WEE LESSON ONE LESSON TWO

K
7 Introduction to Fasteners. Types of Nail Introduction to the methods of nailing.
Safe nailing techniques.
8 Introduction to the methods of nailing. Safe Wood Adhesive
nailing techniques.
9 Screws. What is a screw? What screws are made of?
10 Parts of a screw Common type of screws
11 Accessories for installing screws Installing screws

12 Heavy screws and bolts Chevron and corrugated fasteners

Week: 7
Lesson: #1
Topic: Introduction to Fasteners.
Concepts: Types of Nail.

What are nails?

Nails are fasteners that are made from mild steel cut wire or plate and consist of a metal shaft that is
pointed at one end and flattened at the other end and is used for fastening one or more materials together.

Types of nails
The following are some types of nails:
Common Nails

Common nails work for general fastening projects, including construction work like framing and
structural assemblies as well as wood-working projects.

Box Nails

These nails have lighter shanks (smaller diameter). There were originally designed to reduce splitting
when used to assemble wooden boxes.

Framing Nails

These are commonly used in heavy, dusty construction and are usually fired from a gun.

Deck Nails

A deck nail is a corrosion resistant nail used to secure decking boards to a sub structure.
Roofing Nails

A roofing nail is as the name implies, a nail used for installing roofing. There, however many types
of nails referred to as roofing nails and these nails have other uses.

Masonry Nails

Masonry nails are designed for use in brick, concrete and concrete blocks. Driving nails in masonry
requires more force than driving into wood so an ordinary hammer may not be adequate.

Activities: viewing short videos on the types of nails.

Instruction: copy and paste the link in your browser to view the video.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hkhp1DLmWeU
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IwCi6rvO9oo
Review
Instruction: Write TRUE or FALSE in the box next to each statement.

No Statements True/ False

.
1 Masonry nails are used in wood and plastic
2 Roofing nails are used to secure decking boards
3 Boxing nails are fired from a gun
4 Roofing nails are used for installing roofing

Building and Furniture Technology Grade 8

Name of Student……………………………
Date…………………..
Week 7
Lesson 2
Topic: Introduction to the methods of nailing.
Concepts: Safe nailing techniques.

There are basically five (5) types of nailing methods.

 Toe nailing
 Face nailing
 Dovetail nailing
 Blind nailing
 Clinch nailing
Toe Nailing

Toe nailing can be described in the simplest terms as driving a nail at an angle through a board. It is
an essential carpentry skill. Toe nailing not only makes a strong joint but also is a great way to coax
stubborn boards into position.

Safe toe nailing techniques:

1. Position the board in the front of the layout line and place your toe against the back start the
nail by tapping it about ¼” straight in; not at an angle.
2. Position the board ¼” from your mark so the nail will drive into the right spot.
3. Pull the nail to about a 500 angle and tap it with the hammer to hold it in place.
 4. Repeat step 1- 3 on the opposite side, and drive the nail and readjust the board back to the
layout simultaneously.
Activity #1: viewing a short video on toe nailing.
Instruction: copy and paste the link in your browser as to view the video.

https://youtu.be/GDE8R51FqJw

Face nailing

Face nailing can be best described, as nail that is driven straight into the face of the work piece;
through the second piece of the material. Face-nailed joints aren’t particularly strong (especially when
the work pieces are being fastened perpendicular to one another). Hence this technique is fast and
easy.

Activities: viewing a short video on face nailing.

Instruction: copy and paste the link in your browser to view the video.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CG0oN6UlgyY

Week: 8
Lesson: #1
Topic: Methods of nailing cont.
Concepts: Safe nailing techniques.
Clinch Nailing

Clinch nailing technique in the simplest terms can be described as a nail driven through the thickness
of both the material; exiting the end leaving about ¼”. It is then bent and driven into the material for a
stronger holding power.
Activities: viewing a short video on clinch nailing.
Instruction: copy and paste the link in your browser to view the video.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N19XI6Rw_5g

Blind Nailing

Blind nailing technique can be best described as nailing each board, one at a time, and then
overlapping that nailed layer with the next board, so that all nails are hidden.

Activities: viewing a short video on blind nailing.

Instruction: copy and paste the link in your browser to view the video.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tIqvVGpjA-M

Review
Instruction: Write TRUE or FALSE in the box below next to each statement.

No Statements True/ False

.
1 Blind nailing technique is nailing each board,
two at a time.
2 In blind nailing the nails are exposed.
3 Blind nailing technique can be compared to face
4 nailing method.
Toe nailing is best described, as driving a nail
straight.
5 The first step in toe nailing is to drive the nail at
a 500 angle.
6 When toe nailing the board is positioned ½”
from the mark.
7 Face nailing technique refers to nails that are
driven at 450 angle
8 Face nailing is a simple and easy nailing
technique.
9 The method where nails that is driven straight
into the face of the work piece is called a face
nailing.
Building and Furniture Technology Grade 8
Name of Student……………………………
Date…………………..
Week 8
Lesson 2
Topic: Wood Adhesives
Concepts: What is wood adhesive?

Wood adhesives are bonding substances used for fixing joints or pieces permanently together. They
are commonly known as wood glue.

Some common types of wood adhesives are discussed below.

Animal glue

As the name implies, animal glue is made from parts of an animal such as the hide trimmings,
fleshing of the skin, bones, sinews and cartilage.

Casein glue

This glue is manufactured in powder form from curds of skimmed milk and alkalis (chemical base
that dissolve in water). Casein glue is mixed and used cold.

Contact glue

Contact glues are instant bonding, that is, adhesion takes place as soon as the parts are put together,
without clamping .When applying them you should coat the surfaces of parts being joined and allow
about 10 to 20 minutes drying time. (The coated surfaces must no longer be sticky to the touch).

Polyvinyl acetate (P.V.A) glues.

These glues are manufactured and supplied as a white or cream liquid contained in plastic tubes,
bottles, jars, etc. They are non-toxic, and resistant to mould and fungi. They have a low water
resistance, but are fairly heat resistant.

Review

Instruction- Use the words to fill in the blank spaces

Animal, powder, glues, contact, joints, adhesives

Wood -----are bonding substances, used for fixing wooden------.Adhesives are commonly known as
------.Casein glue is manufactured in------form. Animal glue is made from parts of an ------.For instant
bonding -----glue is used.
Video link

Building and Furniture Technology Grade 8

Name of Student……………………………
Date…………………..
Week 9
Lesson One
Topic: Screws
Screws
What is a screw?

Screws are fasteners, generally constructed out of metal materials. They have a head with a
recessed shape or design on one end and a shaft which leads to a point on the other. The shaft
of the screw has a ‘helical ridge’ wound up the shaft, allowing it to be turned or screwed into
other materials.

The shaft is the long metal rod of the screw that leads from the head to a point. This is
threaded fully or partially with a ridge to screw into materials or make pilot holes. There are
also types of screws with flat bottoms that are meant to be tapped into holes instead of
screwed.

Screws look an awful lot like nails, but their key differentiating characteristic is their ridges,
uniquely shaped heads, and the tools used to drive them. Screws are used either with a
screwdriver or with a drill, depending on the project.

Screws come in all sizes and shapes, and each one with different features. They can be round,
fat, thin, short, long, and more.

Wood screws have a much greater holding power than nails of similar sizes.
In woodworking screws are mainly used to fasten pieces of wood together. They are widely
used for attaching fixtures and hangers to wood, and in light structural members.
Lesson Review / Activity
Answer all of the following questions by choosing true or false.
No Question True False
1 In woodworking screws are mainly used to fasten pieces of wood
 together.
2 The shaft of the screw has a ‘helical ridge’
3 The shaft is the long metal rod of the screw that leads from the
head to a point.
4 Wood screws have a much greater holding power than nails of
similar sizes.
5 Screws are fasteners, generally constructed out of metal materials.

Video link

Building and Furniture Technology Grade 8

Name of Student……………………………
Date…………………..
Week 9
Lesson Two
Topic: What screws are made of?
What screws are made of?
Screws are made from different types of material.

The most common type of material used to make screws are.

1. Stainless Steel
2. Copper
3. Aluminium
4. Titanium
5. Steel
6. Plastic
7. Molybdenum
8. Copper alloy
9. Brass

Stainless steel: Screws made from stainless steel are chemical and corrosion resistant. They
have an appealing surface finish. They cannot be hardened like carbon steel.

Copper: Copper screws are good for fighting against corrosion. If a screw is going to be
exposed to the elements, copper helps to ensure the screw performs durably over the long-
term.

Aluminium: Aluminium isn’t as durable as other materials, but it does have one thing going
for it — its weight. Aluminium is just about the lightest weight fastener you can find.
Titanium: When you need a blend of strength and lightness, go with titanium. You’ll often
pay a premium for titanium screws, but that extra

Steel: This is by far the most common material used for manufacturing screws, and there’s a
simple explanation for this. Steel is less expensive than some other screw material options.

Plastic: Screws made from plastic are inexpensive and corrosion resistant. They are used for
light loads. They are commonly used near water, such as water pools.

Molybdenum: Screws made from Molybdenum have very high melting point and are
exceptionally strong.

Copper alloy: Screws made from copper alloy have good load capacity and are wear
resistant. They are suitable for use near magnets.

Brass: Screws made of Brass are strong, conductive and corrosion resistant. They have low
magnetic permeability.

Coatings

Screws are coated for protection and strength.

Screws can be coated in copper, ceramic, zinc, Chrome, Black oxide and other materials,
which can provide extra strength, extra protection against corrosion or even an aesthetic
quality that might otherwise be missing.

For example, a zinc-plated steel screw will better fight corrosion than a steel screw on its
own. Likewise, a copper-plated screw may look more attractive in a prominent place than a
steel screw would.

Lesson Review / Activity

Answer all of the following questions by choosing true or false.
No Question True False
1 A zinc-plated steel screw will better fight corrosion than a steel
screw on its own.
2 Screws are coated for protection and strength.
3 Screws made from plastic are inexpensive and corrosion resistant.
4 Titanium can be used to make screws.
5 Screws can be coated in copper.

Video link
Building and Furniture Technology Grade 8
Name of Student……………………………
Date…………………..
Week 10
Lesson One

Topic: Wood Screws

Wood screws are a type of screw with a smooth shank and tapered point used for wood or
other soft materials. There are many types of wood screws based on different screw heads,
including Phillips flat head screw, Frearson flat head screw, slotted flat head screw, slotted
oval head screw, Phillips round head screw, and slotted round head screw.

The round head wood screws are suitable for attacking thin materials to wood, the flat head
wood screws are ideal for securing hinges. Wood screws are often made from stainless steel
or brass.

Parts of a screw

Parts of screws can mainly be divided into five parts.

Parts of screws can mainly be divided into five parts

Head: The head is the top of the screw. It’s typically wider than the shank and thread. Heads
can be flat or domed. Some have a small diameter in relation to the shank and others are very
wide.

Drive: This is the slot your screwdriver tip will fit into. It is also known as the screw head.
There are many different types of drives, but the three most common is, Philips.

Thread: The thread has many components and varies between screws. There is the thread
angle, which indicates how steeply it angles down. There is also spacing between threads that
makes a difference. This is the pitch. Some screws have threads that are small and close
together. Other screws have larger threads that are further apart.

Tip: At the very end of the screw is the tip that penetrates the material first when the screw is
being driven in. There are many different types of tips.

Lesson Review / Activity

Insert the parts of the screw below and briefly explain any two.

Video link

Building and Furniture Technology Grade 8

Name of Student……………………………
Date…………………..
Week 10
Lesson Two
Topic: Common type of screws
Common type of screws
The shape of each screw head is very important, each head type is made that way for a
reason, usually allowing you to create your project easier, and with your preferred finish.

Some head shapes help to create the look of the finished product, but they also usually have a
purpose beyond aesthetics. The head shape of the screw also helps you drive the screw into
your material using your force and the mechanics of the screw. Understanding the differences
will help you decide which style to choose.

There are two basic designs:

  Countersunk
 non-countersunk

Countersunk designs mainly consist of flat, oval, and bugle heads. Unless the material is very
soft, flat, and oval heads require a countersunk hole.

Non-countersunk heads, where the head is fully exposed encompass the largest variety. This
style includes binding, button, cheese, fillister, flange, hex, pan, round, socket, and low
socket, square, and truss heads (binding head is occasionally referred to as binder head).
Sometimes features are combined, as in the case of slotted hex, hex washer, slotted hex
washer, and round washer head designs.

Common types of screws.

 Flat head
 Round head
 Oval head

Flat head

Flat-Head Screws

The flat-head screw is the woodworker's friend. This type of screw is used almost exclusively
to hold together all sorts of cabinets, bookcases, stair threads, tables, benches and a host of
other items.

Usually a cone-shaped depression is made with a countersink tool to hold the head of the
screw; and once put in place and tightened the head of the screw is covered with wood putty,
sanded down and coated with a wood finish just like the rest of the woodworking project.
Flat-head screws also get used in such general construction tasks as hanging drywall,
mounting door hinges, mounting cabinets and installing table tops.

Round-Head Screws
Round-head screws have a much more limited use in the building trades than flat-heads. This
screw is more commonly used with machinery. They are also used in lighting fixtures and
electrical outlets as well as holding hand rails, towel racks and toilet paper holders to the
wall.

Oval Head

Oval Head - Countersunk screw head that includes a decorative rounded finish at the top.
Often used for switch coverings. It is also used in some shorter screw lengths to allow for
longer thread grip and shallower countersinking.

Lesson Review / Activity

Briefly explain the following terms.
1. Flat head screw……………………………………………………………………
2. Round head screw…………………………………………………………………
3. Oval head screw…………………………….…………………………………….
4. Countersunk
…………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………
5. Non-
countersunk……………………………………………………………………………
…………………………….
Video link
Building and Furniture Technology Grade 8
Name of Student……………………………
Date…………………..
Week 11
Lesson One
Topic: Accessories for installing screws
Accessories for installing screws

Screwdrivers are typically used for screwing screws into pre-made holes, such as in
assembling furniture, whereas drills are used to directly insert the screw through wood or
other materials.

The ridges around the cylinder are called threads, and they help secure the screw. The head of
the screw comes in different designs depending on its driving instrument to ensure it can
distribute the force effectively. It is important to match the screwdriver point with the slot on
the screw head.

Installing screws

What is a Countersink Drill Bit?

A countersink drill bit is a specialty accessory for drills, used to make a cone-shaped
depression in wood. Countersink drill bits are used when the top of the fastener should sit
flush with the surface of the material.

Countersink drill bits are often used to prepare pilot holes in hardwood. They can also be
used with metal and plastic.
Countersink drill bits

Lesson Review / Activity

Answer all of the following questions by choosing true or false.
No Question True False
1 Countersink drill bits are often used to prepare pilot holes in
hardwood.
2 It is important to match the screwdriver point with the slot on the
screw head.
3 Screwdrivers are typically used for screwing screws into pre-made
holes
4 The head of the screw comes in different designs
5 A countersink drill bit is a specialty accessory for drills, used to
make a cone-shaped depression in wood.

Video link
Building and Furniture Technology Grade 8
Name of Student……………………………
Date…………………..
Week 11
Lesson Two
Topic: Installing screws
Installing screws

Installing screws
To obtain the maximum strength, holes for screws must be pre – bored. Two holes are
needed, one for the shank of the screw, and the other called the pilot hole or anchor hole, for
the treaded portion.
The drill for the shank hole should be seven-eighths the diameter of the screw.

Lesson Review / Activity

Insert the parts on the figure below and briefly explain each.
Video link
Assembling pieces of board using screws
https://video.search.yahoo.com/search/video?fr=yfp-t&ei=UTF-
8&p=procedure+for+assembling+pieces+of+boare+with+screws#id=2&vid=d3773136765d0
10235677e2a509c31cf&action=click

Building and Furniture Technology Grade 8

Name of Student……………………………
Date…………………..
Week 12
Lesson One
Topic: Heavy screws and bolts
Bolts belong to the family of treaded fasteners and are paired with a threaded nut when in
use, usually to join two or more components together. Bolts are classified into different types
according to their distinct head shapes, strengths, finishes and materials.

Types of bolts and their uses.

These classifications all play a role in the final selection of a bolt type for a certain
application. It is imperative to have the required knowledge to choose the correct bolt type for
a specific job at hand, as there are various styles of bolts that are more effective than others.
Name Illustration Description Application
Anchor bolts Bolts with a Securing light poles,
threaded part in one structural beams and
end and a non- to fasten equipment
threaded L shaped to concrete
part on the other.
Usually found with a
washer and a nut.
Made to be rust-
resistant.
Carriage Fully threaded bolts Fasten metal to
bolts with a smooth head wood.
and a square or
ribbed undercut that
prevents the bolt
from turning when
tightened
Flange bolts Washer on the Frame applications
underside of a hex such as truck and
head. Helps in bed frames
distribution of force
from the bearing
load. Also referred
to as frame bolts.
Hex bolts Bolts that are fully Broad range of use
or partially threaded such as construction
with six-sided heads. and repair of
bridges, docks,
highway elements
and buildings.
One of the toughest Connect heavy
fasteners. Creates its materials that are
Lag bolts
own thread when it bearing extreme
penetrates wood and loads.
other soft material.
Square heads paired Fastens wood to
with a semi-cone wood, wood to
Machine point and a fully metal and metal to
bolts threaded shaft. metal. Also found in
general hardware
use.
Sometimes referred Treated lumber,
to as mushroom marine applications
Timber bolts and wood
head bolts or dome
head bolts. construction.
Lesson Review / Activity
Fill in the blanks with the required information.
Name Illustration Application
Anchor bolts

Fasten metal to
wood.

Flange bolts

Broad range of use

such as construction
and repair of
bridges, docks,
highway elements
and buildings.

Lag bolts

Machine
bolts

Treated lumber,
marine applications
and wood
construction.

Video link

Building and Furniture Technology Grade 8

Name of Student……………………………
Date…………………..
Week 12
Lesson Two
Topic: Chevron and corrugated fasteners
Corrugated Fasteners
A corrugated fastener is a thin strip of metal, with a pattern of alternating grooves and one
sharp end along its length, used to make wood joints. It’s these grooves that give this fastener
is surprisingly high holding power and durability.

These fasteners can be an alternative to screws, nails, or more specialised joining methods,
such as dowels or biscuits. They can be used to make many different types of wood joints but
are most commonly used to join mitred wood joints such as that of picture frames.

The installation is done by hand using a hammer and care should be taken as they can split
the wood. Therefore, refrain from installing them in the same direction as the wood grain to
minimise the chances of the wood splitting.

Most chevrons are designed to draw wood together to make tight joints,
Chevrons

Repair plates
Repair plates or mending plate comes in many sizes and shapes.
A mending plate is used to strengthen a butt or lap joint.
The flat corner iron is used to strengthen corners of frames on items such as doors and
windows.
The bent corner can be applied to shelves and the inside corners of tables, chairs and
cabinets.
“T” plates are used to strengthen the centre rail of a frame.

Lesson Review / Activity

Answer all of the following questions by choosing true or false.
No Question True False
1 Most chevrons are designed to draw wood together to make tight
joints.
2 Corrugated fasteners can be used to make many different types of
wood joints.
3 Corrugated fasteners can be an alternative to screws and nails.
 4 A mending plate is used to strengthen a butt or lap joint.
5 A corrugated fastener is a thin strip of metal, with a pattern of
alternating grooves and one sharp end along its length.

Video link