Efficacy of Dietary Selenium Sources On Growth and

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Efﬁcacy of dietary selenium sources on growth and carcass characteristics of

growing-ﬁnishing pigs fed diets containing high endogenous selenium
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Efficacy of dietary selenium sources on growth and carcass characteristics of
growing-finishing pigs fed diets containing high indigenous selenium
R. D. Mateo, J. E. Spallholz, R. Elder, I. K. Yoon and S. W. Kim
J ANIM SCI published online January 30, 2007
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Page 1 of 25 Journal of Animal Science
1 Running Head: Organic Se for growing-finishing pigs
5 Efficacy of dietary selenium sources on growth and carcass characteristics of growing-finishing pigs
6 fed diets containing high indigenous selenium
10 R. D. Mateo†, J. E. Spallholz†, R. Elder‡, I. K. Yoon§, and S. W. Kim†1
11
†
12 Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX
‡
13 Seaboard Foods, Shawnee Mission, KS
§
14 Diamond V Mills, Inc., Cedar Rapids, IA
15
16
17
18
19
20
1
Correspondence: sungwoo.kim@ttu.edu
Published OnlineDownloaded
First onfrom jas.fass.org
January 30,by2007
guest on
asMay 22, 2011
doi:10.2527/jas.2006-067
Journal of Animal Science Page 2 of 25
21 ABSTRACT: A study was conducted to determine the efficacy of organic (Se-yeast; SelenoSource
22 AF, Diamond V Mills, Inc.) and inorganic sources of Seon growth performance, tissue Se accretion
23 and carcass characteristics of growing-finishing pigs fed diets with high indigenous Se content. A total
24 of 180 pigs at 34.4 ± 0.06 kg of BW were allotted to 1 of 5 dietary treatments: a negative control
25 without added Se (NC), 3 treatment diets with 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 mg/kg added Se from an organic
26 source and a diet with 0.3 mg/kg added Se as sodium selenite. Each treatment had 6 pens with 6 pigs
27 per pen-replicate. Experimental diets were changed twice at 66.1 ± 0.53 kg and 99.0 ± 0.93 kg of BW,
28 and were fed until the pigs reached market weight. Growth performance was measured at the end of
29 each phase. Upon reaching 129.9 ± 1.35 kg of BW, the pigs were transported to a local abattoir
30 (Seaboard Foods, Guymon, OK) where carcass, longissimus muscle (LM) and liver samples were
31 obtained. Hair and blood samples were obtained at the beginning and end of the study for Se analysis.
32 Growth performance did not differ (P > 0.05) among treatments. Percent drip loss of the NC pigs was
33 greater (2.41 vs. 1.75, P = 0.011) compared to pigs supplemented with Se. Pigs fed diets with added
34 Se had greater Se concentrations in the liver (0.397 vs. 0.323 ppm, P = 0.015), LM (0.236 vs. 0.132
35 ppm, P < 0.001), serum (0.087 vs. 0.062 ppm, P = 0.047) and hair (0.377 vs. 0.247 ppm, P = 0.003)
36 compared to the NC. Percent drip loss was linearly reduced (percent drip loss = 2.305 – 2.398 x Se, r2
37 = 0.29, P = 0.007) as dietary organic Se concentration increased. The Seconcentration (ppm) in the
38 liver (liver Se = 0.323 + 0.291 x Se, r2 = 0.33, P = 0.003), LM (LM Se = 0.122 + 0.511 x Se, r2 = 0.57,
39 P < 0.001), serum (serum Se = 0.060 + 0.113 x Se, r2 = 0.33, P = 0.004) and hair (hair Se = 0.237 +
40 0.638 x Se, r2 = 0.56, P < 0.001) increased linearly as dietary organic Se concentration increased.
41 Slope ratio analysis indicated that the relative bioavailability of organic Se for percent drip loss and
42 LM and hair Se response was 306, 192, and 197 % of that for inorganic Se, respectively. The results of
2
43 the study show a potential advantage of organic Se supplementation in reducing drip loss even when
44 the basal diet contains indigenously high Se concentration of 0.181 ppm.
45 Key Words: carcass, drip loss, growth performance, pigs, selenium
3
46 INTRODUCTION
47 Selenium has been established as an essential trace element that is important in many
48 biochemical and physiological processes (Burk, 2003). Research has shown that the organic and
49 inorganic forms of Se vary in tissue retention and that organic Se is deposited in greater concentrations
50 in many tissues compared to inorganic Se (Ku et al., 1973). Selenium, as a part of glutathione
51 peroxidase, protects against oxidative stress. The protection of cell membranes from oxidation may
52 help in improving water-holding capacity of meat products. Mahan et al. (1999) reported that 0.3 ppm
53 of organic Se in basal diets with an indigenous Se content of 0.06 ppm reduced drip loss and improved
54 muscle color compared to inorganic Se supplementation. However, there is still limited information
55 regarding the effects of different Se sources on carcass characteristics. Furthermore, most of the recent
56 studies (Mahan and Parrett, 1996; Mahan et al., 1999) concerning the effectiveness of Se
57 supplementation using different sources were conducted using feed ingredients with relatively low Se
58 contents. However, animal response to supplemental Se can be affected by the concentration of
59 indigenous Se from feed grains. Considering that the concentration of indigenous Se from feed grains
60 varies depending on geographical location (Mahan et al., 2005), it would be beneficial to examine the
61 efficacy of supplemental Se from various sources in diets containing high concentrations of
62 indigenous Se. Data regarding the effectiveness of organic Se supplementation to diets containing high
63 concentrations of indigenous Se are limited.
64 The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy of using organic (Se-yeast) and
65 inorganic Se (sodium selenite) on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and tissue Se accretion
66 in growing-finishing pigs fed diets containing high indigenous Se concentrations (> 0.15 mg/kg).
67
4
68 MATERIALS AND METHODS
69 Animals and Design
70 The animal use and care protocol was approved by the Animal Care and Use Committee of
71 Texas Tech University. A total of 180 pigs (Camborough 22 x PIC boar, Pig Improvement Company,
72 Franklin, KY) weighing 34.4 ± 0.1 kg were randomly allotted by gender to 1 of 5 dietary treatments.
73 An experimental diet that contained no added Se served as the negative control group (NC). Three
74 experimental diets were formulated to contain 0.1 (OS1), 0.2 (OS2), and 0.3 (OS3) ppm of added Se
75 from an organic source (Se-yeast; SelenoSource-AF, Diamond V Mills, Inc. Cedar Rapids, IA). An
76 additional experimental diet (IS) contained 0.3 ppm added Se from an inorganic source (sodium
77 selenite). Each treatment had 6 pens (3 barrow and 3 gilt pens) with 6 pigs per pen-replicate. Pen size
78 was 2.1 x 3.6 m. Pigs had ad libitum access toexperimental diets (Ta ble 1) from 34.4 ± 0.1 kg of BW
79 until market weight (129.9 ± 1.4 kg of BW). Diets were changed at 66.1 ± 0.5 kg and 99.0 ± 0.9 kg of
80 BW. Body weights and ADFI were measured at the end of each growth phase. Periods for each growth
81 phase were 44, 38, and 27 d, which were coded as P4, P5, and P6, respectively. Health status of the
82 pigs was monitored daily by trained farm staff.
83 Hair and Blood Sampling
84 Hair and blood samples were taken from three randomly selected pigs per pen at the beginning
85 and at d 109 of the study. Hair samples were collected from the top of the shoulder (approximately 20
86 cm from both sides starting from the midline), which was first brushed in order to remove non-hair
87 matter. Collected hair samples were washed with distilled water, rinsed, air-dried, and stored in plastic
88 bags for Se analysis. Pigs with non-white skin or spots were excluded from sampling because the Se
89 content in swine hair can be influenced by color (Kim and Mahan, 2001b). Hair samples were pooled
5
90 by pen at each sampling and were later analyzed forSe concentrations . Blood samples were obtained
91 in the morning at 1000 and were collected by jugular venipuncture using 9 mL tubes (Sarstedt, Inc.
92 Newton, NC). Blood sampleswere immediately placed on ice. The samples were centrifuged at 2,000
93 x g for 15 min; serum was collected, transferred into 1.5 mL microcentrifuge tubes (National
94 Scientific, San Rafael, CA) and stored at -20ºC for determination of Se concentrations.
95 Tissue and Feed Sampling and Carcass Measurement
96 Upon reaching 129.9 ± 1.4 kg of BW, all pigs were transported to a local abattoir (Seaboard
97 Foods, Guymon, OK) to obtain carcass data. Hot carcass weight was obtained after slaughter just prior
98 to chilling. The longissimus muscle (LM) was cut (24-h postmortem) between the 10th and 11th rib and
99 the exposed LM was measured for muscle depth. Last-rib carcass backfat thickness was determined by
100 midline fat thickness, including skin, opposite the last rib. Longissimus muscle weight was also
101 obtained. Percent lean was calculated by dividing fat-free lean (kg) by warm carcass weight multiplied
102 by 100. Formula for fat free lean (kg) = [5.77 + (1.006 x sex (barrow = 1, gilt = 2)) – (18.838 x 10th-rib
103 fat depth) + (4.357 x 10th-rib LM area) + (0.401 x warm carcass weight)] x 2.205. At 24-h, LM pH and
104 temperature were obtained between the 10th and 11th rib. The pH of the LM was determined using a
105 portable pH meter (Model IQ 140 pH Meter, IQ Scientific Instruments, Inc. Carlsbad, CA). Hunter L
106 (luminescence), a (redness), and b (yellowness) values were obtained using a Minolta color recorder
107 (MiniScan XE Plus, Hunter, Reston, VA). Water-holding capacity was determined using the drip loss
108 method as described by Gentry et al. (2002). Longissimus muscle samples were obtained using a 2.54
109 cm diameter-coring device. Samples were placed in pre-weighed plastic drip loss tubes (meat juice
110 containers, C. Christensen Laboratory, Denmark) equipped with a collection funnel. The drip loss
111 tubes together with the sample were again weighed and held at 4ºC for 48 h (24 to 72 h postmortem).
6
112 Drip loss tubes with only the exudates were reweighed and amount of drip loss was determined as a
113 percentage of initial weight. Visual color scores were determined from a scale of 1 to 6 (1 = pale,
114 pinkish grey and 6 = dark, purplish red) using Japanese color standards. Firmness, marbling, and
115 texture measurements were determined by trained personnel using 5 point scales (NPPC, 2000)
116 wherein firmness scores ranged from 1 = very soft to 5 = very firm, marbling ranged from 1 = devoid
117 to practically devoid to 5 = moderately abundant or greater and texture ranged from 1 = coarse to 5 =
118 fine, respectively. Liver and LM samples were obtained and stored at -20ºC until Se analysis. Liver
119 and LM samples ranging from 0.1 to 0.4 g and blood serum (1 mL) samples were obtained based on
120 wet weight and placed in 15 x 125 mm test tubes (Fisher Scientific, Pittsburgh, PA) for Se
121 determination (Spallholz et al., 1978). Feed samples from each treatment diet were obtained during
122 each time treatment diets were mixed. Feed from each treatment diet was sub-sampled, and 8 sub-
123 samples per treatment for each phase were used for determining Seconcentration. All measurements
124 on each sub-sample were conducted in triplicate. A stock Se solution was prepared from sodium
125 selenite and used as a standard. The Se content in feed, hair, tissue, and serum samples were prepared
126 for analysis by the fluorometric method as described by Spallholz et al. (1978).
127 The analyzed Se concentration of the basal diet was 0.181 ppm (Table 2), and thus based
128 analyzed values, the amount of Se supplemented to the diets were 0.135, 0.243, 0.361, and 0.288 ppm
129 for the OS1, OS2, OS3, and IS treatments respectively.
130 Statistical Analyses
131 Statistical analysis was performed using the General Linear Models procedure in SAS/STAT
132 software (SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC). Differences among treatment means were evaluated using the
133 PDIFF option in SAS/STAT software. Pen was the experimental unit. Orthogonal contrasts were
7
134 conducted to compare the NC with the groups supplemented with Se. Regression analysis was
135 conducted using the regression procedure in SAS/STAT softwareto determine the relationship
136 between the tissue Se content and added dietary Se concentrations. A slope-ratio assay (Littell et al.,
137 1997; Kim and Easter, 2001) was used to examine the effects ofadded dietary Se concentrations by
138 source on percent drip loss and Se concentration in tissues. The relative bioavailability was determined
139 by comparing the slopes of the regression lines assuming a common intercept. The analyzed Se
140 concentration of the feeds was used in all statistical analysis.
141 RESULTS
142 Diet Se Concentrations
143 The analyzed SE concentration of the diet supplemented with the inorganic Se source was
144 reduced compared to expected concentrations. Analyzed concentrations of Se for diets supplemented
145 with organic Se sources were greater than expected concentrations (Table 2).
146 Growth Performance
147 The ADG of the pigs during P4, P5, and P6 did not differ (P = 0.426, 0.672, and 0.610,
148 respectively; data not shown) among treatments. Likewise, ADG of pigs during the entire
149 experimental period did not differ among treatments (P = 0.363; Table 3). No differences in ADFI
150 were observed among treatment groups during each period (P = 0.549, 0.647, and 0.507 for P4, P5,
151 and P6, respectively; data not shown) nor during the entire experimental period (P = 0.395; Table 3).
152 The G:F did not differ among the treatment groups during each feeding period (data not shown) nor
153 during the entire experimental period (P = 0.286; Table 3).
154 Carcass Characteristics
8
155 Hot carcass weight (P = 0.989) and last-rib backfat thickness (P = 0.333) of pigs did not differ
156 among treatments (Table 4). Longissimus muscle depth and lean percentage were not different (P =
157 0.762 and P = 0.334, respectively) among the treatments. However, LM weight of the OS1 treatment
158 tended to be greater (P = 0.067) than pigs receiving the OS2 treatment. Visual color score did not
159 differ (P = 0.366) among treatments; nor did LM color (Minolta L, a, and b; P = 0.882, P = 0.887 and
160 P = 0.825, respectively). Longissimus muscle pH and temperature 24 h postmortem did not differ
161 among treatment groups (P = 0.598 and P = 0.969, respectively). Also values for firmness (P = 0.440),
162 texture (P = 0.334), or marbling (P = 0.233) were not different among treatment. The percent drip loss
163 measured during a 48 h period from LM of pigs fed the IS diet did not differ (1.93 vs. 2.41; P = 0.128)
164 from the NC group. The percent drip loss from LM of pigs fed NC diet was greater (2.41 vs. 1.75, P =
165 0.011) than for pigs fed diets with Se supplementation. Furthermore, percent drip loss was reduced
166 linearly (percent drip loss = 2.305 – 2.398 x Se, r 2 = 0.29, P = 0.007) as the added dietary Se
167 concentration from the organic Se source increased. Multiple linear regression analysis indicated that
168 the slope of the response of percent drip loss vs. added dietary Se concentration for the organic Se was
169 306 % (P = 0.025) that of the inorganic Se source (Table 6). These results suggest that the organic
170 source was more effective in reducing percent drip loss.
171 Tissue Se Concentration
172 Liver Se concentration of pigs fed the IS diet tended to be greater (0.400 vs. 0.323 ppm; P =
173 0.066) than that of pigs fed the NC diet. Pigs fed diets supplemented with Se had greater liver Se
174 concentrations (0.397 vs. 0.323 ppm, P = 0.015) than NC-fed pigs (Table 5). Liver Se content
175 increased linearly (liver Se = 0.323 + 0.291 x Se, r2 = 0.33, P = 0.003) as added dietary Se
176 concentrations from the organic Sesource increased. Multiple linear regression analysis indicated that
9
177 slopesof the response for liver Se concentration vs. added dietary Seconcentration s for both Se
178 sources did not differ (P = 0.713) from each other (Table 6) suggesting that both Se sources were
179 equally available for liver Se deposition.
180 The LM Se concentration for the IS group was greater (0.200 vs. 0.131 ppm; P < 0.001)
181 compared to LM
Se concentration of pigs fed the NC diet. The LM Se concentration was also greater
182 (0.236 vs. 0.132 ppm, P < 0.001) in pigs fed diets supplemented Se compared to the NC. Longissimus
183 muscle Se content increased linearly (loin Se = 0.122 + 0.511 x Se, r2 = 0.57, P < 0.001) as the added
184 dietary Se concentration from the organic source increased. Multiple linear regression analysis
185 indicated that the slope of the loin Se concentration based on added dietary Se concentration for the
186 organic source was 192 % (P = 0.012) that of the inorganic Se (Table 6) indicating that the organic Se
187 was more available than inorganic Se in terms of loin Se deposition.
188 The initial serum Se concentration was 0.05 ppm. Serum Se concentration of pigs fed diets
189 supplemented with inorganic Se did not differ (P = 0.077) from pigs fed the NC diet. Pigs
190 supplemented with Se had greater serum Se concentrations (0.087 vs. 0.062 ppm, P = 0.047) than pigs
191 fed the NC diet. Results also showed a linear increase (serum Se = 0.060 + 0.113 x Se, r2 = 0.33, P =
192 0.004) in serum Se concentration as the added dietary Seconcentrations from the organic Se source
193 increased. Multiple linear regression analysis indicated that the slopes for serum Se concentration
194 based on added dietary Se concentration for both Se sources did not differ (P = 0.561) from each other
195 indicating similar relative bioavailability in terms of serum Se deposition between Se sources (Table
196 6).
197 The initial hair Se concentration was 0.26 ppm. Hair Se concentration of pigs fed the IS diet
198 did not differ (P = 0.110) from pigs fed the NC diet. The hair Se concentration from pigs
10
199 supplemented with Se was greater (0.377 vs. 0.247 ppm, P = 0.003) compared to the NC. The hair Se
200 concentration also increased linearly (y = 0.237 + 0.638 x Se, r2 = 0.56, P < 0.001) as the added
201 dietary Se concentrations from the organic source increased. Multiple linear regression analysis
202 indicated that the slope of the hair Se concentration based on the added dietary Se concentration for
203 organic Se was 197 % (P = 0.033) that of the inorganic Se indicating that the organic Se source was
204 more available relative to the inorganic Se source based on hair Se deposition (Table 6).
205 DISCUSSION
206 Growth performance data suggest that Se supplementation, regardless of the Se source or
207 amount fed in this study, did not improve growth beyond the basal diet with 0.181 ppm Se which is
208 slightly greater than the recommended dietary Se concentration (0.150 ppm) by the NRC (1998) for
209 growing–finishing pigs. Previous studies (Mahan and Parrett, 1996; Mahan et al., 1999) where the
210 basal diets contained reduced indigenous Se concentrations (0.039 to 0.060 ppm) also did not show
211 improved growth performance with Se supplementation.
212 Of carcass traits measured, only 48-h drip loss of LM was improved by organic Se
213 supplementation. Results showed that the organic Se source was more effective in reducing percent
214 drip loss compared to the inorganic Se source used. Similar results relative to drip loss have also been
215 reported in chickens fed organic vs. inorganic Se (Downs et al., 2000; Choct et al., 2004). Mahan et al.
216 (1999) reported greater drip loss from pigs fed inorganic Se as sodium selenite compared to pigs fed
217 organic Se (Se-enriched yeast). They also reported that pigs supplemented with inorganic Se had
218 lighter (paler) colored muscle. However, in the present study no differences were observed in muscle
219 color among treatments. This may be partially due to the greater indigenous Se concentration (0.181
220 ppm) of the basal diet compared to the basal diet Se in the study conducted by Mahan and coworkers
11
221 (1999) (0.06 ppm). In addition, dietary basal concentrations of vitamin E used in the present study
222 were also greater than thoseused by Mahan and coworkers study (41.3 vs. 22 IU/kg).
223 Selenium, as a part of the enzyme glutathione peroxidase, works as an antioxidant by reducing
224 hydrogen peroxide, providing protection to cellular and subcellular membranes against oxidative
225 damage (NRC, 1998). It has been reported that selenite at high dietary concentrations may have pro-
226 oxidant characteristics (Spallholz, 1994) which can potentially damage cellular components. Seko et
227 al. (1989) reported that hydrogen selenide formed via reduction of selenite with reduced glutathione
228 reacts directly with O2 to generate the superoxide anion. Oxidative properties of selenite have also
229 been reported by Terada et al. (1999) and Lipinski (2005). However, it has been reported that
230 selenomethionine is not as toxic to cells in culture or to animals (Spallholz et al., 2004). However, in
231 this study, percent drip loss percentage did not differ between the IS and the OS3 group (1.43 vs.
232 1.93%; P = 0.115). It should be noted that the analyzed Se concentration was reduced for the IS group
233 compared to the OS3 group (0.288 vs. 0.361 ppm).
234 Slope ratio analysis showed that the organic Se was more available for deposition in tissues
235 such as LM and hair. Most of the naturally occurring Se in plants is in the form of selenomethionine,
236 which is also the predominant form in Se-enriched yeast (Ip et al., 2000; Schrauzer, 2000). It has been
237 previously reported that feeding diets with selenomethionine as the source of Se resulted in greater
238 tissue accumulation of Se than other forms of Se (Mahan and Parrett, 1996; Kim and Mahan, 2001a;
239 Taylor et al., 2005). It has been demonstrated that selenomethionine has greater bioavailability than
240 inorganic Se (Belstein and Whanger, 1986) and that the increase in its absorption and storage is due to
241 its direct incorporation into proteins (Combs and Combs, 1986). Although selenite can be utilized for
242 selenoprotein biosynthesis, only selenomethionine can be incorporated nonspecifically into body
12
243 proteins in place of methionine (Ip, 1998; Schrauzer, 2000) allowing Se to be stored in the animal
244 body tissue proteins. The difference in metabolism between the inorganic and organic forms of Se
245 most likely accounts for the differences in the concentrations of Se in tissues. However, in this study,
246 concentrations of Se in the liver and serum were the same for both Se sources. In addition to the
247 relatively high Se concentrations in the basal diet, similar concentrations for both Se sources in serum
248 and liver tissue may related to the increased rate of protein turnover occurring in these tissues.
249 Depending on where crops were grown, common feed ingredients used in swine diets such as
250 corn and soybean meal contain different amounts of Se. In some locations of the U.S., especially states
251 in the high plains and southwestern regions (i.e., CO, KS, LA, ND, NE, NM, OK, SD, and TX) have
252 soils that are naturally high in Se. Approximately 80 % of all grains grown in these areas of the U.S.
253 contain greater than 0.1 ppm Se; whereas, other locations may contain decreased Se concentration
254 (Kubota et al., 1967). A recent collaborative study by NCCC-042 Swine Nutrition Committee (Mahan
255 et al., 2005) showed regional differences in terms of corn Se concentration. Furthermore, these
256 regional variations in grain Se content were reflected in concentrations of tissue Se of pigs consuming
257 these grains. The present study was conducted using corn and soybean meal that contained relatively
258 high concentrations of indigenous Se.
259 Results of the present study have shown that even with the high concentrations of indigenous
260 Se in the diet, supplementation of organic Se resulted in reduced drip loss fromthe longissimus
261 muscle. Also, results of this study suggest that Se supplementation with organic Se may improve pork
262 quality and provide greater Se intakes for consumers by increasing tissue Se concentrations.
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324 Pharmacol. 67:547-554.
325 Taylor, J. B., J. W. Finley, and J. S. Caton. 2005. Effect of the chemical form of supranutritional
326 selenium on selenium load and selenoprotein activities in virgin, pregnant, and lactating rats. J.
327 Anim. Sci. 83:422-429.
16
328 Terada, A., M. Yoshida, Y. Seko, T. Kobayashi, K. Yoshida, M. Nakada, K. Nakada, H. Echizen, H.
329 Ogata, and T. Rikihisa. 1999. Active oxygen species generation and cellular damage by
330 additives of parenteral preparations: selenium and sulfhydryl compounds. Nutrition 15:651-
331 655.
17
332 Table 1. Composition of experimental diets, as fed basis

Ingredient, % P41 P52 P63
Corn 70.0 77.2 79.4
Soybean meal, 44 % CP 26.0 19.0 17.0
Salt 0.3 0.2 0.2
Vitamin-trace mineral mix4 1.0 1.0 1.0
Soy oil 1.0 1.0 1.0
Dicalcium phosphate 1.0 0.9 0.8
Limestone 0.7 0.7 0.6
Calculated analysis
DM, % 89.7 89.6 89.6
ME, Mcal/kg 3.4 3.4 3.4
CP, % 18.2 15.4 14.7
Lys, % 0.97 0.77 0.72
1
333 P4 was fed for 44 d from 34.4 kg BW.
2
3
4
336 Vitamin-trace mineral premix contained different concentrations and sources of Seaccording
337 to the dietary treatment. Vitamin-mineral premix provided the following concentrations per kg of
338 complete diet: 31.1 mg manganese as manganous oxide, 50 mg iron as iron sulfate, 69.2 mg zinc as
339 zinc oxide, 6.32 mg copper as copper oxide, 0.48 mg iodide as ethylenediamine dihydroiodide,
340 5,037.4 IU vitamin A as vitamin A acetate, 550 IU vitamin D3, 41.3 IU vitamin E, 2.9 IU vitamin K as
341 menadione sodium bisulfite, 36.6 µg vitamin B12, 9.2 mg riboflavin, 29.3 mg D-pantothenic acid as
342 calcium pantothenate, 36.6 mg niacin, and 3,224 mg choline as choline chloride. Selenium premixes
343 from the two sources were added at appropriate concentrations corresponding to each treatment.
18
344 SelenoSource-AF (Diamond V Mills Inc., Cedar Rapids, IA) was used as source of organic Se. The
345 inorganic Se source was sodium selenite.
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
19
366 Table 2. Analyzed Se concentration of the experimental diets for each treatment
Analyzed dietary Se concentrations for each treatment, ppm Calculated Se
concentration,
Treatment P41 P52 P63 Mean ppm4
NC45 0.175 0.180 0.189 0.181 0.181
OS156 0.326 0.305 0.317 0.316 0.281
OS267 0.486 0.402 0.385 0.424 0.381
OS378 0.554 0.581 0.492 0.542 0.481
IS89 0.401 0.512 0.495 0.469 0.481
1
2
3
4
370 Expected total Se concentrations in the diet based on calculated values (basal Se
371 concentration + supplemented Se concentrations).

5
372 NC: pigs fed a negative control diet with no added Seeither from organic or inorganic
373 sources.
6
374 OS1: pigs fed the negative control diet with 0.1 ppm Se added from an organic source (Se-
375 yeast; SelenoSource-AF; Diamond V Mills Inc., Cedar Rapids, IA).

7
377 yeast; SelenoSource-AF).

8
378 OS3: pigs fed the negative control diet with 0.3 ppm Seadded from an organic source (Se-

9
380 IS: pigs fed the negative control diet with 0.3 ppm Se added from an inorganic source
381 (sodium selenite).
382
20
383
384 Table 3. Growth performance of growing-finishing pigs fed diets with different concentrations and
385 sources of Se1
Treatment Main effect
Item NC2 OS13 OS24 OS35 IS6 SEM P- value
n 6 6 6 6 6
BW, kg
Initial 34.3 34.6 34.4 34.3 34.3 0.1 0.558
Final 132.0 133.2 128.2 128.1 128.3 2.6 0.477
ADG, kg 0.888 0.897 0.822 0.852 0.854 0.028 0.363
ADFI, kg 2.403 2.468 2.416 2.467 2.383 0.037 0.395
G:F 0.369 0.364 0.339 0.345 0.359 0.011 0.286
1
386 Six replicates/treatment and 6 pigs/pen.
2
387 NC: pigs fed a negative control diet with no added Se from either the organic or inorganic
388 sources. Analyzed Se concentration in the NC diet was 0.181 ppm from indigenous sources.
3

4

5

6
21
397 Table 4. Carcass and longissimus muscle (LM) characteristics of pigs at 130 kg fed diets with different
398 concentrations and sources of Se1
Treatment Main effect

Item NC2 OS13 OS24 OS35 IS6 SEM P- value
n 6 6 6 6 6
Hot carcass, kg 93.9 94.4 93.3 94.5 95.1 2.600 0.989
Last rib backfat, mm 22.0 22.7 22.2 24.5 23.7 0.950 0.333
LM depth, mm 54.1 55.6 53.1 53.0 52.3 1.851 0.762
Lean, % 50.7 50.7 50.4 49.7 49.7 0.449 0.334
LM weight, kg 4.01 4.31 3.74 3.98 4.03 0.124 0.067
7
Visual color score 3.46 3.66 3.68 3.76 3.72 0.109 0.366
Firmness score8 1.67 1.83 1.54 1.59 1.76 0.122 0.440
Texture score9 1.61 1.51 1.70 1.62 1.71 0.071 0.334
Marbling score10 2.81 2.81 2.93 2.63 3.06 0.127 0.233
24-h loin pH 5.61 5.63 5.61 5.57 5.58 0.030 0.598
LM color
Minolta L 45.47 45.65 45.76 46.27 47.12 1.239 0.882
Minolta a 7.66 7.23 7.66 7.49 7.18 0.439 0.887
Minolta b 7.50 7.58 7.50 7.46 8.25 0.548 0.825
24-h LM temperature 37.68 37.65 37.47 37.65 37.21 0.542 0.969
48-h drip loss, % 2.41a 1.73b 1.88b 1.43b 1.93ab 0.205 0.04111
1
399 Six replicates/treatment and 6 pigs/pen.
2
400 NC: pigs fed a negative control diet with no added Sefrom either the organic or inorganic
401 source.
3
22
4

5

6

7
410 Visual color scores range from 1 to 6, 1 = pale, pinkish-gray and 6 = dark, purplish-red.
8
411 Firmness scores range from 1 to 5, 1 = very soft and watery, 5 = very firm and dry.
9
412 Marbling scores range from 1 to 5, 1 = devoid and 5 = moderately abundant or greater.
10
413 Texture scores range from 1 to 5, 1 = coarse and 5 = fine.
11
414 NC vs. others (P = 0.011); linear response for organic source (P = 0.014).
a,b,c
415 Within a row, means lacking a common superscript letter differ (P < 0.05).
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
23
429 Table 5. Liver, longissimus muscle (LM), serum, and hair Se concentrations (ppm) of pigs fed diets
430 with different dietary concentrations and sources of Se
Treatment P-value
Main NC vs.
Item NC1 OS12 OS23 OS34 IS5 SEM effect Others Linear
n 6 6 6 6 6
Liver 0.323 0.368 0.388 0.431 0.400 0.025 0.066 0.015 0.006
a ab b c b
LM 0.132 0.196 0.209 0.336 0.201 0.021 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001
Hair6 0.247a 0.324ab 0.362b 0.489c 0.333ab 0.036 0.001 0.003 <0.001
Serum7 0.062 0.069 0.095 0.099 0.087 0.010 0.077 0.047 0.007
1
431 NC: pigs fed a negative control diet with no added Sefrom either the organic or inorganic
432 source,
2
433 OS1: pigs fed the negative control dietwith 0.1 ppm Se added from an organic source (Se-

3
435 OS2: pigs fed the negative control dietwith 0.2 ppm Se added from an organic source (Se-

4

5

6
441 Initial Se concentration was 0.26 ppm.
7
442 Initial Se concentration was 0.05 ppm.
a,b,c
443 Within a row, means lacking a common superscript letter differ (P < 0.05).
24
444 Table 6. Relative bioavailability values for percent drip loss, longissimus muscle (LM) Se, and tissue
445 Se concentrations of pigs fed diets supplemented with 2 Se sources1
Dependent Organic Se Inorganic Se

variable (y), unit Intercept ß1 ß2 r2 P-value RBV, %2
Drip loss, % 2.369 -2.916 -0.954 0.39 0.025 306
LM Se, ppm 0.126 0.496 0.257 0.60 0.012 192
Liver Se, ppm 0.322 0.305 0.271 0.38 0.713 112
Serum Se, ppm 0.061 0.110 0.088 0.29 0.561 125
Hair Se, ppm 0.241 0.623 0.317 0.51 0.033 197
1
446 Dependent variable (y) = common intercept + slope (organic Se) x (added dietary Se
447 concentration) + slope (inorganic Se) x (added dietary Se concentration).

2
448 Relative bioavailability = ß1 (slope of organic Se)/ ß2 (slope of inorganic Se).
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
25
Citations This article has been cited by 2 HighWire-hosted articles:
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Efficacy of Dietary Selenium Sources On Growth and

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Efﬁcacy of dietary selenium sources on growth and carcass characteristics of

Article in Journal of Animal Science · May 2007

Julian E Spallholz Ilkyu Yoon

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

Sung Woo Kim

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J ANIM SCI published online January 30, 2007

Downloaded from jas.fass.org by guest on May 22, 2011

1 Running Head: Organic Se for growing-finishing pigs

6 fed diets containing high indigenous selenium

10 R. D. Mateo†, J. E. Spallholz†, R. Elder‡, I. K. Yoon§, and S. W. Kim†1

44 the basal diet contains indigenously high Se concentration of 0.181 ppm.

45 Key Words: carcass, drip loss, growth performance, pigs, selenium

58 contents. However, animal response to supplemental Se can be affected by the concentration of

61 efficacy of supplemental Se from various sources in diets containing high concentrations of

63 concentrations of indigenous Se are limited.

68 MATERIALS AND METHODS

69 Animals and Design

82 pigs was monitored daily by trained farm staff.

83 Hair and Blood Sampling

95 Tissue and Feed Sampling and Carcass Measurement

129 for the OS1, OS2, OS3, and IS treatments respectively.

130 Statistical Analyses

140 concentration of the feeds was used in all statistical analysis.

142 Diet Se Concentrations

146 Growth Performance

153 during the entire experimental period (P = 0.286; Table 3).

154 Carcass Characteristics

170 source was more effective in reducing percent drip loss.

171 Tissue Se Concentration

179 equally available for liver Se deposition.

187 was more available than inorganic Se in terms of loin Se deposition.

211 improved growth performance with Se supplementation.

233 compared to the OS3 group (0.288 vs. 0.361 ppm).

258 high concentrations of indigenous Se.

263 LITERATURE CITED

265 erythrocyte proteins. J. Nutr. 116:1701-1710.

267 more than one function for Selenoprotein P. J. Nutr.133:1517S-1520S.

278 Chem. 15:448-453.

282 cancer prevention. J. Agric. Food Chem. 48:2062-2070. (Abstr.)

286 various selenium indices. J. Anim. Sci. 79:949-955.

288 Sci. 79:1829-1839.

295 bioavailability of nutrients using SAS procedures. J. Anim. Sci. 75:2672-2683.

298 J. Anim. Sci. 74:2967-2974.

302 Anim. Sci. 77:2172-2179.

303 Mahan, D. C., J. H. Brendemuhl, S. D. Carter, L. I. Chiba, T. D. Crenshaw, G. L. Cromwell, C. R.

304 Dove, A. F. Harper, G. M. Hill, G. R. Hollis, S. W. Kim, M. D. Lindemann, C. V. Maxwell, P.

305 S. Miller, J. L. Nelssen, B. T. Richert, L. L. Southern, T. H. Stahly, H. H. Stein, E. Van

308 Anim. Sci. 83:852-857.

310 Moines, IA.

315 A. Wendel, ed. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.

317 toxicity. J. Nutr. 130:1653-1656.

319 Med. 17:45-64.

321 microdetermination of selenium. Bioinorganic Chemistry 9:453-459.

323 methylselenocysteine generate methylselenol and superoxide in an in vitro assay. Biochem.

324 Pharmacol. 67:547-554.

327 Anim. Sci. 83:422-429.

332 Table 1. Composition of experimental diets, as fed basis

345 inorganic Se source was sodium selenite.

371 concentration + supplemented Se concentrations).

375 yeast; SelenoSource-AF; Diamond V Mills Inc., Cedar Rapids, IA).

377 yeast; SelenoSource-AF).