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Literature Review Outline Assignment

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Overview

The literature review covered in this document will identify research focusing on the

teacher's role in resolving conflicts and minimizing hostile school environments. The key factor

to be addressed is the research focusing on the situation of bullying in the educational sector.

Also, research on the individual factors related to bullying will be of great concern. Another

issue to be addressed in this research is the various theories concerning psychological abuse,

such as the cognitive model and social learning model. Additionally, the literature review will

entail a theoretical-conceptual framework and social learning theory from Bandura's point of

view.

Bullying Background, High School, And Teacher’s Role

Local and international studies have confirmed that bullying is a common phenomenon in

high schools globally (D’Urso et al., 2022; Chu et al., 2019). Despite several attempts to make

schools safe environment, the increased levels of bullying in schools have reached disturbing

rates to prompt policy makers to develop anti-bullying policies. Teachers also play a huge role in

preventing bullying at school (Hashemi et al., 2019).

The Situation of Bullying in The Educational Field

The various elements that encompass bullying includes incidence, sex, place where

bullying happens, and age (Chu et al., 2019). The various incidences of bullying have been

measured in the different population settings, which allows proper description and comparison of

various populations. For instance, 41% of students in Columbia are involved in bullying, ages 14

to 15 (Rezapour et al., 2019). Additionally, about 33% of the students in Mexico experience

bullying problems (Chu et al., 2019). Bullying normally occurs in specific places such as
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classrooms and visible places like school corridors (D’Urso et al., 2022). Also, bullying is

rampant in places with little adult supervision (Jadambaa et al., 2019). Bullying can occur in

playgrounds, recreation, and academic center access point. Moreover, bullying is a problem that

occurs in various places depending on the educational level, such as primary and secondary

levels.

Bullying

Bullying refers to mistreatment that occurs by peers. Bullying is related to individual

aspects of causing damage, persistence over time, and power imbalance between individuals

involved in bullying cases (Hashemi et al., 2019). It is demonstrated from various research that

boys are involved more in bullying, with girls being the major victims (Jadambaa et al., 2019).

Additionally, among the determining factor in bullying is age and level of education (Rezapour

et al., 2019). Bullying is observed to decrease with the increase in adolescents' age and school

level. An individual's violence is determined by the environment in which they develop. They are

behavioral features learned and adapted depending on the specific environmental setting; thus,

one must be aware of the person's background and social history.

Definition Of Psychological Abuse

Psychological abuse is when an individual is mocked, humiliated, and disqualified, and

their dignity is dented (Rezapour et al., 2019). The abuse involves an individual feeling ignored

and bad, resulting in low self-esteem (Midgett et al., 2020). Psychological abuse is revealed in

insults, verbal violence, sarcasm, emotional isolation, and destructive criticism, among other

factors.
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Theories About Psychological Abuse

Cognitive Model

Abuses may result due to certain changes in the processes of cognition associated with

the easiness of understanding the behaviors of an individual (Midgett et al., 2020). Additionally,

people’s perception or interpretation of events influences their emotions and behaviors.

Psychopathological Model

This particular model reveals that in the situation of violence, there is a

psychopathological factor of either aggressor, the victim or both (Valadares et al., 2020).

Therefore, whoever enhances violence is categorized as having communication difficulties,

emotional isolation, assertive deficit, and poor verbal skills (Valadares et al., 2020).

Social Learning Model

According to this model, behaviors are learned in the social context and are based on

Bandura's learning model (Güllü et al., 2020). The behaviors are learned through imitations of

other individuals’ behavior (Mucherah et al., 2018). Therefore, children growing up in violent or

negligent environments assume this behavior in adulthood.

Social Stress Model

The social stress model dictates that stress is an environmental product. It signifies that

work role, marital status, and aspects of socioeconomic results in stressful experiences affecting

individuals' well-being (Mucherah et al., 2018). Stress is associated with abuse only in specific

interceding variables.

Consequences Of Psychological Abuse in Adults

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Consequences of psychological abuse revealed in adults include an inconsistent

concentration in executing daily tasks or work, lack of enough sleep, anxiety, and memory lapse

(Di Carlo, 2022). Also, adults may experience negative thoughts, which may generate insecurity,

feeling of guilt, and developing depression (Güllü et al., 2020). Additionally, psychological

abuse in adults results in drug addiction and incidents of suicidal thoughts.

Family And School Factors Related to Bullying Behavior

Linked to family context, people engaging in bullying are mostly associated with a

negative family environment with an authoritarian parenting approach (Meyer-Waarden &

Cloarec, 2022). Families associated with low parental support, domestic violence cases, and

problems with communications with their parents are vulnerable to producing perpetrators of

bullying (Kelly et al., 2020). On the other hand, a hostile school environment, constant

classroom conflicts, and little social support have great chances of producing perpetrators of

bullying (Orange, 2018). Additionally, teachers' mistreatment of learners, the negative influence

of teachers, and their nonintervention in cases of violence lead to perpetrators of bullying.

Antecedents Of Psychological Abuse in Companies

Causes Of Psychological Abuse in Companies

Among the cause of psychological abuse in companies is the desire to exercise power

over people in the company (Orange, 2018). Also, mobbing is caused by a poor organization

associated with poorly defined responsibilities (Duyan, 2020). Additionally, mobbing is caused

by inherent factors in the company, such as poor leadership, work design, and a bad work

environment.
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Indications Of Psychological Abuse in Companies

The signs of psychological abuse in the company are of various categories. Firstly,

perpetrators show disrespect in their behavior and make jokes that seem offensive to the victims

(Goodwin et al., 2019). Additionally, the isolation of workers for a worker to feel uncomfortable

or ignored is one of the indicators of psychological abuse (Rinker, 2019). Lastly, they retain the

information for the worker's correct performance, tempting him to make mistakes and thus

arguing with the worker to accuse them of negligence.

Types of bullying

Horizontal Mobbing: This type of bullying occurs between departments or colleagues, the

perpetrators, and the victim belonging to the same hierarchy (Meyer-Waarden & Cloarec, 2022).

Some of the causes are hostility among workers, insecurity of the perpetrators, and the most

dominant feature of the perpetrator.

Vertical Mobbing: It occurs between individuals belonging to different hierarchical levels. The

victim belongs to a higher or lower category than the aggressor.

Upward Vertical Mobbing: Types of bullying that occurs where the superior receives attacks

from their collaborators (Goodwin et al., 2019). It results from poor interpersonal relationships,

poor communication, lack of empathy, and harsh personality of workers.

Discriminatory Bullying: It is the type of bullying that occurs because a worker belongs to a

different aspect, such as age, sexual orientation, religion, physical appearance, and political

ideology.
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Effects Of Mobbing

Bullying results from poor work performance in the company (Liu et al., 2019). Also,

there are various demotivation aspects that result in higher chances of absenteeism and rotation

(Kelly et al., 2020). Mobbing has various repercussions on an individual, such as anxiety, great

tension, and feeling of discomfort (Özsungur, 2020). Also, an individual may undergo

depression, stress, and low self-esteem.

Differentiation Of Mobbing from Other Situations at Work

Mobbing By Labor Sectors

Research conducted based on the work sector variable indicated that health sectors,

transport, hotel establishments, public administrator sector, and educational sector are where

mobbing occurs mostly, unlike other sectors (Rinker, 2019). The reason for mobbing occurring

in the tertiary industry is a lack of a well-defined role; thus, there are high chances of

reproaching workers for omitting these services or actions.

Ways Of Coping With And Preventing Mobbing

The first way of coping and preventing mobbing is by embracing intervention strategies.

Intervention strategies include business mediation, which allows the company to resolve conflict

through commercial and labor quality relations (Liu et al., 2019). The second way of preventing

mobbing is by ensuring effective communication where ideas are clarified, and value judgment

can be enhanced. Another way is by ensuring good interpersonal relations and enabling good

leadership to resolve the problem of mobbing.

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Review Of Bullying Prevention Models

One of the bullying prevention models is a constructive model of coexistence to prevent

violence. The second model is embracing peace education and discouraging violence. Another is

the model of enhancing cooperative learning as a form of prevention of mobbing.

Model of networking and community work

Since school bullying is a social phenomenon, mobbing should not be prevented in

school and should be transferred to community settings. Education is important in attaining a

common goal of bullying prevention (Donat et al., 2018). The Kiva program in Finland is a

special program used to prevent bullying. Kiva means health; thus, it aims to achieve well-being.

Another program is the anti-bullying center, which has the principle of avoiding aggression,

caring for others, and being tolerant.

Factors Involved in Bullying

Protective Factors in Bullying

Personal factors such as high emotional intelligence, good communication, good stress

management, among others. Family factors such as good family functionality. School related

protective factors, such as good performance (Cassidy et al. 2009).

Risk Factors of Bullying

The lack of support from teachers (Cassidy et al. 2009), social isolation and rejection by

their peers (victimization) (Wei et al. 2009).

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Strategies against bullying

44% of bullying victims tell their superior to help them. 22% seek alternative ways to

cope with the incidence, such as opening up to parents and classmates. 13% seek advice from

their family on appropriate action to take. 10% fail to respond due to their inability to recognize

bulling incidences (Donat et al., 2018).

Role of Teachers against Bullying

Teachers must treat their students with dignity, civility and respect by creating an

environment open to discussion that allows them to express their opinions and feelings, as well

as contrast their ideas with others without criticism (Abbas et al., 2020). Teachers must

strengthen teacher-student relationship and student-student relationship to ensure everyone feels

safe at school.

Theoretical-Conceptual Framework

School violence is a destructive act that can be physical, social, psychological, or verbal,

damaging an individual in school (Abbas et al., 2020). Bullying is an aggressive act manifested

verbally, physically, sexually, or through peer relationships (Özsungur, 2020). The alternative

means of resolving school conflicts are effective educational procedures and embracing

strategies that promote peace and justice.

Social Learning Theory from Bandura’s Point of View

Bandura learning is an approach that allows the elimination of behaviors of being violent

(Duyan, 2020). From Bandura's point of view, learning requires cognitive, environmental, and

personal factors (Donat et al., 2018). Bandura's perspective illustrates that aggression is social
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and environmental activism, which becomes a learning process through encouragement to

continue reproducing in a social context (Abbas et al., 2020). Lastly, Bandura's perspective of

the agency is the ability to improve personal attitudes and beliefs and thus capable of

transforming their representation into self-reflection.

Summary

Bullying is a clear problem experienced in school and community settings. Teachers play

a big role in the minimization and prevention of bullying. Some factors associated with bullying

include low parental care in the family and an authoritarian parenting style. One of the cases of

bullying is psychological abuse. The theories of psychological abuse include the cognitive

model, social stress model, and social learning model, among others. Also, types of bullying are

addressed to have a deep understanding of the concept. Since bullying is a clear problem in the

school context, some prevention methods have been addressed in the literature review. Upon

review of the literature, some research gaps can be identified that will allow an area of further

studies on bullying to be conducted.

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References

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factors. Journal of Pediatric Research, 6(3), 169-179.

Chu, X.-W., Fan, C.-Y., Lian, S.-L., & Zhou, Z.-K. (2019). Does bullying victimization

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Di Carlo, E. (2022). Antecedents of deviant behavior: Psychological and non-psychological

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Duyan, M. (2020). The effect of mobbing behaviors on students’ burnout: Empirical results from

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Goodwin, J., Bradley, S. K., Donohoe, P., Queen, K., O’Shea, M., & Horgan, A. (2019).

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