Chapt 3

PHYS.1301: Intro.
to Physics -- Lecture Slides Spring 2024 Page 1

Lecture #:____
Date:________
2024 I.R.B.
Chapter 3:
Kinematics In Two Dimensions
Position, Displacement, Velocity and
Acceleration in Two Dimensions.
The Kinematic Equations in 2-D.
Projectile Motion.
NOTE: Skip Section 3.4 of text
(Relative Velocity)
Lecture #:_____ Date: May 13, 2024 © 2024 I.R.B. Chapter 3 Slide #1
PHYS.1301: Intro. to Physics -- Lecture Slides Spring 2024 Page 2
Lecture #:____
Date:________
Motion in 2D 2024 I.R.B.
• In Chapter 2, we looked at the motion of
objects constrained to move along a straight
line (1-D motion). In this chapter, we
broaden our study of kinematics to include
objects moving in a plane (2-D motion).
• It is found that the horizontal (x) and vertical
(y) motions are independent of one another
since they are always perpendicular (at 90
degrees).
Lecture #:____
Date:________
Position in 2 Dimensions 2024 I.R.B.
• In 1 dimension, the position of an object was
completely described by a single number
with a + or - sign to indicate the direction
relative to some origin. In 2 dimensions,
the position of an object is given by the
position vector,
vector r, with both a magnitude
and direction relative to some origin. Also, r
may be completely described by its scalar
components, rx and ry (refer to the
discussion about vectors and components
in Chapter 1).
Lecture #:____
Date:________
The Displacement Vector 2024 I.R.B.
• The initial position of an object is given as ri
at ti (point P) and the final position is rf at tf
vector r, is
(point Q). The displacement vector,
given by
Eqn. (3.1): y
  
r  r f  ri P r
or in component ri Q
form: rf -ri
rx  r fx  rix x
ry  r fy  riy r
Lecture #:____
Date:________
Velocity in 2 Dimensions 2024 I.R.B.
• Using our definition of the displacement
vector, we can now define the average
velocity vector:
vector
  
 r r f  ri
v  Eqn. (3.2)
t t f  ti
The direction is the same as the
displacement vector. Notice that the
average velocity is independent of the path
between the end points, and therefore
lacks a certain amount of information.
Lecture #:____
Date:________
2024 I.R.B.
Lecture #:____
Date:________
Acceleration in 2-D 2024 I.R.B.
• Average acceleration is defined as:
  
  v v f  vi
a  Eqn. (3.4)
t t f  t i
• Instantaneous acceleration is defined as:

  v 
a  lim   Eqn. (3.5)
t  0  t 
Lecture #:____
Date:________
Acceleration and Velocity 2024 I.R.B.
• An object accelerates when:
– the magnitude of the instantaneous velocity
vector (i.e. the instantaneous speed) changes in
time, but the direction stays the same; or
– the speed stays constant, but the direction of
the velocity vector changes; or
– both the speed and the direction of motion
change.
• Note:
– The instantaneous velocity vector, v, points in
the direction of an object’s motion at all times.
– The acceleration vector, a, often points in
directions other than the direction of motion.
Lecture #:____
Date:________
Separate x and y Motions 2024 I.R.B.
• We will think about the motion of an object in
two dimensions as a combination of
separate motions in the x and y directions.
These x and y motions are the components
of the total, 2D motion of the object.
• By considering the 2D motion of an object as
separate x and y motions, we can use the
same, constant acceleration equations we
had in Chapter 2. Now, each term in the
equations must be replaced by the
corresponding x or y component, as
indicated by the subscripts on the next slide.
Lecture #:____
Date:________
The Basic Equations (constant a) 2024 I.R.B.
• x Equations: • y Equations:
Eqn’s (3.6x) to (3.9x) Eqn’s (3.6y) to (3.9y)
v fx  vix  a x ( t ) v fy  viy  a y ( t )
1 1
x f  xi  ( vix  v fx )( t ) y f  yi  ( viy  v fy )( t )
2 2
x f  xi  vix ( t )  1 a x ( t ) 2 y f  yi  viy ( t )  1 a y ( t ) 2
2 2
v 2fx  vix
2
 2a x ( x f  xi ) v 2fy  viy
2
 2a y ( y f  yi )
Lecture #:____
Date:________
Note: 2D Motion Equations 2024 I.R.B.
• The equations given on the previous slide
are the general, 2D Motion Kinematic
Equations. You should remember these!
• The text book lists a number of specific
conditions under which these equations can
be rewritten to produce equations useful
under those specific conditions. I suggest
starting each problem with the general
equations, and allowing the specifics of the
problem to generate the specific equations.
Lecture #:____
Date:________
Problem Solving Procedure 2024 I.R.B.
• Draw and label an appropriate diagram of
the situation, including a coordinate system.
• Write down what you know and what you
want to find out.
• Separate the motion into the x (horizontal)
part and y (vertical) part, usually connected
by the time interval, t. Rember vectors?
• Consider each part more or less separately
using the appropriate equations.
• Solve the equations and consider the
answers you obtained.
Lecture #:____
Date:________
Example #1: Ch. 3, Prob. #16 2024 I.R.B.
• A puck is moving on an air hockey table. Relative
to an x, y coordinate system at time ti = 0 s, the x
components of the puck's initial velocity and
acceleration are vix = +1.0 m/s and ax = +2.0 m/s2.
The y components of the puck's initial velocity
and acceleration are viy = +2.0 m/s and
ay = -2.0 m/s2. Find the magnitude and direction of
the puck's velocity at a time of tf = 0.50 s. Specify
the direction relative to the +x axis.
FROM: PHYSICS, 12th Edition, Cutnell and Johnson, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2022
Lecture #:____
Projectile Motion Date:________
2024 I.R.B.
• A projectile is an object launched by some means
and allowed to follow a path determined only by the
influence of gravity.
• Projectile motion describes how a projectile
moves and is a particular kind of
2-D motion. Assume:
– The magnitude of the acceleration due to gravity,
g = 9.80 m/s2, remains constant throughout the motion,
and is directed downward (vertical direction).
– We neglect air resistance therefore there is no
acceleration in the horizontal direction.
– The rotation of the Earth does not affect the motion.
Website for links.

Lecture #:____
Date:________
• A skateboarder shoots off a ramp with a velocity
of 6.6 m/s, directed at an angle of 58° above the
horizontal. The end of the ramp is 1.2 m above
the ground. Let the x axis be parallel to the
ground, the +y direction be vertically upward,
and take as the origin the point on the ground
directly below the top of the ramp.
– a) How high above the ground is the highest point that
the skateboarder reaches?
– b) When the skateboarder reaches the highest point,
how far is this point horizontally from the end of the
ramp?
Lecture #:____
Example #3: Ch. 3, Prob. #19 Date:________
2024 I.R.B.
• A golfer imparts a speed of 30.3 m/s to a ball,
and it travels the maximum possible distance
before landing on the green. The tee and the
green are at the same elevation.
– a) How much time does the ball spend in the air?
– b) What is the longest hole in one that the golfer can
make, if the ball does not roll when it hits the green?
Lecture #:____
2024 I.R.B.
• A golfer hits a shot to a green that is elevated
3.0 m above the point where the ball is struck.
The ball leaves the club at a speed of 14.0 m/s at
an angle of 40.0° above the horizontal. It rises to
its maximum height and then falls down to the
green. Ignoring air resistance, find:
– a) the speed of the ball just before it lands;
– b) the time it takes the ball to travel from the tee to the
green;
– c) the horizontal distance travelled by the ball, from
the tee to the green.
Lecture #:____
Date:________
• An airplane with a speed of 97.5 m/s is climbing
upward at an angle of 50.0° with respect to the
horizontal. When the plane's altitude is 732 m,
the pilot releases a package.
– a) Calculate the distance along the ground, measured
from a point directly beneath the point of release, to
where the package hits the earth.
– b) Relative to the ground, determine the angle of the
velocity vector of the package just before impact.
Lecture #:____
2024 I.R.B.
• A marble is thrown horizontally with a speed of
15 m/s from the top of a building. When it strikes
the ground, the marble has a velocity that makes
an angle of 65° with the horizontal. From what
height above the ground was the marble thrown?

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PHYS.1301: Intro.

to Physics -- Lecture Slides Spring 2024 Page 1

Website for links.

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