1) Chromosomes are structures (Thread-like)

2) Chromosomes were first observed by (Walther Fleming)

3) Walther Fleming was a (German)
4) Walther Fleming was a German (Embryologist)
5) Walther Fleming discovered chromosome in (1882)
6) Walther Fleming was examining (Rapidly dividing cells)
7) Walther Fleming was examining rapidly dividing cells of (Salamander Larvae)
8) Since then chromosomes have been found in the cells of all (Eukaryotes)
9) Penicillium is a (Fungus)
10) Penicillium has pair of chromosomes (1)
11) Ferns have pair of chromosomes (500)
12) Mosquito has pair of chromosomes (6)
13) Honeybee has pair of chromosomes (32)
14) Corn has pair of chromosomes (20)
15) Sugar cane has pair of chromosomes (80)
16) Frog has pair of chromosomes (26)
17) Mouse has pair of chromosomes (40)
18) Human cell have pair of chromosomes (23)
19) Human cell have chromosomes (46)
20) Each of chromosomes contain hundreds or thousands of (Gene)
21) How a person’s body develops and functions is determined by (Genes)
22) Centromere is a constriction (Primary)
23) Primary constriction is also known as (Centromere)
24) Chromosomes may widely differ in (Appearance)
25) Chromosomes may vary in (Size)
26) Number of arms on either side of centromere (2)
27) The particular array of chromosomes that an individual possesses is called (Karyotype)
28) Karyotypes show marked differences among (Species)
29) Karyotypes show marked differences sometimes even among individuals of the (Same Species)
30) Chromosome having centromere at its tip (Telocentric)
31) Chromosome having centromere at just below its tip (Acrocentric)
32) Chromosome having centromere at the middle of it (Metacentric)
33) Telocentric have shape (i)
34) Acrocentric have shape (j)
35) Metacentric have shape (v)
36) Chromosomes are composed of (DNA & Protein)
37) % of DNA in chromosome (40%)
38) % of Protein in chromosome (60%)
39) Amount of RNA in chromosome (Significant)
40) DNA is a stranded molecule (Double)
41) DNA is one very molecule (Long)
42) DNA extends through the entire length of chromosome (Unbroken)
43) A typical human chromosome contains about nucleotides in its DNA (140 million)
44) Amount of information one chromosome contains would fill about books (280 Printed Books)
45) 280 printed books of pages (1000)
46) Each page had about words on it (500)
47) If the strand of DNA from a single chromosome were laid out in a straight line it would be about long (5 cm)
48) DNA is (Coiled)
49) If we gently disrupt a eukaryotic nucleus and examine its DNA it resembles a (String of beads)
50) DNA is coiled around a core of protein (8 Histone )
51) In nucleosome DNA duplex is coiled every nucleotides (200)
52) Most proteins have charge (Negative-)
53) Histones are charged (Positive+)
54) Histone is positively charged due to abundance of (Basic Amino Acids)
55) Histone is positively charged due to abundance of basic amino acids arginine and (Lysine)
56) Arginine and lysine are amino acids (Basic)
57) Histone core act as (Magnetic forms)
58) Further coiling occurs when the string of nucleosomes wraps up into higher order coils called (Supercoils)
59) Highly condensed portions of chromatin are called (Heterochromatin)
60) Chromatin that is condensed only during cell division is called (Euchromatin)
61) Packaging that facilitates the movement of the chromosomes (Compact)
62) At all other times euchromatin is present in (Open Configuration)
63) In open configuration of euchromatin its genes can be (Expressed)
64) Central role for chromosomes in heredity was firstly suggested by (Karl Correns)
65) Central role for chromosomes in heredity was firstly suggested in (1900)
66) Karl Correns was a (German)
67) Karl Correns was a German (Geneticist)
68) Karl Correns announced the rediscovery of (Mendel’s work)
69) Chromosomes paired with one another during led the discovery of chromosomal theory of inheritance (Meiosis)
70) Chromosomal theory of inheritance was firstly formulated by (Walter Sutton)
71) Chromosomal theory of inheritance was firstly formulated in (1902)
72) Walter Sutton was (American)
73) Reproduction involves the initial union of only two cells, egg & sperm is one of the evidence supported by (Sutton’s theory)
74) Diploid individuals have copies of each pair of homologous chromosomes (2)
75) Gametes have copies of each pair of homologous chromosomes (1)
76) Chromosomes segregate during (Meiosis)
77) Each pair of homologue orientates on the (Metaphase Plate)
78) Each pair of homologue orientates on the metaphase pate of every other pair (Independently)
79) Fruit fly was studied by (Thomas Hunt Morgan)
80) Fruit fly was studied by Thomas Hunt Morgan in (1910)
81) While studying fruit fly Thomas Hunt Morgan detected a mutant (Male fly)
82) Mutant male fly had eye colour (White)
83) Morgan crossed mutant male to a (Normal Female)
84) All F1 progeny had eyes (Red)
85) Out of 4252 F2 progeny Morgan examined white eyes (782 OR 18% )
86) All of the white eyed F2 flies were (Male)
87) Morgan test crossed progeny (Female F1 )
88) Morgan test crossed female F1 progeny with (Original White eyed Male)
89) The gene causing the white eye trait in Drosophila resides only on the (X-chromosome)
90) A trait determined by a gene on the X-chromosome is said to be (Sex-Linked)
91) In Morgan experiment white eye trait was (Recessive)
92) In Morgan experiment red eye trait was (Dominant)
 93) Genes determining Mendelian traits do reside on the (Chromosomes)
94) Chromosomal theory of inheritance propounds that genes are located on (Chromosomes)
95) Segregation of the white eye trait has correspondence (One to One)
96) Segregation of the white eye trait has one to one correspondence with segregation of the (X-chromosome)
97) Mendelian traits such as eye colour in Drosophila assort (Independently)
98) First evidence of hereditary nature of DNA was provided by (Frederick Griffith)
99) Frederick Griffith was a (British)
100) Frederick Griffith was a British (Microbiologist)
101) Frederick Griffith used (Pathogenic Bacteria)
102) Streptococcus pneumonia is a (Bacterium)
103) Normal pathogenic form of this bacterium is referred to as (S-Form)
104) S-form bacterium forms (Smooth colonies)
105) S-form bacterium forms smooth colonies on (Culture Dish)
106) The mutant form without polysaccharide coat is called (R-Form)
107) R-form bacterium forms (Rough colonies)
108) Griffith injected bacteria into (Mice)
109) Transfer of genetic material from one cell to anther cell is called (Transformation)
110) Transformation can alter the genetic makeup of cell (Recipient)
111) The agent responsible for transforming Streptococcus went undiscovered until (1944)
112) Transforming Principle was characterized by (Oswald Avery along with Colin Macleod & Maclyn McCarty)
113) They removed as much of the protein eventually achieving (99.98% Purity)
114) Despite the removal of nearly all the protein the transforming activity was not (Reduced)
115) Properties of Transforming Principle resembled those of (DNA)
116) Enzymes which did not affect the Transforming Principle are (Protein OR RNA digesting enzymes)
117) Enzyme which affects Transforming Principle is (DNase)
118) DNA digesting enzyme which destroyed all the transforming activity is (DNase)
119) Additional evidence supporting Avery’s conclusion was provided by (Alfred Hershey & Martha Chase)
120) Additional evidence supporting Avery’s conclusion was provided in (1952)
121) Alfred Hershey & Martha Chase experimented with (Bacteriophages T2)
122) In some experiments they labeled viruses with (Radio isotope 32P)
123) In other experiments the viruses were grown on a medium containing (35S)
124) 32P was incorporated into the (Newly synthesized DNA)
125) 32P was incorporated into the newly synthesized DNA of (Grooving Phage)
126) 35S was incorporated into the (Amino acids)
127) 35S was incorporated into the amino acids of newly synthesized (Protein coats)
128) After the labeled viruses were permitted to infect (Bacteria)
129) 32P label had transferred to the bacteria (Interior)
130) Heredity information injected into the bacteria that specified the new generation of viruses was (DNA)
131) Heredity information injected into the bacteria that specified the new generation of viruses was DNA not (Protein)
132) DNA was discovered by (Friedrich Miescher)
133) DNA was discovered by Friedrich Miescher in (1869)
134) DNA was discovered by Friedrich Miescher in 1869 only years after Mendel’s work (4 Years)
135) Friedrich Miescher was a (German)
136) Friedrich Miescher was a German (Chemist)
137) Friedrich Miescher extracted a substance of (White colour)
138) Friedrich Miescher extracted a white substance from the (Nuclei)
139) Friedrich Miescher extracted a white substance from the nuclei of (Human cells & Fish sperm)
140) A white substance from the nuclei of Human cells & Fish sperm was called (Nuclein)
141) Nuclein was (Acidic)
142) Nuclein came to be known as (Nucleic Acid)
143) Biologists did little research on nucleic acid for (50 Years)
144) For 50 years biologists did little research on nucleic acid because nothing was known of its in cells (Function)
145) The Basic structure of nucleic acid was determined by (P.A. Levene)
146) The Basic structure of nucleic acid was determined by P.A. Levene in (1920)
147) P.A. Levene was a (Biochemist)
148) P.A. Levene found that DNA contains main components (3)
149) Purines include (Adenine & Guanine) “AG”
150) Pyrimidines include (Thymine, Uracil & Cytosine) “TUC”
151) DNA contains instead of U (Thymine)
152) RNA contains instead of T (Uracil)
153) Levene concluded that DNA and RNA molecules are made of repeating units called (Nucleotides)
154) In a nucleotide nitrogen base is attached to carbon number of sugar (1)
155) In a nucleotide phosphate group is attached to carbon number of sugar (5)
156) A free hydroxyl group is attached to the carbon atom (3’)
157) Groups that allow DNA and RNA to form long chains of nucleotides are (5’ Phosphate & 3’ Hydroxyl)
158) Groups of DNA & RNA which can react with each other are (5’ Phosphate & 3’ Hydroxyl)
159) Phosphodiester bond is formed between (5’ Phosphate & 3’ Hydroxyl)
160) Phosphodiester linkage releases (Water)
161) Phosphate group is linked to the two sugars by means of a pair of ester (P-O-C bonds)
162) Quantitative nature of DNA bases was studied by (Erwin Chargaff)
163) The amount of Adenine in DNA always equals the amount of (Thymine)
164) The amount of Guanine in DNA always equals the amount of (Cytosine)
165) There is always equal proportion of purine (A+G) and pyrimidine (C+T)
166) X-ray diffraction analysis of DNA was carried by (Rosalind Franklin)
167) Rosalind Franklin was a (British)
168) Rosalind Franklin was a British (Chemist)
169) Rosalind Franklin prepared X-ray diffraction pattern of DNA in the laboratory of (Maurice Wilkins)
170) Maurice Wilkins was a (British)
171) Maurice Wilkins was a British (Biochemist)
172) Maurice Wilkins prepared (DNA Fibers)
173) The diffraction pattern suggested that DNA molecule had a shape of a (Helix)
174) The diffraction pattern suggested that DNA molecule had a shape of a helix with a diameter of (2 nm)
175) DNA helix has diameter of (2 nm)
176) A complete helical turn has diameter (3.4 nm)
177) According to Watson & Crick DNA molecule is a simple (Double Helix)
178) According to Watson & Crick base pair always consist of (Purines)
179) According to Watson & Crick purines are (Large)
180) According to Watson & Crick pyrimidines are (Small)
181) According to Watson & Crick purines are pointed towards (Pyrimidines)
182) Bases of DNA are linked by bond (Hydrogen)
183) A duplex DNA molecule is composed of two strands (Antiparallel)
184) The base pairs are (Flat)
185) The base pairs are flat and stack (0.34 nm)
186) The base pairs are flat and stack 0.34 nm apart as a result of interactions (Hyperphobic)
187) Interactions contributing to the overall stability of the DNA molecule are (Hyperphobic)
188) Two hydrogen bonds exist between (Adenine & Thymine)
189) The hydrogen bonds exist between (Guanine & Cytosine)
190) Adenine will not form proper hydrogen bonds with (Cytosine)
191) Guanine will not form hydrogen bonds with (Thymine)
192) Watson and Crick model suggested that the basis for copying the genetic information is (Complementarity)
193) In Semi-conservative replication the two strands of the duplex separate out each acting as a (Model OR Mold)
194) The structure which remains conserved in Semi-conservative replication is (Primary)
195) The structure which has been disrupted in Semi-conservative replication is (Secondary)
196) Parental double helix would remain intact and generate DNA copies consisting of entirely new molecules is a statement of
model (Conservative)
197) Parental DNA would become completely dispersed and that each of all the daughter molecules would be a mixture of old and
new DNA is a statement of model (Disperssive)
198) Most accepted DNA model is (Semi-conservative)