İSTANBUL AYDIN ÜNİVERSİTESİ

STATICS
Lecture Notes (1)
İSTANBUL AYDIN ÜNİVERSİTESİ

Prof. Dr. Tuncer TOPRAK

 Prof. Dr. Tuncer TOPRAK
Prof. Dr. Tuncer TOPRAK

Ofis : K Blok, 2. Kat, 7310 Nolu Oda

E-mail : tuncertoprak@aydin.edu.tr

Mobile : 0 532 457 7767

Reference Book :
1. Mühendislik Mekaniği – STATİK
R.C. HIBBELER – C.C. FAN
Çevirenler : Ayşe SOYUÇOK – Özgün SOYUÇOK
2. Engineering Mechanics: STATICS
Russell C. Hibbeler
Yayınevi: Pearson Education

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 Prof. Dr. Tuncer TOPRAK

Content of the Course

1 Introduction, What is mechanics?. Basic concepts, Units, methods of

problem solving.
2 Statics of bodies, force components in plane and space vectors, equilibrium
of a particle, related problems.
3 Internal and external forces, moment of a single force about a point and it's
components.
4 Vector products, moment of a single force about an axis, moment of
couples, reduction of force systems.
5 Free body diagram, equilibrium of rigid bodies in plane and 3D conditions,
supports and reactions.
6 Distributed loads, centroids of lines, curves and areas. Pappus-Gulden
theorem, distributed loads on beams.
 Prof. Dr. Tuncer TOPRAK

Continue

7 Analysis of structures, support reactions for 2D and 3D structures.

 Trusses
 Beams
 Cables
8 Review problems.
9 Forces on trusses, beams and cables, Inner forces of the elements, loads on
beams and types of supports, bending moments and shear forces on beams.
10 Bending moment and shear force diagrams and interrelations.
11 Cables under concentrated and distributed loads.
12 Dry friction, friction coefficient and examples.
13 Area Moment of Inertia
 Prof. Dr. Tuncer TOPRAK

MECHANICS

Mechanics of Mechanics of Mechanics of

Gases Fluids Solids

Mechanics of Mechanics of Elastic Bodies

Rigid Bodies
 Strength of Materials
 Elasticity
 Plasticity
 Thermoelasticity
STATICS Dynamics  Biomechanics
 ................
 Prof. Dr. Tuncer TOPRAK

Basic Quantities of Mechanics

 Mechanics : Mechanics is a branch of physical siciences that is concerned

with the state of rest or motion of bodies that are subjected to the action of
forces.
 Force : Unit - Newton ( N )
 Concentrated Force : A Force acting at a point
 Distributed Force : A Loading acting along a line, area, volume of a
body
 Length : Unit - (m)
 Time : Unit - Second ( s )
 Mass : Unit - Kilogram ( kg )
 Particle : A Particle has a mass, but dimensions can be neglected. It is a
point mass.
 Rigid Body : A body which has no deformation with the effect of a force
system. It is an assumption !
 Elastic Body : Real body in the nature. It has deformation with application
of force system.
 FORCE
External Forces Internal Forces

Active External Passive External Force and Moment

Forces Forces Diagrams

Reaction
Forces
Equilibrium
Distributed Equations
Force
Concentrated
Force
 Prof. Dr. Tuncer TOPRAK

Example

Men pull a truck

 F and W : Active External Forces

 R1 and R2 : Reaction Forces

 Prof. Dr. Tuncer TOPRAK
Basic Definitions
Newton’s Laws of Motion
First Law :
A particle originally at rest or moving with constant velocity, if the particle is not
subjected to an unbalanced force.

Second Law :
If a particle acted by a force F, it will move with acceleration a on the same
direction of the force.
 Prof. Dr. Tuncer TOPRAK

Third Law :
The mutual forces of action and reaction between two particles are equal.

Newton’s Law of Gravitation :

Gravitational atraction between any two particles stated mathematically as;
 Prof. Dr. Tuncer TOPRAK

g is gravitational acceleration and

Weight of a mass :
equals to 9.81 m/s2

Weight is a force ( N )

Systems of Units :
 Prof. Dr. Tuncer TOPRAK

FORCE VECTORS

All physical quantties in engineering mechanics are measured either scalars or

vectors.

Scalar : A scalar is any positive or negative physical quantity that can be

specified by its magnitude. Example : Length, mass, time.

Vector : A vector is a physical quantity that requires both a magnitude and

direction. Example: Force, position moment. A vector can be shown by
an arrow. Length of the arrow represents the magnitude, the angle
between the vector and an axis defines the direction of the line of action.
 Prof. Dr. Tuncer TOPRAK

Vector Operations
If a vector mulplied by a positive scalar, its magnitude increased by that amount.
If the scalar is negative, it will change the sense of the vector.

Vector Addition
Paralleogram Rule : All vector quantities obey the parallelogram law of addition as
shown on the figure.
 Prof. Dr. Tuncer TOPRAK

Triangle Rule
Addition of vectors A and B is equal to Resultant R.

Substraction of vectors A and B is ;

 Prof. Dr. Tuncer TOPRAK

Resultant Force
Two forces acting on a pin as shown on the following figure has a
resultant. The resultant can be found by either paralellogram or triangle
methods.

Finding The Components of a Force

In order to find components of a force F on given two directions u and v, also
parallogram or triangle method can be used.
 Prof. Dr. Tuncer TOPRAK

Addition of Several Forces

If more than two forces are to be added, application of paralellogram method
can be carried out in order to find the resultant.

In this case, first resultant of two forces is

found. Then the this resultant can be added
with the third force, and go on.

In order to find the magnitude of the resultant force, law of cosines and to find
the direction of the resultant, law of sine can be used.
 Prof. Dr. Tuncer TOPRAK

Example
Find the resultant of two forces acting on a screw eye.

Solution
The paralellogram is formed by drawing parallel lines
to each force as shown on the following figure. The
diagonal is the resultant. The magnitude and the
direction of the resultant can be found by using
cosine and sine theorems.

Sine Law
 Prof. Dr. Tuncer TOPRAK

Example
Resolve the horizantal 600 N force into components
acting along the u and v axies and determine the
magnitudes of these components.

Solution
The paralellogram is constracted by lines drawing
parallel to u and v

Magnitudes of the components can

be calculated by using Sine Rule.

N
N
N

N
 Prof. Dr. Tuncer TOPRAK

Example
The vertical force acts downward at on the two-
membered frame. Determine the magnitudes of the
two components of F directed along the axes of AB
and AC. Set F = 500 N.

Solution
Paralleogram is drawen by parallel lines to AB
and AC. Magnitudes of components can be
calculated by usin Sine law.
 Prof. Dr. Tuncer TOPRAK

Addition of a System of Coplanar Forces

When a force is resolved into two components along x and y axes, the
components are called as rectangular components.

Scalar Notation : Rectangular components of force F are found by

using the parallelogram law as;

Vectoral Notation : It is also

possible to represent the x and y
components of a force interms of
unit vectors i and j .
 Prof. Dr. Tuncer TOPRAK

Coplanar Force Resultant : We can describe the resultant force by writing each
force as vevectors. The resultant force is then formed by adding the resultant
components. Using cartesian vector notation, each force can be written as;

The vector resultant will be,

 Prof. Dr. Tuncer TOPRAK

If scalar notation is used, then we have;

These are the x and y components of the resultant

force vector. As a result, in order to find the
components of resultant force, we can take the
algebric summation of x and y components of each
vector as ;
 Prof. Dr. Tuncer TOPRAK

Example : Determine the magnitude

of the resultant force and its direction,
measured counterclockwise from the
positive x axis.

Solution : Summing the force components

along x and y axes algebraically,

The magnitude of the resultant force is;

The angle of direction of the resultant for will be as;

 Prof. Dr. Tuncer TOPRAK

Example : Determine the magnitude of the

resultant force and its direction, measured
clockwise from the positive x axis.

Solution : Summing the force components along

x and y axes

Magnitude of the resultant force is;

Angle of direction of resultant force will be as;

 Prof. Dr. Tuncer TOPRAK

Example
Express each of the three forces acting on the support
in Cartesian vector form and determine the magnitude
of the resultant force and its direction, measured
clockwise from positive x axis.
Solution
Each force can be written on vector forms as;

The resultant force,

 Prof. Dr. Tuncer TOPRAK

Continue

Directional angle of resultant measured

from the positive x axis is;
 Prof. Dr. Tuncer TOPRAK

Right-Handed Coordinate System

A rectangular coordinat system is said to be
Right-Handed, if the thumb of the right hand
points in the direction of the positive z axis
when the right hand fingers are directed from
the positive x towards the positive y axis.

Cartesian Unit Vectors

In three dimensions, Cartesian Unit vectors i,
j and k, is used to designate the directions of
the x, y and z axes.

We can write A cartesian vector as;

Magnitude of A is equal to;

 Prof. Dr. Tuncer TOPRAK

Direction of a Cartesian Vector

We will define the direction of A by the
coordinate angles a (alpha), b (beta) and g
(gamma) as;

Addition of Cartesian Vectors

The components of the resultant vector R of
addition or subtraction of cartesian vectors will be
equal to algebric summation of each vector.

İn general case (more than two vectors),

 Prof. Dr. Tuncer TOPRAK

Example
The screw eye is subjected to the two forces
shown. Express each force in Cartesian vector
form and then determine the resultant force. Find
the magnitude and coordinate direction angles of
the resultant force.

Solution
 Prof. Dr. Tuncer TOPRAK

Continue
 Prof. Dr. Tuncer TOPRAK

Example
Express each force on cartesian coordinate form

Solution
 Prof. Dr. Tuncer TOPRAK

Position Vector
Position vector is a cartesian
force vector directed between
two points in space.

If the coordinates of points A

and B are given on 3D
coordinate system as shown on
the figure, the position vector
AB (r) can be written as;
 Prof. Dr. Tuncer TOPRAK

Force Vector Directed Along a Line

Assume that force F is directed along the cord
AB. We can write F as a cartesian vector by
using the unit vector along the cord.

Unit vector will be equal to u = r / r .

Where ;
u : unit vector
r : position vector along AB
r : magnitude of position vector.

The force F as a cartesian vector form will be;

 Prof. Dr. Tuncer TOPRAK

Example
If FB = 560 N and FC = 700 N, write these two
forces in vector forms.

Solution
In order to write the forces as vector, first we
have to find the unit vectors along AB and AC
lines.

Then the forces FB and FC can be written in vector forms as;

 Prof. Dr. Tuncer TOPRAK

Dot Product of Two Vectors

The dot product of vectors A and B written A . B is defined as the product of

magnitudes A and B and the cosine of the angle between their tails

Laws of Operation
 Prof. Dr. Tuncer TOPRAK

Cartesian Vector Operation

Dot product of unit vectors will be

If we like to find the dot product of cartesian vectors A and B;

The final result becomes,

Thus the dot product of two vectors is not a vector. It is a scalar quantity.
 Prof. Dr. Tuncer TOPRAK

END