Single and Bonded Atom

Principle of Materials Science

PROPERTY = f (STRUCTURES)
Principle of Materials Science

MICROSTRUCTURE

PROCESSING
PROPERTY
The Materials Tetrahedron
Levels of Structure Analysis
1) Atomic Structure
– atom,atom bonding,
atom arrangement
2) Microstructure
– grains, g.b’s, phase,
phase boundaries
3) Macrostructure
– volume defects (pores,
(cracks), macrograins
Single Atom

• Composed of
nucleus (proton
and neutron) and
electrons
• ____________
Valence Electrons

w/c determines
the properties of
elements!
 Periodic Table

Elements found in the same group exhibits

similar properties!
 BASIC BUILDING BLOCK
METALS

Gold
Steel:
Elemental Fe + C
Metals Alloys
‘atoms’ ‘atoms’
 BASIC BUILDING BLOCK
CERAMICS

• Elemental • Compound

“atoms” Diamond “molecules”

e.g. e.g. silica,

diamond, alumina,
sulfur carborundum

SiO2
BASIC BUILDING BLOCK
POLYMERS

“macro
Polymers molecules”
 The Bonded Atom

What determines the distance

between two bonding atoms?

Answer: Attraction and Repulsion Forces

Attraction

Repulsion
 Bond Energy
Curve

Potential Well

Equilibrium Distance
 The Bonded
Atom
• when two atoms bond,
they try to maintain a
certain distance
between them
(equilibrium distance)
• At equilibrium distance:
– Summation of Forces
equals ______
– Energy is a _________
 Potential Well

• Depth of Potential Well affects:

– Melting Temperature
– Elastic Modulus
– Coefficient of Thermal Expansion
 Melting
Point

CTE

Elastic
Modulus
 Question

• Given two materials, A and B, with A

having a deeper potential well than B,
compare the two with respect to the
following properties:
– Elastic Modulus
– Melting Temperature
– CTE
Explain your answer.
Types of Bonding:
Primary Bond
 IONIC Bond

PARTICIPANTS:
Cations (metals) + Anions(nonmetals)
REASON FOR BONDING:

Electrostatic attraction
D or ND?:

Nondirectional
 COVALENT Bond:
“Shared Valence”

PARTICIPANTS:
Elements of similar electronegativity
____________________________
REASON FOR BONDING:
To satisfy Octet Rule
_____________________
D or ND?:
Directional
_____________________
 METALLIC
Bond
• sharing of free
electrons among a
lattice of positively-
charged metal ions
• “Sea of Electrons”
model

Is this bond
directional or non
directional?
 Metallic Bond

Some of the implications of the metallic

bond in metallic properties are:
– metal’s conductivity (since electrons are
loose)
– metals ductility (since sea of electrons act
as glue and allow movement of positive
cores)
VAN DER WAALS Forces

• weak forces that

exists between
molecules/atoms
• seen in water, noble
gases, polymers
Implications of Van der Waals Forces

The GECKO can attach to most surfaces and

a single finger attached to a wall can support
its whole weight!