1. What are the difference between minerals and ores?

Minerals Ores
Naturally occuring substances obtained by mining which Minerals that contain high percentage of metal
contain the metals in free state or in the form of from which it can be extracted conveniently
compounds like oxides, sulphides etc. are called minerals. and economically are called ores.
All the minerals are not ores All the ores are minerals
Mineral of Al is Bauxite and Clay Ore of Al is Bauxite
2. Differentiate Roasting and Calcination?
Roasting Calcination
The Ore is oxidised by heated in the presence of The ore is heated in the absence of oxygen in a
Oxygen in a furnace below the melting point of the furnace. The water molecules are removed as
metal. moisture
2 ZnS + 3 O2 → 2 ZnO + 2 SO2 CaCO3 → CaO + CO2
3. Differentiate Diamond and Graphite
GRAPHITE DIAMOND
1, Soft 1, Very hard
2, Sp2 hybridised carbon atoms 2, Sp3 hybridised carbon atom
0
3, C-C bond length is 1.41A 3, C-C bond length is 1.54A0
4, -electrons are delocalized over the entire 4, There is no free electrons for conductivity
sheet and responsible for electrical conductivity
5, Used as a lubricant either on its own or as a 5, Used for sharpening hard tools, cutting
graphite oil glasses,making bores and rock drilling
4. Give the difference between White Phosphorous and Red Phosphorus
White Phosphorous Red Phosphorus
It is poisonous in nature It is not poisonous
It glows in the dark It does not glow in the dark
Garlic smell Odorless
It undergoes spontaneous combustion in air at room It also does not ignite at low temperatures
temperature
5. Compare Lanthanoids and Actinoids
Sl.No Lanthanoids Actinoids
1. Differentiating electrons enters in 4f Differentiating electrons enters in 5f orbital.
orbital.
2. Binding energy of 4f orbitals are higher. Binding energy of 5f orbitals are lower
3. They show less tendency to form They show greater tendency to form
Complexes. complexes.
4. Most of the lanthanoids are colourless Most of the actinoids are coloured. For Eg.
U3+ (Red), U4+(Green),UO22+ (Yellow)
5. They do not form oxocations They do not form oxocations such
U022+,NpO22+
6. Oxidation states +2 ,+3 & +4 Oxidation states +3, +4, +5, +6 & +7
6. Give the difference between double salts and coordination compounds.
Sl.No Double salt Co-ordination compound
1, dissociating into ions their constituent Never dissociates to give simple ions in
simple ions in solutions. Solutions.
2, Loose their identity Does not loose its identity
3, Positive and negative ions are present Simple and complex ions are present
4, Example: Potash alum Example: K4[Fe(CN)6]
K2SO4.Al2(SO4)3.24H2O
7. What are difference between crystalline and amorphous solids
Crystalline Solid Amorphous Solid
Long range orderly arrangement Short range (or) random arrangement of
of constituents. Constituents.
 Definite Shape. Irregular Shape.
Anisotropic Nature. Isotropic Nature.
True Solids. Pseudo Solids (or) Super cooled liquids.
Definite Heat of fusion. Heat of fusion not definite.
Have Sharp Melting Point. No Sharp Melting Point.
Ex.NaCl, Diamond. Ex. Rubber, Plastic.
8. Distinguish between Hexagonal close packing and cubic packing
Sl.No Hexagonal close packing Cubic close packing
1. The spheres can be arranged so as to fit In cubic close packing (ccp), the spheres of
into the depression in such a way that the the fourth layer are present above the
thirdlayer is directly over a first layer spheres of the first layer(ABC arrangement)
(ABA arrangement)
2. This type is found in metals like Mg,Zn, This type is found in metals like Cu, Ag,
etc. etc.
3. The unit cell of hexagonal close packing The unit cell of cubic close packing has 4
has 6 spheres. spheres.
4. The repeating unit of hexagonal close The repeating unit of hexagonal close
packing has two layers of spheres. packing has Threelayers of spheres.
9. Distinguish between Tetrahedral and Octahedral voids
Sl.No Tetrahedral voids Octahedral voids
1, When the spheres of the second layer is When the spheres of the second layer partially
above the voids of the first layer is called covers the voids of the first layer is called as
as Tetrahedral voids Octahedral voids
2, The number of Tetrahedral voids is given The number of Octahedral voids is given by
by ‘2n’. where ‘n’ is the closed packed ‘n’. where ‘n’ is the closed packed spheres.
sphere.
3, There are 3 spheres in the lower layer and There are 3 lspheres in the power layer and 3
one in the upper layer. Total 4 spheres. in the upper layer. Total 6 spheres.
4, When the 4 spheres are joined the center When the 6 spheres are joined the center gives
gives a Tetrahedron. a Octahedron.

10. Distinguish between Isotropy and Anisotropy in solids.

Isotropy Anisotropy
Isotropy means uniformity in all direction Not Uniformity in all the direction.

Same physical properties in all direction (refractive Different physical properties in different direction
index electrical conductance etc)
11. Differentiate rate and rate constant of a reaction.
Sl.No Rate of a reaction Rate constant of a reaction
1 It represents the speed in which thereactants are It is a proportional constant.
converted into products at any instant.
2 It is measured as decrease in the conc. of the It is equal to the rate of reaction, when the
reactants or increase in the concentration of concentration of each of the reactants in unity.
products.
3 It dependson the initial concentration of reactants. It does not depend on the initial concentration
of reactants.
12. Give the differences between order and molecularity of a reaction.
Sl.No Order of a reaction Molecularity of a reaction
1 It is the sum of the powers of It is the total number of reactant species that are
concentration terms involved in the involved in an elementary step.
experimentally determined rate law.
2 It can be zero (or) fractional (or)integer. It always a whole number, cannot be zero or
fractional.
3 It is assigned for an overall reaction. It is assigned for each elementary step of mechanism.
13. Give the difference between acids and bases.
Reagent Acids Bases
1, Taste Sour taste Bitter taste
2, With litmus paper It turns blue litmus paper Red. It turns red litmus paper blue.
3, With metal Liberates hydrogen gas No hydrogen gas is liberated
with zinc metal. with metals.
14. Distinguish between Lewis Acid and Lewis Base
Sl.No Lewis Acid Lewis Base
1. Electron Deficient. Ex. BF3 Electron Rich. Ex. NH3
2. All metal ions. Ex. Fe+2 All anions. Ex.OH¯
3. They contain Polar double bonds. Ex: CO 2 They contain carbon-carbon double Bond. Ex:
Ethylene.
4. They are CarboCation. They are Carbanion. Ex.CH3¯
5. They contain empty D-orbitals.And can All metal oxides. Ex.CaO
expand its octet. Ex:SF4.
15. Differentiate Chemisorption and Physisorption.
S.No` Chemical adsorption Physical adsorption
1. It is very slow. It occurs immediately.
It is very specific depends on nature of It is non-specific
2.
adsorbent and adsorbate.
Chemical adsorption is fast with Increase In Physical adsorption when pressure increases the
3.
pressure, it can not alter the amount. extent of adsorption increases.
When temperature is raised Chemisorption Physical adsorption decreases with increases in
4.
first increases and then decreases. temperature.
Heat of adsorption is high i.e., from Heat of adsorption is low in the order of
5.
40 - 400KJ / mole. 40kJ/mole.
Monolayer of the adsorbate is formed. Multilayer of the adsorbate is formed on the
6.
adsorbent.
16. Differentiate Homogeneous and Heterogeneous catalysis
Homogenous catalysis Heterogeneous catalysis
1, The reactants, products and catalyst are present 1,The reactants, products and catalyst are present
in the same phase. in the different phase.
NO(g) Pt(s)
2, Example : 2SO2(g) + O2(g)−−−−→ 2SO3(g) 2,Example : 2SO2(g) + O2(g)−−−→ 2SO3(g)
17. How will you differentiate primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols by Victor meyer’s
method ?
Primaryalcohol Secondaryalcohol Tertiaryalcohol
CH3 – CH2 – OH (CH3)2 CH – OH (CH3)3 C – OH
Ethyl alcohol Propan-2-ol 30-butyl alcohol
+ P / I2 + P / I2 + P / I2

CH3 – CH2 – I (CH3)2 CH –I (CH3)3 C – I

Ethyl iodide 2-Iodo prapane 30-butyl iodide
+ AgNO2 + AgNO2 + AgNO2

CH3 – CH2 – NO2 (CH3)2 CH – NO2 (CH3)3 C – NO2

Nitro ethane 2-Nitro propane 2-Methyl-2-nitropropane
+ O = N – OH + HO –N = O
+ HNO2
CH3 – C – NO2 (CH3)2 C – NO2
  (No reaction)
N – OH N=O Colurless
Nitrolic acid 2-Nitro-2-nitrosopropane
 + KOH + KOH

CH3 – C – NO2 Blue colour

||
N – OK
Red colour
18. How will you differentiate primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols by Lucas test?
𝑐𝑜𝑛 HCl /𝑎𝑛 ℎ𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑠 ZnC l2
CH3 – CH2 – OH −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−→ No reaction at room temperature
Primary alcohol (Turbidity appears only on heating)
𝑐𝑜𝑛 HCl /𝑎𝑛 ℎ𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑠 ZnC l2
(CH3)2 CH – OH −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−→ (CH3)2 CH –Cl
Secondary alcohol (slow appearance of turbidity)
𝑐𝑜𝑛 HCl /𝑎𝑛 ℎ𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑠 ZnC l2
(CH3)3 C – OH −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−→ (CH3)3 C –Cl
Tertiary alcohol (immediate appearance of turbidity)
19. Difference between Phenol and Alcohol
Test Phenol Alcohol
1, With neutral FeCl3 Purple colouration No reaction
2, With Benzene diazonium chloride To form a red orange dye No reaction
3, With NaOH To give sodium phenoxide No reaction
20. Difference between Nitro form and Aci form
Nitro form Aci form
1, Less Acidic 1, More acidic
2, Dissolves in NaOH slowly 2, Instantly.
3, decolourless FeCl3solution. 3, Gives Reddish Brown colour.
4, Electrical conductivity is low. 4, High.
21. Differentiate Nitroethane and Ethylnitrite
Test Nitroethane Ethylnitrite
1, Reduction with Sn / HCl Forms Ethylamine Forms EthylAlcohol
2, Acid hydrolysis Forms Acetic acid Forms EthylAlcohol
22. How will you Differentiate Primary, Secondary and Tertiary aliphatic amines?
Reagent Primary amine Secondary amine Tertiary amine
1, With Nitrous acid Forms Alcohol Forms N – Nitroso Forms salt.
amine.
2, With CHCl3 / Forms Carbylamine. No reaction. No reaction.
alcoholicKOH
3,With Acetyl chloride Forms N-alkyl Forms N,N-di alkyl No reaction.
acetmide acetamide
4, With CS2and Forms alkyl No reaction. No reaction.
HgCl2 isothiocyanate
5,With diethyl oxalate Solid dialkyl oxamide Liquid N,N-di alkyl No reaction.
at room temperature is formed. oxamic ester is formed.
6, With Alkyl halides. Three molecules of Two molecules of alkyl One molecule of alkyl
alkyl halide, halide, quarternary halide, quarternary
quarternary ammonium ammonium salt is ammonium salt is
salt is formed. formed. formed.
23. Give the difference between primary and secondary structure of proteins.
Sl.No. Primary Secondary
1, It is the relative arrangement of amino The amino acids in the polypeptide chain
acids in the polypeptide chain forms highly regular shapes through the
hydrogen bond between carbonyl oxygen and
amine hydrogen.
2, It is essential as even small changes can 𝖺- helix and–strands or sheets are two most
alter the overall structure and function common sub –structures formed by proteins.
of a protein.
24. Give any three difference between DNA and RNA.
Sl.No. DNA RNA
1, It is mainly present in nucleus, It is mainly present in cytoplasm, nucleolus
mitochondria and chloroplast. and ribosomes.
2, It contains deoxyribose sugar. It contains ribose sugar.
3, Base pair A=T G≡C Base pair A=U C ≡G
4, Double stranded molecules. Single stranded molecules.
5, It’s life time is high. It is short lived.
6, It is stableand not hydrolysed easily by It is unstable and hydrolysed easily by
alkalies. alkalies.
7, It can replicate itself. It cannot replicate itself.It is formed
from DNA.
25. Give two difference between Hormones and Vitamins.
Sl.No. Hormones Vitamins
1, Hormone is an organic substance that is Vitaminsare organic compounds that cannot
secreted by one tissue. It limits the blood be
stream and induces a biological response synthesized by our body and must be
in other tissues. obtained through diet.
2, Endocrine glands, which are special They are essential for the normal growth
groups of cells, make hormones. and maintenance of our health.
3, Eg: Insulin Eg : Vitamin A,B,C,D,E and K.
26. Write the difference between Glucose and Fructose
Test Glucose Fructose
1) Type Aldose Ketose
2) With Tollens Reagent Reduce to Silver No reaction
3) With Bromine water To give Gluconic acid No reaction
4) With con HNO3 To give Glucoric acid To give Glycolic acid and Tartaric acid
5) No of Asymmetric 4 3
Carbon atoms
27. Write two difference between Amylose and Amylopectin
Sl.No. Amylose Amylopectin
1. Amylose is composed of unbranched Amylopetin contains chains upto 10000
chains upto 4000 α-D-glucose molecules α-D-glucose molecules linked
joined byα(1,4) glycosidic bonds. byα(1,4)glycosidic bonds. At branch points,
new chains of 24 to 30 glucose molecules are
linked by α(1,6)glycosidic bonds.
2. Gives blue colour with iodine solution. Gives purple colour with iodine solution.
3. Starch contains 20% amylose which is Starch contains 80% amylopectin which is
water soluble. water insoluble.
28. How do antiseptics differ from disinfectants?
Antiseptics Disinfectants
Stop or slow down the growth of micro Stop or slow down the growth of
Organisms. micro Organisms.
Applied to living tissue Generally used on inanimated objects
 Example Example
(i) Hydrogen peroxide (i) Chlorine compounds
(ii) Povidine – Iodine (ii) Alcohol
(iii) Benzalkonium chloride (iii) Hydrogen peroxide
29. Differentiate thermoplastic and thermosetting.
S.No Thermoplastic Thermosetting
1, Linear polymers Cross linked polymers
2, They become soft on heating and hard on Don’t become soft on heating butset to an
cooling. infusible mass uponheating.
3, They can be remoulded They cannot be remoulded
4, Example: Polyethene, PVC, Polystrene Example: Bakelite

KEINS MATRIC HIGHER SECONDARY SCHOOL, ASIR NAGAR, VALLIOOR

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