Lecture 8.

Magnetism (1)
Why do we care about magnetism?
Science behind the polar lights Why can frog levitate in a strong magnetic field?

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wikipedia.org

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=avF0L6FZb_I https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A1vyB-O5i6E&t=0s
Outline

8.1 Magnetic Fields

8.1.1 Motion of a Charged Particle in a Uniform Magnetic Field
8.1.2 Applications Involving Charged Particles Moving in a Magnetic Field
8.1.3 Magnetic Force Acting on a Current-Carrying Conductor
8.1.4 Torque on a Current Loop in a Uniform Magnetic Field
8.1.5 The Hall Effect

8.2 Sources of the Magnetic Field

8.2.1 The Biot–Savart Law
8.2.2 The Magnetic Force Between Two Parallel Conductors
8.2.3 Ampère’s Law
8.2.4 The Magnetic Field of a Solenoid
8.2.5 Gauss’s Law in Magnetism
8.2.6 Magnetism in Matter
8.0 A brief history of magnetism
the compass, which uses a magnetic needle, was
used in China as early as the 13th century BC The relationship between magnetism and electricity was
discovered in 1819 when, during a lecture demonstration,
Hans Christian Oersted found that an electric current in a
The early Greeks knew about magnetism as early as
wire deflected a nearby compass needle
800 BC. They discovered that the stone magnetite
(Fe3O4) attracts pieces of iron.
In the 1820s, further connections between electricity and
magnetism were demonstrated independently by Faraday
In 1269, Pierre de Maricourt of France defined the
and Joseph Henry (1797–1878). They showed that an electric
poles of the magnet
current can be produced in a circuit either by moving a
magnet near the circuit or by changing the current in a
In 1600, William Gilbert (1540–1603) extended de nearby circuit.
Maricourt’s experiments to a variety of materials. He
knew that a compass needle orients in preferred
directions, so he suggested that the Earth itself is a Years later, theoretical work by Maxwell showed that the
large, permanent magnet. reverse is also true: a changing electric field creates a
magnetic field.
8.1 Magnetic Fields
8.1.1 Motion of a Charged Particle in a Uniform Magnetic Field

Magnetic field

Compass needles can be used to

trace the magnetic field lines in
the region outside a bar magnet. At the south magnetic pole of the Earth (near Hudson Bay in Canada),
the north pole of the needle points directly downward. It is
approximately 1 300 mi from the Earth’s geographic North Pole
8.1 Magnetic Fields
8.1.1 Motion of a Charged Particle in a Uniform Magnetic Field
Magnetic force
Vector expression for the magnetic force
on a charged particle moving in a
magnetic field

The magnitude of the magnetic force

on a charged particle is
Two right-hand rules

the SI unit of magnetic field is the newton

per coulomb-meter per second, which is
called the tesla (T):
8.1 Magnetic Fields
8.1.1 Motion of a Charged Particle in a Uniform Magnetic Field

8.1
8.1 Magnetic Fields
8.1.1 Motion of a Charged Particle in a Uniform Magnetic Field

8.1
8.1 Magnetic Fields
8.1.2 Applications Involving Charged Particles Moving in a Magnetic Field
Charged Particles Moving in a
Newton’s second law for the particle:
Magnetic Field

replace the acceleration with centripetal

acceleration:

the radius of the circular path:

The angular speed of the particle

(cyclotron frequency)

The period of the motion

8.1 Magnetic Fields
8.1.2 Applications Involving Charged Particles Moving in a Magnetic Field

8.2
8.1 Magnetic Fields
8.1.2 Applications Involving Charged Particles Moving in a Magnetic Field
Charged Particles Moving in a
Magnetic Field

The Van Allen belts are made up of

charged particles trapped by the
Earth’s nonuniform magnetic field.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O
h-My-God_particle

A charged particle having a velocity

vector that has a component parallel
to a uniform magnetic field moves in a
helical path.
8.1 Magnetic Fields
8.1.2 Applications Involving Charged Particles Moving in a Magnetic Field

Magnetic fields in a tokamak

wikipedia.org

Drawing of the (International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor) ITER tokamak

8.1 Magnetic Fields
8.1.2 Applications Involving Charged Particles Moving in a Magnetic Field
Lorentz force

Mass charge ratio:

Schematics of a simple mass spectrometer
Koichi Tanaka
August 3, 1959- Nobel Prize in Chemistry in
2002 for developing a novel method
for mass spectrometric analyses of
biological macromolecules with John
Bennett Fenn and Kurt Wüthrich (the latter
for work in NMR spectroscopy).
8.1 Magnetic Fields
8.1.3 Magnetic Force Acting on a Current-Carrying Conductor

Magnetic Force Acting on a Microscopic picture total magnetic force on the

Current-Carrying Conductor segment of wire of length L is:
8.1 Magnetic Fields
8.1.4 Torque on a Current Loop in a Uniform Magnetic Field

Torque on a Current Loop in a Uniform Magnetic Field The magnitude of this torque τmax

What if:
8.1 Magnetic Fields
8.1.4 Torque on a Current Loop in a Uniform Magnetic Field
A convenient vector expression for the torque exerted on a loop
Torque on a current loop in a magnetic field

Magnetic dipole moment of a current loop

For a coil of wire contains N loops

Torque on a magnetic moment in a magnetic field

Potential energy of a system of a magnetic moment

in a magnetic field

A: the area vector shown in the above Figure, is perpendicular to the plane of
the loop and has a magnitude equal to the area of the loop.
8.1 Magnetic Fields
8.1.4 Torque on a Current Loop in a Uniform Magnetic Field

8.3
Q8.3

8.3

Q8.3
Q8.3
8.1 Magnetic Fields
8.1.5 The Hall Effect

Voltage generated because of charge

moving in a conducting film

Hall voltage

where RH = 1/nq is called the Hall coefficient.

8.1 Magnetic Fields
8.1.5 The Hall Effect

• Magnetic Field Sensing

• Current Sensing

• Speed Detection

• Position and Displacement Measurement

• Consumer Electronics, e.g. laptops, smartphones, tablets

• Medical Devices

mrctcenter.org
8.2 Sources of the Magnetic Field
8.2.1 The Biot–Savart Law
How to calculate the magnetic field The Biot–Savart Law
produced at some point in space
by a small current element.

Where, μ0 is a constant called the

permeability of free space

the total magnetic field B created at some

point by a current of finite size
8.2 Sources of the Magnetic Field
8.2.1 The Biot–Savart Law

8.3
Q8.3

Figure Q8.3
8.2 Sources of the Magnetic Field
8.2.1 The Biot–Savart Law

8.1

E8.1

E8.1b Figure E8.1

8.2 Sources of the Magnetic Field
8.2.1 The Biot–Savart Law

in slide 20

E8.1

E8.1

E8.1
8.2 Sources of the Magnetic Field
8.2.2 The Magnetic Force Between Two Parallel Conductors

How to understand that two current-carrying the magnetic force on a length l of a wire 1 is
conductors exert magnetic forces on each other?

parallel conductors carrying currents in the same direction

attract each other, and parallel conductors carrying currents in
opposite directions repel each other.

force per unit length

The force between two parallel wires is used to define the ampere as:
8.2 Sources of the Magnetic Field
8.2.3 Ampère’s Law
Ampère’s Law
8.2 Sources of the Magnetic Field
8.2.3 Ampère’s Law

Q8.4
Q8.4
Q8.4

Q8.4
8.2 Sources of the Magnetic Field
8.2.4 The Magnetic Field of a Solenoid

How to calculate the magnetic field inside an ideal solenoid?

Magnetic field inside a solenoid

8.2 Sources of the Magnetic Field
8.2.4 The Magnetic Field of a Solenoid

Q8.5
8.2 Sources of the Magnetic Field
8.2.5 Gauss’s Law in Magnetism
Gauss’s Law in Magnetism
Definition of magnetic flux
The magnetic flux through the plane is
Example 8.2 Magnetic Flux Through a Rectangular Loop
A rectangular loop of width a and length b is located near a long wire
carrying a current I (Fig. below). The distance between the wire and the
closest side of the loop is c. The wire is parallel to the long side of the loop.
Find the total magnetic flux through the loop due to the current in the wire.
Use Gauss’s law
Integrate from r = c to r = a + c :
8.2 Sources of the Magnetic Field
8.2.5 Gauss’s Law in Magnetism

Gauss’s law in magnetism

different from:
8.2 Sources of the Magnetic Field
8.2.6 Magnetism in Matter

The Magnetic Moments of Atoms The current I associated with this orbiting electron

The magnitude of the magnetic moment

Where , L is the orbital angular

momentum of the electron

From quantum mechanism that the smallest nonzero value of the electron’s
magnetic moment resulting from its orbital motion is
8.2 Sources of the Magnetic Field
8.2.6 Magnetism in Matter

Contribution of spin of electron (or protons, neutrons,

and other particles) to the total magnetic moment. 8.2

The magnetic moment characteristically

associated with the spin of an electron
has the value

This combination of constants is

called the Bohr magneton µB
8.2 Sources of the Magnetic Field
8.2.6 Magnetism in Matter

Curie temperature: at which temperature the

Ferromagnetism, Paramagnetism and Diamagnetism
substance loses its residual magnetization.

8.3

Meissner effect: Certain types of superconductors exhibit

perfect diamagnetism in the superconducting state.
Figure @: Francy L Sinatra