Department of Chemistry

Chem101
General Chemistry

Chapter-1

Chemistry: A Science for the 21st Century

Chemistry everywhere !!!!!
• Materials and Technology
Example: Polymers, ceramics, liquid crystals

•Health and Medicine

Example: Vaccines and antibiotics

•Energy and the Environment

Example: Solar energy cells

•Food and Agriculture

Example: Genetically modified crops

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 Chemistry is the study of matter and the
changes it undergoes.

Matter is anything that occupies space and has

mass.

Classification of Matter

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 A substance is a form of matter that has a definite
composition and distinct properties.

Pure substances:

- Elements:
C, H, O, Au, Na etc.,
118 elements : 82 natural, 36 synthetic

- Compounds:
Water (H2O), Methane (CH4) etc.,

A mixture is a combination of two or more substances in

which the substances retain their distinct identities.
1. Homogenous mixture – composition of the
mixture is the same throughout.
http://marmarafoods.com

soft drink, milk, tea, steel, air,

salt dissolved in water
2. Heterogeneous mixture – composition is not
uniform throughout
Oil in water Cyclon Dust
(liquid-liquid) Separators
Clouds: Precipitates
liquid water droplets in air Iron filings in sand (gas-solid)
(gas-liquid) (liquid-solid) (solid-solid)
https://emis.vito.be/sites/emis/files/data_sheets/migrated/cyclone_luss_2.PNG
http://www.differencebetween.info

www.thinglink.com

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 Exercise 1
:Identify the followings as homogeneous or heterogeneous mixture:

a) Orange juice

b) Asphalt,

c) Steel alloy

d) Salt dissolved in water

e) Salt and sugar mixture

f) Exhaust gas

g) Clouds

h) Vinegar

i) Ice cubes in cola

Ans: Homogeneous mixtures: c, d, f, h 7

Chemistry is the study of matter

and the changes it undergoes. Types of Changes
A physical change does not alter the composition or
identity of a substance.
https://phys.org

Example:
- melting of ice,
- dissolution of sugar in water
A chemical change changes the composition or
identity of the substance(s) involved.
Example:
- Burning of hydrogen
2H2 + O2 ⟶ H2O 8

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 UNITS & Measurements

International system of units (SI Units)

• 7 base units
Unit Symbol
length meter m
mass kilogram kg
time second s
temperature kelvin K
amount of substance mole mol
electric current ampere A
luminous intensity candela cd

• All other SI units are derived from these 7 units.

Example: area = m2 speed = m/s density = kg/m3

• SI units may not always be preferred in daily life or in lab.

• Some common measurements and their units:
• Mass
SI unit: kg,
Other units: g, ton, pound (lb), milligram (mg) etc.,

1 kg = 1000 g = 1 x 103 g, 1 ton = 1000 kg

• Volume
SI unit: m3,
Other units: Liter (L), milliliter (mL), cm3 etc.,
1 m3 = 1000 L 1 L = 1dm3 = 1000 cm3 = 1000 mL
1 cm3 = 1mL 10

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 • Pressure :
SI unit: Pascal (Pa) (1 Pa = 1 kg. m. s−2)
Other units: Atmosphere (Atm), Bar, mmHg, Torr, psi etc.,

1 Atm = 101325 Pa 1 Bar = 100000 Pa 1 Atm = 760 mmHg

1 mmHg = 1 Torr 1 Atm = 14.7 psi

Mass
• Density =
Volume
SI unit: kg/m3
Other units : g/mL = g/cm3 g/L

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Prefixes Used with SI Units

Prefix Symbol Factor

tera T 1012 trillion
Memorize this table

giga G 109 billion

mega M 106 million
kilo k 103 thousand
deci d 10-1 1 / 10
centi c 10-2 1 / 100
milli m 10-3 1 / 1000
micro µ 10-6 1 / million
nano n 10-9 1 / billion
pico p 10-12 1 / trillion

Examples:
1 km = 103 m (k = 103)
1 𝜇g = 10-6 g (𝜇 = 10-6) 12

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 Example 1.1

Gold is a precious metal that is chemically unreactive.

It is used mainly in jewelry, dentistry, and electronic devices.
A piece of gold ingot with a mass of 301 g has a volume of
15.6 cm3. Calculate the density of gold.
Solution:

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Exercise 2
The density of benzene is 0.8786 g/mL. Find the mass, in gram, of 325.0 mL
benzene.

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(Ans: 285.5 g)

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 Temperature Scales:
• Degrees centigrade (0C) (degrees Celcius, degrees centigrade)

• Fahrenheit (0F)
• Kelvin (K) (Notice that K has no degrees ( ) sign !!!!)
0

Water boils at:

100 0C = 373.15 K = 212 0F

Conversion between temperature units:

K = 0C + 273.15

= 9 x 0C + 32
0
0F 0 F - 32
or C= 15
5 9/5
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Example 1.2

(a) Solder is an alloy made of tin and lead that is used in electronic
circuits. A certain solder has a melting point of 224°C. What is
its melting point in degrees Fahrenheit?

(b) Helium has the lowest boiling point of all the elements at -452°F.
Convert this temperature to degrees Celsius.

(c) Mercury, the only metal that exists as a liquid at room

temperature, melts at -38.9°C. Convert its melting point to
kelvins.

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 Example 1.2
Solution These three parts require that we carry out temperature
conversions, so we need Equations (1.2), (1.3), and (1.4). Keep in
mind that the lowest temperature on the Kelvin scale is zero (0 K);
therefore, it can never be negative.

(a) This conversion is carried out by writing

(b) Here we have

(c) The melting point of mercury in kelvins is given by

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Exercise 3
The average temperature of a laptop’s Intel Core i7 processor was found to be 330 K.
What is the average temperature in °C and in °F?

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(Ans: 57 °C, 135 °F )

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 Dimensional Analysis Method of Solving Problems
(Other names of the method: Conversion factor method, Line method)

This method replaces the traditional “ratio” method for solving

especially unit conversion problems.
It is based on cancelling the unit(s) of a given measurement with
the units of conversion factors in a series of multiplications on a
single line.
If all units cancel except for the desired unit(s), then the problem
was solved correctly.

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desired unit
desired unit = given unit x
given unit

Ex: Convert 2.8 kg to gram

1 kg 103 g
Conversion factor for kg-gram conversion: or
103 g 1 kg

(Note that 1 kg = 103 g)

Given amount = 2.8 kg

Desired unit = g

103 g
? g = 2.8 kg x = 2.8 x 103 g
1 kg

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 Example 1.5

A person’s average daily intake of glucose (a form of sugar) is

0.0833 pound (lb). What is this mass in milligrams (mg)?
(1 lb = 453.6 g.)

Strategy The problem can be stated as

? mg = 0.0833 lb

The relationship between pounds and grams is given in the problem. This
relationship will enable conversion from pounds to grams.

A metric conversion is then needed to convert grams to milligrams (1 mg = 1 ×

10−3 g).

Arrange the appropriate conversion factors so that pounds and grams cancel and
the unit milligrams is obtained in your answer.

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Example 1.5

Solution The sequence of conversions is

Using the following conversion factors

we obtain the answer in one step:

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 Example 1.5

Check As an estimate, we note that 1 lb is roughly 500 g and that 1

g = 1000 mg. Therefore, 1 lb is roughly 5 × 105 mg.

Rounding off 0.0833 lb to 0.1 lb, we get 5 × 104 mg, which is close
to the preceding quantity.

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Example 1.6

A liquid helium storage tank has a

volume of 275 L. What is the
volume in m3?

A cryogenic storage tank

for liquid helium.

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 Example 1.6

Strategy The problem can be stated as

? m3 = 275 L

How many conversion factors are needed for this problem?

Recall that 1 L = 1000 cm3 and 1 cm = 1 × 10−2 m.

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Example 1.6
Solution We need two conversion factors here: one to convert liters
to cm3 and one to convert centimeters to meters:

1000 cm3 1 × 10-2 m

and
1L 1 cm
Because the second conversion deals with length (cm and m) and
we want volume here, it must therefore be cubed to give
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1 × 10-2 m 1 × 10-2 m 1 × 10-2 m 1 × 10-2 m
× × =
1 cm 1 cm 1 cm 1 cm

This means that 1 cm3 = 1 × 10-6 m3. Now we can write

3
1000 cm3 1× 10-2
m
? m3 = 275 L × × = 0.275 m3
1L 1 cm

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 Example 1.6
Check From the preceding conversion factors you can show that 1 L
= 1 × 10-3 m3. Therefore, a 275-L storage tank would be equal to
275 × 10-3 m3 or 0.275 m3, which is the answer.

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Example 1.7
Liquid nitrogen is obtained from
liquefied air and is used to
prepare frozen goods and in low-
temperature research.

The density of the liquid at its

boiling point (−196°C or 77 K) is
0.808 g/cm3. Convert the density
to units of kg/m3.

liquid nitrogen

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 Example 1.7

Strategy The problem can be stated as

? kg/m3 = 0.808 g/cm3

Two separate conversions are required for this problem:

Recall that 1 kg = 1000 g and 1 cm = 1 × 10−2 m.

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Example 1.7
Solution In Example 1.7 we saw that 1 cm3 = 1 ×10−6 m3. The
conversion factors are

Finally

Check Because 1 m3 = 1 × 106 cm3, we would expect much more

mass in 1 m3 than in 1 cm3. Therefore, the answer is reasonable.

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 (Use dimensional analysis method only in the following exercises)

Exercise 4
The petroleum storage tank of a middle sized American car has 15.0 US gallon
capacity. Express 15 US gallon in liter. (1 US Gal = 3.79 L)

(Ans: 56.9 L)

Exercise 5
In the past, mile was the official distance unit in Cyprus. Old people say that the
distance between Famagusta and Nicosia is 36 miles. What is it in km?
(1 mi =5280 ft, 1 ft = 12 in, 1 in = 2.54 cm)

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(Ans: 57.9 km)

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Exercise 6
The area of Northern Cyprus (TRNC) is 1295 mi2. What is it in km2?
(1 mi =1.609 km)

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(Ans: 3355 km 2)

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 Exercise 7
Convert 55.0 pounds to kg. (1 lb=453 g)
(1 mi =1.609 km)

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(Ans: 24.9 kg)

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Exercise 8
The density of air in a typical car tire is 0.220 lb/ft3. What is it in kg/m3?
(1 lb = 453.6 g, 1 ft = 12 in, 1 in = 2.54 cm)
(lb= mass unit used mainly in USA. Even though the abbreviation id lb, it is written and pronounced as “pound”)

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(Ans: 3.52 kg/m 3)

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 Exercise 9
European Union has set the target carbon dioxide (CO2) emission by the
passenger cars as 95 mg/m of CO2 for the new cars. Convert this target value
to g/km.

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(Ans: 95 g/km)

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Exercise 10
The optimum water-to-cement weight ratio in concrete production is around 0.5
(0.5 kg water/kg cement). How many tons of water is needed for 150 cement
sacks each of which is 50 kg (50 kg cement/sack)? (1 ton=103 kg)

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(Ans: 3.75 tons)

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