, yang jartang ilaporkan,Tegangan permukasn cet ectanggung jaws ata lampaton dengan vskositsrendah,serentaa gays ‘mendominas lempatan dengan viskostas ting, yang secar konsston monyelesakan sebagian kebisingan terkni mengenai penyebab lopatan, Diterbitkan ¢ibawan sensi leh AIP Publishing, hips: do.ov0/10.1063/5 0082564 |. PENDAHULUAN etka pancaran estan berbentk ngkaran menumbuk pelt pada ‘cairantersebut dkevarkan secara radial sebogalapisan tps hingga rmencapa kasi kts di mana ketbalancaian meningkat secara tba ibe, ‘sepert ilustasikan pads Gambar 1. Fenomena inl dkera saga) loneatan nscix meingkar, yang dapat cama stp han c.dasar waste!

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