Derivative and Its Applications

1. Increasing and Decreasing Functions

Let f be defined on an interval, and let x1 and xdenote 2
points in the interval.
(a) f is increasing on the interval if f ( x1 )  f ( x2 )
whenever x1  x2
(b) f is decreasing on the interval if f ( x1 )  f ( x2 )
whenever x1  x2
(c) f is constant on the interval if f ( x1 )  f ( x2 ) for all the
points x1 and x2
 Derivative and Its Applications

1. Increasing and Decreasing Functions (continue)

Figure 1.Graph of a function

 Derivative and Its Applications

1. Increasing and Decreasing Functions (continue)

Figure 2.Graph of an increasing function

 Derivative and Its Applications

1. Increasing and Decreasing Functions (continue)

Figure 3.Graph of a decreasing function

Derivative and Its Applications
 Derivative and Its Applications

f ( x)  0

f ( x)  0

f ( x)  0
 Derivative and Its Applications

1. Increasing and Decreasing Functions (continue)

Example 1 Find the interval on which f ( x )  x 2

 4 x  3 is increasing
and the interval on which it is decreasing

The graph of f suggests that f is decreasing for x  2 and increasing

for x  2
Derivative and Its Applications
 Derivative and Its Applications

f is decreasing on [,2]
f is increasing on [2, ]
 Derivative and Its Applications

x0
x0 f ( x0 )
f ( x0 )  f ( x)

x0
x0 f ( x0 )
f ( x0 )  f ( x)

x0
 Derivative and Its Applications

2. Relative Maxima and Minima (continue)

Example 1 Consider the following figures.

• f ( x)  x 2 has a relative minimum at x=0 but no relative maxima

 Derivative and Its Applications

2. Relative Maxima and Minima (continue)

Example 1 Consider the following figures.

• f ( x)  x 3 has no relative extrema

 Derivative and Its Applications

2. Relative Maxima and Minima (continue)

Example 1 (continue)

• f ( x)  x 3  3x  3 has a relative maximum at x=-1 and a

relative minimum at x=1.
 Derivative and Its Applications

2. Relative Maxima and Minima (continue)

Example 1 (continue)

• f ( x)  cos x has relative maxima at all even multiples of 

and relative minima at all odd multiples of  .
 Derivative and Its Applications

2. Relative Maxima and Minima (continue)

Consider the following figure

One should see that a relative extremum can also occur at a point
where a function is not differentiable.
 Derivative and Its Applications

x0 x  x0
x  x0 f ( x0 )  0
x0
 Derivative and Its Applications

x0
f ( x)  0 x0
x  x0 x0
x0
f ( x)  0 x0
x  x0 x0
x0
f (x)
x0
x0
 Derivative and Its Applications

x0
f ( x0 )  0 and f ( x0 )  0
x0

f ( x0 )  0 and f ( x0 )  0
x0

f ( x0 )  0 and f ( x0 )  0

x0
 Derivative and Its Applications

x0
f ( x)  f ( x0 ) for all x in I

x0
f ( x)  f ( x0 ) for all x in I

x0
 Derivative and Its Applications

(,)
Derivative and Its Applications

(,)
 Derivative and Its Applications

(,)
 Derivative and Its Applications

( )
a b

(a, b)
 Derivative and Its Applications

[ ]
a b

[𝑎, 𝑏].
 Derivative and Its Applications
3. Absolute Maxima and Minima (continue)

Example 3 Find the absolute maximum and minimum values of the

function f ( x)  x 3  3x  2 on the interval [0,2]

f ( x)  3x 2  3
 3( x 2  1)
 3( x  1)( x  1)
If f ( x)  0 , we have that 3( x 1)( x 1)  0

Hence, x  1 or x  1 but 1[0,2]

The critical point in the interval [0,2] is 1