KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA SANGATHAN

JAIPUR REGION
के न्द्रीय विद्यालय संगठन क्षेत्रीय कायाालय जयपुर

Question Bank/Study Material

Social Science [087] TERM-2
Based on Latest CBSE Pattern
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KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA SANGATHAN JAIPUR REGION
के न्द्रीय विद्यालय संगठन क्षेत्रीय कायाालय जयपुर

OUR PATRON

SHRI B.L. MORODIYA SHRI D.R. MEENA

Deputy Commissioner Asst.Commissioner
KVS RO Jaipur KVS RO Jaipur

Shri G.R. Meena

Principal
K.V. Jhalawar

2
 THE CONTRIBUTORS

NOT
Smt. Veena Michael Shri Gyan Dev Shri Om prakash Shri Vipul Saxena
KV No.5 Jaipur Mundotiya KV no.5 KV No.2 Jaipur
A KV Anoopgarh Jaipur

VAILABLE

Shri K.R. Meena Shri Vijay Sihaag Shri Kumar anand Shri Praveen kumar
KV Jhalawar KV No.4 jaipur Ambuji Meena

KV No.2 Bikaner KV Tonk

Shri Mahipal Saini Shri Yogendra Singh

KV Suratgarh cantt KV Sikar

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 EDITORIAL BOARD
MR.G.R.MEENA
PRINCIPAL K.V.JHALAWAR CO- ORDINATOR AND COURSE DIRECTOR
S.N. PARTICIPANTS DESIGNATION NAME OF K.V.
1 MRS VEENA MICHAEL T.G.T S.ST. K.V. NO. 5 JAIPUR
2 MR GYAN DEV T.G.T S.ST. K.V. ANUPGARH
3 MR VIPUL SAXENA T.G.T S.ST. K.V. NO.2 JAIPUR
4 MR.KALLA RAM MEENA T.G.T S.ST. K.V.JHALAWAR
5 MR VIJAY SIHAG T.G.T S.ST. K.V.NO.4 JAIPUR
6 MR OM PRAKSH MUNDOTIYA T.G.T S.ST. K.V. NO. 5 JAIPUR
7 MR. MAHIPAL SAINI T.G.T S.ST. K.V. ANUPGARH CANTT
8 MR.YOGENDRA SINGH T.G.T S.ST. K.V. SIKAR
9 MR. PRAVEEN MEENA T.G.T S.ST. K.V. TONK
10 MR.KUMAR ANAND AMBUJ T.G.T S.ST. K.V. NO. 2 BIKANER

CBSE EXAMINATION PATTERN FOR SESSION ENDING EXAM-2022

This Question paper is divided into five sections-Section A, B, C, D and E.
All questions are compulsory.
Section-A: Question no. 1 to 5 are very short answer type questions of 2
marks each. Answer to each question should not exceed 40 words.
Section-B: Question no. 6 to 8 are short answer type questions, carrying 3
marks each. Answer to each question should not exceed 80 words.
Section-C: Question no. 9 and 10 are long answer type questions
Section-D: Question no. 11 and 12 are Case Based questions.
Section-E: Question no. 13 is map based, carrying 3 marks with two parts,
13.1 from History (1 mark) and 13.2 from Geography (2 marks).
There is no overall choice in the question paper. However, an internal choice has
been provided in a few questions. Only one of the choices in such questions have to
be attempted.

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 INDEX
S.NO. TITLE/CONTENT
1 COURSE STRUCTURE
2 COURSE CONTENTS
3 NEW ASSESMENT POLICY
4 HISTORY-QUESTION BANK AND STUDY MATERIAL
5 GEOGRAPHY- QUESTION BANK AND STUDY MATERIAL
6 POLITICAL SCIENCE- QUESTION BANK AND STUDY
MATERIAL
7 ECONOMICS- QUESTION BANK AND STUDY MATERIAL
8 SAMPLE PAPER -1
9 SAMPLE PAPER -2
10 SAMPLE PAPER- 3
11 SAMPLE PAPER- 4
12 SAMPLE PAPER- 5
13 ANSWER KEY SAMPLE PAPER 1-5

S.N. UNIT MARKS

1 India and the Contemporary World 10
2 Contemporary India 10
3 Democratic Politics 10
4 Economics 10
TOTAL 40

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 Term II Examination/ Year-end Examination:
At the end of the second term, the Board would organize Term II or
Yearend Examination based on the rationalized syllabus of Term II only (i.e.
approximately 50% of the entire syllabus).
This examination would be held around March-April 2022 at the
examination centres fixed by the Board.
The paper will be of 2 hours duration and have questions of different formats
(case-based/ situation based, open ended- short answer/ long answer type).
In case the situation is not conducive for normal descriptive examination a 90-
minute MCQ based exam will be conducted at the end of the Term II also.
Marks of the Term II Examination would contribute to the final overall score.
Assessment / Examination as per different situations
In case the situation of the pandemic improves and students are able to
come to schools or centres for taking the exams. Board would conduct Term I
and Term II examinations at schools/centres and the theory marks will be
distributed equally between the two exams.
In case the situation of the pandemic forces complete closure of schools
during November-December 2021, but Term II exams are held at schools or
centres. Term I MCQ based examination would be done by students
online/offline from home - in this case, the weightage of this exam for the final
score would be reduced, and weightage of Term II exams will be increased for
declaration of final result.
In case the situation of the pandemic forces complete closure of schools
during March-April 2022, but Term I exams are held at schools or centres.
Results would be based on the performance of students on Term I MCQ based
examination and internal assessments. The weightage of marks of Term I
examination conducted by the Board will be increased to provide year end
results of candidates.
In case the situation of the pandemic forces complete closure of schools
and Board conducted Term I and II exams are taken by the candidates from
home in the session 2021-22. Results would be computed on the basis of the
Internal.
Assessment/Practical/Project Work and Theory marks of Term-I and II
exams taken by the candidate from home in Class X subject to the
moderation or other measures to ensure validity and reliability of the
assessment.

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 HISTORY
NATIONALISM IN INDIA
GIST OF THE LESSON----

Indian nationalism developed as a concept during the Indian Independence

movement fought against the colonial British Raj. People began discovering their unity in
the process of their struggle with colonialism

First World War, Khilafat and Non-Cooperation

 War created a new economic and political situation.
 Huge increase in defenses expenditure which was financed by war loan and
increasing taxes.
 Forced recruitment to the army caused a great anger among the people.
 During 1918-21resulted in acute shortage of food.
 In the year after 1919,the national movement spread to new areas, incorporating new
social groups and developing new models of struggle.
First three movements of gandhiji-champaran,kheda and Ahemdabad
The Idea Of Satyagraha
 The idea of satyagraha of Mahatma Gandhi emphasized the power of truth and need
to search for truth.
 Mahatma Gandhi believe that this dharma of non –violence could unite all Indians.
The Rowlatt Act
 The purpose of the Rowlett Act was to repress the political activities of the nationalist.
 It gave powers to the government to detain the political prisoners without trail for
two years.
 In 1919 a nationwide Satyagraha against the proposed Rowlett Act was launched by
Gandhiji.
 Rallies were organized in several cities, workers went on strike in railway workshops,
shops were closed down.
 Local leaders were picked up from Amritsar and Gandhiji was not allowed to enter
Delhi.
The Jallianwala Bagh Incident
 On 13th April,a large crowd gathered in the enclosed ground of Jallianwala Bagh to
attend a Baisakhi fair ,they were unaware that the government had imposed martial
law .
 General Dyer open fire on the crowd, hundreds of people were killed.
Khilafat Movement
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  Turkey had been defeated in the First World War and there was rumours that harsh
peace treaty was going to imposed on Ottoman empire.
 Mohammad Ali and Shaukat Ali started talks with Mahatma Gandhi for a possibility of
a joint mass action against the government.

Why Non–Cooperation?
 Mahatma Gandhi declared that British rule was established in India with the
cooperation of Indians. If Indian refused to cooperate British rule in India would
collapse.
 Gandhiji proposed that the movement should go in stages
 It should begin with the surrender of titles awarded by the government.
 Boycott of civil services, army police court and legislative council schools and foreign
goods.
 If the government uses repression, a full civil disobedience movement should be
started.
 Gandhiji and Shaukat Ali took up tours to mobilize the people to support the
movement.

Differing Strands Within The Movement

 The Non cooperation and Khilafat movement started in January 1921.
 Various social groups had its own aspiration, participated in the movement.

The Movement In The Towns

 Thousands of students left the government schools and colleges.
 Headmasters and teachers resigned and lawyers gave up the legal practices.
 The council elections were boycotted in most provinces except Madras.
 Foreign goods were boycotted, liquor shops were picketed and foreign goods and
clothes were burnt.
 The import of foreign cloths was reduced.
 The production of Indian textile mills and handlooms went up.
 Khadi cloth was more expensive than mill cloth and poor people could not buy it.
 It was difficult for them to boycott mill made cloth.
 It was felt difficult to boycott the English school and colleges for long in the absence of
alternate Indian institutions.

Rebellion In The Countryside

 From the cities the Non Cooperation movement spread to the countryside and took up
the struggles of the peasants and tribals.
 In Awadh Sanyasi Baba Ram Ramchandra was leading the peasants against talukadar
and landlords.

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  This Peasants movement demanded reduction of revenue,abolition of Begar and
social boycotts of oppressive landlords.
 Oudh kisan sabha was setup headed by Jawaharlal Nehru, Baba Ramchandra
 Tribal peasants interpreted the message of Mahatma Gandhi and the idea of Swaraj in
another way.
 In the Gudem hills of Andhra Pradesh ,a militant Guerrilla movement spread under
the leadership of Alluri Sitaram Raju.
 He spoke of Gandhiji’s greatness and his Non-Cooperation movement. He persuded
people to wear Khadi and give up drinking.
 At the same time he asserted that the Swaraj could be attained with use of forces and
not with the non-violence

Swaraj In The Plantation

• For plantation workers freedom meant the right to move freely in and out of the
enclosures where they were kept.
• They were not allowed to leave tea garden without permission.
• When they heard of Non –Cooperation Movement. They left the plantation and
proceeded to their homes.
• But unfortunately they never reached their destination and were caught by the police.
Towards Civil Disobedience
• In February 1922 Mahatma Gandhi decided to withdraw the Non Co-operation
Movement because he felt that the movement was taking a violent tern.
• Gandhiji wanted to train the Satyagrahis for the mass movement.
• Within the congress C R Das and Motilal Nehru found the Swaraj Party for return to
council politics.
• Due to the world wide economic depression the lifeof the people was badly affected in
India. Agricultural prices started falling, export declined.
• Farmers could not pay revenue.This resulted in turmoil.
• Under this circumstances Simom Commission was constituted under John Simon to
look into the functioning of the constitutional system in India and suggest changes
• Simon Commission arrived in India in 1928 and it was greeted with the slogan ’Go
back Simon and showed Black flags.
• All parties including the Congress and the Muslim League, participated. It was all
white member commission without any Indian members.

The Salt March And The Civil Disobedience Movement

• On 31 of January1930 Gandhiji sent a letter to Viceroy stating 11 demands. The
demands were denied
• On 12 March 1930 Mahatma Gandhi started his famous salt march from Sabarmati
Ashram on 6th April he reached Dandi. There he ceremonially violated the law,
manufacturing salt by boiling sea water.
• This marked the beginning of the Civil Disobedience Movement against the British
government.

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 • The colonial government arrested the congress leaders one by one. Satyagrahis were
attacked women and children were beaten.
• In this situation Gandhi ji decided to call off the movement and entered into a pact
with Irwin on 5th March 1931.
How Participants Saw The Movements
• The rich peasant communities like the Patidars of Gujarat and the Jats of UP were
active in the movement..
• They were deeply disappointed when the movement was called off in 1931 without
the revenue rates being revised.
• As depression continued, the poor peasantry found it difficult to pay their rent .
• The congress was unwilling to support no rent campaigns so the relationship between
the poor peasants and the congress remained uncertain.
The Limits Of Civil Disobedince

• Many women went to jail.

• All social groups were not attracted by the concept of Swaraj eg. So called
untouchables.
• Congress had ignored them for fear of offending high caste Hindus.
• Gandhi ji called them Harijan . He believed that swaraj would not come for hundred
years if untouchability was not eliminated. He organized satyagrah to secure them
entry into temples and access to public well tanks, roads and schools.
• Gandhi ji himself cleaned the toilets to dignify the work of sweepers.
The Sense Of Collective Belonging
• History and fiction, folklore and songs, literature helped in the promotion of
nationalism.
• The identity of the nation is most often symbolized in a figure or image of ‘Bharat
Mata’.
• This image was first created by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay in 1870.
• The image of Bharat Mata was first painted by Abanindranath Tagore.

SECTION- A: Very Short Answer Questions (2 MARK)

Q.1 Explain the concept of Satyagraha.
Ans.(i) Satyagraha is a method of agitation and protest based on truth and non- violence
(ii)It suggested that if the cause was true, if the struggle was against injustice, then
physical force was not necessary to fight the oppressor.
Q.2 Explain the term ‘Forced Recruitment’.
Ans. Forced Recruitment is a process by which the colonial state force people to join the
army.
Q.3 what was Rowlatt Act?
Ans.(i) In 1919 the legislative council passed the Rowlatt Act.
(ii)The act empowered the government to imprison a person without a trial.
(iii) It gave enormous power to the government repress political activities.
Q.4 What were the impact of the Jallianwala Bagh incident on the people in general.

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Ans.(i) On hearing the news of Jallianwala Bagh incident people of all over north India
demonstrated in streets.
(ii)There were strikes.clashes with the police. Government buildings were attacked.
People were humiliated and terrorized.
Q.5 Why was the Khilafat Movement started?
Ans.(i) Khilafat Movement was started by Mahatma Gandhi and Ali brothers , Muhammad
Ali and Shaukat Ali in response to the harsh treatment given to the Khalifa .
(ii)He was the spiritual head of Islamic World and defeated in the first world war.
Q.6 Why did Non Cooperation Movement slow down in cities ?
Ans. (i) Khadi cloth was expensive than mill cloth and poor people could not afford to buy it.
(ii) Similarly boycott of foreign institutions too posed a problem. Alternative Indian
Institutions were not set up in a short time. So the students and the teachers began to join
their government schools.
Q.7 How did Indian participated in the Non Cooperation Movement?
Ans.(i)Indians participated in Non Cooperation Movement by surrender of titles awarded by
the government . (ii) Boycott of civil services, army, police, courts and legislative councils
schools and foreign goods.

Q.8 What did freedom means to plantation workers in Assam?

Ans For plantation workers freedoms meant the right to move freely in and out of their
enclosures where they were kept and retaining link with their villages.
Q.9 What was the main reason to call off the Non Cooperation Movement in 1922 by
Mahatma Gandhi ?
Ans.(i) A peaceful demonstration at Chauri-Chaura in Gorakhpur turned into a violent clash
with police. So, Gandhiji called off the Non Cooperation Movement in 1922.
(ii)Gandhiji wanted to train the satyagrahis for the mass movement.
Q.10 What were the economic effects of Non Cooperation Movement?
Ans.(i) Foreign goods were boycotted. Liquor shops were picketed. (ii)Foreign cloth burnt
in huge bonfire. Production of Indian Textile mills and handlooms went up.
Q.11 Why was the Simon Commission boycotted?
Ans.(i) The simon commission was boycotted because there was not a single Indian
member in commission (ii).All were British.
Q.12 How did the British authorities react to the boycott of Simon Commission ?
Ans.(i) In October 1929the Viceroy Lord Irwin gave a vague offer of dominion status for
India without any time limit. (ii) Hold a Round Table Conference to discuss the
issues.
Q.13 Name the leaders who formed the Swaraj Party ?
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Ans. (i)Deshbandhu Chitranjan Das and Motilal Nehru formed the Swaraj Party within the
congress (ii) to argue for a return to council politics.
Q.14 In which year Abdul Ghaffar Khan was arrested ? How did Indian reacted to it
Ans.(i) Abdul Ghaffar Khan was arrested in April 1930.
(ii) Angry crowds demonstrated in the streets of Peshawar facing armored cars and
police firing. Many were killed.
Q.15 Mention the two main demands that Gandhiji put forth in his letter to Viceroy.
Ans.(i) The most important demand was to abolish salt tax as it affected rich and poor
alike.
(ii)The tax on the salt and the government monopoly over its production Gandhiji
declared the most oppressive face in the British rule.
SECTION-B: Short Answer Type Questions
Q1. How did the government suppress the Satyagrahis during Rowlatt Satyagraha?
Ans:-(i) The government responded with brutal repression, seeking to humiliate and
terrorise people.
(ii) Satyagrahis were forced to rub their noses on the ground, crawl on the streets and
do salaam to all sahibs.
(iii). The British government violated the freedom of speech and expression.

Q2. What was reaction of the people against the Rowlatt Act?
Ans:- (i) Gandhiji called for a country wide Hartal on 6 th April. He was arrested.
(ii) There were disturbances in Delhi Ahmedabad and Punjab. In Amritsar Dr. Satyapal
and Dr.Saifuddin Kitchlew were arrested. The people took out procession in Amritsar to
protest against these arrests and demanded the release of their leaders.
(iii) A public meeting was announced for the 13th April 1919 at Jallianwala Bagh,
Amritsar against the arrest of the leaders.General Dyer marched there and killed more than
1000 people.
Q3. What was the Khilafat Agitation? Why Gandhiji did give support to this agitation?
Ans:- (i)The First World War had ended with the defeat of Ottoman Turkey. There were
rumours that a harsh peace treaty was going to be imposed on the Ottoman emperor, the
spiritual head of the Islamic world, the Khalifa.
(ii)To defend the Khalifa’s temporal power, a Khilafat Committee was formed in Bombay
in March 1919 by Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali.
(iii)Gandhiji supported it because he saw it as an opportunity to bring Muslims under
the umbrella of a unified national movement .
Q4. How had the First World War created a new economic situation in India? Explain
with three examples.
Ans:- (i) It speeded up the process of industrialisation.
(ii) It led to a huge rise in the defense expenditure of the Government of India.

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 (iii) It created a demand for industrial goods (jute bags, cloth, rails, etc.) and caused a
decline of imports from other countries into India
Q5 Explain the role played by the tribal peasants of Andhra Pradesh during the Non-
Cooperation Movement.
Ans:- (i) The colonial government had closed large forest areas preventing people from
entering the forest to graze their cattle or to collect fuel wood and fruits.
(ii) This enraged the hilly people because they felt their traditional rights were being
denied.
(iii) When the government began forcing them to contribute begar for road building,
they revolted.
SECTION –C: Long Answer Type Questions
Q 1How was Civil Disobedience Movement different from Non Cooperation Movement?
Ans: Civil Disobedience Movement
(i) In this movement people were now asked not only to refuse cooperation with the
British but also to break colonial laws.
(ii) Thousands of people broke salt laws, manufactured salt and demonstrated in front of
government salt factories.
(iii) Peasants refused to pay revenue and chaukidari taxes, village officials resigned.
(iv)Foreign cloth was boycotted and liquor shops were picketed.
(v)Large scale participation of women.
Non-Cooperation Movement
(i) Surrender of Titles.
(ii) Boycott of civil services. Courts, Army, police and legislative councils.
(iii) Foreign cloth was boycotted and liquor shops were picketed and foreign cloth burnt
in huge bonfire.
(iv) It turned into a violent movement.
Q.2 Discuss how the First World War helped in the growth of Nationalism in
India OR
Ans (i) During the First World War, Indian merchant and Industrialists profited and became
powerful.
(ii)They wanted protection against import of foreign goods.
(iii) They gave financial assistance and refused to buy and sell foreign goods.
(iv) Failure of crops, Increase priced shortage of food lead to the extreme hardship for the people.

Q3.Explain the response of the plantation workers to the Non-Cooperation Movement

started by Gandhiji. OR
“Plantation workers had their own understanding of Mahatma Gandhi’s ideas and the
notion of ‘Swaraj’. Support the statement.
Ans.(i) For plantation workers, freedom meant the right to move freely in and out of the
confined space in which they were enclosed and it meant retaining a link with the village
from which they had come.
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 (ii) Under the Inland Emigration Act of 1859, plantation workers were not permitted to
leave the tea gardens without permission and in fact they were rarely given such
permissions.
(iii) When they heard of the Non-Cooperation Movement, thousands of workers defied
the authorities, left the plantation and headed home.
(iv) They believed that Gandhi Raj was coming and everyone would be given land in their
own villages.
(v) However, they never reached their destinations because of railways and steamer
strike, they were caught by the police and brutally beaten up.
Q 4How was the feeling of nationalism created by re-interpretation of history?
Ans (i) The British pictured Indians as backwards and primitive and incapable of governing
themselves.
(ii)The Indian devoted themselves to rediscover the glorious past of India.
(iii)Indian began to feel that to instill a sense of pride in the nation, Indian history had to
be taught differently.
(iv) They wrote about the glorious development in ancient times when art science and
technology had flourished.
(v)This glorious time was followed by a history of decline when India was colonized.
Q 5 Evaluate the contribution of folklore, songs, popular prints, etc. in shaping the
nationalism during freedom struggle.
Ans- (i)In the 19th century, nationalist toured village to village and collected folktales sung
by local singers.
(ii) These tales gave a true picture of our traditional culture and created a sense of pride
in our past traditions.
(iii) In Bengal, Rabindranath Tagore began collecting nursery rhymes and folk tales.
(iv) In Madras, Natesa Sastri published collections of folk tales and published “The
Folklore of Southern India”.
(v) Bankim Chandra Chatopadhyay wrote ‘Vande Mataram’ as a hymn to the motherland.
SECTION –D: Case Based Questions
Q1.Read the source given below and answer the questions.
The idea of satyagraha emphasized the power of truth and the need to search for truth. It
suggested that if the cause was true, if the struggle was against injustice, then the physical
force was not necessary to fight the oppressor. Satyagraha is pure soul -force .By this
struggle, the truth was bound to triumph ultimately. Mahatma Gandhi believed that this
dharma of non-violence could unite all Indians. In 1917, he travelled to Champaran in Bihar
to inspire the peasants to struggle against the oppressive plantation system. In 1917 he
organised satyagraha to support the peasants of the Kheda district of Gujarat. In 1918,
Mahatma Gandhi went to Ahmedabad to organise a satyagraha movement amongst cotton
mill workers.
Q1.1 In whose support was the Kheda Satyagraha was launched by Gandhiji?
Q1.2 What is the main difference between physical force and soul force?
Q 1.3. What is meant by the idea of Satyagraha?

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Ans.1 The Kheda Satyagraha was launched by Gandhiji in support of Peasants.
2 Physical force means fighting against opponent using body strength but soul force means
Resisting the evil with inner strength.
3. It was a non -violent method of mass agitation against the oppressor. The idea of
Satyagraha means the power of truth and the need to search for truth.
Q.2 Read the source given below and answer the questions.
“We believe that it is the inalienable right of the Indian people, as of any other people, to have
freedom and to enjoy the fruits of their toil and have the necessities of life, so that they may
have full opportunities of growth. We believe also that if any government deprives a people
of these rights and oppresses them, the people have a further right to alter it or to abolish it.
The British Government in India has not only deprived the Indian people of their freedom
but has based itself on the exploitation of the masses, and has ruined India economically,
politically, culturally, and spiritually. We believe, therefore, that India must sever the British
connection and attain Purna Swaraj or Complete Independence.”
Q2.1 What is the nature of this statement?
Q2.2 Describe the various rights that Indian should have.
Q2.3 What were the reason to abolish British government from India?
Ans:2.1This is the pledge that was taken by all people on 26 th January 1930.
2.2 People should have freedom, enjoy the fruits of their labour, have the necessities of
their life. have full opportunities of growth.
2.3 People were deprived of their freedom, masses were exploited, ruined Indian
economically, culturally and spiritually.
SECTION E: MAP WORK
1. Mahatma Gandhi organized a Satyagraha Movement at this place for indigo planters.
2.The place where cotton mill workers organised Satyagraha. [CBSE 2016]
3. The place where a Satyagraha was organised to support the peasants.]
4. The place where Jallianwala Bagh incident took place. [CBSE 2016, 2019]
5. The place where Salt Law was broken by Mahatma Gandhi. [CBSE S.P. 2019-20]
6. The place where the Non-Congress Movement ended abruptly due to violence.
Congress session 1.Indian Nation Congress session at this place in 1927. [CBSE S.P. )
2.The place where Congress session of September 1920 took place. [CBSE 2019,]
3.The place where the Indian National Congress session of December 1920 was held.

GEOGRAPHY
GEOGRAPHY – MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES
Industry: The process of changing the form of natural resources by human technology to
make them more useful is called industry.

Manufacturing: The production of a large quantity of a commodity by converting raw

material into a valuable product is called manufacturing or commodity manufacturing.
15
IMPORTANCE OF MANUFACTURING

1.they also reduce the heavy dependence of people on agricultural income by providing them
jobs in secondary and tertiary sectors.
2.eradication of unemployment and poverty from our country
3. Export of manufactured goods expands trade and commerce
4. brings in much needed foreign exchange.
Countries that transform their raw materials into a wide variety of finished goods of higher
value are prosperous
Agriculture and industry are not exclusiveof each other. They move hand in hand.

. (i) The agro-based industries have given a major boost to agriculture by raising its
productivity.
(ii) The agro-based industries depend on agriculture for raw materials and sell their
products such as fertilisers, insecticides, irrigation pumps, PVC pipes, machines and tools, etc
to the farmers.
(iii) Thus, development and competitiveness of manufacturing industry has not only assisted
agriculturists in increasing their production but also made production process very efficient
Contribution of Industry to National Economy- manufacturing sector has stagnated at 17
per cent of GDP – out of a total of 27 per cent for the industry which includes 10 per cent for
mining, quarrying, electricity and gas.
Industrial Location: - availability of raw material, labour, capital, power and market,
Etc.
Industrialisation and urbanisation go hand in hand.
1. Industrialisation causes growth in available factory jobs. Thus, as employment rate
increases it pulls people from various places and leads urbanisation.
2. People start moving towards cities for jobs and they gradually develop into urban centres.
Sometimes industries are located in or near cities.
Agglomeration Economies: Many industries tend to come together to make use of the
advantages offered by the urban centres known as agglomeration economies.
Industry – Market Linkage

Classification of industries:
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1) On the basis of source of raw material used

(a) Agriculture based like cotton textile, woolen fabric, jute etc.

(b) Mineral based like iron steel cement aluminum etc.

2)Based on the lead role

(a) Basic or key industries are those which supply their products as raw materials to
manufacture other goods e.g. iron and steel and copper smelting, aluminium smelting.
(b) Consumer industries that produce goods for direct use by consumers – sugar,
toothpaste, paper, sewing machines, fans etc.
3) Based on capital investment
(a) Small scale industries:- maximum investment allowed rupees one crore.
(b) Large Industries. maximum investment allowed more than rupees one crore.
4)On the basis of ownership:

(a) Public sector, owned and operated by government agencies – BHEL, SAIL etc.
(b) Private sector industries owned and operated by individuals or a group of individuals –
TISCO, Bajaj Auto Ltd.,Dabur Industries.
(c) Joint sector industries which are jointly run by the state and individuals or a group of
individuals. Oil India Ltd. (OIL) is jointly owned by public and private sector.
(d) Cooperative sector industries are owned and operated by the producers or suppliers of
raw materials, workers or both
5)On the basis of quantity and weight of raw and finished goods
(a) Heavy industries like iron-steel

(b) Light industries that use light raw materials and produce light goods such as electrical
goods industries

Agro-based Industries Cotton, jute, silk, woollen textiles, sugar and edible oil, etc. industries
are based on agricultural raw materials.
Cotton Textiles Industry- 1.The first successful textile mill was established in Mumbai in
1854.
2.the cotton textile industry was concentrated in the cotton growing belt of Maharashtra and
Gujarat.
3.This industry has close links with agriculture and provides a living to farmers, cotton boll
pluckers and workers engaged in ginning, spinning, weaving, dyeing, designing, packaging,
tailoring and sewing.

17
Jute Textiles- 1.India is the largest producer of raw jute and jute goods and stands at second
place as an exporter after Bangladesh. Most of the mills are located in West Bengal, mainly
along the banks of the Hugli river,
2.The first jute mill was set up near Kolkata in 1855 at Rishra. After Partition in 1947, the
jute mills remained in India but three-fourth of the jute producing area went to Bangladesh
(erstwhile East Pakistan).
3. Factors responsible for their location inthe Hugli basin are: proximity of the juteproducing
areas, inexpensive water transport, supported by a good network of railways, roadways and
waterways to facilitate movement of raw material to the mills, abundant water for
processing raw jute, cheap labour
4. Challenges faced by the industry include stiff competition in the international market from
synthetic substitutes and from other competitors like Bangladesh, Brazil, Philippines, Egypt
and Thailand.
Sugar Industry- 1.India stands second as a world producer of sugar but occupies the first
place in the production of gur and khandsari.
In recent years, there is a tendency for the mills to shift and concentrate in the
southern and western states, especially in Maharashtra, This is because the cane
produced here has a higher sucrose content. The cooler climate also ensures a longer
crushing season. Moreover, the cooperatives are more successful in these states.
Major challenges -include the seasonal nature of the industry, old and inefficient methods of
production, transport delay in reaching cane to factories and the need to maximise the use of
baggase.
Mineral-based Industries:- Industries that use minerals and metals as raw materials are
called mineral-based industries.
Iron and Steel Industry :-1.The iron and steel industry is the basic industry since all the
other industries — heavy, medium and light, depend on it for their machinery.
2.Steel is needed to manufacture a variety of engineering goods, construction material,
defence, medical, telephonic, scientific equipment and a variety of consumer goods.
Iron ore, coking coal and lime stone are required in the ratio of approximately 4 : 2 : 1.
Some quantities of manganese, are also required to harden the steel.
In 2018 per capita consumption of steel in the country was only around 70.9 kg per
annum against the world average of 224.5 kg.
Processes of Manufacture of Steel

-Most of the public sector undertakings market their steel through Steel Authority of India
Ltd. (SAIL).
18
Chhotanagpur plateau region has the maximum concentration of iron and steel
industries.
1.It is largely, because of the relative advantages this region has for the development of this
industry. 2.These include, low cost of iron ore, high grade raw materials in proximity, cheap
labour and vast growth potential in the home market

Challenges :- (a) High costs and limited availability of coking coal (b) Lower productivity of
labour (c) Irregular supply of energy and (d) Poor infrastructure.

Aluminium Smelting:- 1.Aluminium smelting is the second most important metallurgical

industry in India.
2.It is light, resistant to corrosion, a good conductor of heat, malleable and becomes strong
when it is mixed with other metals.
3.Bauxite, the raw material used in the smelters is a very bulky, dark reddish coloured rock.
4.Regular supply of electricity and an assured source of raw material at minimum cost are
the two prime factors for location of the industry.

Chemical Industries:- 1.The Chemical industry in India is fast growing and diversifying. It
comprises both large and small scale manufacturing units. Rapid growth has been recorded
in both inorganic and organic sectors.
Inorganic chemicals include sulphuric acid (used to manufacture fertilizers, synthetic
fibres, plastics, adhesives, paints, dyes stuffs), nitric acid, alkalies, soda ash (used to make
glass, soaps and detergents, paper) and caustic soda.
Organic chemicals 1.include petrochemicals, which are used for manufacturing of synthetic
fibers, synthetic rubber, plastics, dye-stuffs, drugs and pharmaceuticals.
2. Organic chemical plants are located near oil refineries or petrochemical plants.
Fertilizer Industry:- The fertilizer industry is centred around the production of nitrogenous
fertilizers (mainly urea), phosphatic fertilizers and ammonium phosphate (DAP)
Cement Industry:- 1.This industry requires bulky and heavy raw materials like limestone,
silica and gypsum. Coal and electric power are needed apart from rail transportation.
Automobile Industry: - 1.Automobiles provide vehicle for quick transport of good services
and passengers. Trucks, buses, cars, motor cycles, scooters, three-wheelers and multi-utility
vehicles are manufactured in India at various centres.

Information Technology and Electronics Industry:- 1.The electronics industry covers a

wide range of products from transistor sets to television telephones, cellular telecom,
telephone exchange, radars, computers and many other equipments required by the
telecommunication industry.
2.Bengaluru has emerged as the electronic capital of India.
Industrial Pollution and Environmental Degradation
Industries are responsible for four types of pollution:
(a) Air (b) Water (c) Land (d) Noise. The polluting industries also include thermal
power plants.
Control of Environmental Degradation:- Some suggestions are-
(i) minimising use water for processing by reusing and recycling it in two or more successive
stages
19
(ii) harvesting of rainwater to meet water requirements
(iii) treating hot water and effluents before releasing them in rivers and ponds. Treatment of
industrial effluents can be done in three phases
.
Section-A Very Short Answer Questions
Q.1 State the importance of manufacturing industry.

Ans: Manufacturing industry helps in modernization of agriculture as well as provides

employment in secondary and tertiary services.

Q.2 Give two suggestions for the development of cotton textile industry in India.

Ans: Two suggestions for the development of cotton textile industry in India are as follows:

1. Regular power supply should be ensured in weaving and other related areas.

2. Use of new machinery by replacing the old and out of date machines.

Q.3 How does water cause thermal pollution?

Ans: Thermal pollution of water occurs when hot water from factories and thermal stations
is released into rivers, lakes and ponds without cooling them.

Q. 4 What do you understand by 'Agglomeration savings'?

Ans: Cities provide markets and services to industries. The facilities provided by cities to
industries include banking, insurance, transport, labor and financial advice, etc. Many
industries benefit from the goods provided by urban areas. are established which are called
Agglomeration savings.

Q.5 When and where was the first Jute textile mill set up in India?

Ans. The first Jute textile mill was set up near Kolkata in 1859 at Rishra.

Q.6 What is meant by chemical industry?

Ans: The industrial units in which goods are made with the help of organic and inorganic
chemicals are called chemical industries.

Q.7 Why is iron-steel industry called heavy industry?

Ans: Both the raw material and the finished goods of iron-steel industry are heavy and high-
result, that is why it is called heavy industry.

Q.8 Where will it be economically viable to set up cement manufacturing units?

20
 Ans: Establishment of cement manufacturing units in or near limestone areas would be
feasible with continuous supply of electricity and adequate rail and road transport.

Q.9 How do manufacturing industries help agriculture?

Ans.Manufacturing industries provide irrigation, pumps, fertilizers, insecticides, pesticides,

machines and tools etc. to the farmers.

Q10.How do manufacturing industry help in earning foreign exchange?

Ans: Export of manufactured goods expands trade and commerce, and brings much needed
foreign exchange.

Section-B Short Answer Type Questions

Q.1 Why is the manufacturing sector considered the backbone of economic
development in India? Give reasons.

Ans.The manufacturing sector is considered the backbone of economic development of India

mainly because:

1. Manufacturing industries reduce the heavy dependence of people on agricultural income

by providing them jobs in secondary and tertiary sectors.

2.Industrial development is a a precondition for eradication of unemployment and poverty

from our country.

3. It also aims at bringing down regional disparities by establishing industries in tribal and
backward areas.

4.Export of manufactured goods expands trade and commerce, and brings in, much needed
foreign exchange.

Q.2 What are the major challenges before the cotton textile industry in India?

Ans- Major challenges before the cotton textile industry in India are:

1. Weaving and processing units cannot make much use of high quality yarn that is
produced in the country.

2. Most of the production takes place in fragmented smaller units that cater to the local
market.

3. Power supply is erratic and machinery needs to be upgraded.

4. Low production of labor and stiff competition with synthetic fiber industry.

21
 Q.3 What are the major challenges faced by the jute industry in India?

Ans. The major challenges faced by the jute industry in India are:

1. Because of the old technology the cost of production is high due to which demand jute
goods has declined

2. There is stiff competition in the international market, specially from Bangladesh. This has
also led to decline in industry

3. The synthetic substitutes for jute are giving tough competition to the jute industry.

Q. 4Which factors are responsible for the decentralization of cotton textile mills in
India?

Ans.1 Cotton textile have very high demand throughout the country.

2 Major inputs like banking, electricity, transport are available in almost every part of the
country.

3.Textile industry is labour intensive industry and labour is easily available in India.

Q.5 How do industries pollute environment? Explain with five examples. (2013 D)

Ans -The five types of industrial pollution are: 1.Air pollution. 2.Water pollution.

3.Noise pollution.. 4.Land pollution. 5.Thermal pollution..

Q.6. Differentiate between ago based and mineral-based industries.

Ans. Agro based industries are those industries in which agricultural products are used as
raw materials. e.g. cotton, jute, silk, sugarcane and vegetable oil industries are agro-based
industries where as

Mineral-based industries are those industries in which minerals are used as raw materials.
Iron and Steel, Cement and Chemical industries are mineral-based industries.

Q 7. Write the importance of ‘manufacturing sector’ for our nation.

Or
Manufacturing industry is considered the backbone of economic development of
India.” Give reasons. (2015 OD, 2011 D)

Ans -1.It helps in modernizing agriculture, which is the base of our economy.

2.It reduces heavy dependence on agricultural income by providing jobs in non-agricultural

sectors.
22
3. Industrial development is necessary for eradication of poverty and unemployment
because people get jobs and generate more income.

Q.8 Classify industries on the basis of capital investment.

Ans: 1 Small Scale Industries - A small scale industry is defined in terms of the maximum
investment value on a unit of asset, this investment limit varies over time. At present, the
industries with maximum investment up to one crore rupees are called small scale
industries.

2 Large Industries- If this investment in any industry is more than one crore rupees, then it
is called circle industry.

Q.9 Mention three human factors affecting industrial location.

Ans. Along with physical factors, human factors also affect the industrial location. The
following are the three major human factors affecting industrial location:

a) Availability of human labor b) Availability of Capital c) Market

Q.10 Into how many parts can industries be divided on the basis of ownership?

Ans. On the basis of ownership, industries can be divided into three parts;

a) Public Sector Industries (b)Private sector industries

b) Joint sector industry (d) Co-operative Industry

Section-C- Case based study Question

Q1.Read the source given below and answer the questions by choosing the most appropriate
option.

India is the largest producer of raw jute and jute goods and stands at second place as an
exporter after Bangladesh.There are about 80 Jute mills in India. Most of these are located in
West Bengal mainly along the banks of Hugli river, in a narrow belt(98 km long and 3 km
wide)

Factors responsible for their location in the Hugli basin are: proximity of the jute producing
areas, inexpensive water transport, supported by a good network of Railways, Roadways and
waterways to facilitate movement of raw material to the mills, abundant water for
processing raw jute, cheap labourfrom West Bengal and adjoining states of Bihar Orissa and
Uttar Pradesh. Kolkata as a large urban centre provides banking insurance and port facilities
for export of goods. The jute industry supports 2.61 lakh workers and another 40 lakhs small
and marginal farmers who are engaged in cultivation of jute and mesta. Many more people
are associated indirectly.
23
Q1 .Read the source given below and answer the questions by choosing the most appropriate
option.
Over the last two decades, the share of manufacturing sector has stagnated at 17 per cent
of GDP
– out of a total of 27 per cent for the industry which includes 10 per cent for mining,
quarrying,
electricity and gas. This is much lower in comparison to some East Asian economies, where it
is
25 to 35 per cent. The trend of growth rate in manufacturing over the last decade has been
around
7 per cent per annum. The desired growth rate over the next decade is 12 per cent. Since
2003,
manufacturing is once again growing at the rate of 9 to 10 per cent per annum. With
appropriate
policy interventions by the government and renewed efforts by the industry to improve
productivity,
economists predict that manufacturing can achieve its target over the next decade. The
National
Manufacturing Competitiveness Council (NMCC) has been set up with this objective.

Q2.1 If we classify the various industries based on a particular criterion then we

would be able to understand their manufacturing better. Identify the industries on
the basis of
Ans
_sources–On the basis of sources Industries
(a) Bulk and weight of raw material 1. Iron and Steel
(b) Ownership 2. Oil India Ltd.
(c) Agro-based 3. Cotton
(d) Capital investment 4. Small Scale
Q2.2. At what per cent of GDP has the share of manufacturing sector stagnated out
of total 27 per cent?
Ans 17 per cent

Q2.3. In which year has the National Manufacturing Competitiveness Council

(NMCC) been set up?
Ans -2004

Section D- Long answer 5 Marks Questions

Q1 . Agriculture and industry are not exclusive of each other, but move hand in hand.” Give
arguments in favour of this statement. Or,
Explain with examples how industries in India have given a major boost to agriculture
Agriculture and industry in India are inseparable or interdependent on each other:

1.Agro-industries in India have boosted agriculture by raising its productivity.

2.Industries depend on agriculture for their raw materials, e.g. cotton textile industry.

24
3.Industries provide many agricultural inputs like irrigation pumps, fertilisers, insecticides, PVC
pipes, machines and tools etc. to the farmers.

4.Manufacturing industries have assisted agriculturists to increase their production and also made
the production processes very efficient.

5.Development of different modes of transport by industrial sector has not only helped farmers to
obtain agricultural inputs but has also helped them trade their products.

Q2. Suggest a few measures to control environmental degradation and pollution that is
caused by industries.

Ans:- 1. There should be proper planning in the selection of industrial sites. It should not be
in a congested area.

2. Equipments used in industries should be designed better to prevent smoke.

3. Avoid using coal in industries and use of oil as fuel to prevent smoke.

4. Equipments like inertial separators, fabric filters, smoke stags, electrostatic precipitators
and scrubbers should be used to control particulate matter in the air.

5. Discharge the industrial effluents after proper treatment.

Q3 – Why is the per capita consumption of steel so low in India?

There are various reasons:
1. Higher cost which makes it difficult to buy the steel or produce it.
2. The availability of coal to produce steel.
3. There is not enough supply of electricity.
4. Cause of the poor infrastructure it is difficult to bring steel from other cities.

Q.4 Why has the Chhota Nagpur Plateau region the maximum concentration of iron and steel
industries? Analyse the reasons.

Ans: Iron and steel plants are concentrated in the Chhota Nagpur Plateau region because:

1.Low cost of iron ore. 2. High grade raw materials in proximity.

3. Availability of cheap labour. 4. Dence transport network port facility.

5. Vast growth potential in the home market.

Q.5 Why is there a tendency for the sugar mills to shift and concentrate in the southern and
western state in India? explain any five reasons.

Ans: 1 The sugarcane produced in the southern and western state has a higher sucrose
content.
25
 2. The cooler climate ensure a longer crushing season.

3.Most of the sugar mills of the area are under the cooperative sector. Regular supply of raw
material is available here.

4.More government attention attention for sugarcane production.

5.Better port facility in Southern and western states

MAP WORK
Cotton Textile Industries:

a. Mumbai b. Indore c. Surat d. Kanpur e. Coimbatore

Iron and Steel Plants:

a. Durgapur b. Bokaro c. Jamshedpur d. Bhilai e. Vijaynagar

f. Salem

Software Technology Parks:

a. Noida b. Gandhinagar c. Mumbai d. Pune e. Hyderabad

f. Bengaluru g. Chennai h. Thiruvananthapuram

==================================================================

CHAPTER-Lifeline of National Economy

Lifelines of National Economy-Transportation, Communication, Trade.

Four means of transportation

Land-Roadways, Railways, Pipeline

Water-Inland, Overseas
Air-Domestic (Public undertaking, Private Airlines), International Airlines
Land Transport-

Roadways- India has one of the largest road networks in the world, aggregating to about 2.3
million km at present.
Merit-.
(a) construction cost of roads is much lower than that of railway lines,
(b) roads can traverse comparatively more dissected and undulating topography,
(c) roads can negotiate higher gradients of slopes and as such can traverse mountains such as the
Himalayas,

26
(d) road transport is economical in transportation of few persons and relatively smaller amount
of goods over short distances,
b) types and purpose –
1) Golden Quadrilateral Super Highway –Maintained by NHAI, connect four metropolitan cities ,
six lanes
a) East to West corridor – Silchar in Assam toPorbander in Gujrat.
b) North to South Corridor-Uri in J&K to Kanyakumari in TN.
2) National Highway- Maintained by CPWD, connects capital cities of states.
3) State Highway- Maintained by PWD under state government, connect district HQ in a state.
4) Border Roads-Maintained by BRO and strategic importance in the north and north- eastern
border areas, BRO Formed in 1960
5) PM Grameen Sadak Yojana- Every village linked to a major town in the country.
Do you know---- that National Highway-7 is the longest and traverses 2, 369 km between
Varanasi and Kanyakumari via Jabalpur, Nagpur, Hyderabad, Bangalore and Madurai.
Delhi and Mumbai are connected by National Highway-8, while National Highway-15
covers most of Rajasthan

Roads can also be classified on the basis of the type of material used for their construction such
as metalled and unmetalled roads. Metalled roads may be made of cement, concrete or even
bitumen of coal, therefore, these are all weather roads. Unmetalled roads go out of use in the
rainy season

Road Density- The length of road per 100 sq. km of area is known as density of roads.

Railways- Railways are the principal mode of transportation for freight and passengers in
India

Merits –
a) Railways also make it possible to conduct multifarious activities like business, sightseeing, and
pilgrimage along with transportation of goods over longer distances.

b) Apart from an important means of transport the Indian Railways have been a great integrating
force for more than 150 years.

c) Railways in India bind the economic life of the country as well as accelerate the development
of the industry and agriculture.

Demerits- (problems)

a) Many passengers travel without tickets.

b) Thefts and damaging of railway property has not yet stopped completely.

27
 c) People stop the trains, pull the chain unnecessarily and this causes heavy damage to the
railway.,

India: Railway track

The Indian Railway network runs on multiple gauge operations extending over 68,442 km.

Gauge in metres Route (Km) R Running Track T Total Track

(Km) (Km)
BRoad Gauge (1.676) 63,491 89,521 1,17,56 0
Metre Gauge (1.000) 3,200 3,462 3,775
Narrow Gauge (0.762and 1,751 1.752 1,901
0.610 )
Total 68,442 94,735 1,23,236
-The Indian Railway is now reorganised into 16 zones.
The Indian Railways is the largest public sector undertaking in the country. The first train
steamed off from Mumbai to Thane in 1853, covering a distance of 34 km

Pipelines-these are used for transporting crude oil, petroleum products and natural gas from oil
and natural gas fields to refineries, fertilizer factories and big thermal power plants. Solids can
also be transported through a pipeline when converted into slurry.

There are three important networks of pipeline transportation in the country.

1. From oil field in upper Assam to Kanpur (Uttar Pradesh), via Guwahati, Barauni and
Allahabad. It has branches from Barauni to Haldia, via Rajbandh, Rajbandh to Maurigram and
Guwahati to Siliguri.

2. From Salaya in Gujarat to Jalandhar in Punjab, via Viramgam, Mathura, Delhi and Sonipat. It
has branches to connect Koyali (near Vadodara, Gujarat) Chakshu and other places.

3. Gas pipeline from Hazira in Gujarat connects Jagdishpur in Uttar Pradesh, via Vijaipur in
Madhya Pradesh. It has branches to Kota in Rajasthan, Shahajahanpur, Babrala and other places
in Uttar Pradesh.
Waterways-Waterways are the cheapest means of transport.
India has inland navigation waterways of 14,500 km in length. Out of these only 5685 km are
navigable by mechanised vessels.
The following waterways have been declared as the National Waterways by the
Government.
N.W. No.1- The Ganga River between Allahabad and Haldia (1620 km)-
N.W. No.2- The Brahmaputra River between Sadiya and Dhubri (891 km)-
N.W. No.3 • The West-Coast Canal in Kerala (Kottapurma-Kollam, Udyogamandal and
Champakkara canals-205 km)
N.W. No.4 Specified stretches of Godavari and Krishna rivers along with Kakinada Puducherry
Stretch of canals (1078 km)
N.W. No.5 Specified stretches of river Brahmani along with Matai river, delta channels of
Mahanadi and Brahmani rivers and East Coast Canal (588 km).
28
Major Sea Ports-With a long coastline of 7,516.6 km, India is dotted with 12 major and 200
notified non-majors (minor/intermediate) ports. These major ports handle 95 per cent of India’s
Foreign trade
Kandla also known as the Deendayal Port, is a tidal port
Mumbai is the biggest port with a spacious natural and well-sheltered harbour.
Marmagao port (Goa) is the premier iron ore exporting port of the country.
New Mangalore port, located in Karnataka caters to the export of iron ore concentrates from
Kudremukh mines.
Chennai is one of the oldest artificial ports of the country.
Vishakhapatnam is the deepest landlocked and well-protected port
Paradwip port located in Odisha, specialises in the export of iron ore.
Kolkata is an inland riverine port.
Haldia port was developed as a subsidiary port, in order to relieve growing pressure on
theKolkata
Airways-The air travel, today, is the fastest, most comfortable and prestigious mode of transport.
It can cover very difficult terrains like high mountains, dreary deserts, dense forests and also long
oceanic stretches with great ease.The air transport was nationalised in 1953. Air India provides
domestic and international air services.
Communication- Communication is the sending and receiving of information.
Types of communication- Personal communication and mass communication
Personal communication -it may be private letters, memos, emails, personal interviews or
telephone conversations.
Mass communication-the imparting or exchanging of information on a large scale to a wide range
of people.
Television, radio, press, films, etc. are the major means of communication in the country.
The Indian postal network is the largest in the world.
Six mail channels have been introduced recently. They are called Rajdhani Channel, Metro
Channel, Green Channel, Business Channel, Bulk Mail Channel and Periodical Channel.
International Trade- The exchange of goods among people, states and countries is referred to as
trade.
Trade between two countries is called international trade. It may take place through sea, air or
land routes
Components of trade - Export and import are the components of trade.
The balance of trade- Export = import
Favourable balance of trade- Export > import
unfavourable balance of trade.- Export < import
The commodities imported to India include petroleum crude and products, gems and jewellery,
chemicals and related products, base metals, electronic items, machinery, agriculture and allied
products.
Tourism as a Trade- Tourism in India has grown substantially over the last three decades.
More than 15 million people are directly engaged in the tourism industry.
tourism also promotes national integration, provides support to local handicrafts and culture
pursuits.
It also helps in the development of international understanding about our culture and heritage.
Foreign tourists visit India for heritage tourism, eco tourism, adventure tourism, cultural
tourism, medical tourism and business tourism.

29
 Section-A Very Short Answer Questions (2 MARK)
Q1.What is road density? ?
Ans- The length of road per 100 sq. km of area is known as density of roads.

Q2.The railways is facing many problems. Mention any two problems.

Ans- Many passengers travel without ticket.
People pull the chain unnecessarily.
Q3.Which waterways have been declared as National Waterways by the government ?
Ans-The Ganga river between Allahabad and Haldia (1620 km) NW No. 1.
The Brahmaputra river between Sadiya and Dhubri (891 km) NW No. 2.
The West-Coast Canal in Kerala (205 km) NW No. 3.
Q4.What is Pradhan Mantri Grameen Sadak Yojana?
Ans-Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana is the nation-wide programme to provide all-weather
road connectivity to the unconnected and isolated villages in the country.
Q5.How are roads classified in India ?
Ans- In India roads are classified into six classes as mentioned below :
(i)Golden Quadrilateral Super Highways (ii)National Highways
(iii)State Highways (iv)District Roads
(v)Other roads that link rural areas with towns (vi)Border Roads.
Q6.Why are the waterways useful ? State any two advantages.
Ans-(i)Waterways are the cheapest means of transport.
(ii)It is a fuel efficient and environment friendly mode of transport.
Q7.What are border roads? What is their importance?
OR
What is the significance of ‘Border Roads’? Explain.
Ans-The significance of Border roads is that they are important roads as they improve
accessibility in areas of difficult terrain. These roads have also helped in the economic
development of border areas. BRO is also entrusted to construct Bridges, Tunnels, Causeways,
Helipads, and Airfields.

Q 8.What is a new arrival on the transportation map of India? [CBSE 2016]

Ans- In the past, which mode of transportation was used to transport water to cities and
industries?
Pipeline transport network is a new arrival on the transportation map of India to transport
liquids as well as solids in slurry form.
Q9. Name the rivers which are related to National Waterways No. 1 and No 2.
Ans – 1 Ganga 2.Brahmaputra
Q10.Suggest any two way to improve the postal system in India. [CBSE 2020]
Ans-many people are illiterate in rural areas so it will help them to use postal services broadly.
Another way to improve the postal system in India is to set up a feedback system.
(ii) the Indian budget Committee observed that the budget earmarked by the Indian
Railway Catering and Tourism Corporation (IRCTC) for tourism promotion ...

30
 Section-B Short Answer Type Questions
Q1.What is Golden Quadrilateral Super Highways? Mention any two objectives of this
project. The North South and East-West corridors join which terminal cities?
[CBSE 2011]

Ans- (I)The Golden Quadrilateral Super Highways is a major road development project linking
Delhi— Kolkata— Chennai—Mumbai and Delhi by six lane super highways.

(ii) The two major objectives of these Super Highways projects are to: (a) reduce the time and (b)
distance between the mega cities at India.

(iii) The North-South corridors linking Srinagar (Jammu and Kashmir) and Kanniyakumari
(Tamil Nadu) and East-West corridor connecting Silchar (Assam) and Porbander (Gujarat)

Q2.“Today, the world has been converted into a large village.” Justify the statement.

Ans- (i)With the development of science and technology, the area of influence of trade and
transport expanded far and wide.

(ii) At present, the world has been converted into a large village with the help of efficient and fast
moving transport.

(iii) Transport has been able to achieve this with the help of equally developed trade and
communication system

Q3. “Dense and efficient network of transports a pre-requisite for local and national
development.”Analyse the statement. [CBSE2018]
OR
“Efficient means of transport are pre-requisites for fast development of the country.” Support the
statement with examples.
Ans- Efficient means of transport are pre-requisite for national development because :
(i)The pace of development of country depends upon the production of goods and services as
well as their movement over space.
(ii) Today, the world has been converted into a large village with the help of efficient and fast
moving transport system.
(iii) The trades from local to international levels have added to the vitality of our economy with
the help of dense and efficient network of transport in the country.
(iv) It has enriched our life and added substantially to growing amenities and facilities for the
comforts of life.

Q4.Why is road transport more useful than rail transport in India. Give reasons.
Or,
“Roadways still have an edge over railways in India”. Give reasons.
Ans- Roadways score over railways:

31
(i).Construction of roads is easier and cheaper as compared to railways.

(ii).Roads provide door to door service, thus the cost of loading and unloading is much lower as
compared to railways which generally leave the people and goods at the destined railway
stations.

(iii).Roads can negotiate higher gradients of slope and, as such, can traverse through
mountainous terrain. But railways cannot negotiate steep gradients.

(iv)Road transport is economical in transportation of few persons and relatively smaller amount
of goods over short distances.

Q5.Where and why is rail transport the most convenient means of transportation?
OR
Elaborate any three advantages of railways in India. [CBSE 2016]
Ans-Advantages of railways in India are as follows:
(i)It is both convenient and safer to travel long distances by railways.
(ii) They give employment to a large number of people.
(iii) Railways also make it possible to conduct multifarious activities like business, sightseeing,
pilgrimage along with transportation of goods over longer distances.
Q6.Highlight any three features of Hazira–Vijaipur–Jagdishpur gas pipeline. [CBSE
2016]
Ans- (i)This pipeline is about 1700 km long.
(ii) Hazira–Jaipur–Jagdishpur cross country gas pipeline links Mumbai High and Bassien with the
fertilizer, power and industrial complexes in western and northern India.
(iii) This artery has provided an impetus to India’s gas production.
(iv) The power and fertilizer industries are the key users of natural gas.
(v) Use of Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) for vehicles to replace liquid fuels is gaining wide
popularity in the country
Q7.Give an account of Kandla port and its importance.
OR
Explain any five characteristics of Kandla seaport. [CBSE 2011]
Ans- (i)Kandla in Kutchchh was the first port developed soon after independence to ease the
volume of trade on the Mumbai port.
(ii) It was developed in the wake of loss of Karachi port to Pakistan after the partition.
(iii) It is a tidal port.
(iv) It caters to the convenient handling of exports and imports of highly productive granary and
industrial belt.
(v) It reduced the volume of traffic on Mumbai port
Q8.Why is international trade considered the economic barometer for a country?
Ans- (i)As the resources are space bound, no country can survive without international trade.
(ii) Export and import are the components of trade. It may take place through sea, air or land
routes.
(iii) Advancement of international trade of a country is an index to its economic prosperity. It is,
therefore, considered the economic barometer for a country

32
Q9.Explain the importance and advantages of tourism as a trade for the country like India.
OR
Ans- Describe the significance of tourism as a trade in India.
(i)Tourism in India has grown substantially over the last three decades. Arrival of foreign tourists
in the country witnessed an increase of 4.5 per cent during the year 2015 as against the year
2014, contributing `1, 35,193 crore of foreign exchange in 2015.
(ii) Over 80.3 lakh foreign tourist’s visited India in 2015. More than 150 lakh people are directly
engaged in the tourism industry.
(iii) Tourism also promotes national integration, provides support to local handicrafts and
cultural pursuits.
(iv) Tourism also helps in the development of international understanding about our culture and
heritage.
Q10.What is the difference between personal communication and mass communication?
State any two points of importance of mass communication.
[CBSE 2011]
Ans -Personal communication means a communication between two persons either through
oral, letter or through telephone, etc.,
Mass communication includes the use of radio, television, internet, press, films, etc. for wider
public audience.
The two points of importance of mass communication are
(i) Provides entertainment
(ii) Creates awareness among people about various national programmes and policies
Section-C long Answer Type Questions
Q1.“Advancement of international trade of a country is an index to its prosperity.” Support the
statement with suitable examples

Ans (i). No country in the world is self-sufficient in all its needs. Goods produced by one country
are required by the other country and vice-versa. Hence, differences in resources, needs and
development among nations create conditions for international trade between them.

(ii). It helps in exchange of surplus goods with those of deficit countries through foreign trade.

(iii). Foreign trade has helped India to improve its productivity of manufactured goods.

(iv). International trade contributed to India’s economic growth, raising income levels of people
thus, increasing the foreign exchange reserves.

(v). International trade helps India to import advanced technology of other countries to improve
its own production

Q2 “Modern means of transport and communication serve as lifelines of our nation.” Justify this
statement by giving supportive arguments.
Or
“Efficient means of transport are prerequisites for the fast development of the country.” Express
your views in favour of this statement. (2016 D, 2014 OD)

33
Ans.-India is well linked with the rest of the world despite its vast size and diversities because of
efficient means of transport and communication. They are rightly called the lifelines or arteries of
a nation because:

(i) Economic development of a country depends on the well developed and efficient means of
transport and communication.

(ii). They are indispensable for movement of people, goods and services from one place to
another.

(iii). They have contributed to socio-economic progress in many ways by connecting far flung
areas of the country.

(iv). They have enriched all aspects of our lives — social, cultural, individual and economic.

(v)They promote trade, tourism and business thus adding value to the economy.

Q3.Why do the movement of goods and services from one place to another require fast and
efficient meansof transport? Explain with examples.

Ans:-Transport plays an important role in the economy. Because of transport raw materials
reach the factory and finished products reach to the consumer. The pace of development of a
country depends upon the production of goods and services as well as their movement over
space. Today the world has converted into a large village with the help of efficient and fast
moving transport:

(i)Good transport helps in quick carrying of raw materials from remote areas to the production
centre and allows distribution of goods efficiently.

(ii)Transport helps in the development of communication. Various means of communication help

us in interacting with other people in all the parts of the world. It has brought the world closer.

(iii)Transport like railways helps us in conducting various activities like business, sight seeing,
pilgrimages, etc.

(iv)Pipelines are used for transporting crude oil and natural gas to refineries and factories.

(v)Water provides the cheapest means of transport and is useful for international trade.

Q4.How are means of transport and communication complementary to each other?

Explain with three examples.
(2013 OD)
Ans. – (i)Transport and communication establish links between producing centres and
consuming centres. Trade or the exchange of such commodities relies on transportation and
communication. Transport provides the network of links and carriers through which trade takes
place.
34
(ii) Dense network of roads, railways and airways connect the remote areas of the country hence
help in production and distribution of goods and services.

(iii) Advancement in communication system has accelerated trade by carrying information all
over the world quickly.

(iv) Good transport helps in quick carrying of raw material from remote areas to the production
centre and allows distribution of goods efficiently.

(v) With expansion of rail, ocean and air transport, better means of refrigeration and
preservation, trade has experienced spatial expansion.

Q5. Explain the importance and advantages of pipelines transportation in India.

OR

“Pipeline transport network is a new arrival on the transportation map of India.” Explain. [CBSE
2011]

Ans (i) Pipelines are used for transporting crude oil, petroleum products and natural gas from
oil fields to refineries, fertilizer factories and big thermal power plants.

(ii) Solids can also be transported through a pipeline by converting it into slurry.

(iii) The far inland locations of refineries like Barauni, Mathura, Panipat and gas based
fertilizerplants could be thought of only because of pipelines.

(iv) Initial cost of laying pipelines is high but subsequent running costs are minimal.

(v) Pipelines transportation rules out trans-shipment losses or delays.

Case Based Questions

Q1.Read the source given below and answer the questions by choosing the most
appropriate option.

Today, the world has been converted into a large village with the help of efficient and fast moving
transport. Transport has been able to achieve this with the help of equally developed
communication system. Therefore, transport, communication and trade are complementary to
each other. Today, India is well-linked with the rest of the world despite its vast size, diversity
and linguistic and sociocultural plurality. Railways, airways, waterways, newspapers, radio,
television, cinema and internet, etc. have been contributing to its socio-economic progress in
many ways. The trade from local to international levels have added to the vitality of its economy.
It has enriched our life and added substantially to growing amenities and facilities for the
comforts of life. The modern means of transport and communication serve as lifelines of our

35
nation and its modern economy. It is thus, evident that a dense and efficient network of transport
and communication is a perquisite for local, national and global trade of today.

Q1.1. The world has been covered into a large village with the help of _________ and _________
moving transport. (2marks)
Ans:-(b) efficient; fast (c) easy; convenience
Q1.2. Why is it essential to interlink with the world? 1
Ans:-For development, advancement and globalisation. 1
Q1.3. What is pre-requisite for the fast development of a nation?
Ans:-Efficient network of transport and communication. 1
Q2. Read the source given below and answer the questions by choosing the most
appropriate option.

Kandla in Kuchchh was the first port developed soon after Independence to ease the volume of
trade on the Mumbai port, in the wake of loss of Karachi port to Pakistan after the Partition.
Kandla also known as the Deendayal Port, is a tidal port. It caters to the convenient handling of
exports and imports of highly productive granary and industrial belt stretching across the union
territory of Jammu and Kashmir and states of Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan and
Gujarat. Mumbai is the biggest port with a spacious natural and well-sheltered harbour. The
Jawaharlal Nehru port was planned with a view to decongest the Mumbai port and serve as a hub
port for this region. Marmagao port (Goa) is the premier iron ore exporting port of the country.
This port accounts for about fifty per cent of India’s iron ore export. New Mangalore port, located
in Karnataka caters to the export of iron ore concentrates from Kudremukh mines. Kochchi is the
extreme south-western port, located at the entrance of a lagoon with a natural harbour. Moving
along the east coast, you would see the extreme south-eastern port of Tuticorin, in Tamil Nadu.
This port has a natural harbour and rich hinterland. Thus, it has a flourishing trade handling of a
large variety of cargoes to even our neighbouring countries like Sri Lanka, Maldives, etc. and the
coastal regions of India. Chennai is one of the oldest artificial ports of the country. It is ranked
next to Mumbai in terms of the volume of trade and cargo. Vishakhapatnam is the deepest
landlocked and well-protected port. This port was, originally, conceived as an outlet for iron ore
exports. Paradwip port located in Odisha, specialises in the export of iron ore. Kolkata is an
inland riverine port. This port serves a very large and rich hinterland of Ganga- Brahmaputra
basin. Being a tidal port, it requires constant dredging of Hoogly. Haldia port was developed as a
subsidiary port, in order to relieve growing pressure on the Kolkata port
Q2.1. ____________ is the biggest port while Kandla is the tidal port in ________ .
(2marks)
Ans:- Mumbai; Gujarat
Q2.2. Why Chennai port is called an artificial port? (1marks)
Ans:-A wall has been built to facilitate the anchor of ships as there is no zigzag coastline.
Q2.3. Give the second name of Kandla Port. (1marks)
Ans:-Deendayal Port
=========================================================================

36
 POLITICAL SCIENCE
CHAPTER---POLITICAL PARTIES
In this Chapter, we aim to look into the details of political parties-
why do we need them, how many parties are required in a democracy, modes of
functioning etc. Since Elections are an important aspect of democracy, looking into
the intricacies of political parties becomes important. What role do political parties
play in competition and contestation? Which are the major national and regional
parties in India? Why have social movements come to occupy large role in politics?
Political party –a group of people who come together to contest elections hold and
power in the government. They agree on some policies and programs for the society
with a view to promoting the collective good.
Ruling Party:A political party runs the government.
Affidavit: A signed document submitted to an officer, where a person makes a sworn
statement regarding his/her personal information.
Three components of political party
(i) the leaders
(ii) the active members
(iii) the followers
Functions of political parties –
(i) Parties form and run govt.
(ii) Parties shape public opinion (from pressure group, organization)
(iii)Opposition parties –voice their views and criticize the govt. for its failures.
(iv) They provide people access to govt. Machinery and welfare schemes (it it easy to
approach local party leader than a govt. officer)
(v) Parties contest elections
(vi) Parties put forward different policies and programmers and voters choose from
them – A govt. puts its policies based on the line taken by ruling party.
Need for Political Parties
That democracies cannot exist without political parties is clear from the functions
theyperform.If there were no political parties then:
(i) It is very difficult to imagine a representative democracy without political parties because
without parties every candidate is independent so, no one will be able to make any promise
to the people about any major policy change and new policies.
(ii) The rise of political parties is linked to the emergence of representative democracies.
Large -scale societies need a representative democracy.
(iii) As societies became large and complex, they also needed some agency to gather different
views on various issues and to present these to the government. This is fulfilled by the
political parties.
Classification of party system
(i)One party system: -One-Party System In this party system, only one party is allowed to
control and run the government. For example, China has one-party system. This system is
not a good option for democracy because it does not provide a fair chance for competing
37
 parties to gain power.
(ii)Two-Party System: -In this party system, two parties have a serious chance to win
majority and form government. The power usually changes between two main parties. The
United States of America and United Kingdom are the examples of two-party system.
(iii)Multi-Party System: -In this party system, more than two political parties contest
election to gain power. In India, there is a multi-party system with more than 750 parties
registered by the Election Commission of India. It allows a variety of interests and opinions
to enjoy political representation.
Coalition of Parties
In India, government is formed by various parties coming together in a coalition. When
several parties in a multi- party system join hands for the purpose of contesting and
winning, it is called alliance or front.For example, the National Democratic Alliance (NDA)
and the United Progressive Alliance (UPA) in India.
Ideal Party System
Party system evolves over a long time, depending on the nature of society, its social and
regional divisions, and history of politics. The social and geographical diversity of our
country is not easily absorbed by two or even three parties. Thus, India has a multiparty
system.
Types of Political Parties
(i)National Party (ii)State Party
National Parties :-A party that secures at least 6% of the total votes in Lok Sabha elections
or Assembly elections in 4 states and wins at least4 seats in the Lok Sabha, is recognised as
a National Party. The Election commission treats all parties equally, but it offers some
special facilities to large and established parties. These parties are given a unique symbol.
Only the official candidates of that party can use that election symbol.
National Political Parties of India
(i)Indian National Congress(INC)It is popularly known as the Congress Party founded in
1885. It supports secularism and welfare of weaker sections and minorities.
(ii)Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) It was founded in 1980, The aim of the party is to build a
strong and modern India by drawing inspiration from India’s ancient culture and values.
(iii)Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP) It was founded in 1984, under the leadership of Kanshi
Ram. It seeks to represent and secure power for the Bahujan Samaj which includes the Dalits,
Adivasis, OBCs and religious minorities.

(iv)Communist Party of India (CPI) It was founded in 1925. It believes in Marxism-

Leninism, secularism and democracy. It opposes the forces of secessionism and
communalism.

(v)Communist Party of India-Marxist (CPI-M) It was founded in 1964. It believes in

Marxism-Leninism. It supports socialism, secularism and democracy and opposes
imperialism and communalism.

(vi)Nationalist Congress Party (NCP) It was founded in 1999, following a split in the
Congress Party. It supports democracy, Gandhian secularism, equity, social justice and
federalism.
38
 (vii)All India Trinamool Congress (AITC) It was formed on 1st January, 1998 under the
leadership of Mamta Banerjee. This party is recognised as a National Party in 2016..

Regional political Parties

A party that secures at least 6% of the total votes in an election to the Legislative Assembly of
a state and wins at least 2 seats, is recognised as a State party. These are commonly referred
to as regional parties. Some of the regional parties are all India parties have succeeded only
in some states. Parties like the Samajwadi Party, Samata Party and Rashtriya Janata Dal have
national level political organisation with units in several states.

Some recognised state parties

Goa:- Goa Forward Party, Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party
Manipur:- Naga People's Front, People's Democratic Alliance
Punjab:- Shiromani Akali Dal, Aam Aadmi Party
Uttar Pradesh:- Samajwadi Party Rashtriya Lok Dal
Challenges to Political Parties
(i)Lack of internal democracy within parties: -In most of the political parties, the power is
concentrated in the hands of one or few leaders at the top.
(ii) Dynastic succession:-succession is related to the first one. Sincemost political parties do
not practiceopen and transparent procedures fortheir functioning,
(iii) Money and muscle power:–especially duringelections. Since parties are focussed only
on winning elections, they tend to useshort-cuts to win elections. They tend tonominate
those candidates who have orcan raise lots of money.
(iv) Do not offer meaningful choice to the voters:–It states that very often parties do not
seem to offer a meaningful choice to the voters
Efforts taken to reform political parties and its leaders
(i)The Constitution was amended toprevent elected MLAs and MPs fromchanging parties.
This was done becausemany elected representatives wereindulging in DEFECTION in order
tobecome ministers or for cash rewards.Now the law says that if any MLA orMP changes
parties, he or she will lose the seat in the legislature.

(ii) it is mandatory for every candidate who contests elections to filean AFFIDAVIT giving
details of his property and criminal cases pending against him.
(iii)The Election Commission passed an order making it necessary for political parties to hold
their organisational elections and file their income tax returns.

Other suggestions to reform political parties include-

(i)A law should be made to regulate the internal affairs of political parties.
(ii)It should be made mandatory for political parties to give a minimum number of tickets,
about one-third, to women candidates.
39
(iii)The government should give parties money to support their election expenses.

VERY SHORT ANSWERS TYPE QUESTIONS –[2MARKS]60 WORDS

Q.1Why did India adopt multi-party system? Give reasons.

Ans.India adopted multi-party system because:
(I)India is a large country and has social and geographical diversities.

(II)It is easy to absorb different diversities in a multi-party system.

Q.2What is a coalition government?

Ans.When none of the political parties gets majority of seats in the elections, the government
is formed by various parties coming together. It is a coalition government.

Q.3What is a political party?

ANS.A political party is a group of people who follow an ideology and thus come together to
contest elections and hold power in the government.
Q.4How do parties form and run government?
Ans.Different political parties take part in elections. A party winning maximum number of
Seats in the election is invited to form the government.
The big policy decision is taken by political executive that comes from political parties.
Q.5What is one party system?
Ans.in some countries are only one party is allowed to control and run the government is
called one party system example China.
Q.6What is two-party system?
Ans. in some country, power usually changes between two main parties. Such a party system
called two-party system example UK and USA.
Q.7What is multi-party system?
Ans.if several parties complete to power and more than two parties have a responsible
chance of coming to power either on their own strength or in alliance with others, we call it a
multi-party system Example India.
Q.8When was the BJP founded? What is its symbol?
Ans. BJP was founded in 1980. Its symbol is Lotus.?
Q.9When was the BSP formed? What is its symbol?
Ans. Bahujan Samaj party was formed in 1984. Its symbol is Elephant?
Q.10Name the two types of political parties.
Ans. (1) National Parties (2) State Parties.
Q.11Write any one point of ideology of Communist Party of India.
Ans. It believes in Marxism-Leninism, supports socialism, secularism and democracy and
opposes to the forces of secessionism and communalism.
Q.12What are the facilities offered by the Election Commission to a recognized
political party?
Ans. The recognized parties are given a unique symbol — only the official candidates of that
party can use that election symbol.
Q.13Name the four national political parties of India in chronological order.
40
Ans.The following are the four national political parties of India in chronological order.
Indian National Congress (1885)
Communist Party of India (1925)
Communist Party of India-Marxist (1964)
Bhartiya Janata Party (1980)
Q.14It is said that, “no meaningful choice is given to the voters” explain.
Ans. it means, in recent years, there has been a decline in the ideological differences among
parties in most parts of the world. For example, the difference between the labour party and
the conservative party in Britain is very low.
Q.15What is meant by ‘defection’ in democracy?Explain.
Ans. Defection in democracy is a politicalphenomenon. It means moving of a person from
one party to another party for some personal benefit. It happens when a legislature, after
having been elected from a particular party leaves it and joins in other party.
Anti-Defection Law was formulated to prevent elected MLA’s and MP’s from changing
parties. Now the law states that if any MLA or MP changes parties, he or she will lose seat in
the legislature. The new law has brought percentage of defection down and has made dissent
even more difficult.
SHORT ANSWERS TYPE QUESTIONS – [3 MARKS]80 WORDS

Q.1Expain the three components of ‘political party’.

Ans. A political party is a group of people who come together to contest elections and hold
power in the government.
The three components of political party are
(i)The Leaders Every political party has some prominent leaders who formulate policies and
programmes of the party and choose candidates for contesting elections.
(ii)The Active Members They are involved in different committees of the party and
participate directly in their activity.
(iii)The Followers They believe in the party’s ideology and support the party by casting their
votes in favour of the party at the time of the elections.
Q.2What is the role of the opposition party in a democracy? (CBSE 2020)
Ans. The opposition party plays a very important role in a democracy as
(i)It keeps a check on the working of the ruling party.
(ii)It puts different views in the Parliament and criticise the government for its failures or
wrong policies.
(iii)It watches over the ruling party to prevent the government from being authoritarian and
restrict its powers.
Q.3Give any two merits and demerits of one-party system.
Ans. Merits of one-party system are
(i)Strong and Stable Government Since there is no opposition party, government is strong
and cannot be removed or voted out of power.
(ii)Less Expensive Since there is only one party and one candidate of the party, not much
money is spent on the election.
Demerits of one-party system are
(i)Undemocratic Government can become dictatorial.
(ii)No Choice It gives no choice to the voters.
Q.4Why has India adopted a multi-party system? Explain.
Ans. India adopted a multi-party system because
41
(i)As India is a vast and diverse country, the multi-party system was needed to accommodate
the vast population.
(ii)The social and geographical diversity of India could not be represented by two or three
parties.
(iii)The multi-party system in India evolved over a long time, depending on the nature of
society, its social, regional division, its history of politics and its system of elections.
(iv)Multi-party system ensures a healthy competition between different parties andprevents
dictatorship of a single party. Indian Constitution declares India as a democratic country.
Multi-party system fulfils thiscriterion and provides chance for proper growth of the nation.
Q.5How are political parties recognised as regional and national parties in India? Explain
withexamples. (CBSE 2019)
Ans. In India, there are both national and regional parties.The parties that are present in only
one of the federal units are called regional or state parties..
the political parties are recognised as regional and national parties on the following basis
(i)A party that secures at least 6% of the total votes in an election to the Legislative Assembly
of a state and wins at least two seats, is recognised as a State or Regional party. For example,
Janata Dal (Secular), Telugu Desam Party.
(ii)A party that secures at least 6% of the total votes in Lok Sabha elections or Assembly
elections in four states and wins at least four seats in the Lok Sabha , is recognised as a
National party. For example, India National Congress, Bharatiya Janata Party etc.
Q.6Why do we need political parties?
Ans.(i) Political parties are one of the most visible institutions in a democracy.
(ii) For most ordinary citizens, political parties are equal to democracy.
(iii)Political parties helped in making public opinion and forming the govt.
Q.7How is dynastic succession a major challenge for political parties in India? Explain.
Ans. The challenge of dynastic succession is undoubtedly a major challenge for political
parties in India. The following points explain this.
(i)Usually, an ordinary worker does not rise to the top positions in a party because the
functioning of most political parties is not transparent.
(ii)Most of the top leaders favour and choose members of their families. This is unfair to
other members.
(iii)The top positions are always controlled by members of one family. This is unhealthy for
democracy.
(iv)People who are at top levels usually do no have adequate experience, education or
popular support.
(v)The challenge of dynastic succession is related to the challenge of lack of internal
democracy.
Q.8In what way lack of internal democracy is seen in the political party?
Ans. (i)all over the world, tendency of political parties towards that concentration of power
in one of few leaders at the top.
(ii) parties do not keep Membership register.
(iii) They do not regularly hold organisational meetings.
(iv) They do not conduct interval election regularly.

42
(v) Ordinary member of the party do not have sufficient information to see what happens
inside the party.
Q.9Describe any three main features of a two-party system
Ans.Three main features of a two-party system are as follows.
(i)Power usually changes between two parties, while other political parties may exist.
(ii)The party that wins the majority forms the government, while the other forms the major
opposition.
(iii)Decision-making and implementation is prompt and quick.
(iv)Such a system gives a strong and good opposition.
Q.10How do money and muscle power play an important role in elections? Explain.
Ans. Nowadays elections are focused mainly on winning at any cost so parties try to use
short-cuts like money and muscle power.
(i)They try to select or nominate those candidates who can raise money or provide muscle
power.
(ii)Sometimes, wealthy people and big companies also get involved in the democratic politics
for their own interest and influence decision-making process.
(iii)In many cases, candidates with criminal records, who can win elections, are supported.

Long Answer Type Questions [5 Marks] 120 WORDS

Q.1Describe any five functions of political party. (CBSE 2020)
Or
Describe the role of political parties in modern democracy.
Ans.(i)Political parties put forward different policies and programmes and the voters choose
from them.
(ii)Political parties play a decisive role in making laws for our country by making debate and
passing law for people.
(iii)Political parties form and run government by recruiting leaders, train them and make
them ministers to run the government.
(iv)Political parties shape public opinion by raising and highlighting important issues.
(v)Political parties provide people access to government machinery and welfare schemes
implemented by governments. Parties have to be responsive to people’s needs and demands
otherwise people can reject those parties in the next elections.
Q.2 Suggest and explain any five measures to reform political parties.
Ans.The following reforms could be suggested in order to strengthen parties so that they
perform their functions well.
(i)Regulation of party’s internal affairs: A law should be made to regulate the internal affairs
of political parties. It should be made compulsory for political parties to maintain a register
of their members, to follow their own constitution, to have an independent authority, etc.
(ii)State funding: There should be state funding of elections. The government should give
money to parties to support their election expenses to avoid corruption.

43
(iii)Pressure of public opinion: Political parties can be reformed if people put pressure on
them. This can be done through petitions, propaganda and agitations. Pressure groups and
media play an important role in this.
(iv)Ban on political parties based on religion and caste: The Election Commission should ban
the political parties which are formed on the basis of religion and caste.
(v)Ensure women participation: It should be made mandatory for all political parties to allot
one-third of the tickets to women to ensure their decisive voice in decision making.If the
above-mentioned suggestions are taken into consideration, it can be ensured that these could
lead to some improvement in the working of the political parties.
Q.3”Political parties play a major role in democracy.” Explain four points to justify this
Statement.
Or
Why have political parties become so important and omnipresent in the modern
democracy?
Or
Explain the necessity of political parties in a democratic political system.
Ans. Modern democracies cannot exist without political parties. They play significant roles in
democracy. Following are the functions and importance of the political parties in a
democracy
(1) In most democracies, elections are fought mainly among the candidates put up by
political parties.
(2) Parties put forward different policies and programmed and the voters choose from them.
In a democracy, a large number of similar opinions have to be grouped together to provide a
direction in which policies can be formulated by the governments. This is what the political
parties do.
(3) Political parties play a decisive role in making laws for a country.
(4) Parties form and run the governments. Parties recruit leaders, train them and then make
them ministers to run the government in the way they want.
(5) Losing parties play the role of opposition to the parties in power, by voicing different
views and criticizing government for its failure or wrong policies.
(6) Parties shape public opinion. They raise and highlight issues. Many of the pressure groups
are the extensions of political parties.
(7) Parties sometimes also, launch movements for the resolution of problems faced by
people.
Q.4How is dynastic succession the major challenge for political parties in India?
Explain.
Or
What is meant by dynastic succession in politics? Explain with examples.

Ans. The dynastic succession is a major challenge for political parties in India and it affects
the functioning of the political parties adversely in the following ways:

44
 (1) The dynastic succession does not allow political parties to practice open and transparent
procedures for their functioning. And, there is a limited scope for an ordinary worker to rise
to the top in a party.

(2) In such a party, the leaders are in a position to favor the people close to them or even
their family members.

(3) The top positions in the party are always controlled by members of one family which is
unfair to other members of that party.
(4) There is concentration of power in one or few leaders at the top.
(5) People who do not have adequate experience or popular support come to occupy
positions of power.

Q.5What is the role of opposition party in democracy?

Ans.(1)To check the government from becoming authoritarian and to restrict its powers, the
opposition parties keep a watch over them.
(2)The main duty of the opposition party is to criticize the policies of the government.
(3)Outside the legislature the opposition parties attract the attention of the press and report
their criticism of the government policy in the newspapers.
(4)The opposition parties have the right to check the expenditure of the government also.
(5) During the question hour, the opposition parties criticism the government generally
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Chapter-7 Outcomes of Democracy

How do We Assess Democracy’s Outcomes?
a. Promotes equality among citizens.
b. Enhances the dignity of the individual.
c. Improves the quality of decision making.
d. Provides a method to resolve conflicts.
e. Allows room to correct mistakes.
Democracy Produces Accountable, Responsive and Legitimate Government
a. It means a citizen can enquire if any decision was taken based on prescribed norms
and procedures. Thus, a democratic government follows procedures and
is accountable to the people.
b. A government is said to be responsive government when it responds to the demands
of the public and considers it very much part of the government.
c. The government is legitimate if it is elected by the citizens of the country in free and
fair elections.
Economic Growth and Development
a. Economic development depends on several factors: the country’s population size,
global situation, cooperation from other countries, economic priorities adopted by the
country, etc.

45
 b. There is a significant difference in the rates of economic growth between countries
under dictatorship and democracy. So, democracy is preferred as it has several
positive outcomes.
Economic Outcomes of Democracy
a. Dictatorial regime has had a slightly better record of economic growth. But when we
compare their record only in poor countries, there is virtually no difference.
b. There can be a very high degree of inequalities within democracies.
c. There is often inequality of opportunities available to the poorer sections of the
society. Democracy solves these problems.
Reduction of Inequality and Poverty
a. All individuals have equal weight in electing representatives. In the process of
bringing individuals into the political arena on an equal footing, we find growing
economic inequalities.
b. But democratic government always try to reduce these inequality and poverty by
providing basic facilities to poor and implement taxes on rich one.
Accommodation of Social Diversity
a. No society can fully and permanently resolve conflicts among different groups.
However, we can learn to respect these differences and we can evolve mechanisms to
negotiate the differences.
b. Democracy is best suited to produce this outcome. Ability to handle social differences,
divisions and conflicts is a plus point of democratic regimes.
c. The majority always needs to work with the minority so that governments function to
represent the general view.
d. Rule by majority means that in case of every decision or in case of every election,
different persons and groups may and can form a majority.
Dignity and Freedom of the Citizens
a. Democracy stands much superior to any other form of government in promoting the
dignity and freedom of the individual. The passion for respect and freedom are the
basis of democracy.
b. The long struggles by women have created some sensitivity that respect and equal
treatment of women are necessary ingredients of a democratic society. The same is
true of caste inequalities.
c. Democracy in India has strengthened the claims of the disadvantaged and
discriminated castes for equal status and equal opportunity.
d. Most individuals today believe that their vote makes a difference to the way the
government is run and to their own self-interest.
Important Terms
Monarchy: -The government ruled by the monarchy or king of the country.
Dignity: - The word denotes privileged position, honourable rank or importance given to any
particular post or personality.

Poverty: - It is a socio-economic phenomenon which in general terms is the denial of

opportunities to lead a long, healthy, creative life and to enjoy a decent standard of living.

Inequality: - Absence of equal opportunities, equal treatment and equal status at any level,
social, economic or political is known as inequality.
46
Civil Liberties: - These are privileges or rights thought to be valuable in them and important
for the functioning of democratic society.

Transparency: - A person has the right and means to examine the process of decision making.
This is known as transparency.

Accountable government: - A government which is answerable to the people.

Responsive government: - A government that takes decisions by following the norms and a
proper procedure.

Section- A Very Short Answer Type Questions (2 Marks, Words limit-40)

1. What is democracy?

Ans. A system in which the government of a country is elected by the people or people
have the right to elect the government.

2. What do you mean by outcomes of democracy?

Ans. Outcomes of democracy means the results or expectations of people from democracy
that are fulfilled by it.

3. Write any two outcomes of democracy.

Ans. a. Democracy promotes equality among citizens.

b. It enhances the dignity of the individual.

4. What are the common features in all democratic countries?

Ans. They have formal constitutions, they hold elections, they have parties and they
guarantee rights of citizens.

5. How are democratic countries different from each other?

Ans. These democracies are very much different from each other in terms of their Social
situations, their economic achievements and their cultures.

6. Why does democracy take more time in making decisions?

Ans. Democracy is based on majority and has to respect opinions and views of all citizens,
that’s why it takes more time to make decisions.

7. Why democracy is considered as legitimate government?

Ans. Because democratic government is elected by the people of the country during
elections which are held in free and fair manner. It is trusted by people.
47
 8. Democracies are based on political equality. Explain it.

Ans.- Democracies provide equal rights to all the citizens to contest elections and cast
vote and ensure equal opportunity to be elected. They also have one vote, one value and
equal political rights.

9. What should be the basic outcome of democracy?

Ans. a. It produces a government that is accountable and representative to the citizens.

b. It is responsive and legitimate to the needs and expectations of the citizens.

10. What is the importance of cost of time in decision making?

Ans. The cost of time that democracy pays in decision making is perhaps worth it. As,
democracy is based on the idea of deliberations and negotiations so, some delay is bound
to take place.

Section- B Short Answer Type Questions (3 Marks, limit-80 Words)

1. How does democracy produce an accountable, responsive and legitimate
government?

Ans. a. Accountable- Democracy is an accountable government because it is the

government of the people and elected by people and for the people.

b. Responsive- The representatives elected by the people have to form and run the
government. They are responsible to people.

c. Legitimate Government- In democracy government is elected by the people. The

elected representatives have to make decisions and rules on behalf of people. All have to
follow these rules and regulations.

2. How does democracy accommodate social diversity? Explain it.

Or
Democracies lead peaceful and harmonious life among citizens. Justify this
statement. (CBSE 2017, 2018)
Ans. a. Democracy develops a procedure to conduct competition among social classes.
This reduces the possibility of conflicts and social tensions.

b. Democracy respects all social differences and tries to resolve the social differences.

c. Democracy ensures that the government should not be made by the majority but it
should have the representation of minority as well.

3. Explain any three common features of democracies. (CBSE 2017)

48
 Ans.- a. Regular elections: In a democratic government, the general elections are held
after regular intervals to elect a new government.

b. Universal Adult Franchise: All the adults of the country have the right to vote
irrespective of their gender, caste, religion and economic condition.

c. Rule of law: Another common feature of all democracies is that it ensures rule of law.
Law is supreme and all the citizens are equal in the eyes of law. No one is above the law.
All have to follow the law.

4. Explain any three merits of democratic governments over dictatorship.

Ans.- a. Democracy conducts regular, free and fair elections, promotes equality among
citizens and allows room to correct mistakes. In a dictatorship, the leader comes to power
after a show of force and people are relegated to secondary positions.

b. In democracy decisions are taken after deliberation and negotiations. In a dictatorship,

rulers do not have to consider about deliberations and assemblies or think about public
opinion.

c. Democratic government is a legitimate government, elected by the people where

everyone enjoys the right to vote. It is people’s own government.

5. Explain any three ways in which democracies have been able to reduce
inequality and poverty.

Ans.-a. It ensures political equality by giving equal voting rights to every citizen. It
provides a suitable environment for group activism which leads to equal opportunity to
raise the concerns of poor people.

b. It supports the redistributive mechanism for transferring economic benefits on the

basis of requirement of any section of society. This leads to more equitable division of
benefits to underprivileged which reduces poverty.

c. It protects the rights of every citizen without discrimination on the basis of economic
status ensuring social equality.

Section- C Long Answer Type Questions (5 Marks, limit-120 Words)

1. Democratic system is better than any other form of the government? Support the
statement with examples. (CBSE 2019, 2020) Or

Democracy is considered better than its alternatives forms of government.

Explain. Or

Exmine the political outcomes of democracy. (CBSE 2015)

49
Ans.- Democracy is better than other forms of government in following ways-
a. - Democratic government is elected by people and responds to the needs of the people, it is more
accountable form of government

b. A democratic decision always involves many persons, discussions and meetings, This takes time
but it improves the quality of decision making.

c. Differences and conflicts can be solved peacefully in a democratic set-up. Different groups can
live with one another peacefully.

d. Democracy is based on the principle of political equality and it maintains dignity of all people.

e. In a democracy if mistakes are made, There is a space for public discussion on these mistakes
and there is a room for correction.

2. "Democracy stands much superior to any other form of government in promoting

dignity and freedom of the individual." Justify the statement. (CBSE 2018)

Ans. a. Democracy promotes dignity and freedom of the individual.

b. Women have respect and equal treatment.

c. Democracy has strengthened the claims of the disadvantaged and discriminated castes for
equal status and equal opportunity.

d. People now look critically at the work of those who hold power, the rich, and the powerful.
They express their dissatisfaction loudly.

e. Constitution provides provisions for the protection of our fundamental rights.

3. Describe any five demerits of democracy. OR

Democracy is better than any other form of government, but it has many demerits.
Explain it.

Ans. a. In democracy elections are held after a fixed time, leaders keep changing and it leads
instability.

b. Democracy is all about political competition, There is no scope of morality.

c. In democracy decisions has to be taken after a long discussion and consultation, It leads to
delay the decision.

d. During elections political parties and leaders use money and muscle power, to collect this
amount they lead to corruption when they are in power.

50
e. In democracy all adult have the right to vote, But all people do not have the understanding
to elect better leaders.

4. What steps are taken by the democratic government for economic growth and

Development? Or

Democratic government takes care of economic growth and development of people.

Explain it.

Ans. a. In democratic government basic facilities are provided by the government at

reasonable charges or free of cost.

b. In democracy all people have equal right and opportunities to do any job or his own work
to earn his livelihoods.

c. Democratic government put forward public welfare scheme programmes for his subjects.
It is helpful for economic growth and development of the people.

d. Democratic government develops the natural resources of the nation. These resources are
used by the people for their economic development.

e. Democratic government have the planning and programmes for equal distribution of
economic development. It helps the poor ones to share in economic development.

e. There is an unjust distribution of goods and opportunities

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ECONOMICS
CHAPTER-- MONEY AND CREDIT
MONEY AS A MEDIUM OF EXCHANGE

Money-
a. It isa medium of exchange.
b. Many transactions are done andgoods and services are being bought and sold with the use
of money.
c. Money acts as an intermediate which eliminates the need for double coincidence of wants.
Double coincidence of wants-It is a situation in which both parties, the seller and buyer
have to agree to sell and buy each other commodities.

51
Barter system- It is a system of trade where participants directly exchange their goods
without use of money. It is known as an old method of exchange.

Limitations of Barter System-

a.Lack of double coincidence of wants
b. Valuations of all the goods cannot be done easily.
c. Lack of standard of deferred payments. The borrower may not be able to arrange goods of
exactly same quality at the time of repayment.
d. There are certain products which cannot be divided.
e. Trouble in storing goods

MODERN FORMS OF MONEY-

Currency-
a. Paper notes, Coins, DD, Cheque, Debit & Credit Cardand Plastic Money.
b. It is accepted as a medium of exchange because the currency is authorised by the
government of the country.
c. In India, the Reserve Bank of India issues currency notes on behalf of the central
government.
d. As per Indian law, No individual in India can legally refuse a payment made in rupees.

Deposits with Banks-

a. People deposits extra cash with the bank by opening an account.
b. Banks accept the deposits and also pay an amount as interest on the deposits.
c. People can withdraw this money when they require.
d. The deposits in the bank accounts can be withdrawn on demand, these deposits are called
demand deposits.
e. A cheque is a paper instructing the bank to pay a specific amount from the person’s
account to the person in whose name the cheque has been issued.

LOAN ACTIVITIES OF BANKS

a.Banks keep only a small proportion of their deposits as cash with themselves i.e. 15 per
cent of their deposits as cash.
b. This is kept as provision to pay the depositors who might come to withdraw money from
the bank.
c. Banks make use of the deposits to meet the loan requirements of the people.
d. Banks charge a higher interest rate on loans than what they offer on deposits.
e. The difference between what is charged from borrowers and what is paid to depositors is
their main source of income.

TWO DIFFERENT CREDIT SITUATIONS

Credit (Loan)-It is an agreement in which the lender supplies the borrower with money,
goods or services in return for the promise of future payment.

52
Positive role of credit- When credit helps him to meet the ongoing expenses of production,
complete production on time, and thereby increase his earnings.
Negative role of credit-A situation when it becomes difficult for the borrower to repay the
loan.A situation when he falls into a debt trap.In this case credit pushes the borrower into a
situation from which recovery is very painful.

TERMS OF CREDIT
Collateral-It is an asset that the borrower owns to use as a guarantee to a lender until the
loan is repaid. Ex.- Land, Building, Deposits with bank etc.
Terms of credit-Interest rate, collateral and documentation requirement, and the mode of
repayment.

Variety of Credit Arrangements

Formal sector Informal sector
a.Banks, cooperatives and SHGs are included a. The informal sectors include
in this sector. moneylenders, traders, employers, relatives
and friends, etc.
b. R.B.I. supervises the function of this b. There is no organisation which supervises
sector. the credit activities of lenders in the
informal sector.
c. They generally charge lower rate of c. They charge higher rate of interest.
interest.
d. Collateral is required for taking loan. d. No collateral is required.
e. Apart for profit making, they also have e. Maximum profit earning is theonly
objective of welfare of the people. objective of this sector.

Functions of Reserve Bank of India

a.It supervises the functioning of formal sources of loans.
b. The RBI monitors the banks in actually maintaining cash balance.
c. The RBI sees that the banks give loans not just to profit-making businesses and traders but
also to small cultivators, small scale industries, to small borrowers etc.
d. R.B.I issues currency behalf of the union government.
e. It acts as banker of all banks.
f. It manages foreign exchange reserve.

Drawbacks of Informal sectors of credit

a.Informal source of credit charges higher rate of interest.

b. Therefore larger part of the earnings of the borrowers is used to repay the loan.
c. Borrowers have less income left for themselves.
d. This could lead to increasing debt and debt trap.
e. People who might wish to start an enterprise by borrowing may not do so because of the
high cost of borrowing.
Why banks and cooperative societies need to lend more? / Why cheap and affordable
credit is crucial for the country’s development?

a. Formal sectors charges lower rate of interest.

53
b. This would lead to higher incomes and many people could then borrow cheaply for a
variety of needs.
c. They could set up new industries or trade in goods.
d. They could grow crops, do business, set up small-scale industries etc.

SELF-HELP GROUPS FOR THE POOR

SHG-A self help group is a small group of people particularly of women. It is a village-based
financial intermediary usually composed of 15–20 members.
Importance of SHG-
a.A typical SHG has 15-20 members, usually belonging to one neighbourhood, who meet and
save regularly.
b. Saving per member varies from Rs 25 to Rs 100 or more, depending on the ability of the
people to save.
c. Members can take small loans from the group itself to meet their needs.
d. The group charges interest on these loans but this is still less than what the moneylender
charges.
e. After a year or two, if the group is regular in savings, it becomes eligible for availing loan
from the bank.
f. Most of the important decisions regarding the savings and loan activities are taken by the
group members.
g. The group decides as regards the loans to be granted.
h. It is the group which is responsible for the repayment of the loan.
i. Any case of non repayment of loan by any one member is followed up seriously by other
members in the group.
j. Because of this feature, banks are willing to lend to the poor women when organised in
SHGs, even though they have no collateral as such.
k. Thus, the SHGs help borrowers overcome the problem of lack of collateral.
Question Bank
2 Marks Questions (Answer to each question should not exceed 40 words)
1. What is collateral?

Ans. Collateral is an asset that the borrower owns. Such as, land, building, vehicle etc.
Borrowers use this as a guarantee to a lender until the loan is repaid.

2. What is the main source of income of bank?

Ans. Banks charge a higher interest rate on loans than what they offer on deposits.
The difference between what is charged from borrowers and what is paid to depositors is
their main source of income.

3. Why transactions are made in money? How does the use of money make it easier to
exchange thing? Give an example. (CBSE 2017)
Ans. Due to following reasons transactions are made in money-
a. Money acts as an intermediate which eliminates the need for double coincidence of wants.

54
b. It is accepted as a medium of exchange because the currency is authorised by the
government of the country.
c. A person holding money, can easily exchange it for any commodity or service, that he or
she might want.
Example- A shoemaker wants to sell his shoes and buy wheat. He would sell his shoes for
money in the market and then use this money to purchase wheat.

4. What is SHG?Or What do you know about SHG?

Ans. A self help group (SHG) is a small group of people particularly of women. It is a village-
based financial intermediary usually composed of 15–20 members.
5. What is demand deposit?
Ans. The deposits in the bank accounts can be withdrawn on demand, these deposits are
called demand deposits.

6. Define Money. Or, what is money?

Ans. It is medium of exchange. Many transactions are done andgoods and services are being
bought and sold with the use of money.

7. Why do banks or lenders demand collateral against loans? (CBSE 2019)

Ans. Every loan agreement specifies an interest rate which the borrower must pay to the
lender along with therepayment of the principal. In addition, Banks or lenders may demand
collateral (security) against loans.If the borrower fails to repay the loan, the lender has the
right to sell the asset or collateral to obtain payment.

8. Give any two examples of informal sector of credit. (CBSE 2018)

Ans. The informal sectors include moneylenders, traders, employers, relatives and friends,
etc.

9. How does money act as a medium of exchange? (CBSE 2015)

Ans. a. Money acts as a medium of exchange.
b. Many transactions are done and goods and services are being bought and sold with the use
of money.
c. Money acts as an intermediate which eliminates the need for double coincidence of wants.

10. What is meant by double coincidence of wants? How useful is money as a medium of
exchange? (CBSE 2015)
Ans. It is a situation in which both parties, the seller and buyer have to agree to sell and buy
each other commodities. When money became medium of exchange, the need to find a buyer
with a particular requirement gets eliminated with the existence of cash.

3 Marks Question (Answer to each question should not exceed 80 words.)

1. Describe the importance of formal sources of credit in the economic development.
Or
55
Describe the bad effects of informal sources of credit on borrowers. (CBSE 2019)
Ans.
a. Banks, cooperatives and SHGs are included in this sector.
b. R.B.I. supervises the function of this sector.
c. They generally charge lower rate of interest.
d. This would lead to higher incomes and many people could then borrow cheaply for a
variety of needs.
e. This is a better source of credit as compared to the informal sources of credit.
Or
Ans.
a. Informal source of credit charges higher rate of interest
b. Therefore larger part of the earnings of the borrowers is used to repay the loan.
c. Borrowers have less income left for themselves.
d. This could lead to increasing debt and debt trap.
e. People who might wish to start an enterprise by borrowing may not do so because of the
high cost of borrowing.
2. “Deposits with the banks are beneficial to the depositors as well as nation.” Examine the
statement. (CBSE 2016)
Ans. Benefits to the depositors-
a. bank accepts the deposits and pay interest to the depositor.
b. People’s money is safe with the bank.
c. People can withdraw the money when they require.
Benefits to the nation-
a.Bank use major portion of the deposits to extend loans.
b. There is huge demand of loans for various economic activities.
c. Banks mediate between those who have surplus funds and those are in need of these fund.

3. Explain any three loan activities of banks in India. (CBSE 2017)

Ans.
a.Banks keep only a small proportion of their deposits as cash with themselves i.e. 15 per
cent of their deposits as cash.
b. This is kept as provision to pay the depositors who might come to withdraw money from
the bank.
c. Banks make use of the deposits to meet the loan requirements of the people.
d. Banks charge a higher interest rate on loans than what they offer on deposits.
e. The difference between what is charged from borrowers and what is paid to depositors is
their main source of income.

4. Why is cheap and affordable credit important for the country’s development? Explain any
three reasons. (CBSE 2018)
Ans. Cheap and affordable credit is important for the country’s development because-
a. when money borrowed at high rate of interest then borrowers fall into a debt trap. In this
case credit pushes the borrower into a situation from which recovery is very painful.
56
a. Formal sectors charges lower rate of interest.
b. This would lead to higher incomes and many people could then borrow cheaply for a
variety of needs.
c. They could set up new industries or trade in goods.
d. They could grow crops, do business, set up small-scale industries etc.

5. “The SHGs help borrowers overcome the problem of lack of collateral.” Support the
statement with example.
Ans. The SHGs help borrowers overcome the problem of lack of collateral in the following
ways-
a.Most of the important decisions regarding the savings and loan activities are taken by the
members of SHG.
b. The group decides as regards the loans to be granted — the purpose, amount, interest to
be charged, repayment schedule etc.
c. Also, it is the group which is responsible for the repayment of the loan.
d. Any case of nonrepayment of loan by any one member is followed up seriously by other
members in the group.
e. Because of this feature, banks are willing to lend to the poor women when organised in
SHGs, even though they have no collateral as such.

5 Marks Question (Answer to each question should not exceed 120words.)

1. How can the formal sectors loan be made beneficial for poor farmers and workers?
Suggest any five measures. (CBSE 2016)
Ans. Formal sectors loan can be made beneficial for poor farmers and workers in the
following ways-
a. It should be simple, fast and timely.
b. Process of providing loans should be made easier.
c. Create awareness to farmers and workers about formal sector loans.
d. More numbers of should be opened in rural areas.
e. The benefits of loan should be extended to poor farmers and small scale industries.

2. “Banks play an important role in the economic development of the country.” Support the
statement with example. (CBSE 2020)
Ans. Banks play an important role in the economic development of the country in the
following ways-
a.Taking loan from informal sources at high rate of interest means a larger part of the
earnings of the borrowers is used to repay the loan.
d. Banks offer loan at low rate of interest.
c. This would lead to higher incomes and many people could then borrow cheaply for a
variety of needs.
d. They could grow crops, do business, set up small-scale industries etc.
e. They could set up new industries or trade in goods.

57
3. “Credit sometimes pushes the borrowers into a situation from which recovery is very
painful.” Support the statement with examples. (CBSE 2020)
Ans. Credit sometimes pushes the borrowers into a situation from which recovery is very
painful in the following ways.
a.In rural areas, the main demand for credit is for crop production.
b. If crops fail due to natural reason, Farmers would find it difficult to repay loans.
c. Farmers usually take crop loans at the beginning of the season and repay the loan after
harvest.
d. Repayment of the loan is crucially dependent on the income from farming.
e. In Swapna’s case, the failure of the crop made loan repayment impossible.
f. She had to sell part of the land to repay the loan.
g. Credit, instead of helping Swapna improve her earnings, left her worse off. This is an
example of what is commonly called debt-trap.

4. What are differences between formal and informal sources of credit?

Ans. Differences between formal and informal sources of credit are as follows-
Formal sector Informal sector
a.Banks, cooperatives and SHGs are included a. The informal sectors include
in this sector. moneylenders, traders, employers, relatives
and friends, etc.
b. R.B.I. supervises the function of this b. There is no organisation which supervises
sector. the credit activities of lenders in the
informal sector.
c. They generally charge lower rate of c. They charge higher rate of interest.
interest.
d. Collateral is required for taking loan. d. No collateral is required.
e. Apart for profit making, they also have e. Maximum profit earning is theonly
objective of welfare of the people. objective of this sector.

5. Why do you think that the share of formal sector credit is higher for the richer households
compared to the poor households?
Ans. The share of formal sector credit is higher for the richer households compared to the
poor households due to following reasons-
a.Bank loans require proper documents and collateral. Absence of collateral is one of the
major reasons which prevent the poor from getting bank loans.
b. Richer households are more educated than the rural people.
c. They are more aware about the facilities provided by the government.
d. Richer households have collateral security to deposit in the bank against loan.
e. Banks need guarantees, richer households easily provide it.
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58
 CHAPTER--GLOBALISATION AND THE INDIAN ECONOMY
Introduction

1. If we look at the Indian market before 1990 then we can compare it with the present
market and it can be said that our markets have been transformed in few decades.
2. Earlier, we had limited brands and limited variety of products in the market but nowthe
market is flooded with variety of brands.
3. For example, earlier we had just Ambassador and Fiat cars on the Indian roads but now we
have so many brands from all over the world. The same happened in the field of T.V.,
mobile phones, garments, etc.

Production across countries

V.impMultinational Corporation:
1.Multinational Corporation is a company owning and controlling production in more than
one nation.

2. The following are the factors controlling MNCs production:

A) Closeness to the market.

B) Skilled and unskilled labour available at low cost.

C) Government policies etc.

3.It is basically done to keep the cost of production low and maximize their profits.

4.Example of spreading of production by an MNC – An MNC from USA producing the

industrial equipment is designing its product in the research centres of the US, its
components are manufactured in China, the assembling and the export work is done from
Mexico and Eastern Europe and its call centres are there in India.

Interlinking Production Across Countries

1.Investment – money spent to buy the inputs like land, buildings, machines etc. called
investment.

2.Foreign investment – investment done by MNCs is termed as foreign investment.

3.There are three different ways through which MNCs set up or control production. These
are:
59
 A) Buying up the local companies

A) This is the most common route for MNC investment and expanding production.

B) MNCs can do so because they have huge wealth.

C) For example: Cargill Foods, an American MNC has bought Indian company named Parakh
Foods. Now, the control of the large marketing network and the four oil refineries has shifted
to the Cargill Food. Cargill Food has now become the largest producer of edible oil in India.

B) Joining hands with local companies

A) Sometimes, the MNCs join hands with the local companies and do the production.

B) In this process, the local companies get twin benefits:

1) They get foreign investment and

2) MNCs provide newer technology to them for the production.

For example: In 1995 Ford Motors, an American company joined hand with the Indian
company called Mahindra and Mahindra (manufacturer of jeeps and trucks). Ford Motors
setup a large plant near Chennai in 1995.

C)By placing orders:Sometimes MNCs just place orders with small producers around the
world for the production of garments, footwear and sports items. After that, the products are
supplied to the MNCs and sold under the brand name of the MNCs.

Foreign trade and integration of markets

In case of production done by MNCs:

1) Goods and services are produced at global level.

2) Goods and services are sold at global level.

3) Investments, technology and people are moving between countries.

4) Production process is complex but organised.

What is Globalisation?
It can be defined as the process of rapid interconnection or integration between the markets.

Factors that have Enabled Globalisation

Basically, there are two important factors which enabled globalisation. These are:

60
A) Technological Development: Development in technology is one of the most important
factors that has enabled the process of globalisation. It can be studied under two different
headings:

1) Developments in transport technology: The world has done tremendous improvements

in the field of transportation technology. Now we have different fastest means of transport
with the help of which we can reach to different parts of the world in less time and can
control trade and integrate the markets easily.

2) Developments in ICT (Information and Communication Technology): It includes

telephones, mobile phones, computers, internet, fax, e-mails etc. A remarkable development
can be seen in the field of ICT through the world. Now the world is just a click away. With the
help of ICT we can share and obtain information instantly across the globe at negligible cost.

B) Liberalisation: Removing trade barriers set by the government is called liberalisation. If

the country uses the policy of liberalisation then it means that it allows other countries to
interact, which will lead to globalization.

V.imp Trade Barriers and its importance

1.Various restrictions which are used by the government to increase or decrease Foreign
Trade.

2.Government uses trade barriers to increase or decrease Foreign Trade and to decide what
kinds of goods and how much of each, should come into the country.

A) Tax – It is monetary terms. When the government put tax as a trade barrier then it means
the exporting country has to pay some money on the goods and services which is to be
exported.

B) Quota: When the government place a limit on the number of goods to be imported then it
is called quota. In this case, the government decides how much of goods should come into the
country.

 Indian government put trade barriers after the independence on foreign trade and
foreign investments to protect the domestic producers from the foreign competition.
At that time in 1950s and 1960s Indian industries were just coming up, so were not in
a position to compete with the foreign producers.
 Around 1991, Indian government decided to remove trade barriers and wanted the
domestic producers to face the global competition so that they can improve their
quality.

V.imp World Trade Organisation

61
1.The aim of WTO is to liberalise international trade.

2.It makes rules regarding international trade and checks that these rules are followed.

3.At present 164 countries of the world are currently members of the WTO.

4.WTO says that there should be no trade barriers i.e. members of WTO should liberalise
their trade policies and trade between countries should be free.

5.But, in practice, it can be seen that developing countries follow these rules whereas the
developed countries have not liberalised their trade policies.

Impact of Globalisation in India

The impact of globalization has not been uniform in the Indian economy as different people
are affected in a different way. The impact of globalisation can be noticed on these people:

1) Producers: Big producers who join hands with the MNCs are getting the profit but the
small producers face loss and, in many cases, they have to shut down their business.

2) Workers: MNCs helped in reducing the unemployment in India but as MNCs get flexibility
in labour laws so they hire the workers on temporary basis.

3) Buyers: MNCs produce mostly for the rich buyers so the rich buyers get choices in the
market more than the poor buyers.

Positive Impact of Globalisation

1.Under this process, goods and services along with capital, resources and technology can
move freely from one nation to another.

2.It has increased the movement of people between countries. People usually move from one
country to another in search of better income, better jobs or better education.

3.Rapid improvement in technology has been one major factor that has stimulated the
globalization

4.Developments in information and communication technology has brought a revolution in

telecommunications. It has made e-banking, e-commerce, e-leaming, e-mail and e-
governance a reality.

5.Globalization has resulted in greater competition among producers and has been of
advantage to consumers.

62
 Steps to Attract the Foreign Investment in India
In India, the governments are taking two important steps to attract the foreign investment.
These are as follows:

V.imp 1) SEZ (Special Economic Zone):

1. Government are creating SEZs where they provide world class facilities for electricity,
roads, water, and transport, recreational and educational facilities.

2) Flexibility in Labour Laws:

1.Government has given the permission to the MNCs to hire the workers flexibly, i.e., hiring
the workers on temporary basis and also ignoring the labour laws.

Fair Globalisation
1.Government policies should protect both rich and poor.

2.Labour laws should be implemented properly and the workers get equal rights.

3.Government should support the small producers so that they can improve their
performance and compete.

4.Government should use trade barriers if required.

5.Government should negotiate at the WTO for fairer rules.

SECTION -A VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

Q1.What are Multi-National Corporations (MNCs)?
AnsA Multi-National Corporation (MNC) is a company that owns or controls production in
more than one nation. The goods and services are produced globally. The production process
is divided into small parts and spread out across the globe.

Q2.Explain ‘what is investment? Give a few examples of investment.

AnsInvestment is buying of an asset in the form of a factory, a machine, land and building,
etc.

Common investments are: buying land, factories, machines for faster production, buying
small local companies to expand production, cheap labour, skilled engineers, IT personnel,
etc.

Q3.Why is ‘tax’ on imports known as a trade barrier? CBSE 2011

AnsTax on imports is known as a trade barrier because it increases the price of imported
commodities. It is called a barrier because some restriction has been set up.
63
Q4. Which organization lays stress on liberalization of foreign trade and foreign
investment? CBSE 2012
AnsWorld Trade Organization (W.T.O).

Q5. Give one characteristic feature of a ‘Special Economic Zone’?

AnsSpecial Economic Zones or SEZs are industrial zones set up by the government having
word class facilities such as electricity, water, roads, transport, storage, recreational and
educational facilities. Companies who set up production units in SEZs are exempted from
taxes for an initial period of five years.

.Q6.What is meant by “fair globalization’? CBSE 2014

AnsFair globalization means globalization that would create opportunities for all and ensure
that its benefits are shared better.

Q7.What do you understand by the term ‘Foreign Direct Investment’?

AnsFDI is the investment of foreign capital in the economic and productive activities of a
country by foreign companies or MNCs with the aim of expanding capacity and production to
earn profits.

SECTION -B SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

Q1.Explain the role of government to make globalization fair. CBSE 2011
AnsThe government can play a major role in making fair globalization possible:
Fair globalization would create opportunities for all, and also ensure that the benefits of
globalization are shared better

1. Government should ensure that labour laws are implemented and workers’ rights are
protected.
2. Government should support small producers to improve their performance till the
time they become strong enough to compete with foreign competition.
3. If necessary, government should use trade and investment barriers.
4. It can negotiate with WTO for fairer rules.
5. It can also align with other developing countries with similar interests to fight against
the domination of developed countries in the WTO.
Q2.Explain any three advantages of globalization.
AnsGlobalization means integrating the economy of the country with the world economy.

1. Under this process, goods and services along with capital, resources and technology
can move freely from one nation to another.

64
 2. It has increased the movement of people between countries. People usually move
from one country to another in search of better income, better jobs or better
education.
3. Rapid improvement in technology has been one major factor that has stimulated the
globalization
4. Developments in information and communication technology has brought a
revolution in telecommunications. It has made e-banking, e-commerce, e-leaming, e-
mail and e-governance a reality.
5. Globalization has resulted in greater competition among producers and has been of
advantage to consumers.
Q3.What would happen if Government of India puts heavy tax on import of Chinese
toys? Explain any three points. CBSE 2013
AnsIf Government of India puts heavy tax on import of Chinese toys

1. The cost of Chinese toys will increase.

2. Less Chinese toys would come in the Indian market.
3. Indian buyers would have lesser choice in the market and toys will become more
expensive.
4. For Indian toy makers this would provide an opportunity to expand business as there
will be less competition in the market.
Q4. How do Multinational Companies manage to keep the cost of production of their
goods low? Explain with examples.
Or
Explain the conditions that determine MNCs setting up production in other countries?
Ans1. MNCs set up offices and factories for production in regions where they can get cheap
labour and other resources. Example, Countries like China, Bangladesh and India. They also
provide with the advantage of cheap manufacturing locations.

1. MNCs also need close-by markets for their manufacturing goods. Mexico and Eastern
Europe are useful for their closeness to the markets in the US and Europe.
2. Besides these, MNCs also require skilled engineers and IT personnel and a large
number of English-speaking people who are able to provide customer care services
(India possibly tops in this area).
3. All these factors help MNCs in saving costs of production by 50-60%.
Q5. How are local companies benefitted by collaborating with multinational
companies? Explain with examples.
AnsWhen local companies enter into a joint venture with MNCs:
65
 1. First, the MNCs provide money for additional investments for faster production.
2. Second, MNCs bring with them the latest technology for enhancing and improving the
production.
3. Some Indian companies have gained from successful collaborations with foreign
companies.
Globalization has enabled some companies to emerge as multinationals.
4. Parakh Foods was a small company which has been bought over by a large American
Company — Cargill Foods. Cargill is now the largest manufacturer of edible oil in
India making five million pouches daily.
Q6. “Foreign trade integrates the markets in different countries.” Support the
statement with arguments. CBSE 2012,15

Ans(i) Foreign trade creates opportunities for producers to reach beyond domestic markets.

(ii) Choice of goods in the market rises.

For example., There are endless number of footwear brands available in the Indian market. A
consumer who is aware of international trends can choose between a local brand like Bata,
Lakhani and international brands like Adidas, Nike, Reebok etc.

Q7.Define the term liberalization. Explain the reasons why the Indian Government
started the policy of liberalization in 1991. CBSE 2016
AnsRemoving barriers or restrictions set by the government on foreign trade and foreign
investment is what is known as liberalization. The Indian Government removed these
barriers because:

1. Liberalization of trade and investment policies allows Indian producers to compete

with producers around the globe leading to an improvement in performance and
quality of products.
2. After the barriers on foreign trade and foreign investment were removed to a large
extent, goods could be imported and exported easily and also foreign companies could
set up factories and offices in India.
3. Doors of investment opened up for MNCs. They have been investing large sums of
money in India and have been seeking to earn large profits.

SECTION- C LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS

Q1.Give the meaning of WTO? What is the major aim of WTO? Mention any two
shortcomings of WTO? CBSE 2011,2012
AnsWTO (World Trade Organization). WTO believes that there should not be any barriers

66
between trade of different countries. Trade between countries should be free.
Aims of WTO:

1.To liberalize international trade. 2.To establish rules regarding international trade.

Two shortcomings of WTO: Though WTO is supposed to allow free trade for all, in practice, it
is seen that the developed countries have unfairly retained trade barriers and continued to
provide protection to their producers.

On the other hand, WTO rules have forced the developing countries to remove trade
barriers.
Q2.What is globalization? Explain with three examples how top Indian companies have
benefitted from globalization.

AnsGlobalization is the process of rapid integration or interconnection among countries It

means the coming together of various economies of the world to form a global economy.

The top Indian companies have benefitted from the increased competition and globalization.

1. They have invested in new technology and production methods and raised their
production standards.
2. Some have gained from successful collaborations with foreign companies.
3. Moreover, globalization has enabled some large Indian companies to emerge as
multinationals themselves. For example, Tata Motors, Infosys, Ranbaxy, Asian Paints,
Sundaram Fasteners etc.
Q3.What is an MNC? Give two examples of Indian companies that have emerged as
MNCs. What are the harmful effects of MNCs to a host country? Give three examples.
AnsA Multi-National Corporation (MNC) is a company that owns or controls production in
more than one nation. The goods and services are produced globally.

Tata Motors (automobiles), Infosys (IT)etc. are some of the Indian companies which are
spreading their operations worldwide as MNCs.

67
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA SANGATHAN JAIPUR REGION

SAMPLE QUESTION PAPER 1 (2021-22)

TERM- II CLASS X
SOCIAL SCIENCE - CODE 087
Time Allowed: 2 Hours Maximum Marks: 40
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
General Instructions:
This Question paper is divided into five sections-Section A, B, C, D and E.
All questions are compulsory.
Section-A: Question no. 1 to 5 are very short answer type questions of 2 marks each.
Answer to each question should not exceed 40 words.
Section-B: Question no. 6 to 8 are short answer type questions, carrying 3 marks each.
Answer to each question should not exceed 80 words.
Section-C: Question no. 9 and 10 are long answer type questions
Section-D: Question no. 11 and 12 are Case Based questions.
Section-E: Question no. 13 is map based, carrying 3 marks with two parts, 13.1 from History
(1 mark) and 13.2 from Geography (2 marks).
There is no overall choice in the question paper. However, an internal choice has been
provided in a few questions. Only one of the choices in such questions have to be attempted.
SECTION-A VeryShortAnswer Questions
2x5=10
Q.1 What was the idea of Satyagraha explain in brief 2
Q.2 What is full form of BRO? when was it founded 1+1=2
Q.3 What are the criteria of regional/state party? Name any pressure group 2
which was converted into political party
Q.4 Mention two disadvantages of Barter system. 1x2=2
Q.5 1x2=2

(Production of iron ore showing state-wise share in per cent, 2016–17)

Based on the above shown pie chart answer the following question
(a) Which state is having maximum share in iron ore production in India?
(b) Why is iron and steel industry is located in Chhota Nagpur Plateau?
68
 3X3=9
Section-B Short Answer Type Questions
Q.6 Discuss the role of loan in the development of country 1x3=3
OR
Discuss the role of RBI in banking sector
Q.7 What were the impact of the first world war on the Indian national struggle 1x3=3
Q.8 “No system of political party is ideal for all countries and all situations 3
“justify the statement
Section-C Long Answer Type Questions 5x2=10
Q.9 „Democracy is based on dignity and freedom „explain
OR
„Democracy has not been successful in reducing economic inequalities‟
give reasons to support your answer.
Q.10 How has liberalization of trade and investment policies helped the
globalization process?
explain
OR
“The impact of globalization has not been uniform “justify the stateme

Section-D Case Based Questions 4x2=8

Q.11 The war created a new economic and political situation. It led to a huge 1+2+1=4
increase in defense expenditure which was financed by war loans and
increasing taxes: customs duties were raised and income tax introduced.
Through the war years prices increased –doubling between 1913 and 1918
– leading to extreme hardship for the common people. Villages were
called upon to supply soldiers, and the forced recruitment in rural areas
caused widespread anger. Then in 1918-19 and 1920-21, crops failed in
many parts of India, resulting in acute shortages of food. This was
accompanied by an influenza epidemic. According to the census of 1921,
12 to 13 million people perished as a result of famines and the epidemic.
Answer the following questions based on the passage
11.1 What was the duration of first world war?
11.2 Mention any two problems that Indians faced during this
period.
11.3 what were the consequences of hardship of people of India?

Q.12 More than 15 million people are directly engaged in the Tourism industry. 1X3=3
Tourism also promotes national integration, provides support to local
handicrafts and cultural pursuits. It also helps in the development of
international understanding about our culture and heritage. Foreign tourists
visit India for heritage tourism, eco tourism, adventure tourism, cultural
tourism, medical tourism and business tourism. There is a vast potential for
development of tourism in all parts of the country. Efforts are being made to
promote different types of tourism for this upcoming industry
12.1 Why is tourism considered as industry?

69
 12.2 What is the significance of tourism industry?
12.3 There is a vast potential for development of tourism in all parts of the
country justify the sentence.
5

Q.13 Section-E Map Skill Based Question 1x3=3

13.1 On the given outline Political Map of India, identify the place marked
as A with the help of following information and write its correct name on the
line marked near it.
(A)The place where first session of congress was held. (1)
13.2 On the same given map of India, locate the following:
(I) Rawatbhata Nuclear Plant रावतभाटा परमाणु संयंत्र
OR
A Software Technology Park in Gujarat. गु जरात में एक सॉफ्टवेयर टे क्नोलॉजी पाकक।

(II) Identify the port marked in the picture. चित्र में अं चकत पोटक को पहिानें।
Note: The following question is for Visually Impaired Candidates only 1x3=3
in lieu of QNo.13.1
13.1 Name the State where the session of Indian National Congress was
held in Dec. 1920 (1)
13.1 उस राज्य का नाम बताइए जहां भारतीय राष्ट्रीय कां ग्रेस का अचधवेशन चदसम्बर 1920 में
हुआ था
Note: The following questions are for Visually Impaired
Candidates only in lieu of Q. No.13.2. Attempt ANY TWO
questions.
13.2 Name the State where Tarapur Nuclear Plant is
located. (1) 13.2 उस राज्य का नाम बताइए जहां तारापु र
परमाणु संयंत्र स्थथत है । (1)
13.3 Name the State where Mohali Software Technology Park is located.
13.4 Name the city where IGI International Airport is located.
13.3 उस राज्य का नाम बताइए जहां मोहाली सॉफ्टवेयर टे क्नोलॉजी पाकक स्थथत है ।
(1)
13.4 उस शहर का नाम बताइए जहां आईजीआई अं तरराष्ट्रीय हवाई अड्डा स्थथत है ।
(1)

70
71
 CLASS X SOCIAL SCIENCE - CODE 087
TERM-2 (2021-22) SAMPLE PAPER-2
TIME-2 hours MM-40M

General Instructions:
GIVEN IN SAMPLE PAPER NO. 1

SECTION-A Very Short Answer Questions (5 X2 =10)

Q1 How the First World War helped in the growth of Nationalism in India? 2

Q2 What are challenges of Road transportation ? 2

Q3 Describe components of Political Parties .2

Q4 Differentiate between formal and informal sector of loan . 2

Q5 Read the data in the table given below and answer the questions that follow: 2
Sugar mills in India
2010-11 662 Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Maharashtra, Karnataka,Tamil
Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Gujarat along with Punjab,
Haryana and Madhya Pradesh
Q5.1Why most Sugar industries concentrated in Utter Pradesh ? 1M
Q5.2Why Sugar Industry is called seasonal induatry? 1M
SECTION-B Short Answer Questions 3QX3M =9M
Q6 What is the basic idea behind the SHGs for the poor?
OR
Describe the ways in which the RBI supervises the functioning of Banks

Q7Explain salt satyagrah ?

Q8Explain some measures to strength in the election system of India.

SECTION-C Long Answer Questions 2QX5M =10M
Q9. How does democracy lead to peaceful and harmonious life among citizens? Explain
Q10What are the factors stimulated the Globalisation in India?
OR
“The impact of Globalisation has not been uniform.” Explain
SECTION-D Case based Questions 8M
Q11 Read this paragraph and solve questions given below

72
At the congress session at Nagpur in December 1920, a compromise was worked out and the
Non-Cooperation programme was adopted. The Non-Cooperation-Khilafat Movement began
in January 1921 with the participation of middle-class in the cities. Thousands of students
left government-controlled schools and colleges, headmasters and teachers resigned, and
lawyers gave up their legal practices. Foreign goods were boycotted, liquor shops picketed,
and foreign cloth burnt in huge bonfires. The import of foreign cloth halved between 1921
and 1922, its value dropping from Rs 102 crore to Rs 57 crore. The movement in the cities
gradually slowed down for a variety of reasons such as -- Khadi cloth was often more
expensive than mass produced mill cloth and poor people could not afford to buy it. From the
cities, the Non-Cooperation Movement spread to the countryside.
11.1 In which Congress session Non-Cooperation movement was adopted ? 1
11.2 Why Congress started Non-Cooperation movement ? 1
11.3 Explain the ways of protest in Non-Cooperation movement ? 2
Q12 Read this paragraph and solve questions given below
Tourism in India has grown substantially over the last three decades. More than 15 million
people are directly engaged in the tourism industry. Tourism also promotes national
integration, provides support to local handicrafts and cultural pursuits. It also helps in the
development of international understanding about our culture and heritage. Foreign tourists
visit India for heritage tourism, eco tourism, adventure tourism, cultural tourism, medical
tourism and business tourism. There is a vast potential for development of tourism in all
parts of the country. Efforts are being made to promote different types of tourism for this
upcoming industry.
12.1 How many people directly engaged in Tourism trade? 1M
12.2 Why tourism considered as a Trade? 1M
12.3 Suggest steps to promote Tourism in India. 2M

SECTION-E Map skilled based Questions 3M

Q13 Identify the place connected with Indian freedom struggle
Locate and label these on map

Q13.1Narora Nuclear powerplant नरोरा परमाणु ऊजाक संयंत्र

Q13.2Salem Iron and Steel Plant सेलम लोह इस्पात संयंत्र

73
74
 CLASS X SOCIAL SCIENCE - CODE 087
TERM-2 (2021-22) SAMPLE PAPER-3
TIME-2 hours M.M.-40
General Instructions:
SAME AS IN SAMPLE PAPER NO. 1
SECTION-A Very Short Answer Questions 5Q X2M =10M
Q1 How did the Non-Cooperation Movement unfold in the cities and towns of India? 2

Q1 भारत के शहरों और कस्बों में असहयोग आंदोलन कै से शुरू हुआ?2

Q2 Why is transportation and communication considered as Lifeline of Nation ? 2

Q3 Differentiate between one party and multi party system. 2

Q4 State the role of Banks in economics . 2
Q5 Read the data in the table given below and answer the questions that follow:
Production of fiber in India
Sector 2009-10 2010-11
Mill sector 3.1 3.5
Powerloom 84.1 84.1
Handloom 11.3 11.1
Others 1.3 1.3

Q5.1 Why PowerloomProduction is more than other sectors ? 1M

Q5.2 Why is Handloom production is decreasing? 1M
SECTION-B Short Answer Questions 3QX3M =9M
Q6 Why the poor people are prevented to get easy loans from the bank? Give
three
reasons.
OR
What do mean by double coincidence of wants? Explain with example
Q7How was the Khilafat and Non-cooperation movement different from one
another? Name the leaders of these movements.
Q8State the various challenges faced by the political parties .
SECTION-C Long Answer Questions 2QX5M =10M

75
Q9How does democracy produce an accountable , responsive and legitimate
government?
Q10Fair globalization would create opportunities for all and also ensure that
the benefits of globalization are better shared. What role government can play
in making this possible?
OR
How is information technology connected with globalization? Would
globalization have been possible without expansion of IT?
SECTION-D Case based Questions 8M
Q11 Read this paragraph and solve questions given below
First of all, the war created a new economic and political situation. It led to a
huge increase in defence expenditure which was financed by war loans and
increasing taxes: customs duties were raised and income tax introduced.
Through the war years prices increased –doubling between 1913 and 1918 –
leading to extreme hardship for the common people. Villages were called upon
to supply soldiers, and the forced recruitment in rural areas caused widespread
anger. Then in 1918-19 and 1920-21, crops failed in many parts of India,
resulting in acute shortages of food. This was accompanied by an influenza
epidemic. According to the census of 1921, 12 to 13 millionpeople perished as a
result of famines and the epidemic
11.1 Why colonial government expenditure increases in early 20 thcentury? 1M
11.2 Why rural population is angry towards Colonial government? 1
11.3Explain economic effects of I WW on India? 2
Q12 Roadways
India has one of the largest road networks in the world, aggregating to about 56
lakh km. In India, roadways have preceded railways. They still have an edge
over railways in view of the ease with which they can be built and maintained.
The growing importance of road transport vis-à-vis rail transport is rooted in
the following reasons; (a) construction cost of roads is much lower than that of
railway lines, (b) roads can traverse comparatively more dissected and
undulating topography, (c) roads can negotiate higher gradients of slopes andas
such can traverse mountains such as theHimalayas, (d) road transport is
economical in transportation of few persons and relatively smaller amount of
goods over short distances, (e) it also provides door-to-door service, thusthe
cost of loading and unloading is much lower, (f) road transport is also used as a

76
feeder to other modes of transport such as they provide a link between railway
stations, air and sea ports.
12.1 Explain importance of Road transportation. 1M
12.2 Write any two challenges of Road transportation. 1M
12.3 Why Airways are more developed than Roadways in the North-Eastern
part of India2M

SECTION-E Map skilled based Questions 3M

Q13 Identify the place connected with Indian freedom struggle
Locate and label these on map
Q13.1Tarapur Nuclear powerplant
Q13.2 RajaSansi Airport

77
Note: The following question is for Visually Impaired Candidates only in lieu of Q. No.13.1
13.1 Name the place where mass killing was done by Britisher’s on 13 April 1919 . (1)
Note: The following questions are for Visually Impaired Candidates only in lieu of Q. No.13
13.2 Name the State where Tarapur Nuclear Plant is located. (1)
13.3 Name the State where Raja Sanai International Airport is located. (1)

78
 KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA SANGATHAN JAIPUR
REGION
SAMPLE PAPER-4 TERM-II SOCIAL SCIENCE
TIME: 1.5 Hrs. CLASS – X Max. Marks-40

General Instructions:-
GIVEN IN SAMPLE PAPER NO. 1

SECTION: A
VERY SHORT TYPE ANSWER (Answer within 40 words)

Q.1Why was the Khilafat movement started?

Q.2 What is golden quadrilateral project?

Q.3What is the guiding philosophy of Indian National Congress?

Q 4.What is Double coincidence of wants?

Q 5. Study the table given below and answer the questions -
TotalproductionoffinishedsteelinIndia

Year
(1) I
n
2015-16 106.60 whi
ch
2016-17 120.14
Yea
2017—18 126.85 r
2018—19 101.29 Stee
l
2019—20 102.62
prod
uction is highest?
(2) Why does Per person consumption of steel in India is so low?

SECTION-B (Short Answer Type Questions)

6. “Cheap and affordable credit is crucial for the country’s development.” Assess the
statement.

79
Or “The credit activities of the informal sector should be discouraged.” Support the statement
with arguments.

7. How did the plantation workers understand the idea of ‘Swaraj’? Explain.

8. Describe any three major functions performed by political parties.

SECTION-C
Long AnswerType Questions
9. How is democracy accountable and responsive to the needs and expectations of the
citizens? Analyse.
10. What are the various ways in which MNCs set up, or control, production in other
countries?
Or
“The impact of globalization has not been uniform.” Explain this statement.
SECTION-D
Case Based Questions
11. In February 1922, Mahatma Gandhi decided to withdraw the Non-Cooperation
Movement. He felt the movement was turning violent in many places and satyagrahis needed
to be properly trained before they would be ready for mass struggles. Within the Congress,
some leaders were by now tired of mass struggles and wanted to participate in elections to
the provincial councils that had been set up by the Government of India Act of 1919. They felt
that it was important to oppose British policies within the councils, argue for reform and also
demonstrate that these councils were not truly democratic. C. R. Das and Motilal Nehru
formed the Swaraj Party within the Congress to argue for a return to council politics. But
younger leaders like Jawaharlal Nehru and Subhas Chandra Bose pressed for more radical
mass agitation and for full independence
11.1 Who formed Swaraj Party? 1
11.2 Why did Gandhi ji decide to withdraw the Non-Cooperation Movement? 1
11.2 Why did some leaders from congress wanted to participate in council election. 2
12.Mass communication provides entertainment and creates awareness among people about
various national programmes and policies. It includes radio, television, newspapers,
magazines, books and films. All India Radio (Akashwani) broadcasts a variety of programmes
in national, regional and local languages for various categories of people, spread over
different parts of the country. Doordarshan, the national television channel. of India, is one of
the largest terrestrial networks in the world. It broadcasts a variety of programmes from
entertainment, educational to sports, etc. for people of different age groups.

12.1What types of programmes does Doordarshantelecast? 1

12.2 Which are included in Mass Media? 1

80
12.3 How does Mass Media play an important role in our life? 2

SECTION: E (Map skilled based ) Question

13.1 On the given outline Political Map of India, identify the place marked 3
as A with the help of following information and write its correct name on
the line marked near it.
(A)The place where a brutal massare took place in 1919.
13.2 On the same given map of India, locate the following:
(1) Ramagundam Thermal Plant (2) Paradeep Port
Note: The following question is for Visually Impaired Candidates only in lieu of Q. No.13.1
13.1 Name the State where massacre took place in 1919.
13.2 Name the State where Singrauli Thermal Plant is located.(1)
13.3 Name the State where Netaji Subhash Chandra bose International airport is located (1)

81
82
 SAMPLE QUESTION PAPER-V
CLASSX SOCIAL SCIENCE-CODE-087
TimeAllotted:2 Hours Maximum Marks -40

GeneralInstructions:

GIVEN IN SAMPLE PAPER 1

SECTION-A (Very Short Answer Questions)

Q.1 Explain the reasons for launching Non-Cooperation Movementin1920 2

Q.2Differentiate favorable and unfavorable balance of trade. 2

Q .3State any two demerits of Multi Party System

Q.4 Define terms of credit.

Q.5 Read the data in the table given below and answer the question that follow:2

Production details of Fertilizers in India

Year Production(in million tones)

1950-60 201.6

1960-70 450.4

1970-80 1113.5

2018-19 41564.0

2019-20 42752.2

What change you notice in the production of fertiliser after 1960s. 1

Why do we expand fertiliser Industry in India? 1

Section–B (Short Answer type Questions)

Q.6Why do we extend formal sector credit in rural area? 3

83
OR

SHG will help to eradicate poverty in rural areas. Do you agree with the Statement? Why?

Q. 7 What were the major decisions taken by Lahore session of the INC in 1929?

Q. 8 We cannot think about modern democracy without political parties. Comment.

Section – C ( Long Answer Type Questions)

Q.9 Do you think Democracy is the best political system available? Comment.5

OR

Explain challenges faced by political parties?

Q.10 Globalization has become a reality now .Describe the steps taken by the government for
globalization process.5

Assess the positive impact of Globalization in India

Section–D (Case Based Questions)

Q.11 Read the given text and answer the following: 4

Tribal peasants interpreted the message of Mahatma Gandhi and the idea of swaraj in yet another
way.For instance, a militant movement spread in Andhra Pradesh under the leadership of Alluri
Sitaram Raju. Here , as in other forest region, the colonial government had closed large forest
areas, preventing people from entering the forest to graze their cattle, or to collect forest
products.Thisenragedthehillpeople.Notonlyweretheirlivelihoodsaffectedbuttheyfeltthat their
traditional rights were being denied. When the government began forcing them to do begar for
road building, the hill people revolted under the leadership of Alluri Sitaram Raju. Raju talked
about the greatness of MahatmaGandhi and persuaded people to involve in Non Co-operation
Movement. But at the same time he asserted that India could be liberated only by the use offorce
,not non-violence. The Gudem rebels attacked police station, attempted to killBritish officials and
carried on guerrilla warfare for achieving swaraj. Raju was arrested andexecutedin1924,and over
time became a folk hero

11.1WhydidforestpeopleturnagainstBritishruleinGudemhills? 1

2 What was the policy adopted by Alluri Sitaram Raju as part of Freedom struggle. 1

11.3Explain the reaction of the tribal communities towards Non-CooperationMovement.

12.Read the given text and answer the following questions: 4

Pipeline transport network is a new arrival on the transportation map of India .In the past, these

84
were used to transport water to cities and
industries.Now,theseareusedfortransportingcrudeoil,petroleumproductsandnaturalgasfromoiland
natural gas fields to refineries, fertilizer factories and big thermal power plants. Solids can also be
transported through a pipeline when converted intoslurry.The far inland locationsof refineries like
Barauni, Mathura, Panipat
andgasbasedfertiliserplantscouldbethoughtofonlybecauseofpipelines.Initia

12.1 Examine the recent changes of pipeline transportation. 1

Name the industries depended on Pipeline transportation. 1

12.3Assess the importance of pipeline transportation in our economy.2

। Section-E(MapBased Question)
13 On the given outline map of India , identify the place marked as A with thehelp of following
information and write its correct name on the line markednear it.

(A)The place where Gandhiji organized salt march as part of Civil Disobedience Movement.

On the same given map of India, locate the following:

Digboi oil drilling station चिगबोई OR Bhilai Steel Plant चभलाई

(II) Haldia Seaport हस्िया बंदरगाह

85
86
 KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA SANGATHAN JAIPUR REGION
MARKING SCHEME SAMPLE PAPER-1 अंकन योजना 2021-22
TERM II CLASS X
SOCIAL SCIENCE - CODE 087 Time-2hrs
MM-40
SECTION-A VeryShortAnswer Questions 2x5=
10
1 If the cause was true, if the struggle was against injustice, then physical force was 2
not necessary to fight the oppressor. Without seeking vengeance or being
aggressive,
2 Border road organization 1960
3 A party that secures at least six per cent of the total votes in an election to the 1+1=
Legislative Assembly of a State and wins at least two seats is recognised as a State 2
party.assam gan parishad/shiv sena
4 Lack of exact caluculation/complication in modern trade 1x2=
2
5 Odisha ,raw material,cheap labour,infrastructure etc 1+1=
2
Section-B Short Answer Type Questions 3x3=
9
6 (a) flow of money (b) startup (c)taxes Or
Role of RBI
1x3=
(A) supervision and guidelines for banks
3
(B) rate of interest for banks
(C) permission and control for new banks
7 (A) Forced recruitmen (B) burden of taxes (C) Inflation 1x3=
3

8 Different countries have different social political and economical situation

Democratic rights indicate the right to form political union/parties
Section-C Long Answer Type Questions 5x2=
10
9 Brings equality, check exploitation,opportunities,resolves conflicts (Five
points)
10 New foreign direct investment,resoving disputes in industrial sector, better
environment for companies/investment/removal of barriers for free trade
and investment/end of monopoly
नया प्रत्यक्ष चवदे शी चनवेश, औद्योचगक क्षेत्र में चववादों का समाधान, कंपचनयों के चलए बेहतर माहौल/चनवेश/मुक्त व्यापार
और चनवेश के चलए बाधाओं को हटाना/एकाचधकार का अंत (Five points)
87
 Section-D Case Based Questions 4x2=
8
11 1914-1918, 1+1+
Recruitment of villagers in British army to fight in world war, 2=4
Emergence of anger against Britishers
Emergence of feeling of Nationalism
1914-1918,
12 Flow of money, employment 1+1+
Increase GDP,Per capita income ,infrastructure etc 2=4
Different style of architecture,diversity ,natural resourses
13 Section-E Map Skill Based Question Map 1x3=
3
Rawtbhata (rajasthan),Gandhinagar(Gujarat) Ennore(Chennai)

=================================================================================

MARKING SCHEME CLASS X SOCIAL SCIENCE - CODE 087 TERM-2

Sample PAPER-2 (2021-22)
Q1 The Non-Cooperation Movement unfold in the cities and towns of India by the following
ways: (i) The movement started with middle-class participation in the cities. (ii) Thousands
of students left government-controlled schools and college. (iii) Many teachers resigned.

Q2 (i) it linked the world with transport network

(ii) Railways, roadways newspaper,television, cinema and internet have been contributing to
socio-economic progress.
Q3 Single parties usually operate in situations in which genuine political conflict is not
tolerated. although single parties do not usually permit the expression of points of view that
are fundamentally opposed to the party line or ideology, there may well be intense conflict
within these limits over policy within the party itself. And even within a two-party or a
multiparty system, debate may become so stymied and a particular coalition of interests so
entrenched that the democratic process is seriously compromised.

Q4The banking system plays an important role in the modern economic world. Banks collect
the savings of the individuals and lend them out to business- people and manufacturers. ...
Manufacturers borrow from banks the money needed for the purchase of raw materials and
to meet other requirements such as working capital.

88
Q5.1 due to advancement in technology

Q5.2 Machine cloth is cheaper than Handloom/ competition in market

Q6 Due to lack of information and knowledge, lack of collateral OR

The coincidence of wants (often known as double coincidence of wants) is an economic

phenomenon where two parties each hold an item the other wants, so they exchange these
items directly without any monetary medium. Double coincidence of wants means that both
of the parties have to agree to sell and buy each commodity. Relevant example

Q7Reason / ways of protest / leaders / end of Khilafat and Non-Cooperation movement.Q8

Lack of internal democracy , dynastic succession , money and muscle power,lack of
meaningful choice

Q9Democracy produces an accountable government because it provides regular, free and fair
elections regularly. Open discussions are held on all major issues and legislations. ...
Democracies follow a constitution, so they are legitimate. The laws of the country are
applicable to everyone, even to the government members.(Any other relevant point)

Q10Negative effect of Globalization, trade deflect /increase in nations debt etc OR

Information technology has fastened the pace of globalization. ... Without it, Globalisation
would have taken many more years to spread out, as the required information for taking any
decision, would have taken more time to be communicated and thus would have delayed the
pace of integration among countries. any other relevant point

Q11.1 huge increase in defence expenditure which was financed by war loans

Q11.2 forced recruitment in rural areas

Q11.3 Food prices high , loss of life and money etc.

Q12.1 Door to door service or any relevant point

Q12.2 traffic jam and road accident

Q12.3 due to terrain -difficulty of constriction of Road and Railway

Q13 Jaliawalabagh Q13.1 Maharashtra Q13.2 Punjab

====================================================================

89
 CLASS X SOCIAL SCIENCE – CODE 087
MARKING SCHEME TERM-2 (2021-22) SAMPLE PAPER-3
Q1 Economic hardship/ increase in anger against British’s

Q2 Road accident/traffic jam

Q3 Leader,active member,follower

Q4 terms of credit of Formal and Informal

Q5.1 Because of availability of raw material and labour

Q5.2 Because it is Agro based industry

Q6 To provide credit without collateral, protect from debt trap,easy repayment

checks functioning of bank / banks loan activity in fair manner / following RBI guideline or
not etc

Q7 Mahatma Gandhi started his famous salt march on 12 March accompanied by 78 of his
trusted volunteers. The march was over 240 miles, from Gandhiji’s ashram in
Sabarmati to the Gujarati coastal town of Dandi. The volunteers walked for 24 days,
about 10 miles a day. On 6 April he reached Dandi, and ceremonially violated the law,
manufacturing salt
Q8 New laws to stop criminals/ fair means of election/ transparency in Political parties

Q9 Political/social and economic equality/ accommodation of social diversity , reduce conflict etc

Q10 Technological changes / Govt policies/ advancement of Industries etc / OR

Positive and negative effects of Globalisation

Q11.1 Nagpur session Dec 1920

Q11.2 support Khilafat movement/ Protest of Jaliawala bagh / dominant State demand

Q11.3Foreign goods were boycotted, liquor shops picketed, and foreign cloth burnt in huge
bonfires / student boycott British school and colleges /boycott from services

Q12.1More than 15 million people

Q12.2 Tourism involves exchange and buying/selling of products.

Q12.3 Develop world class amenities for tourist / provide more safety to tourist etc

Q13 Chori choura Q13.1 Utter Pradesh Q13.2 Tamilnadu

90
=

MARKING SCHEME - SAMPLE QUESTION PAPER No.4

Term-II ,Social Science
1. Khilafat movement was started by Mahatma Gandhi and the Ali Brothers, Muhammad Ali
and Shaukat Ali in response to the harsh treatment given to the Caliph of Ottoman empire
and the dismemberment of the Ottoman empire by the British.

2. The Golden Quadrilateral is a national highway network connecting most of the major
industrial, agricultural and cultural centres of India. It forms a quadrilateral connecting the
four major metro cities of India, viz., Delhi, Kolkata, Mumbai and Chennai.

3. (i) To promote friendly relations between nationalist political workers from different parts
of the country. (ii) To develop and consolidate the feelings of national unity irrespective of
caste, religion or province.

4. Double coincidence of wants means: Both parties, the seller and buyers have to agree to
sell and buy each others commodities. Goods are directly exchanged without the use
ofmoney. Section –B
6. Cheap and affordable credit is crucial for the country’s growth and economic development.
Credit is in great demand for various kinds of economic activities—big or small investments,
to set up business, buying cars, houses, etc.

1. In rural areas credit helps in the development of agriculture by providing funds to

farmers to buy seeds, fertilizers, expensive pesticides.
2. Manufacturers need credit for buying raw material or to meet ongoing expenditure of
production. Credit helps in the purchase of plant, machinery, equipment, etc.
3. Some people may need to borrow for illness, marriages etc.
Thus, cheap and affordable credit is crucial for the country’s growth and economic
development. Or

The credit activities of the informal sector should be discouraged because:

1. 85% of loans taken by the poor households in the urban areas are from informal
sources. There is no organisation that supervises the credit activities of lenders in the
informal sector.
2. Informal lenders charge very high interest on their loAnswer: They try to charge more
and more interest on their loans as there are no boundaries and restrictions.
3. Higher cost of borrowing means a larger part of the earnings of the borrowers is used
to repay the loan.

91
 7. For the plantation workers of Assam, “Swaraj” meant freedom to move freely in and out
of the confined space in which they all were enclosed and also to be able to keep the link
with their native village intact. Under the Inland Emigration Act of 1859, plantation
workers were not allowed to leave their tea gardens without permission, which they were
rarely given.
8.Parties contest elections. Elections are fought mainly among candidates put up by political
parties.
In India, top party leaders choose candidates for contesting elections.

1. Parties put forward different policies and programmes. Political parties in a democracy
group together similar opinions, to provide a direction in which government policies
can be formulated,
2. Parties make laws for a country. Laws are debated and passed in the legislature.
3. Parties that lose elections play the role of the opposition. Opposition parties voice their
views by criticizing government for its failure or wrong policies.
4. Parties shape public opinion. They raise and highlight issues and resolve people’s
problems. Many pressure groups are the extensions of political parties.
5. Parties provide people access to government machinery and welfare schemes. For an
ordinary citizen it is easy to approach a local party leader than a government officer.

Section –c
9. Whenever possible and necessary, citizens should be able to participate in decision-
making in a democracy.

Democracy ensures that decision-making is based on norms and procedures. A citizen has
the right and the means to examine the process of decision-making. Thus democracy entails
transparency.

 For a democracy to produce an accountable, responsive and legitimate government, it

must ensure the following:
 Regular, free and fair elections. .Open public debate on major policies and
legislations.
 Citizens’ right to be informed about government policies.
 A government free from corruption.

10. MNCs set up production on the basis of the following factors :

 Closeness of the place to the markets.

 Availability of skilled and unskilled labour at low costs.
 Availability of other factors of production e., raw material, etc.
 Government’s favourable policies.
After assuring above conditions, MNCs set up factories and offices for production.
They buy assets such as land, buildings, machines and other equipment.

92
 MNCs buy up local companies to expand production. MNCs with huge wealth can quite
easily do so.

Positive impact:

1. Globalization has resulted in more choices for the consumers who now get better
quality and at lower prices several products.
2. This has improved the standard of living of people, particularly living in urban areas.
3. MNCs have increased their investments in developing countries like India in industries
such as cell-phones, automobiles, electronics, soft drinks, etc. As a result of it new jobs
have been created in developing countries.
4. Some local companies that supply raw materials to MNCs have also benefited.
5. Some local companies in countries like India have been able to invest in newer
technology and

Negative Impacts:-1. Creation of special economic zones 2. Flexibility in labour laws:

3. Effect on small producers:

11.1C. R. Das and Motilal Nehru formed the Swaraj Party

11.2He felt the movement was turning violent in many places and satyagrahis needed to be
properly trained before they would be ready for mass struggles.

11.3 Some leaders were by now tired of mass struggles and wanted to participate in
elections to the provincial councils that had been set up by the Government of India Act of
1919.

12.1 It broadcasts a variety of programmes from entertainment, educational to sports, etc.

for people of different age groups

12.2 It includes radio, television, newspapers, magazines, books and films.

12.3 Mass communication provides entertainment and creates awareness among people
about various national programmes and policies . All India Radio (Akashwani) broadcasts a
variety of programmes in national.

MAP

93
 MarkingScheme-5 (2021-22)Term2
ClassX-SocialScience–Code-087
1. Why did Mahatma Gandhi perceive salt as a powerful symbol that could unite
thenation2
(i) Saltwassomethingconsumedbytherichandthepooralike.
(ii) The
taxonsaltandthegovernmentmonopolyoveritsproductionrevealedthemostoppress
ivefaceoftheBritishrule.
(iii) Gandhijithoughtthatsaltcouldbeusedasa powerful symboltounitethepeople.

2. WhyisInternationaltradeconsideredastheeconomicbarometerofcountry?2

(i) Itisimportantforthedevelopmentofacountry.Advancement of
internationaltradeisanindexofitseconomicprosperity
(ii) Asresourcesarespacebound,nocountrycansurvivewithoutinternationaltrade.

(iii) It enablesa countrytoearnforeignexchange

3. Whatis theroleof theopposition party ina democracy?

2
(i) Itgivesitsownopiniononthepoliciesoftherulingparty.

(ii) Itputsdifferentviewsintheparliamentand criticizes

thegovernmentforitsfailuresofwrongpolicies.
(iii) Oppositionwillkeepacheckontherulingpartyanditwillcompeltherulingpartytoch
angeitsstand
4. Whatarethetermsofcredit? 2

(i) Interstate CollateralDocumentationModeofpayment

5.1 (1)
(i)Powerloom

5.2 (1)
(i) Byloweringtheloomageofthemills,poorworkerscangainandmeetthecompetitionwith
massgoodsproduction.
(ii) Handloomswillhelpinprovidingjobsintheruralareasandminimisethemigrationo
fvillagerstothecities.
6. Cheap andaffordablecreditis crucialfor thecountry’s development. Explain3

94
(i) Credithelpsinincreasingearningsandthereforetheperson’sstandardofliving
increases.

(ii) Credithelpstogeneratecapitalforfuturedevelopment.
(iii) Credit helps in the development of infra structure which in turn will result
inoveralldevelopment.
7. “PlantationWorkershadtheirownunderstandingofMahatmaGandhi’sideasandthe
notionofSwaraj”Explainthisstatement. 3
(i) Swaraj meant for them, maintaining a link with the village from where they
hadcome.
(ii) Under the Inland Immigration Act of 1859 plantation workers were not
permittedtoleavetheteagardenswithoutpermission.
(iii) When they heard of the non-cooperation movement thousands of workers
defiedtheauthorities,lefttheplantationsandheadedhome.
(iv) They believed that Gandhiraj was coming and that everyone would be given
landintheirvillage.
8. “Lackof internal democracy within parties is the major challenge to political
Partiesallovertheworld” 3

(i) Allovertheworldthereisatendencyamongpoliticalpartiestoconcentratepowerinone
orafewleadersatthetop.
(ii) Parties do not maintain membership registers and do not hold organizational
meetings.
(iii) Theydonotconductinternalelectionsregularly.

(iv) Ordinary members of the party are ignorant about major decisions taken by
theparty.
(v) The leaders as sumegreater powers tomake decisions in the name ofthe party.
9. Nosocietycanfullyandpermanentlyresolveconflictsamongdifferentgroups.
(i) Democracy is more suitable to resolve conflicts as it respects the differences
andevolvesamechanismtonegotiatethesedifferences.
(ii) Democracy is not simply rule by majority opinion. The majority always needs
toworkwiththeminority,sothatthegovernmentcanfunctionbyrepresentingthe opinion
ofthecommonpeople.
(iii) Theruleofthemajoritydoesnotbecomerulebymajorityonthebasisofracialorlinguisticgr
oups.
(iv) Rule by majority means that in case of every election or every decision,

95
 differentpersonsandgroupsmayformamajority.
10. AnalysetheimportanceofMNCsIntheGlobalisationprocess. 5
(i) MNCs havelead to availability of products from all over the world, for
exampleIndia has MNCs like Hyundai which has led to greater availability of cars
from othercountries.
(ii) MNCsfromdevelopingcountriesarealsoreachingouttodevelopedcountrieslikeT
ataTea
TateMotors,etc.
(iii) Itleadtogreatermovementoflabouracrosstheworld.
(iv) MNCshaveincreasedtheinflowofforeigncapitalacrossdifferentcountries.
(vi)This has led to transfer of education and
technologye e.g.Samsungbringsinmoreadvancedtechnologyformanufacturing
electronicgoodsincountrieslikeIndia Or

TheemergenceofMNCshasledtoincreasedcompetitionsamongproducers.Thiscom
petitionhasbenefittedthewell-offsectionsofconsumersinurbanareas.
(i) Ithasleadtogreaterchoiceamonggoodsandconsumersenjoyimprovedqualityatlowe
rprice.
(ii) Peopleenjoyhigherstandardofliving
(iii) Localcompanieshaveprospered.
(iv) Topcompanies are able to
benefitwithimprovementintechnologyandmoreinvestment.
(v) ManyIndiancompanies have emeredasMNCsthemselves.
11. Readthefollowingtextandanswerthefollowingquestions 4
i. HowweretheactivitiesofHSRAdifferentfromthatofGandhiji’sideology?
(i) The leaders of HSRA thought that the struggle against the British could not
bewonthroughnon-violence.
(ii) In a series of dramatic activities in different parts of India the HSRA targeted
someofthesymbolsofBritishpower.
ii. WhatwasBhagatSingh’smessagetotheyouth? (1)
(i)BhagatSinghcalledupontheyouthtosacrificetheirlifeatthealtar ofthere
revolutionwhichwasbeing organized forthecauseofIndia’sfreedom.

iii. HowdidBhagatSinghjustifytheactivitiesofHSRAduringhistrial? (2)

(i) Duringhistrial, Bhagat Singh stated that he did not wish to glorify “the Cult
96
 ofthebombandthepistol”,butwantedarevolutioninthesociety.

(ii) Hefeltthatrevolutionistheinalienablerightofmankindandthatfreedomisourbirthri
ght. According to him no sacrifice is too great for so magnificent a cause.
Heawaitedtheadventofrevolution.
12 Read the given text and answer the given questions 4

i) Mentions oneofthemostimportantdestinationsoftheforeigntouristsinIndia.
(i)Rajasthan,Goa,JammuandKashmirandtempletownsofSouthIndia.

(ii) Whyhastourismnotdevelopedinthenorth-easterns tates of India and the interior

parts oftheHimalay as despite having avast potential for tourism.

(i) Mostoftheseareinaccessibleandarecoveredwithdenseforestsandhillyterrain.

(ii) Natural calamitieslike floodsandlandslidesoftenposeproblemsto tourists.

(iii) Inadequateinfrastructuralfacilities.

(iv) Porousborders

(iii) WhatarethebenefitsoftourisminacountrylikeIndia? (2)

(i) Ithelpsinearningforeignexchange

(ii) Itpromotesnationalintegration

(iii) Itprovideshelptolocalhandicraftsandculturalpursuits.

(iv) Ithelpsinthedevelopmentofinternationalunderstandingofourcultureandheritage.

MAP WORK

97