20 S. A.

MALIK

Contexts: Implications for Research in Britain, Europe, and Beyond,” Zygon: Journal of Reli-
gion and Science 54(4) (2019): 837–856.
46. Saïda Aroua, Maryline Coquide, and Salem Abbes, “Overcoming the Effect of the Socio-cul-
tural Context: Impact of Teaching Evolution in Tunisia,” Evolution: Education Outreach 2
(2009): 474–478.
47. Nasser Mansour, “Science Teachers’ Views of Science and Religion vs. the Islamic Perspec-
tive: Conflicting or Compatible?” Science Education 95 (2008): 281–309; Nasser Mansour,
“Religious Beliefs: A Hidden Variable in the Performance of Science Teachers in the Class-
room,” European Educational Research Journal 7 (2008): 557–576; Nasser Mansour, “The
Experiences and Personal Religious Beliefs of Egyptian Science Teachers as a Framework
for Understanding the Shaping and Reshaping of their Beliefs and Practices about
Science-Technology-Society (STS),” International Journal of Science Education 30 (2008):
1605–1634; Nasser Mansour, “Science Teachers’ Interpretations of Islamic Culture
Related to Science Education versus the Islamic Epistemology and Ontology of Science,”
Cultural Studies of Science Education 5 (2010): 127–140.
48. Anila Asghar, “Canadian and Pakistani Muslim Teachers’ Perceptions of Evolutionary
Science and Evolution Education,” Evolution: Education and Outreach 6 (2013): 1–12;
Donald Everhart and Salman Hameed, “Muslims and Evolution: A Study of Pakistani Phys-
icians in the United States.” Evolution: Education and Outreach 6:2 (2013): https://doi.org/
10.1186/1936-6434-6-2
49. Saouma BouJaoude, Anila Asghar, Jason R. Wiles, Lama Jabera, Diana Sarieddine, and Brian
Alters. 2011. “Biology Professors’ and Teachers’ Positions Regarding Biological Evolution
and Evolution Education in a Middle Eastern Society,” International Journal of Science Edu-
cation 33: 979–1000.
50. Yoon F. Lay, Eng Tek Ong, Crispina Gregory K. Han, and Sane Hwui Chan, “A Glimpse of
Evolution Education in the Malaysian Context,” In Evolution Education around the Globe,
eds. Hasan Deniz and Lisa A. Borgerding (Cham: Springer, 2018): 357–374.
51. Mahsa Kazempour and Aidin Amirshokoohi, “Evolution Education in Iran: Shattering
Myths About Teaching Evolution in an Islamic State,” In Hasan Deniz and Lisa
A. Borgerding, eds., Evolution Education around the Globe (Cham: Springer, 2018):
281–296.
52. Kamisah Osman, Rezzuana Razali, and Nurnadiah Mohamed Bahri, “Biological Evolution
Education in Malaysia: Where We Are Now,” In Evolution Education around the Globe
eds. In Hasan Deniz and Lisa A. Borgerding (Cham: Springer, 2018): 375–390.
53. Hasan Deniz, Faruk Çetin, and Irfan Yilmaz, “Examining the Relationships among Accep-
tance of Evolution, Religiosity, and Teaching Preference for Evolution in Turkish Preservice
Biology Teachers,” Reports of the National Center for Science Education 31 (2011): 1.1–1.9;
Hasan Deniz, Lisa A. Donnelly, and Irfan Yilmaz, “Exploring the Factors Related to Accep-
tance of Evolutionary Theory Among Turkish Preservice Biology Teachers: Toward a More
Informative Conceptual Ecology for Biological Evolution,” Journal of Research in Science
Teaching 45 (2008): 420–443; Deniz Peker, Gulsum Gul Comert, and Aykut Kence,
“Three Decades of Anti-evolution Campaign and its Results: Turkish Undergraduates’
Acceptance and Understanding of the Biological Evolution Theory,” Science and Education
19 (2010): 739–755; Ebru Z. Muğaloğlu, “An Insight into Evolution Education in Turkey,”
In Evolution Education around the Globe, eds. Hasan Deniz and Lisa A. Borgerding (Cham:
Springer, 2018): 263–280.
54. Amy Unsworth and David Voas, “Attitudes to Evolution Among Christians, Muslims and
the Non-Religious in Britain: Differential Effects of Religious and Educational Factors,”
Public Understanding of Science 27 (2018): 76–93; Lia Betti, Peter Shaw, and Volker Beh-
rends, “Acceptance of Biological Evolution by First-Year Life Sciences University
Students,” Science and Education 29 (2020): 395–409.
55. Anila Asghar, “Canadian and Pakistani Muslim Teachers’ Perceptions of Evolutionary
Science and Evolution Education,” Evolution: Education and Outreach 6 (2013): 1–12.
 THEOLOGY AND SCIENCE 21

56. Pierre Clément, “Creationism, Science and Religion: A Survey of Teachers’ Conceptions in
30 Countries,” Procedia: Social and Behavioural Sciences 167 (2015): 279-287. Pierre
Clément, “Muslim Teachers’ Conceptions of Evolution in Several Countries,” Public Under-
standing of Science 24 (2015): 400–421.
57. Michael Stears, Pierre Clément, Angela James, and Edited Dempster, “Creationist and Evol-
utionist Views of South Af-rican Teachers with Different Religious Affiliations,” South
African Journal of Science 112 (2016): 1–10.
58. M. Elizabeth Barnes, Julie A. Roberts, Samantha A. Maas, and Sara E. Brownell, “Muslim
Undergraduate Biology Students’ Evolution Acceptance in the United States,” Plos One
16 (2021): e0255588. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255588; Khadijah E. Fouad, “Pedagogical
Implications of American Muslims’ Views on Evolution,” In Evolution Education around
the Globe, eds. Hasan Deniz and Lisa A. Borgerding (Cham: Springer, 2018): 15–40.
59. Salman Hameed, “Bracing for Islamic Creationism,” Science 322 (2008): 1637–1638.
60. Jessica Carlisle, Salman Hameed, and Fern Elsdon-Baker, “Muslim Perceptions of Biological
Evolution: A Critical Review of Quantitative and Qualitative Research,” in Science, Belief
and Society: International Perspectives on Religion, Non-Religion and the Public Understand-
ing of Science, eds. Stephen H. Jones, Tom Kaden, and Rebecca Catto (Bristol: Policy Press
and Bristol University Press, 2019): 147–170. Though not mentioned by Carlisle et al., this
may be because Shīʿī sources mention of pre-existing human or human-like entities known
as the nasnās. In other words, there seems to be a positive scriptural affirmation of such
beings. This is discussed in Amina Inloes’ article.
61. Shoaib A. Malik, Islam and Evolution Al-Ghazālī and the Modern Evolutionary Paradigm
(Abingdon: Routledge, 2021).
62. Routledge, “Islam and Evolution Al-Ghazālī and the Modern Evolutionary Paradigm,”
Taylor and Francis, https://www.routledge.com/Islam-and-Evolution-Al-Ghazali-and-the-
Modern-Evolutionary-Paradigm/Malik/p/book/9781032026572 (accessed on the 19 July,
2023).
63. Shoaib A. Malik, “Why I wrote Islam and Evolution: Al-Ghazālī and the Modern Evolution-
ary Paradigm,” Kader 19(3) (2021): 968–974; Muhammad Misbah and Anisah Setyanin-
grum, “Islam and Evolution: Al-Ghazālī and the Modern Evolutionary Paradigm by
Shoaib Ahmad Malik, London, Routledge, 2021, 362 pp., $160.00 (Hardcover), ISBN 978-
0367364137,” Theology and Science 20(2) (2022): 267–268; Mykhaylo Yakubovych,
“Islam, Creationism and Evolutionism: Theoretical Contemplations. Ahmed Malik,
S. (2021). Islam and Evolution: Al-Ghazālī and the Modern Evolutionary Paradigm.
London: Routledge,” Sententiae 41:2 (2022): 177–180; Shoaib A. Malik, “Introduction to
the Symposium on Islam and Evolution,” Zygon: Journal of Religion and Science 57:2
(2022): 389–392; Safaruk Zaman Chowdhury, “Explaining Evil in the Bio-Sphere: Assessing
Some Evolutionary Theodicies for Muslim Theists,” Zygon: Journal of Religion and Science
57:2 (2022): 393–417; Karim Gabor Kocsenda, “Shīʿī Readings of Human Evolution:
Ṭ abāṭabāʾī to Ḥ aydarī,” Zygon: Journal of Religion and Science 57:2 (2022): 418–442;
Khalil Andani, “Evolving Creation: An Ismaili Muslim Interpretation of Evolution,”
Zygon: Journal of Religion and Science 57:2 (2022): 443–466; David Solomon Jalajel,
“Presumptions About God’s Wisdom in Muslim Arguments For and Against Evolution,”
Zygon: Journal of Religion and Science 57:2 (2022): 467–489; Shoaib A. Malik, Hamza
Karamali, and Moamer Yahia Ali Khalayleh, “Does Criticizing Intelligent Design (ID)
Undermine Design Discourse in the Qurʾān?,” Zygon: Journal of Religion and Science 57:2
(2022): 490–513.
64. Shoaib Ahmed Malik and David Solomon Jalajel, eds., New Frontiers in Islam and Evolution:
Hermeneutics, People, and Places (Abingdon: Routledge, forthcoming). Note that the title of
this edited volume is tentative.
65. Shoaib A. Malik, “Do Non-Literal Readings of Adam, Eve and the Fall in Islamic Scripture in
Light of Evolution Entail Hermeneutic Scientism?” Theological Puzzles (Issue 4). https://
www.theo-puzzles.ac.uk/2021/11/03/smalik/ (accessed on the 19 July, 2023); Shoaib
A. Malik, “Is Evolution Even Possible in Islamic Thought?” Theological Puzzles (Issue 7),
22 S. A. MALIK

https://www.theo-puzzles.ac.uk/2022/05/02/malik2/ (accessed on the 19 July, 2023). There

is also an open access textbook on Islam and evolution that will be coming out with Rou-
tledge in 2024. I also have a micrograph coming out with their Focus on Religion series,
which is a pedagogical guidebook for teachers and students. It will be an expansion of
Malik, “Challenges and Opportunities.”
66. Nadeem Mohamed, “Book Review: Islam and Evolution: Al-Ghazālī and the Modern Evol-
utionary Paradigm by Shoaib Malik.” Muslim Views, https://muslimviews.co.za/2022/05/
25/book-review-islam-and-evolution-al-ghazali-and-the-modern-evolutionary-paradigm-
by-shoaib-malik/ (accessed on the 19 July, 2023).
67. Juris Arrozy, “A Book Review of Islam and Evolution: Al-Ghazālī and the Modern Evol-
utionary Paradigm by Shoaib Ahmed Malik.” Traversing Tradition, https://
traversingtradition.com/2021/05/17/re-examining-evolution-through-the-theological-lens-
of-%E1%B8%A5ujjatul-islam/ (accessed on the 19 July, 2023); Sheikh Mohamad Farouq
Abdul Fareez, “Understanding Muslims’ Responses to the Theory of Evolution,” The Kar-
yawan: Professionals for the Community, https://karyawan.sg/understanding-muslims-
responses-to-the-theory-of-evolution/ (accessed on the 19 July, 2023); Rameez Abid,
“Islam and Evolution: Summary and Review of Dr. Shoaib Malik’s Book,” The Thinking
Muslim, https://thethinkingmuslim.com/2021/10/20/islam-and-evolution-summary-and-
review-of-dr-shoaib-maliks-book/ (accessed on the 19 July, 2023).
68. One can find many videos on YouTube where I talk about I&E. However, the most notable
and most accessible is Blogging Theology, “Islam and evolution with Professor Shoaib
Ahmed Malik,” Blogging Theology, https://youtu.be/rmRH80lj9UM (accessed on the 19
July, 2023).
69. Shoaib A. Malik, Islam and Evolusi: Imam al-Ghazali dan Paradigma Evolusi Modern. trans.
Kardono Setyorakhmadi (Jakarta: Rene Islam, 2023).
70. This will come out with Dār al-Adab Publishers and Distribution.
71. This will come out with Afkar Foundation.
72. This will come out with Ahmadu Bello University Press Limited.
73. This will come out with Albaraka Türk Publishers.
74. He has organized and chaired conferences at The University of Nottingham (UK), The Uni-
versity of Edinburgh (UK), and Leiden University (Netherlands) on themes related to the
topic. Additionally, he has presented and taught courses on I&E in various academic set-
tings. Examples include New York University in Abu Dhabi (UAE), Khalifa University
(UAE), UIN Sunan Kalijaga (Indonesia), Cambridge Muslim College (UK), University of
York (UK), Freiburg University (Germany), Marmara University (Turkey), Bahçeşehir Uni-
versity (Turkey), University of Birmingham (UK), St Andrews University (UK), Viterbo
University in conjunction with Wisconsin Medical College (US), Istanbul University
(Turkey), Islamic University of Technology (Bangladesh), Universitas Nasional (Indonesia),
Hamad Bin Khalifa University (Qatar), and Institute of Discourse Perspectives (Pakistan).
Furthermore, he has also worked with seminary leaders and students in various capacities
in relation to I&E. Examples include The Muslim Melbourne Seminary (Australia),
The Islamic Seminary of American (US), Al Balagh Academy (UK), The World Research
for Research in Advanced Studies (India), Madrasah Discourses under the auspices of
Notre Dame University (USA), Al-Mahdi Institute (UK), and Al-Mawrid Institute
(Canada).
75. The Royal Institution, “Islam and the Modern Evolutionary Paradigm,” The Royal Institution,
https://www.rigb.org/whats-on/islam-and-modern-evolutionary-paradigm (accessed on the
19 July, 2023).
76. Projects, “ISSR Annual Book Prize,” International Society for Science and Religion, issr.or-
g.uk/projects/issr-annual-book-prize/ (accessed on the 19 July, 2023).
77. Eve is also a miraculous creation. But she was created derivatively in some relation to Adam.
See Malik, Islam and Evolution, 96.
78. For a critical comparison of Malik’s classification of I&E, see Maryam Farahmand, Mostafa
Taqavi, and Ali Asghar Ahmadi, “Iranian Scholars’ Contemporary Debate between
 THEOLOGY AND SCIENCE 23

Evolutionary Human Genesis and Readings of the Qur’an: Perspectives and Classification”
Religions MDPI 14:2: https://doi.org/10.3390/rel14020143. For a meta-critical comparison of
Malik’s classification, see Adam J. Chin, “The Aims of Typologies and a Typology of Aims,”
Zygon: Journal of Religion and Science 58:3: 656–677.
79. Shoaib A. Malik, “Old Texts, New Masks: A Critical Review of Misreading Evolution onto
Historical Islamic Texts,” Zygon: Journal of Religion and Science 54:2 (2019): 501–522.
80. Shoaib A. Malik, “Does Belief in Human Evolution Entail Kufr (Disbelief)? Evaluating The
Concerns of a Muslim Theologian,” Zygon: Journal of Religion and Science 55:3 (2020): 638–
662.
81. Shoaib A. Malik, “Al-Ghazālī’s Divine Command Theory: Biting the Bullet,” Journal of Reli-
gious Ethics 49:3 (2021): 546–576.
82. Malik, “Challenges and Opportunities,” 9–10.
83. Q. 4:157.
84. Elsewhere, I listed four propositions in which C3 and C4 were combined. For clarity,
I decided to separate them in this article. See Malik, “Challenges and Opportunities,” 13.
85. For an excellent treatment on why Sunnī Muslims believe that Adam is a miraculous
creation, see Tahseen N. Khan, The Provenance of Man: A Sunni Apologetic of the Original
Creation of Ādam (Chicago: Philasufical Publications, 2023).
86. Rachel S. A. Pear, Dov Berger, and Meir Klein, “Religious and Scientific Instruction on Evol-
ution and Origins in Israeli Schools,” Religious Education 115:3 (2020): 323–334; Rachel
S. A. Pear, “Agreeing to Disagree: American Orthodox Jewish Scientists’ Confrontation
with Evolution in the 1960s,” Religion and American Culture 28:2 (2018), 206–237;
Rachel S. A. Pear, “‘Man-as-an-Animal Needs Religious Faith’: Rabbi Soloveitchik on Evol-
ution and Divine Image in The Emergence of Ethical Man,” In Theology and Science: From
Genesis to Astrobiology, eds. Joseph Seckbach and Richard Gordon (Singapore World
Scientific, 2018); Rachel S. A. Pear, “Differences over Darwinism: American Orthodox
Jewish Responses to Evolution in the 1920s,” Aleph 15:2 (2015): 343–387; Rachel
S. A. Pear, “Arguing about Evolution for the Sake of Heaven: American Orthodox Rabbis
Dispute Darwinism’s Merit and Meaning in the 1930s–1950s,” Fides et Historia 46:1
(2014): 21–39. We also wrote an article together. See Pear, Rachel S. A. Pear and Shoaib
A. Malik, “Categorizations of the Interface of Evolution and Religion,” Cultural Studies of
Science Education 17 (2022): 625–634.
87. Daniel R. Langton, “Naphtali Levy’s Divine World: Jewish Tradition, Panentheism and Dar-
winism,” Theology and Science 21:3 (2023), 438–456; Daniel R. Langton, Reform Judaism
and Darwin: How Engaging with Evolutionary Theory Shaped American Jewish Religion
(Berlin: De Gruyter, 2019); Daniel R. Langton, “Elijah Benamozegh and Evolutionary
Theory: A Nineteenth-Century Italian Kabbalist’s Panentheistic Response to Darwin,” Euro-
pean Journal of Jewish Studies 10:2 (2016): 223–245; Daniel R. Langton, “Jewish evolutionary
perspectives on Judaism, antisemitism, and race science in late nineteenth-century England:
a comparative study of Lucien Wolf and Joseph Jacobs,” Jewish Historical Studies 46 (2014):
37–73; Daniel R. Langton, “Jewish Religious Thought, the Holocaust, and Darwinism: A
Comparison of Hans Jonas and Mordecai Kaplan,” Aleph 13:2 (2013), 311–348.
88. S. Joshua Swamidass, The Genealogical Adam and Eve: The Surprising Science of Universal
Ancestry (Illinois: InterVarsity Press, 2019).
89. Erkki V. R. Kojonen, The Intelligent Design Debate and the Temptation of Scientism (Abing-
don: Routledge, 2016); Erkki V. R. Kojonen, The Compatibility of Evolution and Design
(Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, 2022). Kojonen’s second monograph had a dedicated special
issue with Zygon: Journal of Religion and Science. See Erkki V. R. Kojonen, “The Compat-
ibility of Evolution and Design,” Zygon: Journal of Religion and Science 57:4 (2022):
1108–1123.
90. Gijsbert van den Brink, “Human Death in Theological Anthropology and Evolutionary
Biology: Disambiguating (Im)Mortality as Ecumenical Solution,” Zygon: Journal of Religion
and Science 57:4 (2022): 869–888; Gijsbert van den Brink, Reformed Theology and Evolution-
ary Theory (Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans, 2020); Gijsbert van den Brink, “Are we
24 S. A. MALIK

Still Special? Evolution and Human Dignity,” Neue Zeitschrift für Systematicsche Theologie
Und Religionsphilosophie 53:3 (2011): 318–332.
91. Stephen Jones, Saleema Burney, and Riyaz Timol, Science Communication, Islam and
Muslim Communities: A Research Brief (Birmingham: University of Birmingham, 2023).
92. Research, “Science and British Muslim Religious Leadership,” University of Birmingham,
https://www.birmingham.ac.uk/research/ptr/projects/science-british-muslim-religious-lead
ership.aspx (accessed on the 19 July, 2023).
93. The reader may want to know why there are various possibilities for Adam’s appearance. See
the forthcoming discission of theological commitments and non-commitments.

Acknowledgments
The author thanks the contributors for taking part in this special, as they have been nothing short
of excellent interlocutors. He would also like to show his appreciation to the editorial board of
Theology and Science, especially Alan Weissenbacher and Ted Peters, for being so welcoming
and accommodating to this special issue in the journal.

Disclosure Statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Notes on Contributor
Shoaib Ahmed Malik is presently serving as a Visiting Researcher at St. Mary’s University, Twick-
enham (UK). Holding dual expertise in Science and Religion, he has a PhD in Chemical Engineer-
ing (University of Nottingham, UK) and a PhD in Theology (University of St Mary’s,
Twickenham, UK). His acclaimed work, Islam and Evolution: Al-Ghazālī and the Modern
Evolutionary Paradigm (Routledge), earned recognition as the top academic book of science
and religion by the International Society for Science and Religion in 2022. Currently, he is
engaged in crafting an educational textbook and a micrograph that delve into the nexus of
Islam and evolution, both under the imprints of Routledge. Moreover, he is actively involved in
curating several edited volumes and special issues. Notably, he is the Chief Editor for Palgrave’s
recently inaugurated Islam and Science book series and encyclopedia, thus further enriching the
discourse at this scholarly intersection.

ORCID
Shoaib Ahmed Malik http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5050-474X