‭SEMEN‬‭ANALYSIS‬

‭Submitted‬‭to:‬
‭Ma'am‬‭Zeenat‬
‭Submitted‬‭by:‬
‭Group‬‭#‬‭07‬
‭Members‬‭name:‬
‭Eman‬‭07‬
‭Zumra‬‭19‬
‭Aroosa‬‭25‬
‭Maham‬‭53‬
‭Mubeen‬‭67‬
‭Chashman‬‭92‬
‭Ishmal‬‭94‬
‭Principle‬‭of‬‭Semen‬‭Analysis:‬
‭ he‬ ‭principle‬ ‭of‬ ‭semen‬ ‭analysis‬ ‭involves‬ ‭evaluating‬ ‭various‬ ‭physical‬ ‭and‬ ‭microscopic‬
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‭characteristics‬ ‭of‬ ‭semen‬ ‭to‬ ‭assess‬ ‭male‬ ‭fertility‬ ‭potential.‬ ‭This‬ ‭analysis‬ ‭helps‬ ‭in‬ ‭diagnosing‬
‭possible‬‭causes‬‭of‬‭male‬‭infertility‬‭and‬‭guiding‬‭appropriate‬‭treatment‬‭options.‬
‭Procedure:‬
‭ he‬‭main‬‭procedure‬‭for‬‭semen‬‭analysis‬‭involves‬‭several‬‭steps,‬‭including‬‭the‬‭collection,‬‭handling,‬
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‭and‬‭detailed‬‭examination‬‭of‬‭the‬‭semen‬‭sample.‬‭Here‬‭is‬‭a‬‭step-by-step‬‭guide:‬
‭1.‬‭Sample‬‭Collection‬
-‭ ‬‭Preparation‬‭:‬‭The‬‭male‬‭should‬‭abstain‬‭from‬‭ejaculation‬‭for‬‭2-7‬‭days‬‭before‬‭providing‬‭a‬‭sample.‬
‭-‬‭Collection‬ ‭Method‬‭:‬ ‭The‬ ‭sample‬ ‭is‬ ‭typically‬ ‭collected‬ ‭through‬ ‭masturbation‬ ‭into‬ ‭a‬ ‭sterile‬
‭container.‬‭It‬‭should‬‭be‬‭done‬‭in‬‭a‬‭private‬‭room‬‭at‬‭the‬‭clinic‬‭or‬‭at‬‭home,‬‭but‬‭the‬‭sample‬‭should‬‭be‬
‭delivered‬‭to‬‭the‬‭lab‬‭within‬‭an‬‭hour‬‭if‬‭collected‬‭at‬‭home.‬
‭-‬‭Conditions‬‭:‬ ‭The‬ ‭sample‬ ‭should‬ ‭be‬ ‭kept‬ ‭at‬ ‭body‬ ‭temperature‬ ‭and‬ ‭protected‬ ‭from‬ ‭extreme‬
‭temperatures.‬
‭2.‬‭Sample‬‭Handling‬
-‭ ‬‭Upon‬‭receiving‬‭the‬‭sample,‬‭check‬‭the‬‭labeling‬‭and‬‭ensure‬‭it‬‭matches‬‭the‬‭patient's‬‭details.‬
‭-‬‭Record‬‭the‬‭time‬‭of‬‭collection‬‭and‬‭the‬‭time‬‭the‬‭sample‬‭was‬‭received‬‭in‬‭the‬‭lab.‬
‭-‬‭Keep‬‭the‬‭sample‬‭at‬‭37°C‬‭until‬‭the‬‭analysis‬‭begins.‬
‭3.‬‭Macroscopic‬‭Examination‬
‭ olume‬‭Measurement:‬
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‭-‬‭Measure‬‭the‬‭volume‬‭of‬‭the‬‭semen‬‭using‬‭a‬‭graduated‬‭cylinder‬‭or‬‭pipette.‬
‭-‬‭Record‬‭the‬‭volume.‬
‭pH‬‭Measurement:‬
‭-‬‭Dip‬‭a‬‭pH‬‭strip‬‭into‬‭the‬‭semen‬‭sample‬‭or‬‭use‬‭a‬‭pH‬‭meter‬‭to‬‭determine‬‭the‬‭pH.‬
‭-‬‭Record‬‭the‬‭pH‬‭value.‬
‭Color‬‭and‬‭Consistency:‬
‭-‬‭Observe‬‭and‬‭record‬‭the‬‭color‬‭(normally‬‭white‬‭to‬‭gray).‬
‭-‬‭Check‬‭for‬‭viscosity‬‭and‬‭note‬‭any‬‭abnormalities‬‭(e.g.,‬‭very‬‭thick‬‭or‬‭watery).‬
‭Liquefaction:‬
‭-‬ ‭Check‬ ‭the‬ ‭time‬ ‭it‬ ‭takes‬ ‭for‬ ‭the‬ ‭semen‬ ‭to‬ ‭become‬ ‭liquid‬ ‭(due‬ ‭to‬ ‭enzymatic‬ ‭activity,‬ ‭usually‬
‭within‬‭20-30‬‭minutes‬‭after‬‭ejaculation)‬
‭4.‬‭Microscopic‬‭Examination‬
‭ perm‬‭Concentration:‬
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‭-‬‭Mix‬‭the‬‭semen‬‭sample‬‭thoroughly.‬
‭-‬‭Load‬‭a‬‭hemocytometer‬‭with‬‭the‬‭diluted‬‭sample,‬‭usually‬‭a‬‭1:20‬‭dilution‬‭as‬‭follows:‬
‭1.‬ ‭Formalin‬‭=‬‭1‬‭mL‬
‭2.‬ ‭Sodium‬‭bicarbonate‬‭=‬‭5‬‭grams‬
‭3.‬ ‭Distal‬‭water‬‭=‬‭100‬‭mL‬
‭4.‬ ‭Mix‬‭well‬‭the‬‭above‬‭ingredients‬
‭5.‬ ‭Add‬‭all‬‭the‬‭above‬‭ingredients‬‭into‬‭100‬‭mL‬‭distilled‬‭water‬‭and‬‭mix‬‭it.‬
-‭ ‬‭Count‬‭the‬‭number‬‭of‬‭sperm‬‭in‬‭the‬‭designated‬‭grid‬‭areas‬‭under‬‭a‬‭microscope.‬
‭-‬‭Calculate‬‭the‬‭concentration‬‭(number‬‭of‬‭sperm‬‭per‬‭milliliter).‬
‭Motility‬‭Assessment:‬
‭-‬‭Place‬‭a‬‭drop‬‭of‬‭semen‬‭on‬‭a‬‭glass‬‭slide‬‭and‬‭cover‬‭with‬‭a‬‭cover‬‭slip.‬
‭-‬‭Examine‬‭the‬‭slide‬‭under‬‭a‬‭phase-contrast‬‭microscope‬‭at‬‭400x‬‭magnification.‬
‭-‬ ‭Assess‬ ‭the‬ ‭motility‬ ‭of‬ ‭at‬ ‭least‬ ‭200‬ ‭sperm‬ ‭and‬ ‭categorize‬ ‭them‬ ‭as‬ ‭progressive(straight‬ ‭line),‬
‭non-progressive(not‬‭in‬‭a‬‭straight‬‭line),‬‭or‬‭immotile.‬
‭Morphology‬‭Analysis:‬
‭-‬‭Prepare‬‭a‬‭smear‬‭of‬‭the‬‭semen‬‭sample‬‭on‬‭a‬‭glass‬‭slide.‬
‭-‬‭Stain‬‭the‬‭smear‬‭using‬‭Papanicolaou‬‭(multichromatic‬‭cytological‬‭stain)‬‭or‬‭a‬‭similar‬‭stain.‬
‭-‬‭Examine‬‭at‬‭least‬‭200‬‭sperm‬‭under‬‭oil‬‭immersion‬‭(1000x‬‭magnification).‬
‭-‬‭Assess‬‭and‬‭categorize‬‭the‬‭morphology‬‭based‬‭on‬‭WHO‬‭criteria‬‭(normal‬‭and‬‭abnormal‬‭forms).‬
‭Vitality‬‭Test:‬
‭-‬‭Mix‬‭a‬‭drop‬‭of‬‭semen‬‭with‬‭a‬‭drop‬‭of‬‭eosin-nigrosin‬‭stain‬‭on‬‭a‬‭glass‬‭slide.‬
‭-‬‭Prepare‬‭a‬‭smear‬‭and‬‭allow‬‭it‬‭to‬‭dry.‬
‭-‬‭Examine‬‭the‬‭slide‬‭under‬‭a‬‭microscope‬‭and‬‭count‬‭at‬‭least‬‭200‬‭sperm‬‭to‬‭determine‬‭the‬‭percentage‬
‭of‬‭live‬‭(unstained)‬‭versus‬‭dead‬‭(stained)‬‭sperm.‬
‭Agglutination‬‭and‬‭WBC‬‭Count:‬
‭-‬ ‭Observe‬ ‭the‬‭sample‬‭for‬‭sperm‬‭agglutination‬‭(Agglutination‬‭of‬‭sperm‬‭occurs‬‭when‬‭the‬‭head‬‭or‬
‭tail‬ ‭of‬ ‭one‬ ‭sperm‬ ‭sticks‬ ‭to‬ ‭another‬ ‭sperm‬ ‭restricting‬ ‭the‬ ‭motility‬ ‭of‬ ‭the‬ ‭sperm)‬ ‭under‬ ‭the‬
‭microscope‬‭and‬‭note‬‭any‬‭clumping.‬
‭-‬ ‭Stain‬ ‭a‬ ‭smear‬ ‭with‬ ‭a‬ ‭suitable‬ ‭stain‬ ‭(e.g.,‬ ‭Diff-Quick)‬ ‭and‬ ‭count‬ ‭white‬ ‭blood‬ ‭cells‬ ‭under‬ ‭the‬
‭microscope‬‭to‬‭assess‬‭for‬‭infection‬‭or‬‭inflammation.‬
‭5.‬‭Interpretation‬‭of‬‭Results‬
-‭ ‬‭Reference‬‭Values‬‭:‬‭Compare‬‭the‬‭results‬‭to‬‭established‬‭reference‬‭values‬‭to‬‭determine‬‭if‬‭they‬‭fall‬
‭within‬‭normal‬‭ranges.‬
‭-‬ ‭Diagnosis‬‭:‬ ‭Based‬‭on‬‭the‬‭results,‬‭clinicians‬‭can‬‭diagnose‬‭potential‬‭issues‬‭such‬‭as‬‭oligospermia‬
‭(low‬‭sperm‬‭count),‬‭asthenozoospermia‬‭(poor‬‭sperm‬‭motility),‬‭teratozoospermia‬‭(abnormal‬‭sperm‬
‭morphology),‬‭or‬‭azoospermia‬‭(absence‬‭of‬‭sperm).‬
‭6.‬‭Practical‬‭Considerations‬
-‭ ‬‭Quality‬‭Control‬‭:‬‭Ensure‬‭proper‬‭calibration‬‭of‬‭equipment‬‭and‬‭use‬‭of‬‭standardized‬‭procedures.‬
‭-‬‭Sample‬‭Handling‬‭:‬‭Handle‬‭all‬‭samples‬‭with‬‭care‬‭to‬‭avoid‬‭contamination‬‭or‬‭degradation.‬
‭-‬‭Documentation‬‭:‬‭Record‬‭all‬‭findings‬‭accurately‬‭and‬‭systematically.‬
‭Semen‬ ‭analysis‬ ‭is‬ ‭a‬ ‭key‬ ‭diagnostic‬ ‭tool‬ ‭in‬ ‭reproductive‬ ‭medicine,‬ ‭helping‬‭to‬‭identify‬‭potential‬
‭causes‬‭of‬‭male‬‭infertility‬‭and‬‭guiding‬‭treatment‬‭options.‬
‭Conclusion:‬
‭ his‬ ‭procedure‬ ‭outlines‬ ‭the‬ ‭critical‬ ‭steps‬ ‭for‬ ‭conducting‬ ‭a‬ ‭comprehensive‬ ‭semen‬ ‭analysis.‬
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‭Adhering‬‭to‬‭these‬‭steps‬‭ensures‬‭accurate‬‭and‬‭reliable‬‭results,‬‭which‬‭are‬‭essential‬‭for‬‭diagnosing‬
‭and‬ ‭managing‬ ‭male‬ ‭fertility‬ ‭issues.‬ ‭Regular‬ ‭calibration,‬ ‭adherence‬ ‭to‬ ‭guidelines,‬ ‭and‬ ‭proper‬
‭training‬‭are‬‭key‬‭to‬‭maintaining‬‭the‬‭quality‬‭and‬‭consistency‬‭of‬‭the‬‭analysis.‬
‭Example‬‭Report‬‭Template‬
‭ atient‬‭Information:‬
P
‭Name:‬‭ABC‬
‭Age:‬‭35‬
‭Date‬‭of‬‭Collection:‬‭2024-06-21‬
‭Abstinence‬‭Period:‬‭3‬‭days‬
‭ acroscopic‬‭Examination:‬
M
‭Volume:‬‭2.0‬‭mL‬
‭pH:‬‭7.5‬
‭Color:‬‭White-gray‬
‭Viscosity:‬‭Normal‬
‭Microscopic‬‭Examination:‬
‭Sperm‬‭Concentration:‬‭20‬‭million/mL‬
‭Total‬‭Motility:‬‭50%‬
‭Morphology:‬‭6%‬‭normal‬‭forms‬
‭Vitality:‬‭80%‬‭live‬
‭Agglutination:‬‭None‬
‭White‬‭Blood‬‭Cells:‬‭0.5‬‭million/mL‬
‭Comments:‬
‭-‬‭Normal‬‭semen‬‭volume‬‭and‬‭pH.‬
‭-‬‭Sperm‬‭concentration‬‭within‬‭normal‬‭range.‬
‭-‬‭Progressive‬‭motility‬‭and‬‭morphology‬‭are‬‭within‬‭acceptable‬‭limits.‬
‭Recommendations:‬
‭-‬‭Repeat‬‭analysis‬‭in‬‭3‬‭months‬‭if‬‭conception‬‭does‬‭not‬‭occur.‬
‭-‬‭Consider‬‭consultation‬‭with‬‭a‬‭fertility‬‭specialist‬‭for‬‭further‬‭evaluation.‬

‭References:‬
‭ ‬‭.‬‭World‬‭Health‬‭Organization‬‭(2010).‬‭WHO‬‭laboratory‬‭manual‬‭for‬‭the‬‭examination‬‭and‬
1
‭processing‬‭of‬‭human‬‭semen‬‭(5th‬‭ed.).‬‭Geneva,‬‭Switzerland:‬‭World‬‭Health‬‭Organization.‬
‭2‬‭.‬‭Carlsen,‬‭E.,‬‭Giwercman,‬‭A.,‬‭Keiding,‬‭N.,‬‭&‬‭Skakkebaek,‬‭N.‬‭E.‬‭(1992).‬‭Evidence‬‭for‬
‭decreasing‬‭quality‬‭of‬‭semen‬‭during‬‭the‬‭past‬‭50‬‭years.‬‭BMJ,‬‭305(6854),‬‭609-613.‬
‭3‬‭.‬‭https://www.healthline.com/health/semen-analysis‬